CHAPTER1

Hans Oersted Relationship of magnetism and electricity that served as the

foundation of theory for electromagnets

Most important electrical effect is the magnetic effect

Michael Faraday Theory of electromagnetic induction

Current Carrying conductor would move when placed in a

magnetic field
James Maxwell Electromagnetic Theory of light
Andre Ampere Demonstrated that there are magnetic effects around every
current carrying conductor and that these conductors act like a
magnet
Kamerlingh Onnes Superconductivity
Faraday’s Law Whenever a conductor cuts a magnetic flux, an emf is induced
in it
Faraday’s 1 st Law The magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional to the
rate of change of flux linkages
Faraday’s 2 nd Law Whenever the flux linking a coil or current changes, an emf is
induced in it
Coulumb’s 1st Law Force between 2 magnetic poles is directly proportional to their
strengths
Coulumb’s 2nd Law Force between 2 magnetic poles id inversely proportional to the
distance between them
Child’s Law Current in a thermionic diode varies directly with the three
halves power of anode voltage and inversely with the square of
distance between the electrodes
Wiedmann-Franz Ratio of the thermal conductivity to the electric conductivity is
Law directly proportional to the absolute temp for all metals
Curie’s Law The magnetic susceptibilities of most paramagnetic materials
are inversely proportional to their absolute temperatures
Curie-Weiss Law Law relating the M and E susceptibilities and the absolute
temperature
Ewing’s theory of Theory of ferromagnetic phenomena which assumes each atom
Ferromagnetism is a permanent magnet which can turn freely about its center
under the influence of applied fields and magnets
Ampere’s Theorem States that a current flowing in a circuit produces a magnetic
field at external points equivalent to that due to a magnetic
shell whose bounding edge is the conductor and whose
strength is equal to the strength of current
Right hand rule Also called corkscrew rule
End Rule If looking at any one end of a solenoid, the direction of current
is found to be clockwise then the end under observation is a
 south pole
Helix Rule If a solenoid is held by the right hand with the fingers pointing
to the direction of the current flow, the outstretched thumb will
point to the north pole
Unit Pole A pole which when placed in air from a similar and equal pole
repels it with a force of 1/4pi newtons
Magnetic Pole Point in a magnet where the intensity of the magnetic lines of
force is max
Magnetic Axis Straight Line passing through 2 poles of a magnet
Dia Ur<1 U<Uo ; air, H, bismuth, gold, antimony, copper, zinc,
mercury, silver
Para Ur>1 U>Uo ; aluminum, platinum, manganese, chromium,
oxygen

Greatest % of materials
Ferro Ur>>1 U>>Uo ; cobalt
10^-10 m Diameter of atom
10^-15 to 10^-16 Diameter of atomic nucleus
m
1.1 x 10^-8 cm Diameter of Hydrogen Atom
Permeance Reciprocal of Reluctance / Analogous to conductance
Coercivity Amount of magnetizing force to counter balance the residual
magnetism
Leakage Factor Ratio of flux in iron to flux in air (iba iba yung tawag sa book at
sa coaching)
Intensity The flux density produced in it due to its own magnetism
Magnetism
Hysteresis Lag between B and H
Ferrites Non metallic materials that have ferromagnetic properties
Air Gap Air space between magnets
Keeper Used to maintain the strength of magnetic field
Moving electrical Where all magnetic field originates from
charge
Stationary Electrical Magnetic field does not interact with this
Charges
Uniform Magnetic field inside a solenoid
Current Carrying Resembles the magnetic field of a bar magnet
Wire Loop
North A current is flowing east along a power line. If the earth’s field
is neglected, the direction of the magnet below it is
½ revolution When a wire loop is rotated in a magnetic field, the direction of
the induced emf changes every
Domain Group of magnetically aligned atoms
Toroid Electromagnet with its core is in the form of a close magnetic
ring
Hall effect Small voltages generated by a conductor with current in an
external magnetic field

