For 12 weeks course only

Mathematical Methods and its Applications (Solution of assignment-4)

Solution 1 The given PDE is

q 2 = z 2 p2 (1 − p2 )
which is of the form f (p, q, z) = 0.
dz dz
Hence, putting p = and q = a , where z = φ(x + ay) and u = x + ay, we
du du
get
 2  2   2 
a2 dz dz dz
2
= 1−
z du du du
dz
⇒ = 0, ⇒ z = constant, which is a trivial solution.
du
or 2 !
a2

dz
= 1−
z2 du
or
r √
dz z 2 − a2 z 2 − a2
=± = ±
du z2 z
or
zdz
±√ = du.
z 2 − a2
dt
substituting z 2 − a2 = t so that 2zdz = dt or √ = du or
2 t
√
± t=u+b

or √
± z 2 − a2 = u + b
or
z 2 = a2 + (u + b)2
or
z 2 = a2 + (x + ay + b)2
So, the option ‘c’ is correct.

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Solution 2 Given differential equation is
z 2 (p + q) = x2 + y 2
we may write it as
z 2 p + z 2 q = x2 + y 2
z 2 p − x2 = y 2 − z 2 q
equating both sides of the above equation to a, we get
z 2 p − x2 = y 2 − z 2 q = a
a + x2 y2 − a
p= , q =
z2 z2
Putting these values of p and q in dz = pdx + qdy, we get
z 2 dz = (a + x2 )dx + (y 2 − a)dy
integrating, we get
z 3 = x3 + y 3 + 3ax − 3ay + b.
So, the option ‘d’ is correct.
Solution 3 The given partial differential equation is

x(y 2 + z)p − y(x2 + z)q = z(x2 − y 2 )

The Lagrange’s auxiliary equations for given PDE is

dx dy dz
2
= 2
= (1)
x(y + z) −y(x + z) z(x − y 2 )
2

Choosing (x, y, −1) as multipliers, we have

xdx + ydy − dz = 0
or
x2 + y 2 − 2z = c1 .
Choosing (1/x, 1/y, 1/z) as multipliers, we get

dx dy dz
+ + =0
x y z
or
xyz = c2 .
So, the solution of the given PDE is

φ(x2 + y 2 − 2z, xyz) = 0.

So, the option ‘c’ is correct.

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Solution 4 The given partial differential equation is

(z − y)p + (x − z)q = y − x
The Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz
= =
(z − y) (x − z) y−x

Choosing (1, 1, 1) as multiplier, we get

dx + dy + dz = 0
or
x + y + z = c1 .
Choosing (x, y, z) as multipliers, we get

xdx + ydy + zdz = 0

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = c2
Thus, the solution of the given PDE is

φ(x + y + z, x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = 0.
So, the option ‘d’ is correct.

Solution 5 The given partial differential equation is

p + 3q = 5z + tan(y − 3x)

Here, the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations for given PDE are

dx dy dz
= =
1 3 5z + tan(y − 3x)
Choosing (1, 1, 0) multipliers, we get

dy − 3dx = 0
y − 3x = c1
Choosing (1, 0, 1) as multipliers we get
dx dz
=
1 5z + tan(y − 3x)
Putting the value of c1 , we get
dx dz
=
1 5z + tan(c1 )

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 Let 5z + tan(c1 ) = u so that dz = du/5, therefore we have

dx du
=
1 5
i.e.

log(u) − 5x = logc2
or
e−5x .u = c2
e−5x [5z + tanc1 ] = c2
e−5x [5z + tan(y − 3x)] = c2
Therefore solution is

φ{y − 3x, e−5x (5z + tan(y − 3x))} = 0.

So, the option ‘b’ is correct.

Solution 6 The given pde is

p2 + q 2 = m2
Since it is of the form of f (p, q) = 0, its solution is

z = ax + by + c
where a2 + b2 = m2 or b = ±(m2 − a2 )1/2 .
Its complete integral is

z = ax ± (m2 − a2 )1/2 y + c.
So, the option ‘a’ is correct.

