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 Business
Paul
Emmerso"
Gfammaf
Builder

n
MACMIII,AN

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 Contents

LIST OF GRAMMAR TERMS

V E R BT E N 5 E 5
simple,present
I Presenttime 1: present continuous.
timeexprcssions l0
2 Pr€senttime 2: present prcsent
simpleor continuous?, pedect
or present
continuous 14
continuous?,otherusesof present
tenses,
stateverbs
3 Pasttime 1: pastsimple,pastcontinuous, pastsmpleorcontinuous
timeexpressions, 18
4 Pasttime 2r pastperfect, pastperfectcontinuous,
timeexprcssions, usedtol!'l,ould 22
+ nfinitive
5 Pastand present1: present perfect,
timeexpressions, be€t (to)andgone(to) 26
6 Pastand present2: pastsimpleor present perfect?, prcsentsimpeor present perfectT, 30
presentperfectcontinuous, present
timeexpressions, pertector present perfectcontinuous?
7 Eutute 1t wilt, going to, presentcontinuous,wil/ ot going to?, going ta ot ptesent 34
continuous?, timeexDressons
8 Future2i timeexpressions, prcsentsimple/continuous, futurecontinLlous, futurep€rfect' 38
wal goingto, otherwaysto talkaboutlhe futule

PASStVES
9 passiveli fofm,focuson impo(antinformation, andprocesses,
systems sayinqwho does 42
the action,transitive
and verbs
intransitive
10 Pasiive2: linkingto previoos
information, passive
beingfomal/impersonal, + infintive, 46
verbswith two objects,havesomethingdone,to be bom

MODAIS ANO RELATED VERBS

11 Modalsand relatedverbs l: form,ability,w;//andwillingness 50
12 Modalsand relatedverbs2i necessity, pemission,
no necessity, prohibition,
oplnions 54
andadvice, need
Dastcriticism, lo
13 Modalsand relatedv€rbs3: probability,
certaintyanddeduction,expectation,lncearanty, 58
possibillty
language,
I 4 Modalsand relatedverbs4: direct/indirect permiss
requests, on, offersand 62
suggestons
invltatlons,

QUESTIONS
15 Questionsl: yeslnoquestions andanswers,question question
wordquestions, phrases, 66
quesrion wordsaslhe subred,negative questions
16 Questions2: question onsln question5,
indiFctquestons,preposit
tags,replyquenions, ia
what B it tor andwlal wasi lile

coNDtttoNAtS
17 Conditionals1:conditionsandresulls,fvvesel/...,/fwesold.,unlers,oihermodak 74
withouili wish,modalverbs
2: /f we50ld .-., ff we hadsold...,.onditionals
18 Conditionafs 78
/f/ rvereYou...
n conditionals.

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 CONTENTS 5

VERBS FOLLOWED BY -,,VG OR INFII{ITIVE

19 Verb+ -ing or intinitive I: ve|b+-r?g;verb+ to+ innnitive,verb+objecr+ fo+ infnitve, a2
makeand /et, verb+ that clause
20 Verb+ ,hg or inJinitive2: ve.b+ -t g or infinitive,
ve|bsof p-6rcepUon,
passv-aforms: 86
-lrg or infinitive

R E P O R T E DS P E E C H
2l Reportedspeech1: reported
speech;tense
changes, peopl€,paces,
notensechange. 90
timesandthings
22 Reportedspeech2: 5ayor te4 otherreporting
vebs,/t + passve of a reporting
verb, 94
questions,
reporting rcpodingcommands andrequests

PHRASAL VERB5
phrasalvelbs,
23 Phrasalverbsl: undeGtanding phrasal
separable verbs,inseparable 98
phraralverbs
2: phrasalve|bs
24 Phrasalverbs + p€position. phrasalverbs,
three-pan partcleme.nings 1O2

OIHER VERB CONsTRUCIIONS

25 Verbsand obiectsrtransitive
vebs,intransitive
verbs,verb+ two objects,
vefb+ two
objedsusinglor 106
26 The 'ing form: asa noun,asan adjective,
afterprcpositions,
usedto b-caina c ause 110
27 rhake,do, get, haverusesof fourcommonverbs 114

FELAIIV€ CIAUS€5
28 Relativeclau5$ 1: relative €lativepronouns,
clauses, leaving out the reativepronou
n n 118
a definingrclative
clause,
non-defining
reiative
clauses, €lat ve prono!nsandprepostions
29 Relativeclauses2: combrning senten<es,
structure
of combined sentences, useof 122
what, useol where,when andwhy, rclativeclauseswith a participle{-lngl-ed)

I{OUNS,PRONOUiIS
AI\IDARTICLES
30 Countableand uncountablenouns:@untable nouns,uncountable nouns,singuar or 126
p|nal?,alan/a bt of, anylsone,nanylnuch, few,liftle,specific
andgeneralmeanings
prcr,ouna,
3l Pronouns:indefinite someonelanyone,
eye4lonelno
one,reflexive pronouns 130
32 Determiners:a///most/nanylsomela 'everything'
few,all meaning or 'th€ on y ih ng', 134
no/none, ea.hlevery,bothI elherl neithel
and compoundnouns:possessive
33 Possessiv€s 's (aposirophe
andpronouns,
adjectives s), 138
ot compound
nouns
34 Articles1: basicusesol artides,a/a4 a of an?,tle noarticle 142
35 Articles2: placenamesandno article,placenamesandrhe,speci.lsesof the, 146
specdl use!of'ro ddi(le.gener.land spFcrtr(
rredrrngs
6 CONTEI{IS

A D J E C T I V EA5N D A D V E R B S
36 Adiectivesand adverbs:types,formof adverbs, g€dableandnongradab€ adj€ctves l 50
oder of adjectives, adiedives -t
ending g and -ed

37 Comparing1: comparaiives comparinq

andsuperlatives, equalthings,comparng actions 154
otherstructures phGseswth
with cornparatives, 158
38 Comparing2: lalgeandsmalldiffercnces.
supeatives, comparing advelbs, compannq nouns
39 Adverbsof degrce:toolenoughlnotenough,orherstuctut€s w th too ande'ough'50 162
ad such,quite,lail\, PrctlYot Gtherl
40 Time adverbs:inlon /af, no prepositionon time ot in tinel ' farlsincelduringlago, 166
duing ot whtlel, by ot untin, thenlafterwatds/ after/ later,calenderreferences

III{KING WORDS AND PHRASES

4l Linkingwor& l: addition\and,both, too' atsa,etc)'.or[astlbut,yet,althaughthaugh, 17o
eventhough,whereas,despitelinspiteol) althoughot wheteas?
42 Linkingwords 2: te3son (becausq at since)rcsut (5o),purpo5e(to andftr, 50 thaf), 174
manner(as,asifand ,ke)
43 Developingan argument1: wordsmeaning and,butand50,exarnples (forexamp/e' 174
for nstance.sucha5),additional/rcalinformation (in fad, acTua//r,
sequence (lilstofail
generalising
as weltas,this,finally), (ingereralon therviole),surnmarsing Go'to sumup,
in sumnary),eithet... ot .., insteadof, exceptfor
44 Developingan argument2: pelsonal comment, othetlinkingwordsandphrases, 142
to ioclison importantinformation,
structures af t/reend,in theend,at last,if, unless,
otherwse'
in writtenEnglith
abbrcviations

PREPOSITIONs
45 Prepositlons with at in andon,above
of pfa<e:ai or ,ir?,exprcssions / below,ovet/ under, 186
o1qosite,nextta/beside,neatlbY
46 Verb+ preposition:velb+ preposition, verb+ obje( + preposition, verb+ different 190
oreoositons,use5of differentprcpositions
47 Adjective+ preposition:adjective + prcposition,
feelings, adjective
otheradlectives, + 194
choiceof oreoosition
48 Noun+ preposition:noun+ preposition. rise,fal/+ ofllr, connection,reatlonship+ 194
wkh/bef een,need,wish,reguest+ for' prepositional phrases

IRENDS. GRAPH5 AND FIGURES

.dverbsand
49 Tr€nd5,graphsand figures:qraphsandfiqures,trends,verbsandobjects, 242
linkingwordsandphEses
adjecuves,

PUNCTUATIOI{
marks,questlon
colon,speech
50 Punctuation:capitallettets,fullstop,comma,semi-colon, )46
mafkandexclamation mark
 co[tENTs 7

Test bank (for diagnosis or review)

TcatI Verbtenses:prgent (units1 2) 210

Test2 Verbtens€s:past(unitsH) 212
Test3 Velbtens€s:pastand presem(unitst6) 214
Tesl4 Verbtenses:future (units7-€)
Tert 5 (units9-10)
Passives 218
Test5 Modals(units1l-14) 220
Test7 (units15-16)
Qr.i€stions 222
TestI Condhionals (units17-18) 224
Test9 Verbs+ -,iagor inlinitive(units 19-20) 226
Test l0 Reportedspeech(units21-22) 221
Test11 Phrasal verbs(unils23-24) 228
.rest12
nakel dolgetl have(unit 271
Ten t3 Relatjveclauses(units28-29) 231
Test 14 Nount pronounsand anicles(units30-35) 232
Ten 15 Adjectivesandadv€ftE(units36-40)
(units45-48)
T€st16 Prepositions

Appendices
Appendlr1 Regularv€rh6:alltoms
Appendlx2 kregulaaverbs
Appendlx3 Spelling
Appendlx4 Diagram of theEnglish
velbsystem 244
App€ndlx5 Eriti5h
andAmerican English

Answer key 249

Index 263
List of grammar terms
Theactrv€form of a verbis when the pe6on orthlng doingthe a'tion |5the
'parsivefo'm' on page9'
subjectof the verb:, Mote the reporr.Comparewith

An adjectivehelpsto d€sc be a nounor pronoun:/t3 a small' modem starage

An adverb addsinfomatioti abo'r\when,whercat haw sornethinghappens:/d'd

it yeneday. I did it qui.klY.

Article5.rc the wsd the (= th€ definteartice)ora/an (= the indefn te altcle)

An auxiliaryverb (be do and have)is usedwith alher verbsto maketenses'no

passi\eforme:He it vnrking in Milan where did vou go? Iwa hundred peapte
have beennade redundant.

Clause A clauie i5a groupof wods that contans a subjectand a verb lt may b€ a
sentenceor only pan or a sent€nce.

conditional i, unlessetc, and naressomethlngthat

A .onditional is a sentencelhat incLud€s
mustbe t.ue (the condition)beforesomethinqelte can be tnre or can happen{the
result).

Thecontinuous is the lom of the velb lh.t luggeststhat an actbn s in progress

Thecontinuousform endsin -rng

A determiner is a wod like lhe, son]eand everv lt is usedbeiorea noun or

adjecrNero showwh(h tr' .g yo- nean

Gerund A gerund is an ',ng form of a verbusedlikea noun:Smoking is not allowed My

haw is sailing

An imperarivei5when we tellpeope what to do we usethe baseform of the

\et6: Come hete. Swilth off the lbht

lnfinitive The infinitive is lhe basefoffn ot the verb(wort, qo, €tc) lt s usedwith or without
to: I hape to see you next week. I must go naw.

The-ioqform The -ing lorm is the form oi the verbthai endsln'ing When it s usedas a verbor
adjectiveit is sometimescalleda'presentparticipe:/saw hin leaving' Abo ng
'qerund'
meetrEr.When it is usedas a nouf it i5 sometmes.alleda 6ee above)

An intransitiveverb is a vetbthat do€snoi takean obiect Forexample,the vem

/ atrived here/astweek ln this sentencethereis no object
arive ir iniransitlve:
'vansiliveve.b' on paqe9.
comparewlth

A modaf verb is a verblike can,wi , night andshould lt g vesa me'nlnq like

permsson,etc
abiliry,obligation,prcbability,

A noun is a word that is the nam€of an object,idea,pace or person:a car,

demo(acy SingaPorc, Robett.

A noun phrase is a groupof words.lncLuding a noLrn'wh ch can act as a subledor

object of a senienc€:p€aple, sane peapte,sane people wha werc hetevestetday

object the peBonor lhing lhat is aff€ctedby the

The object is the wod that descrlbes
vetb: t innalled tone new softwarc on ny PC
 LIST OF GRAMMAR TERMS 9

Passiveform Thepassiveform is usedto showhow rh€ subj€clof the v€rbis atfectedby the
actionof the velb: Ihe reportwas wfitten W n,e.Compaewlth the activeforrn
on page8.
Pastparticiple A pan paiticipleistheformusedin the perfect tenseor passive Yc,
structr.rres.
canfind it in thethtrdcolumnof tensetables.Forexample: is
worked the pan
of lvolk(thisis d regular
participle pastparticiple).
gonelsthe pastparticipe
of 90
(thisisan iregularpastparticipie).
Possessive A possessive isa formthatshowswhoor whatsomething belongs to: my4lour
(possessive
adjectivet. (possessive
m,loelyours pronouns),
etc.lt isa sousedto show
othertypesof €lationships:my hthet my hometown; ny enployer.
Phrasalverb A phrasalverb isa verbwithan adverbor prepositon
thathasa d ffe€nt meanng
f.om the verbusedalone:Ihe planetoo& off.

Preposition A preposition is a word likeaa behind,in, thtough,to, wth u5edb€for€a nounor

pronounto showpla.e,time,direcrion, etc.
Pronoun A pronounisa wod likelCme,you,hin, her,e.(,rhattakesthe placeof a noun:
Haveyou beento Wa6aw?L haschangeda lot averthe lastfewyeaE.
Questiontag A queniontag isa sho( quenionlike/snt i2 or don't,ou7thatyouaddai the
endof a sentence
to checkinfomationor askit someone wth vour/ts hol
aqr€€s
isnt It?
Reflexivepronoun A reflexivep.onounismainlyusedto showthatthe person whodoestheactonis
alsothe oersonalfectedbv ir: Sheintroducedherselfto ne at the cofleebreak.

Relative.lause A relativeclauseis usedto identii/someone

of somethng,or givemor€
infomationaboutthem.lt beginswith who, which,that, eL.
Thesfmpfe Thesimpleisthe basicfom of thevetb:I agrcewithyou(pr€sent
simple),
He
agre€dr14thme (pastsimple).

Th€subj€ct lhe subjectisthewordthatshowswho isdoingtheactonof theverbr.rea,works

hereoara-,lme,lt usuallvcomesbeforethe verb.
Tense A t€nsei5thefom of theverb.lt helps!s to knowthet meat whichanactionof
eventhappened (past,presentor f!tufe).A(ademcssometmeshavea moreimited
definition ot the word'tense',and rheymakea distinctonbetw€€n 'tense'and
'aspecr'
. I work in the na*eitng ar€a(pres€ntsimpl€teffe), t wo*ed in the
marketlngr area(pastsimpletense).
Transitiveverb A transitiveverb isa v€rblhat hasanobject.Thevelbmakes tr.nstve,and n
thissentencea m,lrtakeis the obled: lhey've madea ndake. Compar€wih
'inlrdn<irive
verb on page€.

Verb an actiono( stare:Hea ived at 103A.He knows the naftet

A verb expresses

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10

resent time 1

A Present simple: form

I The p€sent slmpl€is fomed with th€ nf nitiveform of the verb We add sforthethlrd person
sinqularhelrh€l/t.
l/you /we / they work here.
He/ she/ it works here.
a Negatvesarefomed with doldoer rot. In speechand informawitlng we ueecontractons
t/yaulwelthey do not (don't) wo* herc.
Hetshe/ it does not (doesn't) wotk herc.
a Quenionsarc forrnedwith the auxiliaryverbdoldoer and th€ nflntve.shortanswe6to
yeslno queetionsrep€atthe auxiliary
A: Do tou work here? A: Does she work herc?
B: Yes,ldo./No,I don't B. )€5 ih€ doei./No, she doeiDl.

B Present simple: uses

a We usethepresent simplefor permanentfacts.
Thisnachinecuts the netal.
ln finance,'p/e' ttands fot priceleaningsrcna'.
a Weusethe presenl simplefor actions thataregeneray true.
andsituations
prcduc1s.
Weoffet a full rangeof flnancial
Lizwo*s in the Matketingdepannent.
a We usethepr€senl simplelor aclions which.rerepeatedreg!ary overa longpeiodoi t me,
for examplehabitsandroutin€s.
AtU,ionl Est,'ent, a lat{. Ftd klrt jukl h4mlet,dbo halfrf ttu dBtone\iwesrd ftrular
anhr,t.!c\' ,'otth. (Wrll StreetJouanlEurcpewebsite)

C Present simple: time expressions

a We often ule frcqu€ncyadverbswirh the presentsirnpe Exarnpesinc ude:
alwavs,often, usually,nomaly, sametines, occasionaly,ftrely, not aften, hardly eve, never
Ibq Shith, tha .hieJe\edti,e ol Colli's Sku4tt, cswllt ises dt 6 d,h. H. tdk6 the ttdin ta
Iinnok a d afti"e! at his ofie hy I an. LMcll k tt alb a tand.ptehuith sanaJapaneterrcea
le{trel. (sund.yTines websire)
a Notethe positlonof fiequencyadv€rbs:
Belorc the main velb: I often .3ke (l don't of€n |j,ke) the Eurostatto Erussels
I'n usua y (l'n not usualy) nervausbefatea ptesentattan.
a Adverbphr.seslikee!€ryday,onG a yeaanost af the tine, frcn time ta time,now and then
comeat the beginningo. end ot th€ senten.e:
Ttrf St'tith ta"els to hit NeuYa'k ofre ofe dflonth. (SundayTiEes website)

seeunfta a We alsolse the prcsentsimpleaft€rthes€futuretime expressions:

when,aftecbefare unless,
in case,as saan as,until, by the tine, the next ti|r,e
 IIME I
1 PRESENT 1I

D Present<ontinuous:form
a Thepresent isformedw th the auxiliary
continuous verbbe andthe hg forrnof the mainverb.
mingsdrealsol'!sy at Dea\the Pon,ehichJosfldedits E-ConftLereSetui( IECS)htemel
divisiotii nlid-1999.ECS Lr settingry odin. stoq,hsndliagproductdelivetyanderet
d.lministding lrEnet a6tonE6'ftdit cotd ,nbe6. (FT.comwebsite)
seeappendix
3 In sp€ech we Lrse
andin{ormalwriting convactions. areformedwth theverb
Negatives

t an (t'n) warkins here. I'n not working herc.

Youarc (you"e) wo*ing here. You'renot/You arcn't vr'a*ing here.
she is (she's)warking here She'snot/She isn't wotking here.
we arc (we're) warking here. we'rc not/we arcn't wo*ing here.
They ate (they'rc) workins here They'rcnot/They arcn't wo*ins herc.
for the negatives
Notcethattherear€two alternatives oI you/ he/ she/it lwelthey
I Quenions arefomed by inverting
thesubj€ct andthe auxiarybe.ShortansweG
toyes/no
qLrenions repeat
theauxiliary
A: Ate you workinghere? A: ls he workinghere?
S: Yes,I amlNo, l'm not- B: Yes,he is/^ta, he isn't.

