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Chapter 2
Kinematics deals with the concepts that
are needed to describe motion.
! !
x o = initial position x = final position
! ! !
!x = x " x o = displacement
! is usually used for change in x
2.1 Displacement
! !
x o = 2.0 m !x = 5.0 m
!
x = 7.0 m
! ! !
"x = x ! x o = 7.0 m ! 2.0 m = 5.0 m
2.1 Displacement
! !
x = 2.0 m "x = !5.0 m
!
x o = 7.0 m
! ! !
"x = x ! x o = 2.0 m ! 7.0 m = !5.0 m
2.1 Displacement
! !
x o = !2.0 m x = 5.0 m
!
!x = 7.0 m
! ! !
"x = x ! x o = 5.0 m ! (! 2.0 )m = 7.0 m
2.2 Speed and Velocity
Distance
Average speed =
Elapsed time
Distance
Average speed =
Elapsed time
! ! !
! x " x o !x
v= =
t " to !t
2.2 Speed and Velocity
!
! !x + 1609 m
v= = = +339.5 m s
!t 4.740 s
!
! "x #1609 m
v= = = #342.7m s
"t 4.695 s
339.5 + 342.7
the average : = 341.1 m/s
2
!
! !x
v = lim
!t "0 !t
2.3 Acceleration
! ! !
! v " v o !v
a= =
t " to !t
2.3 Acceleration
! !
vo = 0 m s v = 260 km h to = 0 s t = 29 s
! !
! v ! v o 260 km h ! 0 km h km h
a= = = +9.0
t ! to 29 s ! 0 s s
2.3 Acceleration
km "1000m %" 1h %
260 $ '$ ' = 72m/s
h # 1km &# 3600s &
! 72m/s ( 0m/s
a= = +2.5m/s2
29s ( 0s
2.3 Acceleration
Example 3 Acceleration and Decreasing
Velocity
! !
! v ! v o 13 m s ! 28 m s
a= = = !5.0 m s 2
t ! to 12 s ! 9 s
2.3 Acceleration
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration
! ! ! !
! x ! xo ! v ! vo
v= a=
t ! to t ! to
x " xo v " vo
v= a=
t " to t " to
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration
xo = 0 to = 0
x " xo x
v= v=
t " to t
1
! x! = vt = 2 (v o + v) t
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration
v " vo v " vo
a= a=
t " to t
at = v " v o
!
v = v o + at
!
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration
1. displacement, x
2. acceleration (constant), a
4. initial velocity, vo
5. elapsed time, t
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration
v = v o + at
1 1
x =!2 (v o + v) t = (v o + v o + at ) t
2
1 2
x = v ot + 2
at
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration
1 2
x = v ot + 2
at
2
= (6.0m s)(8.0 s) + 1
2 (2.0m s )(8.0 s)
2
= +110 m
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration
!
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration
v " vo v " vo
a= t=
t a
!
1
!
1 (v " v o )
x= 2 (v o + v) t = (v o + v)
2
a
2 2
v " vo
x=
2a
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration
2 2 2 2
x=
v " vo
=
(62m s) " (0m s)
= +62 m
2a (
2 31m s 2
)
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration
v = v o + at
1
x= 2 (v o + v) t
2 2
! v = vo + 2ax
! 1 2
x = v ot + 2
at
!
2.5 Applications of the Equations of Kinematics
Reasoning Strategy
1. Make a drawing.
3. Write down the values that are given for any of the five
kinematic variables.
x a v vo t
+215000 m -10.0 m/s2 ? +3250 m/s
2.5 Applications of the Equations of Kinematics
2.5 Applications of the Equations of Kinematics
x a v vo t
+215000 m -10.0 m/s2 ? +3250 m/s
2 2
v = vo + 2ax v= 2
vo + 2ax
2
v=± ( 3250m s) (
+ 2 "10.0m s 2
)(215000 m)
= ±2500m s
!
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies
2 2
g = 9.80 m s or 32.2 ft s
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies
g = 9.80 m s 2
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies
y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s 3.00 s
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies
y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s 3.00 s
1 2
y = v ot + 2
at
2
= (0m s)( 3.00 s) + 1
2 ("9.80m s )(3.00 s)
2
= "44.1 m
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies
y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s +5.00
m/s
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies
y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s +5.00
m/s
2 2
2 2 v " vo
v = vo + 2ay y=
2a
2 2 2 2
y=
v " vo
=
(0m s) " (5.00m s)
= 1.28 m
2a (
2 "9.80m s 2
)
!
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies
There are three parts to the motion of the coin. On the way
up, the coin has a vector velocity that is directed upward and
has decreasing magnitude. At the top of its path, the coin
momentarily has zero velocity. On the way down, the coin
has downward-pointing velocity with an increasing magnitude.
Does the pellet in part b strike the ground beneath the cliff
with a smaller, greater, or the same speed as the pellet
in part a?