Solution 7 The given equation is

(x + a)2 + (y + b)2 + z 2 = 1

Differentiating partially with respect to ‘x’ and ‘y’, respectively, we get

2(x + a) + 2zp = 0
or
−zp = (x + a)
and similarlly
−zq = (y + b).

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Putting these values in the given equation, we get

z 2 [p2 + q 2 + 1] = 1,

or  2  2 
2 ∂z ∂z
z + +1 = 1.
∂x ∂y
So, the option ‘a’ is correct.

Solution 8 The given partial differential equation is

p + q = pq
This is of the form f (p, q) = 0, which solution is given as

z = ax + by + c
where c is an arbitrary constant and a , b are such that

f (a, b) = 0 i.e. a + b − ab = 0

or
b = a/(a − 1) a 6= 1.
Therefore solution is
ay
z = ax + + c, a 6= 1.
a−1
So, the option ‘a’ is correct.

Solution 9 The given equation is

u = f (x − ct) + g(x + ct)

Differentiating partially with respect to ‘t’ and ‘x’ twice, respectively, we get

∂u
= −cf 0 (x − ct) + cg 0 (x + ct)
∂t
∂ 2u
= c2 [f 00 (x − ct) + g 00 (x + ct)]
∂t2
∂u
= f 00 (x − ct) + g 00 (x + ct)
∂x
∂ 2u
= f 00 (x − ct) + g 00 (x + ct),
∂x2

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 combining the above equations, we get

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
 
2
= c2 .
∂t ∂x2
So, the option ‘b’ is correct.
Solution 10 The given PDE is

z = pq,
we may write it as
p q
√ √ =1
z z
or   
1 ∂z 1 ∂z
√ √ =1
z ∂x z ∂y
1 ∂Z ∂Z
Let √ ∂z = ∂Z, = P, = Q.
z ∂x ∂y
Substituting these in the given equation, we get

PQ = 1 or P Q − 1 = 0,
which is of the form f (P, Q) = 0, its solution is

Z = ax + by + c,
where c is an arbitrary constant and a,b are given by
1
f (a, b) = 0 i.e. ab − 1 = 0 i.e. b = , a 6= 0.
a
therefore, we have
y
Z = ax + + c, a 6= 0.
a
Now, we have

1
√ ∂z = ∂Z
z
After integrating, we get
√
Z = 2 z.
Therefore, the required solution is
√ y
2 z = ax + + c, a 6= 0.
a
So, the option ‘b’ is correct.

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Solution 11 The given PDE is

(x2 − y 2 − z 2 )p + 2xyq = 2xz.

the Lagrange’s form of above PDE is

dx dy dz
= =
(x2 2 2
−y −z ) 2xy 2xz
from last two, we have
dy dz
=
2xy 2xz
i.e.
y
= c1 .
z
Now, choosing x,y,z as multipliers, we get

dx dy dz xdx + ydy + zdz

= = =
(x2 2 2
−y −z ) 2xy 2xz x(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
from last two, we have

dz xdx + ydy + zdz

=
2xz x(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
i.e.
d(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) dz
2 2 2
=
(x + y + z ) z
i.e.
log((x2 + y 2 + z 2 )) − logz = logc2
or
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
= c2 .
z
So the required solution is

(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) y
φ( , ) = 0.
z z
So the option ‘d’ is correct.

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Solution 12 The given PDE is

p2 = z 2 (1 − pq)
Let z = φ(x + ay) = φ(u), where u = x + ay,
dz dz
then p = and q = a ,
du du
So, the given PDE transforms to
 2   2 
dz 2 dz
=z 1−a
du du
or
 2
2 2 dz
z = (1 + az )
du
z dz
±√ =
1 + az 2 du
√
1 + az 2
±du = dz
z
1 + az 2
±du = √ dz
z 1 + az 2
dz azdz
±du = √ +√
z 1 + az 2 1 + az 2
√ !
1 1 + az 2 − 1 √
±(x + ay) + c = ln √ + 1 + az 2
2 1 + az 2 + 1
√ √ √
±(x + ay) + c = ln z a − ln(1 + 1 + az 2 ) + 1 + az 2

So the option ‘b’ is correct.