E Ptesent continuous: usei

a Weusethep€sent.ontinuous
to talkabouttemporary
actions
andsituations
thatarc
now
nappenrng
a Theactonor situationmaybe in progress
now,at the mornent of speaking:
SarryW Oa* cant seeyou at the nanent. He'sElking ta a ustoner
a Theactonor rituatio.maybe happening'aroundnow',evenf il s not happen
ng exactly
at
themomenloi speak ngl
A e o\ powefuloklnr rttha,lt are movinzca*ua , to lrc ar Nethtarketh Ewope.
'Ihey're
openiry ofi.csin lindo"\ Canatf Whaf ... andbulng biLlb.adti Bamlo a.
(Businessweek websire)
a Theactionof situation
maybea current
trend:
Codp et San'Barcgettirg bettetercryyearTlE applnatianoJphy\i6is nakins htouenet htorc
&lni. anddnifuialihtcllircneir .a6ing pky{s to buou. 'karceuotianalltintulred.
(Econonntwebsite)

F Presentcontinuousitime expressions
a The presentcontinuousis often usedwith theseiime exprcssions:
now ar ihe momeni,
nowadays,tunently, thesedays,right now.
Ftunthnitg ii lnc UtiErl Std?sh6 beet go|ing steadilysine th. 1950s dnd thk @ftept is nov
p@iding husiflssopponunitiesi" not kan ?5 difetent indunri.s. (worldtndeonlile
12 I PiEE|'T T|ME 1

I Practice

Exercise1 ff g
Undeineth€corr€ct words.
1 Youoften vnrk / DQJgllgfteltwork at the weekend?
2 | dant knowlnot knowwhyyourinvoice hdsn'tbeenpaid.' try to f nd out.
3 Excuse me,does)ou knowldoyou knowll Ihisisthe wdyto the lT sernin.r?
4 sorrythatpojectordon'two*ldoesn'twork.Userhisone nstead.
5 A: Doyouknowou. newsales repMarta?
B: Yes, Ido-lYes,I know.
6 a: lsthatLindaNapie.overth€rc?
B: Yes,shewpks/ shedo work he.e.
I I writing/I'm writingIhe €pon at the moment lt shouldbe rcadyiomorrow
a Theynot replying/They'renot repting to myemaib.l'll haveto phonethem
9 why is thercsucha long delay?whar is hawening?lis happenl
1A YouareenjayinglAreyou enioyhgthisconference?
11 CanKaren callyouback?Shesspeatlsie3spea/o)rg on anotherne.
12 A: lsSarahKennedy me?
expecting
B: Yes,she'sexpeding.lYes, sheis.

Exercise2 8g:
1-5 withtheirlsesa)-€).
Matchsentences
a) permaneni facts
b) habtsandrepeated actions
c) actonsin progress
at themomentot speaking
d) temporaryadionshappening 'aroundnow'
e) current
trendsandchanging situations
I Thesedayswete sellingmoreandmoreoi olr products abroad ta
2
3
LooklTh€yte
we reselling the new model,but we
dscounlin dLrty
sellingmaltwhiskyat 20olo
don'thave anyin
ireel
stock
I
rightnow L ]
4 we usualy sellarcund40%ol ourannualtotal at Ch stmast me. n
5 we sella fullrangeof consumer electronics,
from TVsto cameras. n
Exercise3 lFl
Decidewhichwod orderis the mostusual,.) or b). Puta tick (/) by the coff€ctanswer.

a) | everydayarriveat t6eofiiceat aboulnine. J

b) EverydayI arriveat theofficeat aboutnine. n
a) lawars checkmyemailbeforedoinqanylhing else. n
b) AlwaysI checkmyemailbelo.edoinqanythinq else. n
a) Thisiakesa lot of timeusually
as| rcceive
somany. n
b) rhlsusu.llyrakesa Lotof timeasI re(eive
somany. L.l
a) Mostof thetim€the emarls arenotveryurgent. n
b) Theemalk.remostofthe timenotveryurgent. n
a) quiteoftengetjunkemailfrcm.ompanies I don'tknowabout.n
b) qetquiteoftenjunkemailfrcmcompanies I don'tknow.bour !
a) abor.rtoncea monthdeleteallmyjunkemail. ]
b) deleteallmyjunkemailaboutoncea month. ]
 TIMEI
1 PRESENT 13

Exercise4 A 3
@0. lane introduces Claudeto lo;o in London.compet€ the dl.logLreby punnq eachof the verbs n brdckers
into the coffectform oJthe prcs€nts mple.

rAM . .!...(1.} o " / k " o * ) J o i o ?J o i o ( 2 ) .

C h u d . . ( 1 ) . . . . . . . . Q P . . 1 Q { . . K $. 9 .....------ (t'.)
f r o n B r : z r l .b u t h e s o r k e d $ i r h m e h P a r i sh n y e i r 'H e ( 3 ) . . . . ....----
(tro\, a lot abourlour Lineof\rork.
.ia!Dr R e a I \ ' l W c l lI ( . + ). . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.b. .e. ).v. .e.r. l. .p. l e r s e dt o m c c t y o u , J o i o
r.rio Plelsedto ,neet ),ou roo-Chude.
CL UD!, So.Nhrr exictly (5) .......... .. . . (]ou/do)?
lono, I ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .i n t h e o n l n d t s t r l . s r n r a r k eitm l y s r .
( \ o r k )
.LAUDE oh, $ )ou (7) . . . . . (nmke)de.nio's about level\ ofprcductio'1?
ro^o N o . l ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.I.r.o t' n . k e ) a n yd e c s i o n sr c i l l YM Y J o b
(r) ....................... . . (nrvolve)studvmgmrket tends and sivins.dvicc on levch 'f
Productron.
{tr^!r)1, StiI, rh.ti: lot of rcsponsibiht\l
r(),i() \Vell.-lcs.butB..zil (10) 0rot/be) x t]xior prcducs likc Stdl
Anbir. What about \oo?
i:uurr I r v r k f o r r F r c n . h. o D r y a n rd r 3 t( l l ) . . . . .... .. ( ' ! p p l y )s P c c i x l i s e d
c q u i p n e n tt o d r c o i l ! ! t o s t r ( w c ( 1 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... (. .b. e. )o n e o f t h c b i s s e s
conrprnies!r our nlfket.
r()^() O h , r c i l l l ?A n d ( 1 3 ) ..... ( v o ! / o f t e n/ c o n r c )b L o r d o r ?
( , ^ u r n , Y c s q, u i t eo f i e DM . ! conlp.Dy ( 1 { ) ......... . . . . . . . . . . 0 u r c ) r n o l i i c eh c r c l t
( 1 s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........(. .l t. x / t . k c ) l o D sr o g t t h e r en o r vi,f y o ! t r i v c l b y E u r o s t x r '
(inrld I givc )ou D1! cirda

Exercise 5 D E
02 this newspaperartcle
CompLeie aboui the Braz an cornpanyCerdauby usingthe wordsfrom lhe Lisi
beow Eachset of wods f Llslwo spaces
slrare
i5+€€6rFi€€l€€mpa€ie5is making/flexibe s altractinq/attention is approaching/market
is getting/rghi s raisifg/plan6 ie beginning/expectationsi5 rnodernis
n9/Law

story
success
Gerdau:a Brazilian
G€dau, th. Bdilid st€el Erk€r, (4b)--......-.......-,.....,,,,.....,,,...
InvetoE (6bl----------- ---- of ctd€, th€
kri" wat a 6tu ihlgs fods€d and
o")....it-...be..!.9x11.X.....'"'.r
Am.rica's dott 3ud€ssful tFnspent, with . .impl. sh.re
Th6€ days it'3 much easi€rto do
{$).......S-o..}re*.}i.-e:......Ir structurc, ad th.l3 €scdy what
hsiness ir B.& . Th€ gov€lm€n!
(2.).,....,,,,,....,,,,,..............,,,
!rcduclivity is 3implilying th€ .6nPmy-td
in fts l2t ) .,,,,,,..,,,,,.........-......,,,....j ft --.
TIE o! y ptubld in ih. snon rem is 3ttu.tue,it(7a),,.......,,.,....,,,,,,......
(3a) -"" - - th'Pri@
. prebl€F of succ63. G€rd.u ti€ labou mrk€t mor.
dil timing oi 6 r.keor6 of smaller
(7b)..--.........,.....,,.,...,,,,,,,....
by charying
cobpad6 (3b) - -, - * - - - * - - - - - - - * ;
t5b) rhe rstncfv.lalou lawt, dd il
dom6ri. ndk€l ald so it .......-......... ........comPdv
(4a),,......,..,..............,,-...,,,,
io
(5.),,....,-.....,,*......,*....--lh€
 resent time 2

A Present simple or continuous?

It lhe prcsentsimpe and pres€ntconlinuousare expa n€d nuftl Compare

factsthat are dlw.ysirue eventshappenn9 at the mome.t

l rive in Audapesa (all the time) t'm living in Budapest. (fo. a lew rnonths)
Thisplane lands in rtankfurt (rculine) Lookt we'rc landing. (in prcgrcssnow)

NTL dortint6 th. UK 6bl. tcl.ritia" tztket (Aenetllsituation).1t ir doilg ,.t, r,.ll t, rr.
t st t{ Entup.,ta., vith rbour4tr,.rrro,e^ (rt the moment). (lntcrD.tioml HcraldTribune

Cd ddacoiti'i'6 to b. th. poprlar onnt Ju|idt.h lic .rpd{rnri dr!,{.q L,S-rdr../

"tost
.o,?d,ni (generalsrtuatiorl),blt thdt is .hanging (tJe.d in progrcs). (worldtradconlmc

B Present continuous or ptesent perlfect continuous?

a Thepresent continuousis usedior a temporary
acrionhappenn9 now
Thepresent periectcontinuousdercribesanactionn progress
fiom thepastup to thepresent.
'ue is wo*ing an thenew desiqn. (inprogress
now .nd wrllconnnue)
'ue hasbeenworking on thenewdesign.(in prog€sslrp to now andmayor rnaynot contnue)

C Other usesof presenttenses

P R E S E NS
TIMPLE
seeunirB . The presentsimpe can be us€dio referto tmelablesandschedul€sWh€nw€ speakabout
t metableswe are ofien ihinkingaboutthe futurc.
BritlshAiMays flight 8A729 leaves Genevaat 16.40and anives in Landon at 17.20.

a Thepretentsimplecan be usedto makea sroryappearmoreimmedrate

and iniereeting.
Th s is
common n journalism.
OD d srcy No,eh'bet dq, h Nev E,sld"d lE na.d i$ine EMC'\ heddqraneab \nry nnd
bnstu. Eftcatires aJthe dataJtotdte,wkct leadu ye ha liuits ta the wold\ expadin! dppetite.fot
thehtonge t&chinet. CEO Michael Rrcttrcrs tulls EMC rete\\iatptuoJ
(Busin6sWeek iveblite)

P R E S f NCTO N T I N U O U S
seeunit7 a The preseniconiinuouscan be usedto descrlbea fxed Juiurearrangement.
Thereis usuay a
tuturetime exprcssion.
HSBCarc moving to new premises
nextyeat
a Wecanusea/war.s withthe prcsentcontinuous.Ths isoft€nusedfor exdqgeratinq
or
complaining.
Weemphasise a/wdr.s
in speechn thiscase.
Thisphotacopieris always breakingdawn!
 TIME2
2 PSESENT 15

D State verbs
Somevebsdescibestates, notacdons.Nothinghappeni.Vetbslikethisarenot normay
usedin thecontinuous formof anytense
I notice thatyou'venovedJr'ourdesk (NOTljn-i€{€ing)
SotryI don't undedhnd. (NOTFr*-r€+rrnC€€€nd*g)
Hawmuchdoesit con? (NOTH€.fl-rat€hi5++€+ii€+
It weighs 4kg with thepackaging.(NOTl+i5*e€*iEd
These arein the present
ev€mples simpleeventholghwe areta kingabouttemporary

Stateverbsinclude:
the senset: appearhearr/ook like,notice,see,seem,snel, sound,laste(= hav€a flavou,
feelings: dislike,feat,hate,like,IovE,prefe, want,wish
thinklng: agtee,believedoubt,expect(= believe)fee/(= believe),foryet,imagine,know,
rcalise,rccognise,suppose, suspect,t lnk (= beieve) unde6tand
(=
possession:belongto, cortain,have possess), indude,own, passess
being: be,consistof. eist
othefverbs: coscdependon, fit, involve,nattet, neasure(= havelengtht meaa nee4 satBFy
sutqise wetgh
Andlystsdp..t that tha/eti, tlr d.hEryedPGO Piness Cntiss tril thdeinitia y at lhott
400t o shaq whichtn .ns that PEO is c"rektly utdetuahrcd. Haue'ersoncakalyststhinh thal
th. afti%l oI kctutt'1itcshi.6ai th hh at toilltbdu@dtll i" pro,'ia.(Telegraph{ebsite)
Someof theverbsin lhe prcvious istcanhavea Staie'meaning andan 'acton'meaning.
Examples includebe, /ra!€,taste,tiirk.
out supplie/Jarc usuallyveryhelpful. \9".\eJ
out supplieE ate belng vetyhelpfulat the nanent. (actian)
I have n^/oiiste6. (state)
I'm having prcblenswith thr5computer (action)
Ih6 souptaner sa/Ol(state)
I'm tasting thesoupto seeif li needsmorera/t (action)
I think you'retight. lsrae)
t'm thinking aboutchangingny hb. (acrion)
Statev€rbsarcnot normally
usedin the imperative.

"Whrt do you think . . , lhould w. 9a! sbrled

on th.t motivationrcearch or notr
16 2 DRESET 'IME 2

2 Practice

Exercise I !
Underlinethe cored words-
1 A. Whatdo voudolateyou doing1
B: l'm an executivesecretary
2 A, Whatdo tau dol aretou doing2
B: l'm lookingfor the detailson lhe computer.
3 A: whete doyou wo*l areyou wotking?
B: Paisthi5month.then Eonnthe next.
4 A: whete do you wo*larc you woking?
B: At our headofficein Paris.
5 N,lynameSwalter,and/ cortel/ m comingfrom F€nkfurt.
6 | conell'n comingto FtanHurtnextThursday - | cancallin to yourofflce.
7 | dealwithll'n dealiry with Andrcw! dientswhilehe! on holiday.
A I dealwithll'n dealirqwith the papeMorkandgeneraladministration.
9 At Who do you golareyou9o,in9to the TradeFairwithT
B: Thisyearwith Stefano.
'10 a: who do you goleft you grorir,g to the TladeFairwith?
8: Usually withStefano.

Exercise2 Il
Completethe sentences by puttingtheverb5in brackets intothe presentsimpleor present
contnuous.
1 | ...4|d..19eki4t...4t.. (looka0 the deiailson the screenright now.
(lookat)thesales
2 L............................... resultsin detaileverymonth.
3 Theproductton (nol wo*) at w€ekends.
line................................
4 Thep|oduction (noLwo*) 6t themoment.
line................................
(think)itl a goodidea.
5 Yes,I agree.| .......-........................
(think)
6 | ................................aboutit. l'll letyouknowtomorow
(stay)
7 Helen................................ at theAnodawhileshe! in Madridthismonth.
(stay)
8 Helen................................ at theAstoria whenshesin lradrid.
(take)asample
9 We ................................ for testingoncea day.
(take)abigriskif we go aheadwiththe pfoject.
10 We .-................'.-'.-...
(be)usually
11 They..-.........-....-.............. veryflexjbl€ if we needto change theord€r
(b€)
12 They..-...................-..-.,....
flexibleabout giving uscr€ditfor a few moremonths.

Exercise3 I
Someof thefollowing sentences arerightandsomearewrong.Puta ti.k (/)next to therlghtones,and
corect the wong ones.
I Whichwineareyougoingto have?
2 Whichwinee€.y€r+p#ngt do vou orefer
-
3 ]hats ridiculousI m not believingit!
4 Thatsridiculous- l'm not doingbusiness
withthemagainl............................................
5 l'm sorryl'm notIollowinq whatyou'resaing.
6 l'm sorry,l'm not undeFtandingwhat you'r€saying.
7 Thisbuilding allthepfintingmachines.
isconlaining
S Ihis building isqettingveryold- soonwe'llhaveto move.-............-.........................-...
 TIME2
2 PRESENT 'I7

Exercise4 A D unit 1
!- 03 Cornpeteih s dr. ogle by putnngeachof the verbsin bracketsinto the correcrform of the presents mple
or presentcontinuous.

0) ...Ars...y.et..leo..Ei^4.... ()ou/Look) fo. someone?

j E N N T E RY e s I ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (. .n. e. .e. .d. .)r .o. .s p c a kt o K i n r t s r y a nbt o t \ h e l s n t n h e r o n c c .
( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.!.o. .u. /. k. .n o \ ! ) N h e r es r r es ?
o h . I n s o r m s h es D t h e r et o d N S h c ( , + ). . . . . . . . . . .......... . . . . . .......... . . . ( l v o r k ld t h o r k t , l h r g
r o f i D s ha n u r s c n !. e p o r r . I ( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( .t .h. h
. .k. .).s. .h e ' l lt e b r c k a t h e r d e s k
r o r n o r r o slla h J p . l . - n h c l p \ o u :
JENNtrrROh, thhks. I (6) ...................................... .....(!iork) for PrirchaftlE!2ns.we
( 7 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.o. .r.g. .r .n. i.i.e. .)o r p o r a r eh o s p i r a l i n. . .
Oh,,r'er'
IENNTFRWeil, Knn IlDlrt .odte.ted us hst *tck Apprrcntl_v)o!
( 8 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
. . .x. p
. .c. c t ). v i s i rb v r K o r e r nr r a d ed e l e s J t i o n e \ t t r r o n t h .
Ycs.thrti right
r NNrrEr(yln rskcd mc to cill in rDd givc hcr someinlbrmton on our seNicc.Um, I
( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... .(.h i v c )x l i s i . f s u s s e s t x nrav i t h n r e .I t
(10) . . ......(give))o! nlfornurior ou rvhcrc vou couLtttrkc _vou!\ ^,(!\,
rDd .le ilr ofert servicesdut s,e cf olTcr.likeour pick{,p s$vic. Iiou dic hotcl in r
.hx!ffc!.-drileD ltrDousine.
wcll, drrt nnnlds srext.Iln mre Kinr wo!ld bc rc.lly inrcrcsredro seerhis
L N N !r Ho\r l(rrs (l l) .............................?
. . (. .] ., .o.u rv s i r o $ / s r . y ) ?
O h . 1 D rs o . n rI ( 1 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........(. D
. . .o r / k D o w e
) \ i . t l , v Y r r c . l l y n e c dt o s p c r k
t o K u ! r ,d i c ( 1 3 ) G l c i l )w u h r h i \ c o n r i r . i . c . I ' l l t c l l h c r o , $ i v e ) , , u
r ring tonoroslwhat\ dre bcsr Inlc to crll?
rlNNtrlL I (1+) ... ... ('u/\ork) ii th. oftl.c ir thc onil\lr\ ... rnytrDe rftcr
No. Or sh. .rn .xll lrc o n ! r ! n r ) b i l ( .o, n ) 7 7 7 . . .
1

Exercise 5 A D
04 C o m p l e lteh 6 . r t c e . b o ! r t h e m a g . zn e I i m e O d b y ! s n g w o r d sf r o mt h e l l s tb e l o wD e c d ew h e t h etro
plt the verbsinlo the presentsimpe o. prcsenlconiinuous

€v/F look ior move want provde try 1o

Time Oufi time to e><1>a rrd-

Tine Ott, tlr. Loldon .nl€rrairmeni managem€.ttime. Elliotr J$ h.s plds for 3P..e on ih€ Int€rret site. ALo, he
nagazine, h$ plan. lor €rpansion. Ii rh€ w€isit€, Tiheout-co6, which wag the poddibility of
11).,...................................
alre.dy (1) .............q.b-.1;.......-.....
tn€ no nly laun.h€di!1e95ed(a)..--.-....,....-..,-...,,...,,,...
.h.rAing viditoB t6 th€ 3it. f6r a..€36 to
magazirc P.ds ?adi6n, anil now it infomation about hoe tha 30 .iti€s. Ir some inJonation. Derpite lh$€ e1pdsion
(2) o! adv€rrising
{5).,....,........--........-........... plds, Elliot saF that a fotation on the stock
other markels 3!.h I Arg.ntina and Japan, @€nui: d.l a sEaI uoDt of morcy fren mark€t i3 out of th. qledtion. H€
Tory Elliott, Titu O!f'r fou.ler, eF he ti.&et sal6 lo 3wiv€. But as lir. OIl' ao ke.p .onhol of
{3)..,,,,......,......................-.
(3),...,,...,,...,,..,,...,,...,........
local people to .hanges d.t qpanils, To.y Elliotr th. b8in$6 he lu3 built up-
iriliat€ and m th. mtein6, as ?iru
Ort's London of6.€ doedn't haye the casho. in the printed v€Bion 10 tak€ more
 ast time 1

A Pastsimple: form
a T h ep a s t s i m p l e or fe g u l a r v e . bi ssf o r m € db y d d d n g e d t o t h e n f n t v e V e f t s e n d i n gn €
simplyadd -d. common nrcgularvefbsdre listedon page240.
check-checked: I decked the t'iqures
tike liked: rhey liked his idea
lrfegul.r: eat-6te dtink dnnk ga went etc

a arefor.nedwith dlcl,ot dnd the infint ve Thisis contractedto ddn't n speechand

Negatives
nformalwflting
tdidn't like his idea.
l didn't 90 ta the neeting.

a Qu€nionsarcformedwth the auxili.ryvelb dLl and the infintve Sho.tansweEto /es/ro

quenionsrepeatthe arx ary
A: Did you .heck the ftgures?
B: Yes,I did.lNa tdidn't.
a Th€verbto be 6 rreguar and fo ows a differentpattern n negatvesthereis no d/d n
questions
thereis no d/d and the sLrbjectand verbarc nverled:
t/ he/ shet lt wasn't late. wat l/he/she/nlaE?
Yaulweltheywerc tate. YauI we/ they wercn't lale. Weteyou/v\/elthey late?