Effect which is generally used in the gaussmeter to measure

flux density
Edison effect Emission of e- from hot bodies
Wiegand effect Ability of a mechanically stressed ferromagnetic wire to
recognize rapid switching of magnetization when subjected by
a dc magnetic field
Wall Effect Contribution to the ionization in an ionization chamber by e-
from the walls
Bridgman effect Phenomenon when current passes through an aristropic crystal,
there is an absorption of heat due to the non uniformity in
current distribution
Hydrogen Simples atom to exist; it is a diamagnetic material
Germanium 32p+, 32e- and 40n = 72Ge32 =
(AtomicWeightGeAtomicnumber)
Atomic Mass Sum of proton and neutrons (di ko sure pero eto nakalagay e)
Atomic Number # of protons or # of electrons
72.6 Ge exact atomic weight
28.09 Si exact atomic weight at 300K
# of protons Determines the atomic # of an element
Copper 34n
Metallic bonding Atom bonding due to the force of attraction between groups of
+ ion and – ion
Motor Action Physical motion resulting from the forces of magnetic field
Flux linkages = flux x # of turns
Electron Volt (eV) Customary energy unit in atomic and nuclear physics
Joule, Watt-sec, Units of electrical energy
KW-h
KW-h Practical unit for electrical energy
Ion An atom or group of atoms carrying a net electrical charge
Thermionic Evaporation of e- from a heated surface
emission
Amber Greek word for electron
Plasma Charged Gases
Exclusion Principle Principle that states that each e- in an atom must have a
different set of quantum numbers
Pauli Exclusion Principle that states that only 2 e- with differebt spins are
Principle allowed to exist in a given orbit
Radio Freq Common application if an air-cored choke
Ohms Law For linear circuits (AC,DC)
Crystalline Solid One of the solid structures in which the position of the atoms
or ins are predetermined
Amorphous Solid with no defined crystal structure; also called non-
crystalline
Permits mechanical Reason for air gaps between rotor and stator
Clearance
Van der Waals Bond Formed when there exist distant electronic interaction between
opposite charges present in the neighboring atoms or
molecules
Atomic Packing Measures compactness of crystal = atom volume/cell volume
Factor
Madelung Constant Corrects the electrostatic forces of the more distant ions in an
ionic solid
Creepage Conduction of electricity across the surface of a a dielectric
Aurora Corona discharge
1.15 to 1.25 Leakage coef for electrical machines
Astrionic Science of adapting electronics to aerospace flight
Air Has straight BH curve passing through the origin
Soft iron BH curve not straight
Using material with Reduces hysteresis loss
narrow hysteresis
loop
Silicon steel Least hysteresis loop area
Unlimited # of compounds in nature
Ohm-m SI unit for specific resistance
Siemens / Mhos SI / CGS for conductance
Siemens/m SI for conductivity
Resistivity ∞ For Conductors
Temperature
2 Wb/m^2 Typical saturation flux density for most magnetic materials
insulators Temp coefficient of resistance is NEGATIVE;
Temp coefficient of resistance is directly proportional to T;
R is inversely proportional to T
semiconductors Temp coefficient resistance is NEGATIVE
conductors Temp coefficient resistance is POSITIVE;
Temp coefficient of resistance is inversely proportional to T;
R is directly proportional to T
Temp coefficient Dependent on nature and temp of material
resistance Tells how much the R changes for a change in T
+ temp coef Manganin, Tungsten Filament
- temp coef Electrolytes, carbon
.0034 Temp coef of resistance of pure gold
.0038 Temp coef of resistance of silver
.0039 Temp coef of resistance of lead
Almost 0 Eureka’s Temp coefficient resistance
Silicon Carbibe Ohms law cannot be applied to this material
10x Hot R = ___x Cold R
Neutral A body under ordinary conditions
Dielectric constant Another name for relative permitivitty
or
Specific Inductive
Capacity
Breakdown Another name fore Dielectric Strength (V/mil)
Volatage
Magnetic Another name for permeability
conductivity
1/(Єoμo) = c2 Relationship of Eo and Uo and c (light velocity)
1 and 10 Dielectric constant of most materials
Mica Insulating material used in an electric ion
Porcelain Insulating material used in voltage transformers
Earphones Uses permanent magnets
Motors Uses temporary magnets
CHAPTER2
+ to - Conventional Flow
- to + Electron Flow
W P –true power
VAR Q – reactive power
VA S – apparent power
Power factor Cosθ = P/S
Reactive factor Sinθ = Q/S
Voltage Q Factor of Series resonant circuit
Magnification Factor
Current Q factor of // Resonant Circuit
Magnification Factor
Voltage Resonance Series Resonance
Current Resonance Parallel Resonace
Ionization Current Results from free electrons
ELI Series Resonace / Acceptor Circuit
ICE Parallel Resonance / Rejector Circuit
ELI by exactly 90 Pure inductance
deg
ICE by exactly 90 Pure capacitance
deg
ELI by less than 90 RL
deg
ICE by less than 90 RC
deg
Reactance = 0 If I and V are in phase for an AC circuit
0.707 Current is ____ times the max current at half power points of a
resonance curve
Gang Capacitor Variable Capacitor which the C is varied by varying the plate