B Past simple: uses

a W e L r s teh e p a n s i m p l et o d e l c r i b ae c t i o n a
s n ds t a t e sn a c o m p l e t e d p e r o d o f t i m e . W e k n o w
when the actlonhappened,and this may be meniionedor cear from the stualion.
l.hecked the ligurcs very carcfuly iast week.
I n sorry I wasn't in the aflice yestetday.
Akrtuan ISPJno design.d .al taa6. ohail vtuk. a nv rtulA( nDdtlu ontsonrccd
rritrhi,tt dse.h lcased/br. li'xt.fto t d do.. t.updrk! d d hhed ort d5toitrt !.tui.c
(BDsinesweeklvebs'te)

a T h ep a n s m p l ei s a l s ou s e dt o d e s c r i bhea b i t u a l a c l o nnst h e p a n
Everyevening we went out and ate in a different rcstaurant.

c Past simple: time exptessions

seeunir40 a T me expressons lsed with the pan simple ncludel
r,, r..: '. !r,.i ji!
ar tuelvea,ctock/theend of theyeal
in the narning llune / 1998/ the sixttes
on Friday/the sercnd of Aqtil
no prcposition last week/yenetday I ago

tuk t n', 4ie rq d i@ t e d4td. owttu.

 3 PASTTIME1 19

D Past continuous: form

3 O Thepan continuous
seeappendix isformedwiththe pastofbe andthe-irg formof the mainv€rb.
lorsper
nerues and nfo.malwritingwe us€
Negatives arcformedwiththeverbbe + ,rot.Inspe€ch
comraftons
l/ he/ shelit was w)*ing yesterday. ll helsheI it wasn't warkingyesterday.
Youlwe/theywerc wofing yesterday. Youlweltheyweren't waking yestetday.
a Quenions arcformedby invertingthesubject verbbe.shortansw€6to
andtheauxiliary
)€slno quenions repedtthe auxiliary
A: Washe wotkingtesterclay?
B: res,he was.lNo,he watn't.
A: Werethey waking yestet)ay?
B: Yes,theYwerc-lNo, theY wercn't.

E Pastcontinuous:uses
a Thepastcontinuous islsed to describe
a situdtionin progress
in th€ pan
I was waiting in the depaftureloungefot nore than wo hous.
a Therecanbe several rnprogress,
situations happening at thes.metirne:
Tl'e edtly1970tMs a tih. ukcn IBM uas belinning to loseitsMy a hd y lkiLltdNaplc
wetelearing to setry thcnoM l,vliftltc!. Contpfiin{uds dtering a kewd.q( (The'f ines

a Thepastcontinuous is usedto giveinformationaboutth€ backgrcund Theseparate,

situation.
completed actionsthathappen duing or afterthi5periodare n the pastsimple:
'I catn in to Otulc 6 it u'asfteoo.rinzron the&ssion oJthced y 1990!Ttc busie!! ittit I
joircd ha.lat1azei'gptudtctlincthat uas d.ellning by 30 pu ,entd yat i saletWlthi a y?at
uEcafiplctcu tsrneal thotun aro,id.' (Eurobusincss website)
lf we do not mention
the background thenthesepafate
situation arein the pastsimple
actions
in th€ normalway:
hall.
WhenI a ved I rcgisEred at rcceplonand went straightto the confercnce

F Pastcontinuous:time expressions
a Wecanusewhe4 wh,leoraswithihe pan cort nuousto mean'durng thetimethat
somethingwashaPPening':
Whilc Platnerand DietnarHW ud. devclopingthei6t redl-tineo 4 loesing tftteu 4l
sAe aaus Wellent herpB Mitins thcjndntial sotware.(xurobusineswebsite)
Butif we mean'atthetimethat'thenwe onlyus€whe, withthe pa( sirnpe:
Hewasnt veryhapry when I told hirr'thenevvs.(NOT*Hel-+d*hh ...)

G Past simple or continuous?

a Sometimes thepastsimpleor pastcontinuols
.an be usedThepasisimp e slggestra
separate, aciionor event.Thepastcontinlous
complete emphasises
th€durationoi theacion.
we discustedtherepoftandaqreedthat Petershouldprcparelr.ne detailedflgurcsbefore
the nert neenng.
we wete discussingtherepott for overan hour Eventuallywe agreedthat Petetshauld
preparesone detailedfiguresbefotethenext '],eeting.
20 :' PAST TIi'E T

3 Practice

Exercise1 ff
underlinethe correctword/s.
1 A: Did you ge!/got the €maillsentyou yesteday?
B: Yes,thank, I oidlgot
2 Hc\Nyou feltldid you fed when they to/d/did te// you about movinq offlces?
3 a: Did you tel//io/dhim aboutthe changeof plans?
B: Yes,l t lti.lldid.
4 1didn't see/ didn' t saw rhe eason fof the delay,so I got I did get argry.

Exer<iie 2 H
@05 Completethe diaogueusingthe velbsfrom the li5tbelowin the pastsimple.Thereis a m xtlre of
affirmative,negaliveand questionforms.Therei9one negativeqoeslion.
9€ take think sell lik€ have(x2) make(x2) be (x4) buy

DALEHi,Jill.You (1) .......*q^J........ to the Milan FashionShow iast week.didnt you?

( 2 )- - , - - - - - - - y o u - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. .g. .o o dn i p ?
lrll, Yes,it'tv3sgrcat.
D LE (3) .........................
you .........................
:rny usetulcontacts?
',igel,therc (4) .........................
loids ofpeopie at the sho\ d I (5) .........................
. lot ofgood
lrr!,
contict but we (6) -.......... rly $ many orde.saslastyerr.
DALEoh, why was thrt? (7) .........................
rhey .........................
our new styles?
rhe p.oblen.The shoes(9) .........................
Iu, No, no, rhat (8)......................... rcallywell, but we
(10) .........................
so successtul wnh someofour other products.likehandbrgs.for exanrple,ind
there (11) .........................
much more comperirionrhis year

lrLL we[, the Paul smith srand wa5 real]y busy.

DrE Oh, but his clorhesare expeniive... Um, (12) ...-..................... peopleat the show
. .r.i.c. .e sw e r et o o h i g h ?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . .o.u. .r. p
ILL, Po$iblJr Bur we (13) ...............-..-....-. ....-.........-....-..-..
the authoriry ro lower them .t the rime.
DrE Oh, whar a shame.So it was a sEste ofa trip th€n?
IILL wel, not exactly... I (14) ..................-......
this glEatpan ofPnda shoesand this Cucci h.ndbag

Exercise3 gg
Unde ine the bestcontinuationof the conve6ations.
I A: What was shedoingthis morning?
B: SheinANiewed/wat!fu?!!!!l4149 candidatesfof the lales job.
2 A: How did Erendaspendher holiday?
B: Most dayssh€ !rcntlwas goitg to the beach.
3 A: What happenedafteryou laun.hedth€ prcduct?
B: while we promot€dlwere qonolng iI" ov main compelilot dropped/was droppirg their prices.
4 A: ldidn t seeyou ln the officelastweek.
B: Na,l wotkedlwas wo*ittg at home for a few dala.
5 A: What did Patdo when shesawthe artlvork?
B: Shecalledlwas (alling the designersand sa/itlwas saylhEit wasn t suitable.
5 A: Why did Renatatake so long to g€t here?
Bi Shesaid they mendedlu!€re merd,ing the rcad and so the rtaffi( noved/was naving \ery s owly.
 3 PASTIIME 1 21

Exer.ise4 A
G1o"Completethi5articleaboutVN€ndiby pLrtlnq e.ch of the verbs n bracketsnto the pan ! mpe. \.4ostoi the
verbsare rreqllar(seeAppendix2)

Vivendi: 1-50years of history

I 7i\endi, th. Fr.n.h utiliti€s .nd I. th. 1960sand 1970sth. compmy He (13)...........--.--,(sell) $5 biuion in
Y (beAin)actiYities
(6).......-.......---,, in th€aRa (cut) the
ass€ts and (14)-...,-,,,..,,,..,.....
communi.'tion! Amup, hs . lonB
historygoingba.k to r3$,ln tlat y€arli€ oI ciwil .onstru.tion a.d (7)--........--....--. workforceby10%.All thie (151.-----.----

covd"-e"r (1) -..S.I:-44''1.94...

kr€ire) (hild) a l.r8e tow€r hlock in th€ lnean) thal an annuallossof S600mmion
La Defenspb8incas dislrict ot P,ris. (ttrm)into a Prcfitof$320
(16)...,,,.,..............
compagni€ Generale det Eaui The
(hrv.)
founders (2).,,...,...-........... rwo Du.ing lh. 1930sC€neral€des Eaur million, In 1993 h€ (17)..,.......-...---,

obj€ctives:ro irigate rhe countrysid.for (join) with the Hav,5

(3)..,,,.,,.............- (.hange)th€ nameor the grelP lo vivendi

nedia gro{p io .r€al. Cdal Plus, r Pay (nake) a

and soon ailcr (13)........-........,,,,,
faming and to srpply wnterlo townsand
Tv .hannel. Th€y alto (9)--------- sdes of p.rtn€ships and a.quisilionsin
In ',1330
a tRiry (3)-..,,,,,,...,,,,,....
G've)
( t a k € )a . o n l ' o l l i n g s l . k € i n l h t c i v i l lhe tele.onn!ni.alions indnstry

Cen€raledes Eaur tha righl lo suPP,y engir€erin88iant, SGE.In the 1990sthcy Operations in North Americr
(wir) majo. .ontrads in
(10),,,...........,,,,,... (8row)very qui.kly ilter
(19).................--...
water ro Venice,and th.n Consl.nlinople
ind Oporto (4)............--..--
(con€) soon th€ Asia P.cifj. region ,nd in Lati. tiis and in 2000Viv€n.ti (20)-------..

iitei By the tine of tha .entcnary (buy) Seasrad lo become . trury

ccl€brrtions in 1953 Ge.ettl. d.s Eaut Jcan-Mari€ Messter (11t.- .- . . intemalionll m€dii and cohmuni.rtions
(supply) wtter to .iaht
(s).,,,,,...,,,,,,....,,, (becom€)CEo in 1995
a.d o2) ....--................

mitlion peoplcin Fran.€. (n.l the codp,.y along Americanliner'

Exercise 5 B E
by pltl ng the verbs!n bracketsin|o e ther ihe p.st srmpe or pan contnuoLrs
Compleleihe senlences
Sometmeslhe sarnelense s lsed tw ce; sometmesd flerentlensesare used
I whar .. dld you eAt (ea0whe. yo! !,q^1.. ( q o )t o P a r s )
2 vth e w\t. ,'a4s-+..i1!]!t^4(negotaie)rhe convact,my boss.... Fhc^ed (phone)me 1-
saythal he wanled .ompleteyd flerentconditions.
n q k el h s
3 T h e a n t r n es o m e t h . . . . . .(.h a p p e ns) h
, e. . ( c a) a
prcssconleren(emmediately.
4 Anne . . . .( e x p .n ) h e rp r o p o q a
w h e nP e d r o. . . .. . . . . . . . . .(.i . t e r r ! p t ) h e r
5 W e n e v e r q o l l h e c h a n c e t o r n t e r v eW
w h iml e w e . . . . . . . . . . ( n v e ng a t e ) t h e n c d e n tr,r e
.. ......... ( | e t 9 n ) .
6 W h e nh e (f n sh) readnq rhe adicle,he ....... ... (g ve) i to me
(wa0 for ihe rneetingto beg n when he ...... (call)to
saythat he wds stLr.kin. trdfficjarn.
8 lclean)the pece ... ldrop) t by nrstake
9 ( n n d l)h e m i s s i nlgl e w h e .....

1 0 W h e nT l m. .......... ... . . . .( a r v e ) ,w ( t e ) h r nw h a th a dh a p p e n e d .
 ast time 2

A Past perfed: form

seeapp€ndix2 n The pastperfectisfomed wth the auxiliaryhadand the pastpartcpe.In speechand informa
L, rhep*r pad. pes.i r€qua, ve,bs 'd.
writingnad is contractedto
I had (l'd) aheady de.ided what to do befote he called rr,e.

a Negatvesarefomed with notand contracrions dre used(radr'i). Questions.reformedby

lnvertng the sublectand had.
At that tine I still hadn't decided what to da.
Had you aheady decided what to do before he calledyou?

B Past perfect us€s

a Thepastperfectisusedto showdearlythatonepaneventhappened beforeanotlrer past
event.We usethep.5tperfectfor theearliefevent:
l"de' hadopn.d hirh.t,hn Jell bd.kto 1,578n1
O" /n. NhrYorksro.l Er.r'dir. th. Nasdatl
na 'nE tudi't.* (Ylhoo News Se.vicesebsite)
Compare theseexamples whichdesc.rbe exacty thesamerituation:
1 Sueleft at 2 pn. Weaftivedat heraffkeat 23A. (bothverbsin pasts mpe)
2 when wp aftived at Sue'soffice shehad left. (earer actlonin pastp€rfect)
n example I th€h4oactonsareseparate in themindof thespeaker In example2 thercis a
co.nection
stronger betlveenthetwo.ctonsandlhe pan perfect emphasiseswhichhappened

lo lse thepastperfectif we usebeforeor afterto rnakethetimeclear

a lt maynot be necessary
Wecanuselhe past simpe for bothaclions
Suelelt/had left hetofficebelote we arived. (bothfoms possible)
we affivedat suesafficeaftet sheleft/had left. (bolhfoms possible)
ManyspeakeE stillprefe.to usethe pastperfectin thi9case,to show. ltrongconnectlon
lhe two events.
between
a Thepastperfecis oftenusedwithverbso{ thinkingketnoq reallJe,
renenbetbe sure,

Davidknew he'd seenhersanewherebeforc,but he cauldn'trcnenbet $herc.

When1gat to theoffi.e t rcalisedI'd lelt allny pape6behind.
Ellenwat swe they hadnt rcceivedthe invarce,but shecheckedonemorc tlme.
I thought we'd aheady dtosen the nane for the newproduct!

c Past perfect time expressions

r The time expressionsaftet, once by, aheady,just, neve4meanwhl/eare oflen usedwth the pan
perfecl.Theword stl/ is often usedwith negatvetorms.
Aftu"d 1993 Koreu cotpotdtion\ttd etl tniiiq to Pdrk to aqtie tunpdni.s in the US ot
E tope.By this tine, he hait b,ih up etfr.ient tunta \ td ,elp rren. (Asi, Inc website)
 4 PASTTIME2 23

D Pastperfect continuous:form
phras€had beenand the -,ng lorm of
a The pan perfectcontinuousis fomed with th€ duxiLiary
the mainverb.Contractionsare used.
I'd been waking on the project for tuo nonths befare they decidedto cancelit.

a Negatives arc formedwith had not beenand the 'ing forrnof the ma n verb
Questions arefomed by invedinqthe subjectand had.
I hadn't been sleeping wel, so I was quite tied.
Had you heen vr'aking ftn a long tine on the projecl before they cance ed it?

E Past perfect continuous: uses

a Thepastperfectcontinuous is usedto describe
a situationth.t was n progress
!p to a certan
polntin rhepast.lt oftenemphasises the duratiofof lime.
BeJot he l.Jt IBM Pktnd hctl hen pclin! togethqd soliuupI'd.kdr.Jot th. UK'bard
clgnitdl.onvany tCI. He hddbeetwo*ing on thkptoje.tdwr\ I97 t dhd1972.
(Eurobusiness {ebsite)
a Thepastperfectandthepan perfedcontinuous bothlookbackfiom a po nt in ihe pan The
pastperfectlooksbackat an earller
event.Thepattperfectconiinuouslooksbackai a situaton
n prcgress.
Theeconomksituatbnwasquitehealthy.Thecenttalbankhad lowered intercst'atesbecause
inflatbnhad beenfa ing steadilyfot sevetalyea6.

F Usedtolwould + infinitive
a uied to describes a habitor statein the past.Thercis no presentform(forpresent habitswe
usethe present simple).
'hha dictat.suhdt ttotoritt ptt itto leir pettulk ks.btt gfpeoplt!,lLonsedto hare trcil
doubtsaboutdicrl Iron biolori.dltowcesnrercr, reg rces', !oy! DietetE en,r'|to orus ar
indep.hd.ntjling adtionid solthet Ce niy. (FrankfurterRundschauwebsite)
u5edto normallysuggeststhaltheactionor situationisno longertrueandsornakes. contrast
withthepresent:
I usedto wDfuin na*elng (= bLrtnowI workrnanotherarea)
about hisjob. (= but now he sn't)
He usedto be realy enthusiastic
O Noret1arusedto is Jsedfor hab.tsandrepedted no(5'9 e eve Ls
d(1iont.
Showlar the fist tine lastmorth. (NOT|u5€++€e)
I went to the Milan Fashion
a Withnegativesandquestionsusedto becornesu5eto.
Did you useto workin matketing? I didnt ute to warkin natketing.
a wouldis usedii thesamewayasusedto, but it onlydescribes actonsiri the past,
repeated

In theold dayswe used to/wodd make threecapiesaf a dacunentstor the files.

our canpanyusedto belong to an Americanmultinatiaraf (NOT,i^,€{ld$eeg)
Wouldis morecommonin descriptive
wriiinglhan n speech.
24 4 PASTTIME2

4 Practice

Exer<ise
l EEFro
underinethecorrect includ€s
words.Thisex€rcis€ of the pastperfect,
examples usedto, thepasts mpl€and

1 while I lookedl@@kirg for myke!s,lsuddenlyr€membered | /eitliaClht them at home.

2lnthosedaystheunionsuredto/hadusedrogoonnikewhenevertherewas/wasbeing
3 Ailet theywerebuyinglhadboughtthecompany,the\Jstaftedlwetestaftingra makea lot of people

4 )ackusedb havelwashacirga Maq but then he uied to changelchanged ra aPc.

5 | askedaboutmy package
in reception,
but theysardlrcr€ salng that it still hadr't anived/wasn't

6 | wassulethat I usedto l6kl hadleked rhe dootlo myoffice art night,but it wa5lrad beenopenthis
mornin9.
7l'msu€thatthewinteEusedlobelhadbeen<olderwhenlwasachild.lrememberthatw
walklwerewalkingto s<hoolin the snoweverywinter
8 | hadgonelwent backto th€ €staurantto lookfor my umb'€lla,bul loundlwas findlhgthat som€one
took/hadtakenit.
9 WhenGeorgesawlevas5ee,hg Dianeat the seminar,he knewlwasknowinglhalhe metlhad n,etnel
somewhere before.
10 WhileI hadlwas haing hEakfastl loakedlwaslookingat the financialpagesio seethe sharep ces.
| sawlwasseeingthat my originalinvestmentgrewlhadgrown by ovet4O%.

Exercise
2 tr!J
Complete thesentences withthebenformof thev€A tn brackets, In eachsentence oneverbwillbe in ihe
pastsimple(unit3)andtheotherin the pan perfect.
(m6ke)
1 Aftershe...........14d...Y4d.e-......... (start)writrng
a fewnotes,she............tJa1::tCd...........
the introduction to theAnnualRepod.
..(besure)
2 Gary............................... thathe .-....................--................
Get)the alarmbefore
leaviogthe office.
31........................................(call)mywifeonmymobilebecausethemeeting...
{nillnotfinish).
(speak)to
4 Once| ..............-......................... ...(realise)there
him,| ..... ........................ hadbeena
mis!nderstanding.
(give)herfid presentation,
5 Afte'Jrll.. . ................................... .............. ('ee
s1e...............
rnlcnressnervous.
(become)
6 EeforeEdite..........-----......................... Michael Edwad3personaassistant she
-. (already work)in thecompany for two years.
7 | ......(nois€e)thefigur.sbefoFihe nFFring, sorr
(p!t) meat a disadvantaqe during the discussion.
(haveto) go downto thestorcrcombeca!se
I Sorryit iooksolonq.| ..............-.............-..----..... we
.- -. (run out oD paper for the photocopier.
9Iherain...-....----............................(stop)byihetimel---.---.................-..........
(bp)surpnsed
l0 | ...-.-----....................----...... (akeady
to findthaishe......................-.................
eave).
 4 PASTTIME 2 25

Exercise3 B unit3
07 completeth,s maqaznearlrcleby p!tl ng the verbin bracketsnto eiiherthe pan s mpleor p.n perrect
"- In one caseon y ihe pan perfeclcan be !sed, in fve caseson y ihe pasts nrpe can be useddnd n t x case5
both are possible

SAY'NO'
IHEDAI{ES
On 28 Seplember?000 rhe peopleor ro keeping the value of lhc kronc slable tbe USA md Japan (8)................... (be)
Demark (l)....-v-D;!eQ.... ('ote) No ro aeainstthe Geman 'nark. md this policy toiced ro inteNene in th€ foreign exchange
joinine {re single Europeancurency. the (i).....................(be) very succe$rul in
euro.All rhe main polilicalparlies.the nainlainin-q nability ald pros!€riry. Then Bur rhe No ca'npaien(9).......... ...
lrades uDions,lhc cmployersdnd $e $c eurc sas launchcd in tanuary 1999. In (f@us) on nlrional idcnrity.not economic
media (2)..................
kanPaisn) lbr a thc penod afier rhe launch lhe countnes in issues.ln theendrhc Dan€s(10).................
'Yes'lorc bcioE rhereleiendud.So Nly r h e e u r c z o n e ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.p. .€. d o m ) (make) ihcn decision becausc theY
(3)...................
(he Danes/rqect) rheeu'o? relatively well in econonic lems. How ( l l ) .................. (feu) ihar cconodic
Ler's look lirn al $e econoDic €Yer by rhc time oi fie rclerendun the inlcgmtionBould eventuillyleadto polilicaL
(wintl to
backgrolnd.For nmy yeas the Dehh c u r o ( 7 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( .f .r.U ) s i S n i f i c a n l l y inrcsfttion.Tley (12) ..................
ceneal (bd conrDined aS.insrrhc dollar,and nE cenrEl banksor keepthen indepeddence
b&k (4)..................... and freedon.

E x e r c i s e 4A B u n i t 3
tf,Ot a u n s t a l k l n ga b o u lh , sI r s tl o b t o m p e l e w h . t h e s a y s w t h t h e b e n f o m o f t h e v e r b i n b r a . k e cC h o o e e
betweenthe pan r rnpe (!n 1 l). palt continuouslunil 3) or pastpedect
S o . A l r ) .$ 1 , \ d i J \ o t r ( l u i t \ o u r h . t . t ( n r :
A r ^ N : W c l l . . ni l l e t i . I ( 1 ) ! 4 t W - o , C K l ^ 4h v d r k )i s r i n , r . . 1 r l . r U . e r i b r i r , l , r t t , , i r t i o r r . r l
A ( . o u r r r , ! , . \l n n ' n i . o n d o n | ( l ) ( b c )i i d l t s r ) r . . o r r \ r l r v t ( ' $ i a e v c , r \ .
r Nr L r ( \ r \ r r . R l l o s ( l ) . (!ou/s.Othcl(nr?
,\r^\: J!\r ,'herI (.1) (iiD,nt u.tr.$itr I (5) . (so)t{) i roh
ftn. I (,ll (.t (rlcd.lo $l,rt I\rnk\t n) d..!!l I wi\ i,,t.R\rc(l to rc. $4ri't
k,Ddol Jobsrherc(7) (bc) r dr. thtr.Whilc I (s)
nri;r,Driior on oDe ofrlt {rnd\ fur r l.,rsc nt.rdrriodil xc.otrDr,rtre) ti n. nt!.onc
(9) ....... (qno nr. iD .,pplid.trD lirrdr ro tlll rn. I droughr !hi\ nlqhr b. x goo.l
c r r e e ro p r l o r t n n i f il a r n t c . n I ( l r ) ) . (.ne'rdv/r.ikc)u!c icornrin.-v c\.urs
n)r nrv .legrcc.So | (l l) .. '.,1rI r l .' L r , ' " 1 :
(icnd) ,r on:Thev (1-']) ..... . (intcnie$) Dre dre ibllo\!.!rg \!.ck rnd I goljob.
Ar tir\r,I {11) . . . . . .(.i.i . l ) s [ s i ] . d $ r r h r h c j o b .b u t r s t n ) . ! v . n r b \ ' ,t l u r $
(15) ....... (ch.!gc) Dd I b.gin to h!t. \'orkins rhcre
So Nhrt (16) ...
AL{N: wel, dre sirurrion Nrs rhs: I (17) .- -.......... (work) lbr,, pe^or vho NJs ver-v
'o
d a , , , . | . . \ c r r d , , _' . i r r r . . . . t . c, 'F. l, L u \ r , ' r o , t \ r ^ l '
(becoDle)too rcperrd! dd I rcalh \r.n!ed lo do $nerhtrg rrorc crcxlik. So,d[rt wlry I
r e s i s D e d. . I ( 1 9 ). . . 0 r o ! h a \ t ) a D o l h e t j o bt o g o r o , b u r l k D c \ \ ' l
(20) (hre) to !nk.. chtrDs..

Exer<ise5 F
Complerethe sentenceswilh osedta ot use.Jtalwoutd
I wth my old bosswe. $r.sd...:to-1rro..{1d.. haveneet ngseeveratim€sa week
o w na B M
2 ................................ W b l t n o w h a v ea n M G .
3 Befo.elhey built the new motorwayi . .............. ....... .......take rnean hour1oqet to worK
f oeor ar 9 . n5 a t i o nN o w w a n tt o b e s e f ' e r n p o v e d
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r h n k I w a n t € d t o w oar kr g
 ast and present 1

A Present perfecti form

see appendi! 2
lor the pi!r Fft( pe: il r€q! ir re b5
a The prcsentperfectisformedwith the presentrenseof the auxitiary
verbhayeand rhe pasr
padiclpe.In speechand infomalwriringw€ usecontrdcrions (,ye.nd 's).
lltjau/we/thev have ('vd 'oone.
HAtshelit ha;(s) sone

a Negatvesarefom€d with not

t/ you I we/ they have not (havenj gone.
He/shetit has not (hasn't)gone.
. arefo.rnedby invertingrhe subj€ctand the.ux aryve.bhaye.Shortanswersto
Quesrions
yerlro quenions
repedt
theauxiliary

B: Yes,they havelNo, they haven't. B: Yes,he has/No,he hasn't.

B Present perfe<ft uses

a Ingeneral,
we usethepferentperfedto t. k abouta preseni
5tldt on whch s connecled
to

a lheremaybea present situationthalnaaredn thepast

I've lived herefar about tenyeaE.
l've known Mary sincewe warkedtogetherin Spain.
a Theremaybea series of actions
thathappened
in ourtifeup ro now
I've often been to Singapore.
I've seena lot of chahgesarcundherc
a Therem.y bea resuhin thepresent of a pasrevent.
Sary,I thinkl've lost the file.
lly conputet hascashed
h ihiscasewe .re explaining
rhecurrentirnporrance
of the pasteveni.Wh€nt happened
s
not mporlantand s not mentroned.

c Present perfect time expriessions

a We lse everand,reyertoaskand talk aboutour generat Jeexperence.
Have you ever spoken in frcnt of a brge audience? lin a your tife up to now)
I've never wo*ed abroad, but next yeat I night be basedin paris.
lf the answe.io ihe quenion s yesthen we contrnuero gv€ rnoreiniormatonaboutthe
(pel IL eve^6 by u<ingvr'bs In I e p.sr {mp'e.
A: Have yau ever spoken in front of a hrye audience?
B: Yes,t have. Lastyeat 1 went ta a salescanfeten e in Berneand tgave a prcsentdtion.

i Thepresentperfecti!often us€dwith a/readyandyer.A/.eadyis normay Lrs€dn affirmatve

K]app, CEO aJ Us aLle .o,ryatry NTL, insis^ tltut NTL has dlrca4' ffiade 7j% o.fns ptdnned
i',att"an b delivd btuadbd for liobile phonc ty^. (Tetegnph website)
 I 27
5 PASTAND PRESENT

vetis usedin quenionsand negatives, and suggeststhatsomethng hasnot happened,

aLthough we expect it lo happen
Have yau finished the rePolt Yet?
Sorry I haven't finished the .epott yet. (ll try to finish it this afternoon
storksColt afld Eflctgis.adin e toJdll Neithethat yet ndnafeti ta
Shaesik the nn big teleconts
nttbctile et@Whto 4m n drcnt rctwh (Giardian
conine i v6to6 thdt they cM Ptu ide seruices
websire)

t we use./ustto descibesomethingthat happeneda sho( time ago

Ite just spoken to him on the phone and he sals he'll be hercat 9 34 bnorrcw

a Thep.esentperfectis ofien usedwith time expressions that referto unfinishedtime In oih_ar

wordsthe time periodincludesthe prcsent.Commonexprcrsions ate:thisnaming, today this
month, so faa up to now re<ently,dutittglin the pastnonth aver the last few years, eI(
n1e F:ussidnCennal tsonkdn'onft.d or'llu'day thdt ik rold a\d .une el Eset,.s ha"' in(nsed
in the past u'e.h by t300 t tilio, (Delovoj Peterburg websitc)
tn thc areoof Io"onn da.loph'.nt, th. Asia Padfu Erian hds rl.cecdedii ^thi.vi"r q)id rrar)th,
uhkh hB ex?ed?d7% a' tnly t*iry th. pastf.w lu'r. (AsiaPrcific Econo,nj' Review
website)
can be usedwilh the presentp€riector the pastsimple,dependnq on
a Somet me expressions
when Youarespeaking:
Haveyou sp*en to Suethis moning? (itis now 11am:the morninghasnot finsh€d)
Did tou speakto Suethis noming? (it h now 3 pm:the morninghasi i shed)

a We use for and s,hcewith the presentperiect to relef to pe ods of t me

A: How long has lon wo*ed herc? * He'swo*ed here fot thrce months i
B: He's wo*ed hete since the beginning of May

unii40
seeareo the po ntwhen the tirneperod
Fordesc beslhe lengthof the time peiod sinced€scribes
started
'Wc ha1'ebe.t ir bdifest
Jor 37 Yats, so tlft l tetnetto 4s n j'rst aNthcr av ofeolladi ! otdcts'
saysI'ndt Er.ts'inteuationalvkeple'ide k mybt (CNBC Busjne$website)
UPS be6k? a wdd ide Otympis sroksot i 1994, aid sinee thn it has ha led theAtlatia
gonet i t 996 on.l tllc 1998Japor u'ktet ra'hct (wolldtladeonlinenngazine)
a Frequency adverbsthat are usedwith the presentsimplecan alsobe usedwith the present
seeunh1 perfect.
Ihey've often given us good advke
Hollirfet has alpa$ b.d ideeeed if buyitg rcPsPApeR, and we tend to laok nt non thdt cone
ah to thetak t. (SundayTimd website)

D Eeerr(to) ani gone (to)

a lf we have been to a place,we went there and have now returned lf we havegone ro a pLace
we went thercbut havenot vet Fturned
She3 been to visit out supplies Eve!\thing seemsto be AK (she has come back)
She's gone to vtst out supplie9 l hope evetything wil be OK Ghe is still there)
2A 5 PA9TAND PNESEI{TI

5 Practice

Exercise1 n
Complete byputtingtheveftsin bta*eti intoa formof thepresent
thesenten€es perfect.
Usecontraciions

1 areyousureit isn'tworkins?.....1161e...)lSa...i{!Cd..... (youltry)it?

(never/see)
2 | ..-.-..-......-....-....-....-.............. sucha boing presentarion.
3 Luckily, ourcunomers ... .. .. ...... ......--- '. (not/complain)aboutihe prceI se.
(already/spend)
4 We ......-......-....-............-............ quitea lot of moneyon thisproject.
5...........................-....-.......-...(they/reply)toyourlastemaii?
(not/get)
6 L.....-.....................................thefigures to hand-can tcallyoubacktat€r?
7 Unemployment ............................................
{9o/up)by 2% sincelanuary
8 Irr sorry9he3nolhereShe..................,,.....................
(Ln/leave)
(fall)by 15%5ince
9 Theirshares............................................ the merger
l0............................................{you/ever/take)theEurcstartoBrusselsT

Exer<ise2 E
Lookat the pakedsentences
belowMatcheachonewithsituation
a)or b),
1 lnflation
hasfallenby 1%. Lll a) Twoyea6agoit was46,6.Lastyearit was:%
2 Inflation
fellby1%. L41 b) Lastmonthit was4%.Thismonthit is3%.
3 l ihinkrvelostthefile. L-J a) I can'tfindthefile.t wonderwheret pui tt?
4 Sorry| lostthefile. L--l b) Thefilehasgoneaid t'll n€verfnd i.
5 HasJanecalledth6 morning? t-l ro cal thrsmor--g .t5 '1 ar1
a) Janepromis€d
6 DidJanecallthismorning? Ll b) Janepromised
to ca thismomn9.lt3 2 pm.
7 Sales
imprcved. L-l a) Lastyearsales
werepoor.Thisyeartheyarebetter.
8 Sales
haveimproved. Ll b) Saleswerepoo.initialiy.
A y€arlatertheywerebetter
9 Howlo19haveyouworledhere? L a) In 1999.
10 Whendidyoustartwo inghe€? Lj b) Since1999.

Exercise 3 l;
Complete
thesentences
witha suitabletime
expression
fromthe lin below
ake€dy yet ever never just for sin<e always
l Thegoodswllbewithybusoon.They've ........4!f9#dJ.......
lefrourwarehouse.
2 l've........................-..-....
hada greatidea!Whydon'tw€ launch. newrangeof colours?
3 We'veknowneachother..-..-............-.......-.-...
morethantwentyyears.
4 l've.....................-.......-..
usedmycreditcad on thetntemet_ | don'tthinkitt safe.
5 haven'thada.hanceto speakto Magda.........-...................-..,
but l'm surcshe'lla9ree.
6 l've.-.........-.-....-....-..-.....
workedin insurance, eversinceleaving unive6ity.
7l'msorryhehasn'tcalledyouback.HeSbeeninameetin9.................._.............lun
8 H.veyou....................-....-......
be€nro 560Paulo? lt3 completelydifferent
frornRio.
 I 29
5 PASTAND PRESENT

E x e r c i s e 4 A BC
aSot Readth r text aboutthe pe.formanceof the Fordcarcompany.Competethe iext with the verbsfrom the
st beoW Lrsng the presentPerfecl

rR.*e lall launch be have cut withdr.w spend iake periorm

Ford: the road to recovery

Althoush lord (1)........|ret-.............X4d9.....
operati"g the S.orpio $ hich was not selling wel1. But Ford
profits of over $Tbillion in its Ameri.u market this yed, ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. .l.o. .t .m. .o. .r.e. .s.u c . e s s a l t h €
the story in Europe (2).,...,..-'---- ------..*, v€ry higher end of the market. O!'er the last lew years it
d i { f e r e n t l. r ' m r , l p r s h i r e ( 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (9)..'.''.'''.''-'- -.--.. . . .a l o t o f m o n € yb u y i n 8b r a n d s
hom 12% six yeas ago to only 9'1, nos. The truth is ihat such as Jaglar, Aston Martin and Land Rovcr, and th€se
rivals like volkswagen.nd Re.ault (4) ...................... models hale mu.h hiEhe. profit margins. k
much betterover recentyeds. They
.......,..,..,...,..,. (10)....................... some time io sort out the
.......................
(t ... . ( . { ' d n d( 6 r ' ' prcblemsat Jaguarin pdticulat butit's nolv a su.cesshrl
exciting and hiShly suc.esstulnes'models ln
.............-.,..,,.
conh ast,lord (7) ..................-. ......................
its latge saloon,

Exercise 5 C D
R € a dt h 6 e m a ifLr o mS t e v et .h e P u r c h ansg M € n a g eorf . U K m p o ( e t w h o , s n P o € n do n a b u en e s st r p
Compete the emailby chooenqthe corre.l alterianvefrornA, B, C or D beow

'
Sleve McGinLaY to: Mike ..'.,l_1u
r.u.- 1
".,[ ,.

soiiv havenl canlacredvou i1) P. laslweer., bot ve been verv blsv lve(2). . 1oKatowce in the south
west of Poand (3) ... . .. a rew days, a.d ive (4) in Wa6aw rom where Im sending th s
r
email lvisiled severa nrms when lwas in Kalowce and one or rhem looks quite promisns lve (5)
fa.lory. and Ive gol some product samples rd show you
Unfortunatery Ihaven\ hel th€ suy in charse (6) .... .... He wasn r th€re - he s (7) td cdansk,nd should be

so, the trip has been q! re successful(3) . .... Have yoL (s) ... b€6n lo cenlral Europe? Everyth ng rs
chano ng very fasl ve (1o) ........... seen so much bullding wo.k going on. Anvwav L enaL vou aga n rsrer . rh6
week to lel you know what's happening.
Regards, Steve

B sin.e c jun
2 A qoinq C being

B been c lln D sotar

5 A yet B a ready C been D gone
6 Atln B a ready C now D yet
7 A going B gone c b-.ing
B yei c jun
B sin.e
C ever
30

A Past simple o. present perfect?

a The pastsirnpleis usedto describe.ctonsin a compl€rediime perod.
The presentperfectis lrsedwhen the time p€riod ncludeeth€ presentTh s can be a s tu€t on
which5tartedin the pan and continlesto be rrue ln rhe p€sent, feexperenc€untitnowor
the pfesentresultof a pan actron.
I lived in Milan nany yea6 ago. (.ompleted:now I ve in anotherplace)
Ive lived in Milan since 1998 (a stuaton that naded in the pan and cont nues n
the prese.t:I nill ve rhere)
I've lived in both Milan and Rame ( ie experence:the tirnewhen I ved n theseclties
s not m€ntioneddnd s not irnportant)
t've spoken to ny bass,and he'sasrced. (pretent rcsuh of past acriof)

seeunit3 a T me phraseslsed wlth the part simplefeferto a part cularpoint n the pan: yesterda,/asr
nonth, a few yeats ago, in 2042
seeunir5 T me phrasesusedwith rhe prcsentperlecr nk the pan 1othe presentthisnanth, evet,never
alrcady,just, recently,since
Lookat this example:
LojasAwti6"ds, a cl'ii't oI tlill\a stots ,t Btd:il, hashod d;fii 1ti.!sincerhanid-1990s.
Althaqh lr stotcs .q(nak arnl6 ttufr(,t)n)litdbility
has beet had h1d.lrar h&,r. ol . hw
dr.titc ptthasc pti... In 1998it begaad tutiondlkat\nc[ivt. It rcdr.ed th! tun[( oJuarcho$$
did sold 2-1t'pnntuitct !a6 to Cdn.fi\n (Fnrd. (ebusine$fonun$rbsn.)
a Thetime wod for refersto a periodoi t me. t can be lsed w th eilhe.tense:
1lived in Milan for fou yea6 when I was at unive5ity (now donr ve there)
thave lived in Milan fot fov yea's. ( stlll iv€there)

a Thechoceof tenseoflendependson thestualDnandwhereourattentio.is:

We'vewon the.ontftctl (recent
news:theevenis oresent
in mvmind)
Wewon thecantta(t. (te ng a nory:th€eventfeesdistantin myrnnd)

B Present gimple or present perfect?

a Thepresent simplels usedin two rnainwaysrfacts,andhabitsor staresn theprcsent.
The
prcs€nt perfectmakes a connection between pastandpresent.
About t\,\onillion peoplelive in Milan. la la.I)
(a pemaneft st.te - alwaysliveihere)
I have lived in Milan far twa yeas. (l arrived there two yea6 aqo and si live there now)

C Present perfect continuous: form

a The presentperfe.l continuolsi5formedwith the presentperfectol be, and the -/hqform ol
the veft. Negatives
arc formedwth nor.
t've heen (haven't been) waiting here far norc than an haur
Sh.'s been (hasn't been) waiting he,F all normng

a Questions arc fo.medby inveriingthe subjectand hdye.