area
Trimmer Capacitor A variable capacitor in which C is varied by changing distance
between plates
55 ohm-cm Specific resistance of pure Ge
60 ohm-cm Resistivity of pure Ge under standard conditions
55 ohm-cm Specific resistance of pure Si
Leading or Lagging Power factor of series RLC at its half power points
Leading pf Capacitive Load
Lagging pf Inductive Load
Separation of the Meaning of BW in series RLC
half power points
Effective Value Most important value of a sinewave
Faradic current An intermittent and non symmetrical alternating current like
that obtained from the secondary winding of an induction coil
Stray Capacitance Capacitance that exists not through design but because 2
conducting surfaces are relatively close to each other
1.73 Peak factor of a triangular wave
Triangular Wave Peakiest waveform
Independent to Reason for // connection of appliances in homes
each other
Appliances have Reason why not in series connection of appliances in homes
different current
ratings
Sinusoidal Most popular waveform
Square wave Most common non sinusoidal waveform
Ideal Current Infinite internal resistance
Source (parallel r) Zero internal conductance
Ideal Voltage Zero internal Resistance
Source Infinite internal conductance
(series r)
Ideal Ammeter R is 0
(in series to the
circuit)
Ideal Voltmeter R is infinite
(in // to the circuit)
Resonance Curve Frequency VS Current
Reactance Chart Estimates the resonant freq and to find the reactance at any
 freq for any value of C or I
Edge Effect Refers to the outward curving distortion of the lines of force
near the edges of 2 // metal plates that form a capacitor
The narrower the (For Series RLC), the higher the Q
passband
Internal Heating Leakage resistance in a capacitor results to
Phase The_____ of an alternating quantity is defined as the fractional
part of a period or cycle through w/c the quantity has advanced
from a selected origin
3.7K Metal tin becomes a superconductor at this temp
It has a varying Reason why AC can induce voltage
magnetic field
Exponential Law Charging of capacitor through a resistance obeys _______
Sinewaves The factor 0.707 for converting peak to rms applies only to
_____
Joule Term to express the amount of electrical energy stored in a
electrostatic field
Breakdown Voltage Refers to the lowest voltage across any insulator that can
cause current flow
Blocks DC current Capacitor
47 ohms Preferred value of resistor (among the choices which are 520,
43K and 54K)
Electrolytic Most suited for dc filter circuits;
capacitor Highest cost per uF;
Only Capacitor used in DC circuits;
Used in Transistor amplifiers
Variable Capacitor Used air dielectric
Barium Strontium Also called ceramic
Titanite Dielectric
Surge Voltage Max voltage that can be applied across a capacitor for a short
period of time
Voltage It is used as the reference phasor for // AC circuits
It has reactance in Disadvantage of wirewound resistors
radio freq circuits
Manganin Most common material for wirewound
Temp coef Indicated by the first band for a 5band method of capacitor
color coding
Rate at which Determines the magnitude of an electric current
electrons pas a
given point
Q of 10 Means that the energy stored in the magnetic field of the coil is
10x the energy wasted in the resistance
770V Neon lamp ionizes at approx _____
Anticapacitance Switch designed to have low capacitance between terminals
Switch when open
Bifilar Resistor Resister wound with a wire doubled back on itself to reduce
inductance
Alloy Fusion of elements without chemical action between them
Vpeak Used in calculating max instantaneous power
Vrms Used in calculating Vave
Maximum Happened when movable plates of gang capacitor overlaps the
capacitance fixed plates
Thevenin’s Theorem Used for analysis of Vacuum tubes
Phasor Rotating vector whose projection can represent either current
or voltage
CHAPTER3
1 # of e- in 4th orbit of copper atom
8 e- Each atom in a Si Crystal has _____ in its valence orbit
32 p+ Silicon Atom has ____
More slowly e- in the largest orbit travel _______ than the e- in smaller
orbits
Intrinsic Pure Semiconductor
semiconductor
Extrinsic Doped semiconductor;
semiconductor 2 Ohm-cm = resistivity
2mV/°C For Ge or Si diodes, the barrier potential decreases _____
Piecewise Linear A diode modeling circuit which considers the threshold voltage,
Model Rave and switch as the diode’s equivalent
Diffusion and drift 2 mechanisms by which holes and electrons move through a Si
crystal
Diffusion Random motion due to thermal agitation in the movement of
h+ and e- in a Si crystal
Drift Current Happens when charges are forced to move the electric field of
a potential difference
Carrier Drift Mechanism for carrier motion in semicon
Zener and Avalance Two possible breakdown mechanism in PN jxn diodes
Effects
Zener Breakdown Electric field in the depletion layer increases to the point where
it can break covalent bonds and generate electron-hole pairs
Avalanche (In semiconductors) this takes place when the reverse bias
Breakdown exceeds a certain value;
Happens when the minority carriers that cross the depletion