Im sotry I'm late. Have you been waiting long?
 6 PASTAND PRESENT
2 3T

D Present perfect continuous: qses

I The prcs€ntp€rfectcontinuousdescribes
an actionor sluation in progress
frcm the pdn !p to

'ndde
bet\Een slove!'iadfld the Ltkrainehas beeairqssing steadilr sint 1992,.lhen it tatalle'l
ju\t Us$9 klillion. (SloEnia Busine$ Week website)

a The pesent perf€ctcontinuousoften emphasises

the lenqthoi t me of the action:
Ive been trying ta contact her all day

a Theactionmay b€ finishedor continuing,we on y know by th€ stLration:

I've been waiting for an hour! Wtryare you so late? (the waitinq is f nished)
t've been wainng for an hour and he hasn t anived yer (l will cont nue waiting)
a The presentperfectcontinuouscan be Lrsedfor r€p€atedactions:
t've been phoning her aI marnins, but she'salways in a meeting.

E Present perfe<t continuous: time expaeisions

a Typca tirneexp.essions that are lsed with the presentperlectcontinuousinclude:a//dayfor
manths, fot ages, lately, rccently,aver the last few yea6, sin.e, far
ForeirkliJen\urcR hdre be.n expaadit! thenbBi'pssir Japar bt ahbut15% ainudllyoret tht
p*st fo'E r.|rs. (Businesweek lvebsite)

F Present perfect or present peife(t continuous?

a Oltenthereisverylittledifference
in meaning thepresent
betlveen pedectandpresent
perfect

l've wotked/been working hetefot thteeyea6.

a Thechoceof ienseoftendepends on whereor.rallenton is,Welse the present
perfectif ou"
attentions on the present
res!.r
t.
l've witten therepott. (theiinished
rcports in mymind)
Weule th€presenl perfectcontinuous
f ourattention ison theactonin progress.
l've beenwiting thercport. (theact ol wr ting is in my rnnd)
Ih theslobaleaao'nnrbeh oJree,I yedtsia" eokryaties har. beeneteatedat dn astoblshitu
lata.Can?a esu,hnhhau bed opdatingJotflanf yats tuitha .ta ehi\ikrat. flawcxploinr
theposribilitie'.(worldtndeorJinewebsite)
a lf we givedetailsof howrnanyor howmu.hwe do not usea contnuousform
l've wdtten thfte rcpofts thisweek.
l've done a lot of rcsearchan this.onpany.
TheE haolog.hea'y Natnaqindexh^ beaJalliisJot tlwe ueeh\,41d b iou 3la.4lawetthd, iLt
Math peak.ShnetoI .o,tpakiesafl,ont'd,gpaotfteLltrharefallefl bt a thM or a hd$ aft(
paft warnkgs.(wshhgton Posrlvebsite)
32 6 PA5I AXD PNESEIIT2

5 Practice

ExerciseI !
lh4lerliDethe correctwords.
1 yes'e.dayt phonedlI'vephonedthe bankaboutmyovedraft.
2 | wo* here/havewotkd heresincethe endof lastyear.
3 Yol.rrraxihasjust anivedIjun affieed.
4 We |e enjoyingou. trip- We tave nadel nade a lot of usefulcontacts.
5 /1€seen//sawHugh Hoppera fewdaysago- hes€ndshisregards.
5 We yv€ntlhaveb€ento an intercnings€minarlastweek.
7 Today hasbeehlwasreallybusy-andits onlylunchtimel
8 Today hai beefllwasreallyburjrlt3 7 pm- l'm goinghome.
9 I'.rl af?id Pattizialeftl has/e/ithe offacean hourago.
10 l'm afraidPatriziaisn'thete- she/eftlha5 /ertthe office.

Exe.cise2 I !
Complete thesentences byputtingthevefusin b6€ket5intoeitherthepresent simple, pastsimpleor
presentperfect,
I Thecompany js doingverywell.Lastyearsales............*a..A-t-..$p.........
(Soup)by15%,andsofar ihis
yearthey.....h4y.9..4e1g..!r!0.... (goup)another12%.
(op€rate)
2 We ......................................allovertatinAme ca.Recently (setup)
we ......................................
kenchesin PeruandEcuador
(notlook)likethe ght block.Areyousurewe .........
3 This......................................
(come) to the rightaddress?
(you/see)
4 ......-............................... mylaptop?l'm sure| ---'--''--,---'.'.... (leave) lt hereearlier
5 | ......................................
(ust/meoAndrewf.omSales. (you/know)him7
......................................
(nev€r/speak)
5 | ...................................... to him,but | ...-..'.'--------.- Gpeak)to hisassistanion the

(wo*) for WorldCom

7 | ...................................... (be)there
now- | ...................................... for morerhan
(you/know)
fiveyea|5....................................... Worldcom?
81......................................(work)forWorldComsincelastyear,butnowt............
change jobs.....................-.........-.......
(you/hear)ofanyvacancies?

Exercise
3 !!l
@to Complete eactrmini-d'alogue by puttingtheverbsin bGck€ts intothecorrect form.Oneverbwillbein the
present perfectandthe otherin theprcsent pedectcontinuous. UsecontEctions wherepossible.
1 A: What3thematier?Youlookworriedl
B: yes.I am.| .1.Ye...-he4t-\...k++!l{...41. tuok at)the(ontractin derait, and| .......:.y.*...|rP}if#-......
{notice)a lot of potentialproblems.
A: oh, su.has?
(phone)
2 A: l -....-......-.......-................
Ca.olallday,butthere3no.eply.
B: I expect (go)to HeadOffice.
she......................................
A: Oh,yes,I folgot.
I A: 'Tosca' iscomingto theOpetaHous€. (yousee)it?
....-.......-..-......................
(lookfoMard)to itfor ages.
B: No,notyet.shallwego?| .........................-..-.........
A: 50 havel. Whataboutnextweek?
(youprcduce)
4 A: Howlong..........-....-..-.................-. carsat thissite?
. B: Aboutfour years- We .-.-.....-..---'..--*- {inven)twentymilliondollars in plantandmachinery
A: Oh,andhowlongwillittaketo recoup yourinvestment, do youthinkT
 6 PASTAND PRESENT
2 33

Exercise4 A
.A,,
by pultingtheverbsn br.cketsintothecoreclforrnofihe pans nrpeor present
Cor.peteth s dialogue
perJecr.
Use (ontracilons
wherepossible
!r. roRrr Hi. suc.I (r) . ...114f.e1:t. tqql (ior. see)vou ii)r ascsl
lti. r.'o.lrn sor\rI (2) . (nd/ire)in rouchNjrhanyone
recenrly
...I
( b c )
( - r .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . .r . . n ! b u \
lrcroRri ()h. \'lDt hale \ou beer up to dE?
\ V t l l .r o r k n o s I ( . r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . f l c c ) n r v J o br i J . r t r , x r _nv) t h r t I
(5)........ .... . . . . . . ( . t r n )s o t i e c l a n cac sa g p h i . J c \ i s r e r ?
! r , ( x , A Y c sl r c n , c D r t cl or u ( . ) ..........tJ1k)rlt)trlrurthrtlsr_\tr.lloNij.sonrs?
nr \ v c l l . , r( 7 ) . . . . . . .
t . ) x r e r l l !d , r i . n l tv e r r\ o f t r I ( S ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
lrNo/do) rnrthng lik. (hr t).lbn' . . t\ nuch hrrder \rofk rh.rD1 (1))
(1r)rsr'.) (lr)) ( \ o n . e v . r / b r ) 5 c r fc n + , l o ] c d l
v ( r o r r ^ N o . . e \ e r r. l r l N u s hI ( l l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(. o r i c nd r ! ) k )r b o l r i t s o ,r v h . h! r \ i r b c c n

\Vcll.rtthchcqinrin{l(l:) .. . ... . . . ( h N e )r K , o r r h . . . q o o , cl h c n t s r r d ,
r o ! k n o \ : r c o r l . t h t r rI ( l l ) . . . . . . . . . ( k r d \ ) n , . n r x n !, v . r s . l i k c T n l J i c r . L .
A n d s i n . . r h c nI ( 1 1 ) . . . . ( h . , ! e )x l ( , t o r ' i n r . r c sr.i o r nd i l T ( r . . t . o n i r . n i c s -
bu xnic ofrh.r) (15) . . . . . ( l u o m . ) r . t U 1 . ,c, r \ r . . , . r ! .
\ {' . . . l i r , r , , . .
I(l()) ( . r l r ( . ( h/ ( l ( , )d r . r l ( 1 7 ) . . . . . . . . h \ 1 r )i , i . r ( i v e |i'i(,
I).!rr) Mord)h ., .o!fl. .i ! xrrh\ .rgo.l,ur I (ls) . ... (,ior/sro i|v rt|licr
( ) h . , 1 . . n\.. 1 1 .( l ' ) ) t,ut) u t ) . , $ e h \ i r . $ i d ) c M ,||I.\ ()i!.r, \L{trk?
Y.s.l ( l 1 r ) . ( i u { / h , , t r h ) n \ V r , l , l ! { { 1 r i ! , ) , 1h r v , , i l rl l f , . k l ( n , kr r i l
.url tcllnrcsh.rtvou thirk ofit?

Exercise 5 A
?a 12 Loot a1the qraph..ri readthe p.ssaqeabourtechnologyno.ks Compete the text by pltt f! nre veros ,r
br.clels nlo rhe coiiectform of the pan ! mpleor presentpeiecl

Europea invetors (1).........h4-v,e...1,.4'tllPd........... (watch)Us stockmarkeis

neflously over the last few months. The preblems wirh US te.hnology dd
teleco"trtlsstocks(2) ..............................-.-.....-.-.................
(beCin)lasiMar.h, and sincethen
sharepric6 at.ompdia like lntel,Appleand DeX(3)..
(crash).ove! thesunner au thse gidts (4)........................................................
(annoluce)
lower thd exp!.ted profits, md tnvesios fear that delldd for PCs in the higliy
developedUS market(5) ..... . . ... . . . - - (peak).Now it's the turn of
. . ...........
Edopem stftks. On Monday stock in companieslike Cemdy's SA? dd
Finland'sNokia (6) .................... .... .. .....(falt)sharply.sAP
(be)doM 3% in lrdkfln, md Nokia
@.....................................................-.-..
(8)--............-.-.......................................
(drop)7%in Helsinki
But therc was $me ged nes s fo. invetoF vesreday Yah@l

$295 mitioi! tp from $115 million a yed edlid. Yznel reIi6 on ornie advertising for most of iis ituome, dd this yed it
(11)...................................................--.
(gain) sig.i6@! Mrket share in E@pe ad (12) (manage)10achieve the
...................
pGition ol top Web'navigationconpdy.
Anatysts believe that the mdkei (13) ...-.-.........-..---*--,-.,..........(noi/hit) the bonom yet. Edlier this year jnvestore
(1.1).-..................................................-.
(buy) dy tntemet stels that wde available,catint a st@k mdket bubble-Now ifs jusr the
opposite.Invstors (15) .............................-........................-.-.
(beome) so nero6 that they are e]ling everythin& even if the company is soud
md the siock lools cheap.
34

uture 1

a wi
We can Lrsew// + the infinitiv€(w thout to) to rcferto the future.M// ls usualy shodenedn
speechand informalwritingro'll.Ihe rcgariveol willis wan't

We usewTto talk aboutfutureeventsth.t we seed5 rdcL5:

ln June we will bring out twe new nadels.

'11'.
sovonnut aill soot impose an oblirdtior all cl..ttkity ',ppU atnpdkas to buy a spe.A.d
p(entds. oJthcit poln Jron rcfleunbt. sonrte'. (cua.dian websrlc)
We useM// to talk aboutfuture be efsl
Lyrth bdi.as tlnt fkbolsatioi aid .otsolidatio in th. tihiolosy sc.tatwiII crcat! d .qrcdt.l
dqrdd.fu kw d"1 pdrefil ha66.'Sto.k ,fldtkets uill hd,. tl .ow t lot nor nd'F.t
.aptali$tion and t d .r itd']{ltJ oiU ha,e kss of d tok'jd),r Lr,.l,. (Obscrvcr wcbsrtc)

We car add perhaps

I naybe or probdblyto make the b€lief esscertan:
Ttu .li6t lda afjob la$s futthn( ioh l'. ,nryetsi, (;unan bdslnq will prcbablyb. h tlt
Cny oI lindot. @trsinsswecklvcbsire)
Noticethai probabt come!afterwil/ bLrtbeforervon't
He'llprchably agreewith yau.
He probahly won't aqrce with you.

We can usenil/ wth an introductoryphraseto 9 ve othermeanngs.Forexarnpe,a persona

opinion(/ th,nk)or a hope(/ hope):
I think we'll prcbably open a subsidiaryin Russianext yeal
I hope he'll agtee with yau.

ty,7 can be usedior instanldecisions

and thoughisthat corneinto our headat the momentof
sPeakng
I' wait fat you outside.
I' phone yau tamanaw.

B Going to
a We usethe ved be + gorngto + the i.finitiveto m.ke a conneclionbeiweenthe presentand

a We usegolrg ta for plansand intentions.

Thesearc thlngswe havealreadydecd€d io do.
I belie,ethdt Cree'tpan is goins to lorpet bt.s.T'et dft tone tisr oJliqtidny ptuh1effiin the
dedit ,1a*ets at hi\ pon tu 6ft, a i sntut enbal hanh ftspondsby easingoedit. Q'IewYotk
Times $'ebsite)
TLel|nc In rre fLlurecan be -ea or disunt.
I'm going to call FionaCla*e this afternoon.
We'te going to open a faatoty in Hungary nexryeat

a We Lrsegoing to to makepredictions
when thereis someevdencein the presentsiuationi
Be Grefult t* 9oin9 to fa . (l can seeit)
I think weTe going ao |oset/]lsdedl (l vejust he.rd somenews)
 7 FUIUFE'I 35

C Presentcontinuous
a We can us€rhe present.ontinuoustenseto ratkaboutth ngswe havearr.ngedto do in the
future.Thereis nearlyalwaysa time exprcssion.
Ann is leaving tonoffow norning
HSBCare moving to new prenises nextyear
Theaffangemenls areoft€n socidlarrangements or dppointmenB.
seeunirs1 and2 What are you doing an Tuesdayafternoon?
l'm seeing lackat tuw, and after that I'm meeting ny bank nanager

D Wilt or going to?

a Wll/s usedfor instantd€cisions
Goingto isusedfor plansand nienrions.

aK, t knowwhatto do.fll .a/lane (aninsiantdecision)

Datou havetheinlornation for Jane?I'm going to catl her rhlsafternoon.(anintention)
a l4rl/is uledfor generalbeiefs,op nions,hop€!andth ngsthespeaker
teesasfacts
I n surethey'll like the new design
ln the futurc,narc peoplewi wotk fromhone.
a When'v/7s usedwitha ph€selike/ thirk and/orwordslikeprobab,rhenthe belief/op nion
becomes lesscertain, likea prediction.
I think you'll like thisidea.
Thewo d wi prcbably endin aboutfi@billianyeaE.
8utif th€e isircng evid€nce in theprerenr thengo,inq
situarion to is usuay usedfor

Ithinkit'sgoing to Rin. (lcanreeblackclouds)

We'rcgoing to nake a losson thisptoject. (t haverhe figuresn tront of me)
a Thereareoccasions whenwe canuseeitherfonn:
]n ny presentation
I'll talk/rm going to talk about threemaih arcasFitst,...
Hercthespeaker couldseeit .s a fact(w/, or an ntention Golrg ro).
a W;t s moreusualin w.tt^g. llandgoingta aE noreusuain speech.

E GoDg to or present continuous?

a Forfururepansand.nangements thereisofrenlirtled fference golngro andrhe
between
preeent.ontinuo!s.
rm going to givelrm giving ny prcsentation
on Friday.
a Golngto canslqgenthatthe detaihof theafiangemenl havenotbeenfina sed.Thepresent
continuouscansirqqestthatthearrangement is morefixed,wirha rirneanda pace.
I'm goingto meethin nertweek.(justaplan iimeandpacearesiill! nknown)
I'm meetinghin at tenin ny o#tce. (a definite,fixedarranqement)

F Time expressions
a Cornmontime exprcssionsfor ihe fLrtureinclude: tomoftaw, the day after tanarraw on Fiday,
at the weel,end. nen w?pk. n a htu ddk ine.
 =-F
:F rFnEl

7 Practice

1 llI
Exercise
l/atch sentences 1-{ with their usesaFo.
a) a futurefact d) a futureplanor intention
b) an opinionaboutthefuture e) a prediction withevidence in thepresent
situation
c) an instantdecGion fl a futurearrangement

1 l'm goingto askmy bosslor a payrisenextweek. E

2 l'm sorrytohearthat.l'll findoutwhattheproblem isrightnow n
3 l'm sorrybut I won't be heretomorrc,w-l ll be in Paris. n
4 l'm meeting Angela for lunch.Do you want to join ut n
5 Theirsharepricewill probablyrisewhenthe marketre<overs Ll
6 with so mlch competition it3 goingto be dilticuh to increase
sales n

Exercise2 | |
@,t underlinethecorcctwordsin eachmini-dialogue.
1 Ar Areyoufrce nextTuesday morning?
B. Sorry,1'llhavell'mhaing a meetingwith Sue.
Ai oh, dght.well,,^hatabout Thu6day?
2 Ai Whatareyourplansfor nextyear?
S: We'I open/We'rcgoingto ope, a newfactoryio Hungary
A: Thatsounds interening.
3 A: Whatdo youthinkabouttheirnewma*etingcampaign?
B: I think ,?'/ probabt suceed/ it! gobablysucceeding.
Ar Doyoureally?
4 Ar Whatabouttomorrowat aroundlive thidy?
gt OK,I'll seeyou then.ll'm seeingyou then.
A: 8ye.
5 A: Soasyoucan5e€,l'vebe€nthinkingaboutthisproblem quitea lol
8i Yes,I see.So,#,at ate you going to do?lwlEt arcyou doing?
A: Resignl
6 a: ltwouldbe niceto se€younextweel,
B: Yes,it would.Are,1,u doirg antrhinglwill you do anythtngon Wednesday?

E x e r c i s3eI l l l l
completethe sentences by puttingthe velbsin bracketsinto the mostapproprlate flture form Choose
berweenw,4 goingto and lhe present(ontinuous.
1 Haveyouheardthe news? vivendi.......it...4-o.ir4..Je..b4y....... (buy)seasram
(meet)Andrcaat ninenextThursday
2 1.......-....-............-.-..-....-.............. momingoutside ihe station
-
3 l'vejusthada €allJromRichardhe ..................... .. . . . .. . .. . -.. . (be)late
4 Next yea. (be) ihe companyS
-...........................................-....- centenary year
5 Thistaxidriveristerible-He .. ...... .....-.-. ..-... ...... . .. . . . (have) ana.cident
6 ln thefuture videcronfe.ences ...-.. .........-...-............. ... (probablv replace)manyintemational
meetings.
(test)the newmachine
7 We ........................................-......... sometime nextweek
(go) ro Manchener
8 | ........-...................-.......-.........-... on Fdday.
. 9 wouldyoumindwaitingfor a momenl? . (notbe)lon9
| ..............-'.'.-....-...................
 7 FI'TURE1 37

Exercise4 !!!
@ 14 Completethis dialogueby puningeachof the verbsin bra€ketsinio the future.ChoosebetweenLail/and
going io. Sometimeseither answer may be possible,but decidewhich form is the most natura . Use
contractionswhere possible.

IoANN^, Pleae, come in, h.E . se*.Would you like a dlirl? Cofee? Minenl water?
oh, r (1) ...............:!!...b*ys..................
(lne) a cos€eplease.
Jo NNA Lucy ... could )ru neke tm cotrees?(siglts)We , th3nk for comiry this morning. l
(2) ................................................
GeD }lcu why I sked )ou here.Um, asyou know, thde
(3) --------..... ..... ........Oe) sone bis chmgs itr the company.In facr,{€
(4) .................................................
(Gtructue) the whole depanment.
Yes.I ktrow.when (5) ................................................
(n/happen)?
lo NN^, Ererythiry (6) . (be) finihed by rhe sumer. Um, the thing n,
under the Ds structureyou!job o) ................................................
(probably/disappeu).
Realy? Is that cEtain?
Jo NN^ well, we (8) ................................................
(have)a meeringn€xr wek ro linaliseall the plans,
and ofcou.sc I (9) . (leg you know what we decide.Anyway, you
dont have to uorry
oh?
Gotr€ealrives)
Jo NN^, w€[, a! I w:! s.yingyou dont heveto worryWe 00) ...............................-.----- (ofted
you a newjob.You(11)................................................
(har€)morcresponsibiliry andrhesabry
(12)................................................
O€) muchbcncr.
Thatl wondertul, thrnk you verymuch.\v}lat€)acdy(13)..............................................
(rhe
nN job / involvc)?
JoANN^ Wc[, wc (14) . (€xpand) the wholecustomcr scrvices
arca.Ifyou
acceptthejob.you (15) . (be)responsible for the new team.Um,
it (16)................................................
(meen)a lot norc work,ofcoune.whardo you rhink?
It sound!gre.t, but I (17) . (n€cd)! dayor two ro rhink aboutu.
Jo NN, Ofcoune, no prcblem. Look,I (18) . (nor/be)in the ogice6r
the Dextfew d4 -I(19) . (visir)our subsidi$yin Hungary.
(20)................................................
(you,/ha!!)an aiswerfor me by nextweek?
Yes,I(21)................................................
Give)you lny decision on Mondala

Exercise 5 [ |
Complete thisemailfrcma PAtoherbossby puttingtheverbsin brackets
lntothefuture.Choose
between
!v,i/landthe presentcontinuous.Usecontractions
wherepossible.

I ve booked your flight to Slovenla. You (1) ..-.I_z,..le4y!.64._

(l€6) on Tuesday 3rd at A-45 in the mornlng, so you
(2)........................
(arl€) in Ljubljanab€fo€ lunch.sonsn€ (3)........................
(be) at th€ €irportto me€r
you. Yourfret meetlngis with AlekaanderP@kar, and you (4) .-,...--................ (s6€) him at 1 pm at our to@l
otfie- He (5) ...-.....-..............
(prcbably/take)you out to luncr'-Afrer lunch you (6) -.......................
(novdo)
anythinquntll4 ph, so you (7) ...,....,....,....,.....
(have)time to qo to ih6 hoter.You (8) ,,...-....-....-....-...(stay)al the
Interconrhental,which is in a very @ntral lo€tion. | (9) ...,..-.-.--.--. (go) to the travel agents to pick up the
(give)them ro you tomo@.
ticketsrhis aftem@n, e I (10) -....--...--.........-.,
 uture 2

A Future: time expressions

a We usethe presenirmpl€ or the presenrperfecr(not w//) to referto th€ futureafterthese
wotds. when, after, beforc, unless,in case,as soon as,until, by the tine, the next tine:
when I see hec I'lltell het yau called.
we I discussit again aftet you get back
As soon as I've finished the rcpon, lllenall it to yau
Yau can wait here until she comes back
Notce that a {ulureform (wil, car) s u5edin the otherp. ( of the 5entence

B Presentsimple/continuous
a We olt€n usethe presentsimple(or presentcontinlout when we talk aboul evenls n the
futurc basedon a fixedlimetabe,prcgrammeor caendar
tim s planeleaves(is leavind at 12.15
Our bossrctires (is rctinnd nextyeat

C Future continuous
a Thefuturecontinuousis lormedwth w// + be + the -ing forrnol the verb:
Ok. hn\ hdt is clct it lht tuat.aid larynkrhr.! arryofi.\ tuill b. ii'cstibg i Chi n atli
thdt ttu na! lawn t't vill dllo', r/r,x rd. (Asixrvcck
wcbshc)

a Thefuturecontin!o!s de5crbesan activityin progre!5in the luture

we often ure ii whenwe comparewhal we aredo ng now wth whal we w llbe do ng in the
fulure.Thereis nearyalwaysa lime expression.
Nextyeat I'll be working in aut SaoPaulooffice
where will you be wo*ing in slxnonthl time?

a Thefutureco.t nuous6 often uted to saythat somethingwill dei nitelyhappen:

we'll be holding a meeting soon, sa we can makea decisianthen.

D Future perfect
a Thefuturc perJec(is formedwith w7 + have+ pastpaniciple:
8y the tine I retirc, nl have been in banking far ovet thirty yeaa.
By theyetu2a20 fu ,ol ,tc o.fsoods ptodted by hadniotdlhantfadwinr ootdtide Mll
prcboblybeat led\tluie ,t' it n hday.Brt ih tfu US, IIE nMreo.fna {a,tu s in CDe tuhnh
n sill oroundlioA or so,will ha"e sh nh to 5%. (lndusrrvweekwebsite)
a we lse the future perf€ctio look backfrom one poift in th€ futureto an ear er evenlor
periodof time.We oftef usebyor by the tme with the futureperfect:
By the tine we prepareour proposal they' have found anothet supplier.
By the end af the yeat we'll have sold arcund 1,AAOunits.

a r is commonto lse. simplew;flform in pl.ce of the future perfect,athough somep€ople

th nk th s is not grammaiic.lly.orrect:
By the tine we've preparcd ou prcpasal thel find another suppliet
By the end of the yeat we'll sell arauntl 1,000 units.

t We usethe continuousfom of the future perfed to look b.ck from one polnt in th€ future.t
an aaviy in proqrcss:
Nextyear we' have been nanufactwing the sane nodel for ten yeats.
 A FUIURE2 39

E Was going to
a Waslwerc goingra 1snota futue form.We useitto referto somerhing tharwepannednthe
pastbut didnotdo:
I'n sorry lwas going to phone you thisnorning, but I had to seeaneal out clients.

Other ways to talk about the future

a We often usemodalsandrelatedvelbslikeshou/d,be likelyA could,may,miqhtro rclet ta
thefuture.seeunit13.
O W-Ausethe verbs pect, hope,intend,wouldIikq pla4 warafollowedby an nf nitive(ro do)
to referto thefuturc:
Cettflan dutot dketBMW b pldnniry to hciE a Wdftt ai pla in Cehtal .r Eatem Ewope
by the hiddle of2001- aid the Czecl' Republnis ho ng to get the oitb.t. (pegnepost

Noticethe negativeforms:
lexpedlhope I won't ...
We don't inEftllplanlwant to ...

a We.an usethe velb t,rinkfollowedby '/l

I think/don't think I' changeny htenet Se"/i(€ tuavider
We can usebe due to for thi.gs that w€ expectto happen:
Mrwckh, utb hit' CE\ 'flandatory
rcfie,nettdgeof 65 nert no th, hatbtilt CE intnAnerna\
Nd1o'npony in stock'natketlalMtian.Hc k dle to nan thr ctt chdhhdnd thiclexc uit?
9f CE i the ncrtItu ddys.(WallStreetJourn.l Eurcpe websirc)
We can usebe about io for thingsthat will (will not) happenverysoon:
A laok dt It sto.knia'tet Mluatio'tsolbir tolxude hosys s,.h as Citeo and Onde showthat the
po.eofdtulopncnt i nct! te tulofy k not cboBtt6 doo (Fo$es.comwebsire)

Seeunit 14 a h mod€rnEnglishsha////r€...2 are usedto makesuggestions,

not to feferto the futLire.
shall I open the window?
shall we neet again nen week?
sha//is stillusedfor the futurc in formalsiluations,for exampleegaldocumenb.

"I uaja, going h nt,'w.4 I danr tub t . tuta. Bu|,

ofa,,4r&natutt tuht.'
40 A FUIURE2

8 Practice

E x e r c i s1eS S H U g g
Underlinethecorrectword'
1 Iamotrcwnl inteNiewtrll be inteNiewingcandidates all moming.
2 we willhavenavedtwillbemolng to ournewp€mises in August.
3 We will haveno\/edlwillbe mov,,ng to our newpFmisesby August.
4 WhatUmedoesJourtrainlwilltov trainleave?
5 Don'tforgetto turn ofi the lightsbeforeyou are/eaving/youlea\,p.
6 We <an'tsendthe goodsunlil we'vereceivedlwewillre.eivea fim oder.
7 we wil be rcpayinglwilha!€repaidthe bankloanby December
A Uresstheyle/theyllbe morereasonable. w€ llhaveto brcakoff negotiations.
9 I wasgoing to witelwas w',rtngto them,but I forgot.
1A lhopellwillhopero beableto speakat thepress conference myself.
1l Ou.visitorsaredi./eto affiveldueaniing ar 10.30.
12 lhopelwon'tlldon't hope/7be latefor themeeting.
13 | thinklwon'tlldon't thrl?k/7be latefor themeeting.
14 Whentheconrract ,i/wz be ready, l'll letyouknow
15 Willt/Elshall we b'eakfor coffeenow?
16 Sorrylcan'tspeaknow I'lljusthavell'njustaboutto haye. meeting.

Exercise
2 fiEn
Complete l+ wth anendrngaFh)
ea(hsenren(e
1 Please takea seatuntil E a t
2 Theywon'taccept ourorderunless n o rDfRihalisfeadyto seeyou.
3 Helenwantsto seeyou before ! o you'llhave left.
4 Youwon'tseeHelel1. 8ythetimeshearrives ! a r we givea bankguaranie€.
5 AssoonasHelenarives !"r havefinished andw€ canttsk.
6 | cafl waitlThistimenextweekl'll n o i'llaskherto phoneyou.
7 l'll havea suntann€xttimewe meetll'll I q l havejust comebackfromcreec€
8 Sorryabouithis.In a fewmoments l'll n ; be lyingon a beachin cfeece.

Exercise3mnHp
Completethe sentences by puttingthe v€rbsin bracketsinto the righttense.Choosebetlveenthe present
s mp e (/ do), future .ontinuous (i7 be dolhq) and future peded lt'll have dane).
l Bythe time allthe p.pe6 are ready,the deadline...-Lrj!!...k.v.g..MttreC.... (past.
(,eave) (arrlve)at 3.45.
at I pm and ............................................
2 Theflight .-....-....-....-....-....-.........-.......
(see)Nicktomorrow so lcan give h m yo!r message.
I L...............................-..-....-....
4 Thistaxl is so slow Bythe time we get therethe meeting............................................(finish).
(play)golf w th . client.
5 Sorry| can'ts€€you on the 15th | ..-..-...................-..................
(hear) from yo!.
6 won't do .nythinquntil | ..............................-....-........
(nari).
7 Huffy!pl Bythe time we affive,the play ......................-......-....-..-......
(you/learn)
8 what ...........-..-....-.-..-....-........ by the end of yourcourse?
9................................-.......-...(you/us€)theconfercncercomnexiTuesday?
1 0 W h e n| . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - . . . -. . . . . - . . .(.s-e eh) i m ,l ' l la s kh i m .
 8 FUTURE
2 41

Exercise4ACDF
An economisthdsprepareda sho.trcpod abouth s co!ntry nextyear Reddit, tlrenchoosethe correct
alternatve{rom A, B, C or D beow to completethe report.

12 6onth e.onni. Iote@t

The Cennd Bdk (1) ...S....keepintcre$ nr6low next Ieaf nr orde. to $lmulte economic srowth,.nd so
ve {2) .........the c.oroNr to continuc grc$ns rt about l%.Thi5 neans tbr mcnPloymdrt (3) .. '!
mon secors of the econonr,v next yer Exchange ntes ar vert difil.ult to lredicq bui the curency
(a) .........cmain st.blc.
sonE nnporeDr eventsfe (s) .........take pl,cc in thc poliricd neH.The President(6) .. Gll eledions
wirhin the next twele monrhs.and50 by the nnddc ofncxt yca! fie electioncamPrisn (7) . The

sovcrnmenr(8) ....... . on i phtfon othonsty rnd.onPcicnce. rnd t (9) .........int oducc rcfor$ to lhc
lcsrl sy*cD so ihdjldges.rn nr!€stiste thc mnuseofprblic fundsmore e6ily.'Whenthrt (10) .. ,
inrc.n*ioml nNr$or co.ndence shouldincPse nPi.Iy.

B s l i kn g l o

I will beei f. ng Cw ta n9 Dw ial

B w i l lp r o b a b y D s cbaby
p r
C being D expecting
D6dungto
7 Aw h a v eb e g l n Bw bebegun D will begrn
8 Aw beioughl Bw beiighling Cw fLghtrng D w l l h a v ef q h t

Exercise5ACDE
a g r o u po t n e w
r l a . , 9 e c o m p a n ys e x p l an n g t h ea p p r a | s d l s v s tteom
1 5 T h eH l m d nR e s o u , . eMsa . a g e o
"F employeesComplelehE ialk by pun ng lhe verbs n bracketsinlo the r ght tense Choosebetweenthe
p.esenrs mp e (/ do),lutu€ cont nlous (/7 be doi.q). lutu.e perfect(/'//havedore) ...) '|as going to.
' Y o ! ra p p r as a n t e r v e w s ( 1 ) . . . . . . 4 [ q . . . . ( b e ) ! n f . / a rE . hr , r n s o r r yr h e y( 2 ). . . . . . . . .. . . . . - . - . -
(be)in February blt we had io ponponelhem Sorryabolt lhat Um, d!ring Febr!afyyoLrr ne manaqetr
( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (. .c o L L e c t t)hae i n f o r m aol n t h e yn e e df r o r ny o u ,a n db y t h e t m ey o ! m e e !f o r
t h e i n t e r v e Wt h e y( 4 ). . . . . . . . - . - . . - . . . . . .(.p r o d l c ea) c h e c k l i os ft p o n t si o r d i s c l s s o n
RLghtUm, n the Lnteruiew you (5) . ...............-.-..- -. . .. . (d6cLrss) your pe.forman.edur nq the pan
year.nd any iesuesreat nq to yourfuture needs,et slch .s trarningBythe end of the rneetng hopethat
y o ua n dy o ! r l i n €m a n a q e r( 56 ). . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.a. .g. r. e eo)n y o L rpr e r 5 0 n o
a b l e c t v erso r n e x t v e a t
both n terrnso{ salestarqelsand professonaLdeveopment s that dear?Y€p,OK,qood Oi colrse there s
somef e|ibilty in the targets,n .aseany'lhinq(7) - , . (happen)to the rnarketthat we
cannotpredct We rnayaso have. budg€tforyou to do somet.anrng.afteryo! (8) . .
( c o m eb) a c kl r o my o l r s u m r n ehro l d a y sb u l b e f o r ew o r k( 9 ) ..... . . ( q e t ) r e a] ? b u s J r i n
september. ls that OK?Yeah.Good
A f t e rt h a i , l h en e n t i m el h a i w e a l ! ( r 0 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.m
. .e. .e. .ta.).q a i nw i l l b el n O c t o b e t
when d like somefeedbackon yoLrrtrd n nq, as by then any cou6$ that you do
( I I ) ... ....... .... .. . . . . . .( f i ns h ) l.st h a tO K ?Y e a h ( 1 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G e n d ) y o l r
f e e d b a cfko r n ' rns€ a r etrh et i m e W e , e t u ne s sy o ! ( r 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.h. .a. .v.e ) a nqyl e s i o n s ,
t h n k t h a t \ a . O h ,n o E r ,y e s l { 1 4 ) . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( h a v ea) w o r dw i t h y o ud b o u ty o u rh o d d v
pLans, but you probabydont know th€m yet. Couldyou emaLme wlth yoLr reqlen as soonasyou know
 assive 1

A Form
a To makethe passive
we useaob€.nd a pastparic plel

tntelproducesnilians af chipseveryyeat Mitlionsof .hips are prcducedeveryyear.

Our supplier is shipping the goods next week Thegoods are being shipped next week.
Thegovenment nised interest rctesby lo/d. tnterest rateswerc rcised by |ak.
He was asking ne some difficult quesnans I was being asked sone difficult questians.
Theyhave chosen the new design. The new design has been chosen.
Rasawi give a pressbnefing tananow. A pressbiefing will be given tonanaw.
we.an arange a loan within sixdays A laan can be aranged within sixdays.
We nay give you sone new salestaryets Youmay be given sane new salestaryets.
a Theobjectin the.ctive senrcnce(nillionsof chips/interest
ratei)movesto the front in the
passive
sentenceand becomesthe subjecr
a We fofm negatvesand questonsin ihe sam€way as in actve sentences
Thenew design hatnt been .hosen. Has the new design heen choten?