region under the influence of the electric field gain sufficient KE
to be able to break covalent bonds in atoms
Avalance effect Occurs are higher reverse voltages
Diffusion or Storage Is the forward bias capacitance of a diode
Capacitance
Lifetime Amount of time between the creation and disappearance of a
free electron
Recombination Annihilation of e- and h+;
Merging of e- and h+
Transit time Time taken by e- or h+ to pass from emitter to collector
Reverse recovery Time taken by a diode to operate in the reverse to forward
time condition;
Time it takes to turn off a FB diode;
= storage time + transition interval from F to R bias
Insulator At room temp, silicon acts like a ______
Compound Semicon Gallium Arsenide, Alluminum Arsenide and Gallium Phosphide
are classified as ______-
Increase electric Purpose of adding impurities
conductivity
Ptype semicon Silicon doped with trivalent impurity;
Holes are majority carriers
Ntype semicon Silicon doped with pentavalent impurity;
Electrons are majority carriers
Trivalent Atom Acceptor Atom;
Boron, Indium, Gallium,
Pentavalent Atom Donor Atom;
Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, Bimsuth
N type Forms when the # of free e- in a doped semiconductor is
increased;
Forms when pentavalent atom is added
P Type Forms when the # of free e- in a doped semiconductor is
reduced
Forms when trivalent atom is added
PN crystal Other name for Jxn Diode;
Commonly rated by its PIV and max forward current;
Max forward current is limited by Jxn Temperature
Dipole Each pair of + and – ions at the jxn is called _____
Barrier Potential Inversely proportional to temp
High field emission Creation of free electrons through a zener effect
Intensity of electric Zener effect depends on this
field
Forward current Most impt diode parameter which gives the current value a
diode can handle without burning
Reverse Breakdown Maximum reverse voltage that can be applied before current
Voltage surges
Esaki Diode Tunnel Diode;
Principal char is that it has negative resistance region;
 Widely used in oscillators, switching networks and pulse
generators
Schotty Diode Most impt application is digital computers
Shocklet Diode No depletion layer
Bulk resistance Sum of the P and N regions’ resistances;
rB = (V-VT)/I
VAristors Are transient suppressors
Varactor Diode Also known as epicap, varicap, voltage-variable capacitance,
voltacaps;
Used for tuning the Receivers and is normally operated at
reverse biased
Point Contact diode Used metal cat whiskers as its anode;
Classified as hot carrier diode
PIN diode Used in RF switches, attenuators and other phase switching
devices
Bulk resistance If doping increases, ___________
decreases in
semiconductors
High Resistance Lightly doped semiconductors have ____
Less than 1 ohm Typical bulk resistance of rectifier diodes
Transition region The reverse bias diode capacitance is termed as ______
capacitance
LED Equivalent to a optocoupler ;
Typical operating current is 10mA;
Voltage drop is 1.5V;
Constructed using Gallium Arsenide;
Gives light when FB
LAD A photodiode which conducts current only when FB and is
exposed to light;
Also called photodiode
IR emitters Solid state GaAs devices that emit a beam of radiant flux when
FB
Optocoupler Also known as optoisolator
Second (for diodes) an equivalent ckt of a diode in which it is
approximation represented as a switch series with barrier potential
Third approximation (for diodes) an equivalent ckt of a diode in which it is
represented as a switch in series with a resitance
Negative voltage Needed for PMP voltage divider bias
supplies
16.7 ms Halfwave signal (1/60Hz)
8.33 ms Fullwave signal (1/120Hz)
40.6% Max rectification efficiency of HW
81.2 Max rectification efficiency of FW
MOSFET Highest Zin;
Sometimes called Insulated Gate FET
FET Has least noise level;
Has higher Zin compared to BJT due to its input which is
reverse biased
uA Typical leakage current in a PN jxn
Ohms Resistance of a FB PN jxn
Derating Factor Shown on a data sheet that tells how much you have to reduce
the power of a device
Dember Effect Or Photodiffusion effect;
The creation of voltage in a conductor or semicon by
illumination of one surface
Bulk Effect Effect that occurs within the entire bilk of a semiconductor
material rather than a localized jxn
Skin Effect Increases the resistance of wires at high frequencies
Anotron Diode A cold cathode glow-discharge diode having a copper anode
and a large cathode of sodium or other material
BARITT Diode A microwave diode in which the carriers that transverse the
drift region are generated by minority carrier injection from a
FB jxn instead of being extracted from the plasma of avalanche
Spacistor Multiple terminal solid state device similar to transistor that
generates frequencies up to avout 10,000 Mhz by injecting e-
or h+ into a space charge layer
Zener Diode Principal char is that its voltage is constant under conditions of
varying current;
Used as a voltage regulator or reference voltage
Voltage multiplier Converts AC to DC, where the DC output can be greater than
the AC input
Photoconductive Or Photoresitive device