B Uses:fo<us on important intormation

a abovethe pe6on or organsaion who doesth€ acrion(/rrel/Ihe
n the activesenrences
90v€rnrrerf/Rosa)ie imponant
. ln the passive aboveihe pe6on or organaaton who doesthe acrion s nor
sentences
m e n t o n e d t. n r i g h b
te

clearfrom lhe siiuation

Innead,rhe mponanr nfom.tion is e ther rhe actions(ralsedlchoser)

or the thingsafiecledby
the adon (Mi bns of.hips/rhe goods/A prcssbiefirg).
a Sludytheseexampes:
A larye propottiot oJwo d ntl ltodtuior it Sewtdted tu th. Nlihlle Ed\t. (culfBusines
"ery
Masazinewcbsrte.)
the amountof o . Who did the acton (ge,lerate)is
Hereihe writerwanrsto ernphasse cear or

me North Aneiedn Frc. TtadeArcd (NAFTA) uds cstahlishedin 1993 b link the Linited
Stat.s,Ca adr dtd 14.!ko in d fi.. rrddeasteenet. (LatjnTnde websrte)
H e f et h ew r l t e rw . n t si o s a yw h e n . n dw h y t h e a c l o n h a p p e n e d
Whoddtheactton
(estabrsh) is not rnpo.tant.
D.utstltc PostAC nill ofet ntush^ dtut prie di ot tsand bakr\ thdres.s lart aJits plaa,ed
nfiidl p,blt ofe E. These i1'edtio* toill be ofercd n) EkiL ihre\kE in EU .ounti6 who nke
a ertll \tliniptio . 0fi/a11
Sftet Jou.nal Eurole websne)
Hercthe witer wantr to glveintonndtonaboLrrrhe incentives.
Who wittdo ihe acton (olfed is
nol rr.portantor not known.
 r
9 PASSTVE 43

C Uses:sysiemsand Processes
and procedures:
to talk dboLrtsynems,pro(esses
a we often lse the passive
Tje bdnq, tvd to nnhe hzh ukisky tnkesdhort \oen nasths to gto ih thefeld. Ia Auqun the
'nallry', dh 4k i.nt
bo cy L' hdtrsteil d,,t thenW tu renfu d bryle al flonths.me nett ttzp is
.hettnby Iull of ttatitiat. ]t rirc a i.h, watu fd,o"t to th. whisq dhd d'ses thes6ih ta ptud,ce
narh6, whnh oft eofwte.I to suSa6at a ld@ ndgeaJth. po.e$.The tudhe.lbdtev k Bted Jol
abort thtee oeclJ dlengtowd htoiofi dnd pld.ed irto htse 'esteh ihn n is mked unh hot
utatetto 'ldk. a 'utott'.7 he tt@nis .ooleil, then dn into orothet vesselHM, yust is addetl' dn.l
the ttdth is tnned inta !.!art p@.l!.nE d deat liqrid cdlledthe tuth' It i\ distilLdtianthdt nt$
thistudt\1itlto ehkln. I'1 tlistilli':a, the liqtid Lt h@ted tntil the spi tutns to lnlatt' thett
.o"derced trdtkit o liryid. By \av, Scotchuhis@ nust 6e agedi" odkbardsJot nt leostthtee
y.d6 (Adaptedfrctu De!%r'sScotchwhisky {ebsite)

s.e akounit4s a To showa sequ€nce ln a prcc€sswe usewords tke:Fnsylfistof a , Then,Thenextstep

Ne4 Aftet that, Fina r.
Firtt of all the finishedproducts arc .he.ked fur qualiry, then thev arc packed and sent out
fron ou wareholse. Aftet disPat h we allaw custanen ta lollow the progrcssof thetr arder
on ou lntr.,net.Finally, we get a digital inage af the signature of the pe,sanwha rcceivesthe
qaadt sa that this can be checked latea if necessaty

D Saying who does ihe a<tion

a In allthepasslve exampes abovethepe6onor organisation thatdoestheactonis not
mentoned. li we wantto savwhodoerihe actionthenwe useby:
Thegoodsarebeingshippednext weekby our suwliet in china
A pressbriefingwill be glventananow by our lnfotmatton officet RosaMendoza
h ai a awplataLfditetul
Tt.fd'ton' it ttdfcd br thc loral peopleuho uorhedthelebeJorc,
,dJiJ. (Busnrcss News Atncricas lvcbsitc)

E Transitive and intrantitive verbs

unit2r a Verbswhich usuallytakeoblecls.rc calledl€nsitiveverbs(e9:help) Verb5which do not lsually
seearso
verbs(eq:/oot)
takeobie.tsa€ calledintransitive
A: Gn t help you?
B: No,In iust looking.
Dctonaies showthis informationwith T or L.Someverbscan be both transtve and
Onlylransitiveverbscan be madepaseve
inilansitive.
RaiseA lnterestrateswerercisedlastmonth
lnsease (T/l) lnterest rateswete increasedlast manth
Go up (l) lnteren ntes *ereei6Ae-up la* nonth.
44 9 PASSTVE
1

9 Practice

Exer<ise1 g
Complete eachsentence witha passiveverb.Youmayneeda negative form.
1 Somebody damaged the goodsin tlansit.
Thegoods...........-.L|ei:g...dA|$a4ed.............
in trdnsit.
2 Thousands of peopleseethisadverteverydal.
Thisadvert_._...._...._............................................
bythousands of peopte
everyday.
3 Theywill notfinishtheprojectbytheendof the month.
Theproject.......--------......_.._._.._................
by theendofthe month.
4 Theyhaveclosedfifty retailoutletsoverthe lastyear
Fiily.etaii
outlets................ r rhetastyear.
5 We arc reviewingall of our lT syslems.
All of ourlTsystems ...........
6 Wecannotshipyourorderlntilwe receive payment.
Yo!rorder,,,,...,._._.._............_._......,.,....,.,..,........
untilwereceive payment.

Exercise2 g !t
Decide if it isnecessaryto
lay whodoestheaction.tf it is nornecessary (tossit oU. tf tt is necessary
plt a
tick(/).
1 | don'tthlnkyourproposal willbeaccepted ry+€€pl€,
2 Thecompany wasfoundedbythefatherof thepresent chairman. /
3 All olr machines areservicedby highlytrainedtechnicians.
4 Thismachine isn'tworkingagainllt wasrepai€dyesterday bya techni(ian.
5 Theconference wasopened bysomeone fiomthe London BusinesrSchool.
5 l'll be shownroundthefacrory bysomeone, andthent,ltrneetthesalesteam.

E x e r c i s3eI E E ! l
Rewrite
thesesentences usingthepassjv€ youmayneeda negative
if it ispossible. form.tf it s not possbe
(because
th€verbis intransitive)put
a crossL
I OurR& D department havediscovered a promisingnewdrug.
..4...Fr-qxiti14...^e.}|...d':$4...h4t
.-bcs.^..dits-"J.g.!:gd*..,b.rx....'"!.c...R*D..deEa!:
2 Theinflation
ratew€ntdownbyO_5%
lan month.

3 O.e of our bestyoungdesgneBcreatedthis line

4 l'm sorrywe can'tdo that.

5 Something
veryinteresting
happened
to melanweek.

6 We?espending
morethana milliondollaGon advenisinq
thisvear

7 TheAccounts
Depadment
maynot authorise
thispaymenr.

8 | workedasa (onsultant
for fourvealsafrefmvtvt8A.
 9 PAsSIVEI 45

Exercise4f$[
a marketing iswritinga trainingmanualthat
manager explainshowthecompany usesqu€stionnalres
to do
rn.rketrcseaKh. thetextby
Complete putting
theverbsfrcm in
the beow intoihe prcs€ni
s mplepastive.

d€5i9€ sendbacl distribute otfer put outrource analise

Firn,we c.refullys€l€cta sample of people to ask.Thenthe questions (1) 4!:g d,eti4^ed'. by a small
teamwithinthedepartment. Next,the questions (2)..........................-.....
intosequence andgrouped
toqetherbytopic.Afterthat,we print the questionnaire and it (3) to everyone
....................-........... In the
to us,butwetryto collectasmanyaspossble
sampleOf cou6e,notallthefoms (4).........................-......
Sometimes a smallgift (5).......................-........
to people who rctumtheforms.asan incentve. Fnallv
we enterallth€€sultsontoa sprcadsheet, andthe informaton (6)...-............................
bylh€ ma(eting
depadment. lf we ar€usinga veryla€esample thedl(ributionand co ection (7) .-.......
. .. to an

Exercise
5n P
Helenisnartingherownbusrness. Lookat theextracifromherplanning herlefier
thencomplete
sch€dule,
to a busin€ss
advice choos€eitherthepresent
service. (haslha!€
p€rfectpassive prcs€nt
beendone),
contnuou!passive(,s/a/ebeinqdone)or a modalpassiveform(e9:shou/dbe
done).

Contactbankto affange loan.

Findoiflcespace.
Equipment needed? orderif necessary
Printbusinesscards,station€ryetc,
Decorate office,orderfurniture,
etc.
Placeadvedsements press.
in locai
Review staffingneeds for Chistmas peiod.

I am wrifFg io arange m interiew with one of your businessadvi*F io discussmy busine$ sta.t-uP.
I've analy*d ihe market very cdtully and I believe thai I have a Soodbuiness plan- I can give you a
few details of my prctress so fd.

I've had *veral meetinss uth ny banl, and a lod (1) i4'-..*f.n..4!.-r.-a*4C-(acute) l've fomd some
ofiicespacein a Soodlocation,arthoughsomework (2) ........ . .... (will/need) thercbeloreI.an
move in. I've reviewed my equipment neds and in fact sone sPecialseditens (3) .
(fint)dd will b€ readyin a weekor
(order)at the nom{t. My businesscardsl4).............-.-....-..-....-....-..
(shotnd/6nish)by the end of
60.This weekI'mbsy decoratingthe offi.e,md I (5) .-.-.......-......-....-....-.-.....

I klow that roon l'l] hale to advertie in the lftal PIs, dd PerhaPsyou co!]d advjse me on ihis matter
Iielly, I'd like somehelp plaming my stalfingneds - extrastaff{6) ...-..-....-....-...................
(might/ need)
over the Ckistnas period-

Heler'Clradwick
 assive 2

A Uses: linking to previous information

a Thechoiceof activeor passive
oftendepends
on howwewantio conrnuefromthe orevious
,-
v!:!9 !9!!!!'\ o"e at ..rnany, besttna6n busne,5nch.lHe)founded
sApn te72"hel
workingfor tBM.ladive)
was founded by HassaPlattnerin 19/2 after he

B Usesi being formal/impersonal

a The passive
ieoflen used n bLrsiness
correspondence
wherethe wrirerwanil to be impersonal
Compafe:
acnvEmorepersonal
We orctercd twenty fitter units frcn you on the 16th March and the cauriet detiverco men
yes@tdayUnfartunatety,when we opened the package sameonehad damaged two at the
uni6 Au production depaftnent needs these ite|:ls uryentty.
PAssvEmorermpefsona
Twentyfitter units werc odeted from yau an the 16th Mar.h and they were detivere.l
yesterday.Unfortunatet)t vr'henthe package was opened ttr'a of the unns had been
danaged. Theseitens are needed ueently by ov prcduction depaftment.
a Passives
are frequeft in formatwiring generaly,e9: repodsand ]eg. docurnents.
Other
anguagen fte text will a so be fo.mdr:
Cofhdd af E"rylryrctl
(i) Of.t afotploynutt.'tlt t)lflr Day h. exptesedttn( y t it mat b. implied bf .and]|.. rl
ntrst be.onnt1tiate.l h rhc dttloye.'nt alf.t taa bc pithdhw at My trr. Lcl& aa(tj!di.(.
() Wntc" CotulititB.Atct th..onha k na.t., oery orploys mnsthegiren d r,i lr rrat.ifl1!
ol tons r"d..iditio s oJd'lor',a,r. (Busnc$ Lnrk lvebsne)
sleun,22 a P.ssvesare used n phrases
w(h lrto r€portwh.r peoptesaid n a fomatwayr/rrvas
said/agreedthat... .

I Try1ofifd a balancebetweenactiveandpassive
forms Toomanyp.rsveforms can makea
letteror reportd tficLrltro undeEtano.

C Passive+ infiniiive
a Theveds berbyeexpectknow rcpart,say,thnk, suppase, undeatanddreoften usedin the
present
s mplepassive
followedbyan infinitive
(rodo).Ths useiscommonin news.eporls:
TlE Hngatidn to oDryis ex?e.t tl to erpatu! 6% ow &e kert ,uo yea6 as tisik! lteftBatt
a.tuts Euope lJaansde ord for lotdlly ptui!.ed .a^ dnd rejigaatas. Ca,sunet pti@, arc pftdicted
to ti!. bt at onMl dueroseo.f7% 'text yeat. (cebd websire)
a To reier io the past we usebetieve,exped, ercwirh ta have done.
Mahy i"vestnut bdnl5arc helided to ha,e srnded tos6 ih the high yietd, ot,j,hk,, boatt
'na*et h tMt honths. (FT-con websire)
a To rcier to an acrivity in progressat rhe momenr we use belieye,expe.t, etc wirh aobe dolher.
En5soi k know to be lookiry at the pasibithyoJoutsoutinritstao price, ehtry-teret
phoaesin
1i'ipar. (Econon;i vebsire)
 2
10 PASS|VE 47

D verbs with two obieds

a Someverbshavetwo objects.We can:
give/ lend/ offer / prcnise I sell/ sendltake something ta somebocly
baok/buy / keepI naket pteparcl savesonething lar sonebody

a we can usethes-a
In activ€sentences verbsin two ways:
ABBgave a larye orderto u5 /dsay€ar (with fo)
A88 gave us a larye otder lastW. (without ao)

Theform without tolfor is moreusudl

o Oneof the objectsbecomesthe subj€ctof the p.ssve sentence,

Eachway cdn be madepassive.
the otherstaysasan objed.
A larye oder was given to us W ABB iastyear \wiIh ta)
we werc given a la,ge oder by A88 lastyear. \wilhou\ to)
again,the iom without tolfor is morc usual.

Have something dgne

a Whena protessional per9on,
e9,a technician doessomeworktor us,we can
or accountant,
vsehavesomethingdone:
we haveov a..ounts atdiffd by KPMG.
we had out officesrcdecoratecllastyeat
weTegoing to havea new ai conditbningststen ins|llled.
Yaumun haveyou computersche.ked fot vnuses.
a Wecanlse get in placeof havein mottcasesThisis mor€niofmal.
we got thecontractche*ed by ou lawyeE.

F lo he born
a Io be bornis a passive passive
lormbutdoesnot havean obvious meaning.
I was bom in Utuguay

'Som€ people, Re|nlon, a.e t o.n to pU3hthe enveloPe,

.nd sorne are bom to llck h."
4a to PA5S|VE2

10 Practice

Exercise1 ff.
Readeachstater;nt 1-5thenchoose
whichsentence.) fo ow pura tck (/) bythecorrcct
or b)should

1 Chevron andTexaco aregoinqto mergeviaa S35billionofierby Chevron.

a) Senior executivesfi6t discussed it a yearago. n
b) lt wasflrstdisclssed byseniorexecutives a yearago. A
2 Theprocess of economic unionin Europe isproqressing
quickly.
a) A commissionef fromspaincalledPedro Solbes
isdire(ingit n
b) lt isbeingdkected by Pedrcsolbes, a commissionerfromspain. n
3 Pedro Solbes is Eurc'pe3
commission€r for economic andmonetary.tfai6.
.) He s direciing thedifficultprocess of economic unio". n
b) Thed tficultprocest of economic unionis beingdned€dbyhtm. n
4 Novartis shares .oseby32 Swiss francsin Zu ch yesteday.
a) Theyaregoingto launcha newd.ugcalledStarlix laterrhisyear I
b) A newdrugcalledStarlix isgoingto be launched bythem aterthtsyear fl
5 Starlix isa powe.fulnewdrugfor t€atingdiaberes.
a) Novartis aregoingto launchit laterthisyear. !
b) lt s 9oin9to belaunched by Novanis year
laterthis n

Exercise2nFN#
lblbdioq the correctwords.
1 | hadmy catbe rcpaied/ epa[ed yesleday.
2 Profits
areexpected growltogroryby 10% in thenextquarter
3 | wasbornlbarn) a lil].letown just outsideDijon.
4 We'regettingthe machines c/earedlbbe c/eared tomorrow
5 TheBoadisthoughtto be denanded/haw denanded hi! resignation.
5 We havethe components assenblinglassenbled inJawan.
7 Whereexactlyh€reyou bonldid you bonl
8 Sheis supposedto beenlookinglto be lookinglot a rcw tob.

Exercise 3 g
Compete the second sentence so it hasa similarmeaning io thefirstsentence.
1 DavldGillfrcmMarketing lentmethisbook.
.......... .....-.-1..r.41.-.1-e..^1.....................
thisbookby DavidGi f.omMarkering.
2 Thissample wasqivento meat theTradeFair
................_.....
thissampte ar theTrad€ Far.
3 Theypromised usdeliverywiihintwoweeksof ourorder.
we ..-....-......................_..............._.
_......._.......
withintwow€€kof ourorder
4 A 'Fxtilef rm nea'Milanm.deih6 fabri(for u5
._....................
for usbya textitefirmnearMitan.
5 Thisorderw.s sentto usthrcughourwebsite.
........_.._..........
rhisorderthroughourwebsite.
6 lvy secretary bookedtheflightfor me.
....._......._......
tor meby mysecretary
 2 49
10 PASSIVE

Exercise4 B
+r16 Cornpet€the reportbv pultng the verbtin br€cketrnto the presentperfectactive(hasdon€)or passve
(harbeendone)

Bnzn (1) ....1!4t...b-a.-e.l..t$t..fQrled.... (,*-f.*t f,"n ao economy bded on sosi,r and coftic inro a
leatlingindustrial porver,and ths (r) ...... .lgt. !14rP?^qd.... (hrpp.n) owr a rhb,cb \hor omc penod.
o'e, e . e n , ) " r ^ i n i l J h o , ,t ............ brrn" und. .onnol.J,,dfo,aLi di,-ct
n M s t D e ' r r ( a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G
. . .n.c. .o. r. m s € ) .
Thc covernncnr (5) .... . . . (privrtne) nDny srtc-owned companies,aDd they
(6) ....- - - ...... hho,/invest) r lot ofD,oney h .dvanced intosffuctue.In an attenrpt to
decenrahe the econoDry,CaDrpims sis chosen to bc B.rzil\ lT opital,.nd car production
(7) .... . . - .. .. (n,ovc) trlvr! fion rad,tion.l centresto st.t,\ s!.h rs Rio cnndc do sul
i n t h e s o u t h .N o o n e p e t e , r d ' t l , ! t J I t h c o l d p r o b l c m s( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .{ .s.o. .l.v. c. .)b, l t B B z i l
. r i n J l , u l , r r r . rn . p L . c ' n r h e $ o r l d $ c c

Exercise 5 C
Readthe articleabout ManchenerUn,ted,thencompletert w th the verbsin the bracketsPlt the f,6t verb
n i h e p r e s e n t 5 m p e p a s v e ( t o b e d o n e ) a . d t h e s e c onnddsvuetr.bb e i o r m o i t l r en f n t v e ( r o d o , t o
be donrg. at ta have done)

Manchester United: just a game of football?

But scnior.rccutivcs thecapacityofthe stadiumtrom55,000
,r, rt tu$oted to have G ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .seats
. . . ro 67,400se{ls.Bul this
(supposc/h!!e)belweenl0 nrillior and (know/looka0 othe.wrys to geneatc ( 6 ) . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.t.h- .i n
. .k. ./.b. e
.u.).
30 millionsupponers
throughout rlc world. incomcarrhenonerr. Forexample, the goodinvestmenr.s ir will generllcncarly
In Norway.for exanplc,onc ir cvcry 140 c l u b( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !7.5
. . . . . .million
. . . . in addiriondornoverannually.
people(2)....................._._._._._._._
(bclieve/dcvelop)
--- c'conrnercciniriatives The dain coslsrr fte club de the salarics
ol'
Gay/be)a regislercd
supponerTicker lhrouBha se.icsofalliances.
Coslsat the theplayen.Lrsr lelr thetem\ captain
saleslnd merchandisirg
confibureove. club conrinue ro jncrcasc. A few yeds aeo (?)................................................
hall of thcclub\ revenue,
wilh t h ec l u b( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ur.lerstdnd/negotiate)
a lburyearcontrocr
lclcvisioncorributinga funhe.20./,. t30n on a ple to expand
kepod/spend) worthovereightn8urcs.