Cell
Emitter Resistor Most commonly used for biasing a bipolar jxn transistor
Silicon Not a good conductor;
Has the smallest leakage current
% Ripple = (Vac / Vdc) x 100
Ripple Voltage = (rZ / (rZ+rS)) x V
Holes As a general rule, _____ are found only on semiconductors;
An incomplete part of an electron pair bond;
Vacancy left by free electrons
Isotopes A nuclei with common # of p+ but different # of neutrons
Series Capacitors In power supplies, circuits that are employed in separating AC
and DC components and bypass AC components around the
load are called _______
Emitter Follower Av is low and usually less than 1;
Circuit Ai is High;
input is in-phase with output;
Employs 100% negative feedback;
Used for impedance matching;
Equivalent to CC amplifier
BJT / transistors Current controlled device;
Largest region is the Collector Region
FET Voltage controlled device;
Has 5v pinch off voltage;
FET transcoductance = ∆IC/∆VGS ;
Square Law Devices;
At cut-off, the depletion layers are touching
Transistors Converts DC power to AC power
Power Transistors Made in large sized to disspate more heat
Power amplifiers Input is DC
Oscillators Converts DC power to AC power
Ohmic Equivalent if transistor at saturation in JFET is ______
IGFET Another name for MOSFET
CMOS Easily damaged by static charges
Saturation region Used by FET (EMOSFET) to act as an amplifier
Triode region and Used by FET (EMOSFET) to act as a switch
Saturation Region
10uF Coupling capacitor value in RC coupling;
Coupling capacitor (Cc) must be high enough to prevent
attenuation of low freq
Qpoint / Point of intersection between a diode characteristic and a load
OperatingPoint line;
Intersection of dc and ac load lines
Luminous Efficacy Measure of the ability of any LED to produce lumens per
applied watt of energy
Scale Current Another name is Saturation Current
Input Char Curve A graphical representation in a transistor where the IE is
plotted against the variable VEB for constant VCB
Output Char Curve A graphical representation in a transistor where the Ic is plotted
against the variable VCB for constant IE
RC coupling Used in low level, low noise audio amplifiers to minimize hum
pick up from stray magnetic fields
Transformer Major advantage is permitting power to be transformed from
Coupling the relatively high output impedance of the first stage to the
relatively low input impedance of second stage
1.12eV(Si) and From these conditions, it can be said that less # of electron-
0.72eV(Ge) hole pair will be generated in Si than in Ge
0.135 m2/V-s Electron mobility in silicon
Harold Black Invented feedback amplifier in 1928
Always points to N Arrows in semiconductor symbols
and away from P
CE circuit Conventional amplifier
Junction and Point Structural category of a semiconductor diodes
Contact
Threshold Voltage Turns on an enhancement-device
DMOSFET Acts mostly as a FET;
Can operate in D and E
EMOSFET Can only operate in E
Heat dissipation Most important factor of a power transistor
Collector Efficiency Most important consideration in power amplifiers
Drift transistor Has a high frequency cut off due to its low inherent internal
capacitance and low electron transit time
Poor frequency Results when transistors are used as video amplifiers
response
Fission Break up of nuclei into nuclear fragments that are nuclei
themselves
Neutrino Zero charge and zero mass
EG => 5eV Energy gap for insulators
EG = 1.1eV Energy gap for Si semiconductors
EG => 0.67eV Energy gap for Ge semiconductors
Bound Electrons Tightly holds the 8 e-
25mV Thermal Voltage at room temp;
Thermal voltage causes holes in intrinsic semiconsuctors
8.62 x 10^-5 eV/K Boltzman constant
Voltage divider Bias Preferred form of biasing a FET
VGS(OFF) = VGS(ON) For N-channel EMOSFET
Beta CE gain
= IC/IB
Alpha CB gain
= IC/IE
CHAPTER4
Collector has reverse Reason why a transistor amplifier has high output impedance
bias
Gain-BW product Considered as an amplifier figure of merit
Logic probe In an oscilloscope, it is used to indicate pulse condition in
digital logic circuit
Logic analyzer Used to sample and display systems signal
Oscillators Produces undamped oscillations
Biasing Establishes a fixed level of current or voltage in a transistor
AF transformer It is shielded to prevent induction due to stray magnetic
 fields
Amplitude Distortion Or harmonic distortion
Frequency Ear is not sensitive to this
RC coupling To separate bias of 1 stage to another stage;
Used for voltage amplification;
Av is constant over mid frequencies;
Most economic type of coupling;
Not used to amplify extremely low freq because electrical size
of the coupling capacitor becomes very large;
Type of coupling used in the initial stage of a multistage
amplifier;
Transformer coupling Used in power amplifiers;
Provides high freq because DC resistance is low;
Used when load resistance is very low;
Type of coupling used in the final stage of an amplifier;
Introduces frequency distortion;
Most expensive type of coupling;
Provides high gain because it employs impedance matching;
Can be used either in Voltage or Power amplifiers
DC coupling Best freq response;
Used to amplify dc signals in multistage amplifier;
Achieves minimum interference in freq response
Klystron Oscillator Used in order to produce freq in the microwave region
Step Down Used for impedance matching;
Transformer It is also used as the output transformer in power amplifiers
Gives distorted Disadvantage of impedance matching
output
Campbell and Wagner Where the basic concept of electric wave filter originated
10Khz Freq that produces highest noise factor
Coupling Capacitor The input capacitor in an amplifier
Bigger AC load line slope is ____ then DC load line slope
At least 2 transistors Used by multistage amplifier
Generator Output To obtain the frequency response curve of an amplifier
level is kept constant
Relaxation oscillator Type of oscillator where the frequency is determined by the
charge and discharge of RC networks used in conjunction
with amplifiers or similar devices
GPS Instrument used to measure one’s location in terms of
coordinates
1/( 4∏√(LC) ) Cutoff freq for constant-k high pass filter
The smaller the %VR The better!
Thin base Transistor should have a _____ to have more Av
Darlington Pair Its advantage is that it increases overall Beta Gain
Independent A feedback network is _______ of frequency
Feedback Networks They employ resistive networks
Positive Feedback Employed by Oscillators;
Negative Feedback Employed by amplifiers
Reduces distortion;
Reduces gain;
Increases BW of an amplifier;
The sacrifice factor is (1+Aβ)
Feedback factor (β) Is always less than 1;
= (1/Af) – (1/A)
= Vf / V
Approx gain of an Reciprocal of feedback factor;
amplifier with = 1/β
negative feedback
(Af)
(Aβ) in negative Very much greater than 1 to obtain good gain stability
feedback
Power Again (Ap) = Av x Ai;
Main consideration in the output stage of an amplifier
Crossover network A pair of filter common on a high fidelity system which
separates audio freq band signals into 2 separate groups
where one is fed to the tweeter and the other to the woofer
Armstrong circuit Simplest variable freq sinusoidal oscillator
10uF Typical value of Coupling capacitor
50uF Typical value of emitter bypass capacitor in a CE multistage
amplifier
Re, re and β Input R of CE amplifier is affected by ________
Out of phase (180 Output is always _______ with the input signal in a CE
deg) amplifier
Zero Phase difference between collector voltage and signal voltage
in CE amplifier
Increase Av Purpose of emitter bypass capacitor in CE amplifier is to
_____
LC oscillator Used only in/for high freq
RC Oscillator Used only in/for low freq
Sine wave oscillator Composed of 1 or more amplifying devices with some freq
determining networks introducing + feedback
Hartley Oscillator Used commonly in Radio Rx
Crystal Oscillator Used commonly in Radio Tx;
Fixed frequency oscillator;
Has fewer loses and will generate alternating emf longer than
LC circuit when shock excited
Tuned Amplifier Operated in Class C;
 Used in Radio freq
Wien Bridge Oscillator Frequency stability of the oscillator output is maximum
________;
Employs both + and – feedback;
Used in signal generators in laboratories;
Hum in the circuit A pulsating DC applied to the power amplifier causes ______
Low Output Important limitation of Crystal Oscillator
High Q Reason why crystal oscillator freq is very stable
More than 10,000 Typical Q of a crystal
Push Pull amplifer Commonly employed at the output stage of an amplifier
X axis Cutting perpendicular to end to end;
Electrical axis;
Connects the corners of the crystal
Y axis Cutting perpendicular to face to face;
Mechanical
+ temp coef When crystal freq increases with temp
- temp coef When crystal freq decreases with temp
Zero temp coef When crystal freq doesn’t change with temp
More battery Low efficiency of a power amplifier results in ______
consumption
Buffer Amplifier Used for minimum loading and minimum mismatch
Hand capacitance If you move towards an oscillating circuit, its freq changes
because of the ______
Ic becomes maximum When transistor is at saturation
Maximum voltage When transistor is at cut-off
appears across
transistor
At minimum In an LC circuit, when the Capacitor energy is at max, the
inductor energy is _____
AC load line The operating point in a transistor amplifier moves along
______ when AC signal is applied
Power stage Also called output stage in an amplifier
DC At zero signal conditions, a transistor sees _____ load
Sum of AC and DC The current in any branch of a transistor amplifier that is
operating is the _____
CMRR = infinity For an ideal differential amplifier
To set up an The purpose of dc conditions in a transistor is _____
operating point
To avoid drop in gain The purpose of an emitter capacitor is _____
Collector Supply The Poutput of a transistor amplifier is more than the Pinput due
to the additional power supplied by _______
Low When a transistor feeds a load of low R, its Av is _____
25% Max collector efficiency of Resistance Loaded Class A power
 amp
50% Max collector efficiency of Transformer coupled Class A power
amp
RF amplifiers Class C amplifiers are used as
Driver stage Employs class A amplifiers

1NPN, 1PNP Complementary-symmetry amplifier

transistor
Increases Input Negative voltage feedback
Impedance,
Decreases Output
Impedance
Decreases Input Negative Current Feedback
Impedance,
Increases Output
Impedance
ID The Quiescent current of a FET amplifier is _____
AND gate The frequency response of the combined amplifier can be
compared with an ______

CHAPTER 6
D’Arsnoval Best type of meter movement
Wattmeter A dynamometer type which has uniform scale;
Dynamometer Most expensive;
Mainly used as wattmeter;
Can be used for AC or DC works
Permanent Magnet Can only be applied to DC work only;
Moving Coil The reason why its scale is uniform is because it is spring
Instruments controlled;
Springs provide the controlling force;
Most sensitive instrument
Moving Iron Considered as attraction and repulsion instruments;
instruments Typical IFS is 50mA;
Typical VFS is 50mV;
Uses squared scale;
Induction watt-hr Most commonly used induction type of instrument
meter
Watt-hour meter Is an integrating type of instrumenr
Rest When both deflecting and controlling torque act, the pointer
of an indicating instrument comes to ______
Deflecting force (for analog ins) Causes the moving system to deflect from its
zero position
Controlling force (for analog ins) Ensures that the deflection of the pointer for
 a given value of measured quantity always has the same
value
Damping force (for analog ins) Quickly brings the moving system to rest in
its final position
Damping and Opposes the deflecting torque
Controlling Torques
Damping torque is If the pointer is in the final deflected position
zero
Thermocouple Instrument where output voltage is proportional to the
temperature;
An ammeter used to measure high freq currents
Thermistor Type of resistor used to measure temp changes with change
in resistance
Never When should a fuse be replaced by a higher rated unit?
Pulse width Time interval that a waveform is High or low is _____ of the
signal
Pulse delay Time delay between pulses
Period The interval of a pulse from start to end
CRT Heart of CRO (cathode ray oscilloscope)
Wheatstone Bridge Measures resistance accurately;
Balanced if there is no current the flows through the load;
R1/R2 = R3/R4
Potentiometer Bridge Measures Voltage accurately
Maxwell Bridge Measures unknown inductance with in terms of known
capacitance;
Used to measure medium coils (1<Q<10)
Wien Bridge Measures capacitance
Electrostatic Not operated by passage of current;
voltmeter Used for measuring high direct voltages (say 10KV);
Used exclusively as voltmeters
Conductor and Non Disc is made of ______ is eddy-current damping
magnetic material
Peak to Peak Value Oscilloscope provides easy measurement of _____
1V at 10mW DC voltage provided by a diode sensor
0.1nW to 10mW Typical power range of diode sensor
Less the 10mV DC voltage provided by a thermal converter
0.1 to 100mW Typical power range of a thermal converter
0.1uW to 100mW Typical power range of a thermocouple sensors
Hot wire instrument _____ has a squared scale.
Horizontal Scale For Time Measurement, _____ of the scope is used.
Vertical Center When the vertical input is 0, the electron beam may be
positioned at the _____ of the screen.
Vertical Scale _____ is calibrated in V/cm or mV/cm for amplitude
 measurements.
Grid-dip meter Measures tank circuit frequency
Milliamter Operates in the magnetic attraction-repulsion principles
Multimeter Provides RMS measurements for sinusoids
Kelvin electrostatic Fluid friction damping is applied to _______
meter
Negligible The temp coef of resistance of a shunt material is _____
Manganin Shunts are generally made of ____
Aluminum Pointers are generally made of ____
Zero adjust Used to balance both halves of the difference in amplifier or
cathode coupled amplifier in VTVM
DMM Type of meter that provides precise reading of V,I,R where
there is generation of samples at the input and feeds it to a
digital read-out
Sensitivity The smallest signal that can be reliably measured in VTVTM
RSH = (IFS x Rm)/(IT –IFS) Rm = internal resistance
Lissajous Pattern Pattern displayed by the oscilloscope which has steady state
char
At half of full Indicating instruments are assumed to be most accurate at
_____ part of the scale.
At far right 0 mark is located ______ for a simple ohmmeter
Resolution The smallest change in applied stimulus that will indicate a
detectable change in deflection in an indicating instrument
CHAPTER 7
Inductor Cannot be fabricated in IC
To produce change in Purpose of comparator in OP-AMP
output when an input
voltage equals a
reference voltage
OP-AMP Mostly uses positive feedback;
High Zin, Low Zout, BW is infinity, open loop gain is infinity;
Most commonly used type of linear IC;

50mW – typical power dissipated of OP-AMP;

500mW – absolute max rating for OP-AMP interval power
dissipation
1V/us – typical slew rate of OP-AMP
±30V – absolute max rating for an OP-AMP differential input
voltage
20dB/decade – rate of gain reduction in OP-AMP

80nA – typical input bias current of 741 OP-AMP

25mA – short circuit current output of 741 OP-AMP
 0.5V/uS – slew rate of 741 OP-AMP
2 - # of power supplies required by 741 OP-AMP

OP-AMP magnitude Doesn’t use feedback

comparator circuit
OP-AMP input bias Is the average of the 2 base currents
current
uA741C OP-AMP Is used for commercial purposes;
Its CMRR = 70dB
Voltage follower An OP-AMP circuit that has its output tied directly to the
inverting terminal
Summing Point in an A terminal of the OP-AMP where the input resistors are
OP-AMP commonly connected
Ratio of Rf/R must be Condition to convert a summing amplifier to an averaging
equal to the amplifier
reciprocal of the
number of inputs
Negative The summing amplifier has 2 or more input and its output
voltage is proportional to the _______ of the algebraic sum
of its input voltages.
Power BW The highest undistorted freq output of an OP-AMP for a given
slew rate and peak voltage
Less than 1W Power dissipation of most low power linear IC
2 mega ohms Typical input resistance of the OP-AMP when measured under
open loop
555 timer Most popular IC in used in timing circuits;
Can be used in monostable and astable applications
Square wave clock _____ is an astable multivibrator (relaxation oscillator)
RC synthesis Technique used to eliminate the need for inductive elements
in monolithic IC
Single-Stone “Monos” / “Lithos”
SSI Up to 9 gates
MSI 10 to 100 gates
LSI More than 100 gates
VLSI More than 1000 gates
BIFET IC OP-AMP that combines FETS and Bipolar transistors
Relaxation oscillator Operates on the principle of the charge and discharging of a
capacitor
Digital IC Possesses digital signals
Linear IC Possesses analog signals
Thick Film and Thin We can use ____ and _____ if higher power ICs are needed.
Film
Common Mode signal Signal that is applied with equal strength to both inputs of a
 differential amplifier or an OP-AMP
-55 to +125 deg Military and space IC
Celsius
-25 to +85 deg Industrial IC
Celsius
0 to +70 deg Celsius Commercial IC
Military and Industrial After assembly, the ICs are tested and classified as either
______.

DIP packaging Low in cost;

Tiniest packaging known;
Ruggedly resists vibration
IC’s advantages over Lower cost;
discrete devices High reliability;
(soldered devices) Smaller in size
VCO It exhibits a freq that can be varied with a DC control voltage
Av = Rc / 2Re Voltage gain of a differential amplifier
The difference in V BE Source of output offset voltage
values
manufacturer Letter-prefix code indicates the ______
Packaging type Letter-suffix code indicates the _________
D, J, N Most common packaging type
D packaging suffix for Plastic DIP for surface mounting on a PC
board
P,N packaging suffix for Plastic DIP for insertion in sockets
J packaging suffix for Ceramic DIP
1.5 mils x 3 mils Typical dimension of a MOSFET in a single chip IC
3 mils x 4.5 mils Typical dimension of a DIODE in a single chip IC
4 mils x 6.5 mils Typical dimension of a BJT in a single chip IC
It has an inherent Advantage of a shunt regular type over a series regulator
current limiting type
Flat response Type of response that characterizes a single pole low pass
filter
Single RC circuit The term pole refers to a ________ in terms of circuit
component.
Stray wiring Unwanted capacitance between connecting wires and ground
capacitance
1M transistors Intel i486 32 bit microprocessor has _________ on a single
chip
Trip point It is the value of the input voltage that switches the output
comparator or Schmitt trigger
Virtual ground Type of ground that appears at the inverting input of an OP-
AMP that used negative feedback
CCD (charge-coupled 1969; by WS Boyle and GE Smith
Capacitor)
0.5 to 15GHz Microwave ICs cover the freq range
The inverting input is In a 5V level detector circuit, ______________
connected to the +5V
Ground To use a comparator for zero-level detection, the inverting
input is connected to the ___
Czochralsky Pulling Most common method used for the growth of single crystals
technique for IC farbrication
Compensating Prevents oscillations inside an OP-AMP
Capacitor