Exercise 6 B
Thetwo emarhbeow arev€rys rn ar, but lh€ one on the rght 6 more mpersondlCompleiet by !s ng
. q b r o . I e r r . . e a d t. I . p . o " _ r o . 1 o J . h " p d . . r . e

Thankyou for yourorderfor Pcplus software Thankyou lor youf orderfor Pcplus softwarewhich
whichwe receivedthis morning.Our fulfilment (1)........lJ4:..I-elCiY-eC........ th s mornng.Yourorder
team is dealingwith yourorder,and we expect (2)....................................-... by ouf fulfllment teamandwe
ihat we wil deliverihe packageio you within expectthatthe package (3)........................................ to you
10 workng days. have includedour current with n 10 workingdays.Our currentprice ist
pricelst as an attachmeni,Pleasenotewe on,, (4) ...........,.,.,.,,.,................... as an attachment. P easenote
guaranteeihese pricesuntil31 DecemberThank t h a t h e s ep r i c e (s5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .u. n. .t.i .l . . . . . . . . -
you for choosingsoft.com. 31 December.Thankyou for choosingsoft.com.
 odals and related verbs 1

A Modal ve.bs: torm

I UnitsI1 14 d€alwith modalverbs.Modalverbsar€can,could,wi , would,nay, night, shal,

a Modalverbsarefollowedby th€ niinitivewlhout to.

a Moda verbshdveonlyone form. Sothereis no 5 in the thifd persons ngutarand thereare no

ve.b t€nseswilh lr9, ed, etc.

a dr€ madeby putt ng the mod.l in ffont of rh€ subject.Negatives

Questions are madeby puning
not immediaiely
afier the modal(oftenshortenedto -r'f n spokenEng sh afd informawrtren
Engsh).
CanL..?
Coutd1.. ? tcauld nat (cauldn t)

wouldI ...? Iwau|.jnat (wauldn't) t shouldnor (shouldn't)

Moda verbsa.e auxiliaryverbr-theyare usedwth othermainverbs two modalverbscannot

a Modalverbshaveno n{ niiiveform. nstead,we useolher expressionske b€ rble fo (for can),

have ta (lot nust) and be likely ta (lor nigh).
|'d like to be able to speakbeter french. (NOT #d-lik€+e+a€+p€sf()

Modalverbsshowthe speakerS atttude or leelingsaboLrra stuaion Forexampe,how

probab e or necessary
so.neth
ing s. or thar ihe speaker 6 ofieringor requestng somethng

The lame mod. velb can be lsed in dillerenrwaysand wirh difierentmeanngs.you on y

kfow lhe meaningircm the stlalion. Forexarnpe,could:
lcould get to wo* in 30 ninutesin ny lastjab. (ability:pastrime)
Could you passthe salt, please? (Gquenpresent time)
That could be difficult (uncertainty:fuluret me)

B Ability
a Totalkaboutabilitywe useca, andcar't(orcarrorif form.lwitinq).
WeGn getthat informatlanfrcn the Net
Canyou delivet in tu\/aweeks?- No,we can'I
'IJ ue rahnot ptodre in ,Mre thdt both .dpnies
thc e$er( oldk Hus.lian nntion dhd is
tonin.ilq,ller ath$t rillptoduc n i'B2dd'tiid Hufatid Prn e MinbtetViktu A iiinhis
\peth t.stedry. (Cennal EuropeReview Nebsire)

t Car't s usedfor all th ngsthar we are not .ble to do.

I can't speak Gernan
Forthe spe.i.lcaseofth ngsthat are prohbited(noi attowed)byrutesor awswe canaho !s€

t n tott tau .an't/munn't smoke h th't drci

a We sometimes
usebe able/unableta i,s\eadoI can Theyarecommonin wriring
Fo' tlt jr! trre nt yedn ue ate notu able to gene tegtueth iktetldlly, natjrst thraugh
d.,trdirionJ.(IDterDitionalHeraldTribune website)
 VERBsI
11 MODAIS AND RELATED 51

c Pastability
a Totalkaboutqene€lpan ability(notlimitedto oneoccasion)
we usecould.
I .ould speakFr ch quitewell whenI wasat school.
a Totalk aboutonespecificpan actionwe usewd5lwe.eableto ard nanagedto.
I was ableto/managed to installthe newsoftuarequiteeasily.
Congasnanageilto dn thbufh abott t900 billionaJthebtdtet sfiplusin thethteenontht al
soleddirgry to thit etutioi; thirh ofuhat it diqht do in 4@led^: (NewYorkTimes website)
Butto talk abouta specificpan actionwith a verbof the sense!(see,f€e, hear undeatand)we

I could/was abletolmanaged to undestandmastof what hesaid.

o In negativesent€nces andqvestionswe cdnusecould,waslwercableb atl nanagedta.
I n sorryI couldn't/watn't able to/didn't manageto cane ta the restauantlastnight
I .ouldn't/wasn't able toldidn't manageto undeRtandwhathe neant.
could you/werc wu ableto/Did you manageto dealwith theprcblen?

D Wil and willingness

verbusedto referto thefuiule.Butw7 alsohasmodalusesthatcanreferto
seeunit7 a l/i// isan auxiliary
rorrlirrlQdI rherLrru*
the oresent or thefuture.
S e eu n i t1 3
ft/ o,r rspdnn nik nqaslnDro"5ah.!l a M// can be lsed for instant(ommentsmadeat the momentof speakn9.
I thinkl' 9o hone now (a spontaneolsdecision)
seeunft r7 t'll give you a ltft to the station. (an offer of help)
t'tt give yau ny full suppon /h the m€eting. (a prcmise)
I'll have the rcast lamb- (ofdering food)

Wil/canalsobe usedin questions to makea requestor offer something.

W l you hold the lift fot r.,e, please? (a request)
wi tou havesone nore caffeez (otfering somethn9)

a n manyof theseexamples the ideaof 'w lingness.

whercw7 rcfersto the pres€ntit expresses

"HereatJMNetworks,
werecognize hard
norkandmaybesomedaywell rel,vard
it."
52 11 MODAU' AI{D REIATEDI'ERBS '

11 Practice

Exercise 1 g
Undeinethecorrecr words.
1 Dotiu can/QD]9! @ne tothe meering nextweek?
2 I cancame/ t canto cometo the meetingnextweek.
3 lwon't.an't/be ableto cometo the meetingnextweek.
4 Satrykat I didn t @uldlI couldn'tcometo the meetingtan week.
5 Sorrythat / wasn'fabletol/ wasrt ablecometo the meetinglastweek.
6 Doyou wiIlWiI you shcl.vmp how to log on to the netwo*?
7 Whatwe candolcan we do?
a I hopeto canlto be ableto tly directlyto Duss€ldorf.
9 I mustspeak / I mustto speakwith Mr Rejnerassoonaspossible.
10 I nanzgiedtoll couldspeakro Mr Reineryesteiday.
11 ThehotelwasOK,bur/ naragedto couHheatatotof noisefromthestreet.
12 I managedtoll couldtakea boattrip on Lak€LemanwhenI wasin Ceneva.

Exercise
2 E!!
Completethe lentenceswith can,<ant, could,<oudn't gr be able to.
t h afraid| ..........S3A:1.......... hetpyouat themomenr.
2 I don'trhinkt'll ........................_.......
cometo th€ meeting.
3 Thenegotiations brokedownbecause we ..,.,.,.,,.,,.._.,.,..,.,,,,.,.,
agreeon the p ce.
4 | ................................
seeyouwerehavingproblems, soI didnl interrupr.
5lfyo!................................makeafirmordertoday,weshoutd.............................
5 | ind Ponuguese verydifiicult.| ........-..................._...
understand it, but | ................................
speakit.
7 Sory | .................-..............
se€younextweek,but I might............................_..
maketheweekaft€r.
8 A: Willyou........_.......................
go to thetrainingsemjnar?
-
B:No,l ,.,,.,,,...............,.,,,,.,,
t'mverybusy.
9 l'm sorry| ...-..........................._
cometo yourtatkyesterday. I hadto sortout a probtem.
t0 | ................................
skireay wellwhentwasin myh,venties, butnowt,mout of practice.

E x e r c i s3el E
Matchsentences1+ with then usesof ur.4it.
a) ; futurefact e/ d promEe
b) a belieforopinionaboutthefuture 0 orderinqfood
c) an innantdecision 9) a requen
d) anofferof help h) offeringsomething
I I thinksales willpfobablyimprov€ in the spring. E
2 l'll giveyoua handwiihyourb.gs. n
3 Willyougivemea handwiththesebags? n
4 OK,l'llphonethemrightnow. !
5 l'll havethe panjriedfish. n
5 l'll bethereat sixo'clockOonrworry| won,tbe late- D
7 n thespingwe'llhavetwonewproducsreadyto taunch.n
8 Willyouhaveanotherglass of wine?. n
 ,I'I MODAIS AI{D RELATED
VERBsl 53

Exercise
4 !!sl@
@ ts Comptete
tnetetephone usingphrases
conversation fromtheTinbelow

canyousend canI callyou canyouhear canI helpyou can'tsee

€€{fdr{p€ak*e rculd youhold couldyou rcpeat couldyou speak couldyoutell me
l'll need l'll put one l'll beon l'lljust90 I'llwait l'll plt youthrcugh l'll qetbackto you

cood morning, ihe TechStore,tlis isJon speating-

(1) ..8o..!.1C....1..r.re4k'..fe...
someon€in customersenices,please?
Er.Yes,of cou6e,(2) ........

Customer SNices,Markspeakirg, how (3)..................

.. . ........ ?
I'm caltingaboutyourn$ SansungD\'D plalers. ............ .. .. . . . .. ifyou ha\€
(4)
anyin stock?
andsee.(6) ..........................................
(s) ............................................ the line Please?
Y6 no pmblem,C4 .........

Heno?I (8) ............................................

lny on the sheh€s. .. ...... ... .. to
(9) .................
checkth. orderstrtuson the compute. (10) .............-.-,-----.........back?
Certainly. My nme is SiraHall andny telephone numberis 05821067.
up? Itt a
Sorrv(l l) ............................................terrible iine.
ls thatbetter?(12)............................................
m. now?
Yes,that'smuchb.trei (13) .... the numb€rPlease?
.....................-................
ofcourse.ltl 05821067.(14).......................................... thisnumberaI morning.
sorry I canl tel you ifwe've got any D\Ds in srock right noq but
assoonasI havethc information.Was
(15)............................................ thereanythingelse?
(16)
Eaycs, ................ . ... ........... me a copy ofyour latcst catalogue?
........ in the Postto you today.Whatt
Ofcoursc,(1? .............-................ yoursddress?
It's 25 tudley t ne,Lowcr . . .

Exercise
5 EllE
Thisexercke
introducesmanyol the modalverbs
covered eachsent€nce
in thefollowingunits.t!4atch 1-14
wirha meaningal'n).

1 l s h o u l dd o t .
2 | shouldn'tdo it.
3 lcando it.
4 Lcan'tdo it.
5 | mustnl do it.
.nn
6 | don't haveto do it
8 l ' l l d oi t .
a) lil necessaryto
do t.
b) lt3 not necessarytodo it.
tr c) sorryit3 impossible.
d) lt3 forbidd€n-
e) | havetheabilityto do it.
n 0 l'rnofieingto do it.
n g) lt3 a goodidea.
n h) tt3a badidea.

9 l ' l l d oi t . n i) l'm invitingyou.

10 | mightdo it.
11 would you liketo do it?
12 Couldyou do it, please?
13 May I do ii?
1 4 S h a l l ld o i i ?
n j) l'm askingperrnission.
! k) l m rcquestifgth.t you do it.
n l) lpromise.
! m) Perhaps
lwll do it.
n n) l'm makinga suggeston.
54

odals and related verbs 2

A Necessity (obligation)
a Tosaythatsomethrngis necess.ry we us€havetc reed ta aft nun.
I have tolneed to speakta Janebeforc sheleaves.
We nust finish the neeting by elevenat the latest
particuldryin writingwherethey allexpressnecessty
O A threeformsareverysimilar,
iob galion)
In sp€echth€rels a 5malld ffercnce:
Haveto aTl needto the sltldtionmakessornethng necessary
Yauhave to pay the invoiceby the en.l of the nanth (th.ts the companytule)
MuJt- ihe speake.peEondllyfeelssom€thingir rnportant
Youmust stap watkingso hard ( mte nq you)
'We nBt p.dll d lp eoiofl)' i\ l,ft o,. tlitt.rtio" .f |ift d
6 !,haL,Md it is lty tu Mcaa
@tdi rlftt it is th( \i,Uk i'ott i'ipnttort ore'sdidPrntc Mfi6r.r Orr.ir. ((lerrrxl E{rcpe

Tomakea questionwe normdllyusehavelo or needto ll we usenust for a quen on we caf

soundannoyed,pdrtcuarly J we slresrmustin spe€ch
Uhtodunalelf;Imust/have ao/need to ^otl\ tmseterval
Da you have to/need to wark this evening?
Munyou work this evening?

Hdvegot ta a.td 'll haveta arealsoLrsed

for ne.essrty.
They.re rnoreinforrna
You've got to/You'I have to cantact them ds saon as passtble

B No necessity. pe.mission, prohibition

a Whensomerhings not necessarywe usedor't haveto anddanl needta
Youdon\ have to pay ight naw We.an giveyau crcdn (yo! arc freeio choose)

a Whensomethn9 s pemitted we usecan and be allawedta

Yau can parkyour car hereat the weekends,but nat duinq the week.

a Whensomethinqis prohibiiedwe use.an'r, be norallawedta andnustn t. Mustn,ti\ marc

usualwh€n we aretellingsomeone wharnol to do
Youle not a owed to pa,t ar a darbt. tetto \ra
Youmustn\ talk about politicsif theylnviteyau to dinner (l'm tellinqyou)

a Nolicethat haveto and musthaveeimri:rmeaf ngsin theiraff rrnaiveforrnsGecronA above),

but diflerenlmeaningsn the r neg.tivefoms (rhissection).
I have to/must leavenaw (rt'sne.esraryfor me to le.ve)
I donr have to leavenaw (it'snot necessary | havea choi.ewhetherto eave)
(it'sprohbited, cafnot leave)

C Necessity,no necessity, permission, prohibition in the past

in the pdn, we usehad ro and neededro Thereis no pan form of
O To t.lk about necessity

I had to/needed to speakta Enna about sonething, but Ive fargotten what t was abaut.
if Totalk aboutno necess ty in the pan, we used/lJn'thaveta/didn t heedta
Yau didn't have to/didn't need to take a taxi t could have Dickedvau uD in nv ca.
 12 MODAI.S
ANDRELATED 2 55
VERES

a Tota k .bo!t pefmisson in the pan. we usecould wasa//orvedto.

]n ny lastiob I couldlwas a owed to usethephanefor pesonal.alls.
a Totd k aboLrtprohibitionin the past,we usecouldn't,wasnt allawedro.
tn my lastjob I couldn'tlwasn't a owed to usethephonefot peEonalcalls.

D Opinions and advice

a we use should, should not \shouldn't), oughr b and ought not te (oughtn't ta) Io gi\e an
opinionor recommendation aboutwhat s the ben thingto do.
We shouldlought to investmorc heavilyin naketing
Bf ttidnirht Kenn.d),had 265 electotdl i6t Jaw Jtot of dctary. Nixon wd,L't ludy ta
"ates,
.ahede,tuthe lturyht heshotld nftkesoheki'd oJnotene$tb hn suryorktsi" thc balhoan
dounstdit\. Keine4,udt.hedthiso Tv'why shotu lrc @tade?'K.nfledfsdidto hk aides.'I
Mrl/"'!.' (wahington l'osr website)

O Whenwe use)lcu sp€akinqto someoneelseour opinionbecomesadvice.

Youshould speakta your boss. (its my advicero you)
(secton A).
Notethat advlceis likea weaktypeof necessiry
Youshould/ought to go to the doctor (advi.e:t3 the bestthing to do)
You must/have to go to the dodot (sirong adv cer it3 rea y necessary)

a had beftet(not)it $ed lor st.ongopinions.f/ad is u5rJay contracted.

l'd better not inte upt him while he s an the phone.
Ithink you'd befter ca then straightaway.

E Past criticism
Whenwe usetheverbsin section D in thepast(+ have+ pan partcpe)we meanthatwe
ddnt dotherghtthingandnowwearemaking a c|tcsm.
Weshould have seenthe dan9e6a long tl|r,eaga.
Weshouldn't have spentall theadvettising
budgeton televisianspats
Youought to have mentioned that ea iet

F lreed to
a Ne€dto meansihe sameashaveaoGectionsA/B).
You have to/need to sign this fom in tuvoplaces, herc and here.
y youre goi"S tojufltp into the LIK nn*et akd btune a, iflpottaht pldfu, ya, nee.l to hare wibe
n'ot rctdilsin n'e 16-17 !/ie rd,€e. (NewYorkTines website)

a Noticethe two possiblenegativelorms

Yau don't need.tolneedn\ wah far me I l cone along latet

a In slriclgrammarthe two neqativefoms havedifferentmeanngsin the pan.

I didnl need to anive at ser€r. (we don't kfow when I arrived- maybelevenor ater)
I needn't have adived at seL€n.(we know when I arrved- seven- but it wasn'tnecessary)
But in everydayspeechwe often use dldr'r need ro for both cases.
56 12 MODAI.SATD NEIAIED VERES2

12 Practice

Exercise
1 !!!! !
Matcheachs€ntence1-12with oneof the formatsentences
a}-t.
1 lcandoit. tr a) lts necessary
2 lmustn'tdo it. ! b) ltS not necessary
3 ldonl haveto do it. ! d lts allowed.
4 lhaveto do it. ! d) ltl notallowed.
5 lcouldnldo it. !
5 | didn'thaveto do it. ! 0 lt wasnlnecessary
7 | hadto do it. ! g) lt wasallowed.
8 lcoulddo it. !
9 | shouldhavedoneit. tr t Doingitwouldbea goodidea.
10 | shouldn't
havedoneit. n t) Doingit wouldbea bEdidea.
11 | shouldn't
do it. n k) Doingit wasa badidea.
12 lshould doit. n Notdoingit wasa badidea.

Exercise2 !
Complete thesentences withmustor haveto. Botharepossible eachtime,bui oneis morenatuElirja
spokencontext.
I | -.-.........................._
remember to emaitStev€andthankhimfor allhishetp.
2 Sorry| ................................
90 now,themeeting beginsin fiveminutes.
3 You,.,,.,.,,.,..,......,.,..,.,.-.
yourtaxlormby 31 January
4 You.,,.,,....,.,.,....,.,,.,.,,.,..
try to be morediplomaticwhenyou,respeaking to Tim.
5 L...............................
go thedentistnextFriday morning,sot,ltbea littlelaie.
6 | €ally................................
go thedentist_t,vehadthisawfutpainfor two davs.

E x e r c i s3eI I I I
Decidewhethereachpairof sentences
similaror D for completely
different.At the endfiere will be nineof t, two of Sandthreeof D.
'I You'd go
better now
2 Wedon'thaveto cutthe budget.
3 Youshouldhavea rest.
4 Youcan't smokehere.
5 We mustsignthe contract.
6 Youmustbeherebefore8.30.
7 Youmustn'ttouchthat key!
8 Youdidnl haveto givea tip.
9 We haveto work harderon this_
10 | oughtto leavenow.
ll Youshouldn't woayso much.
12 | mustw te theselettersno\/.
l3 | couldn'tusetheemail.
14 Wedonl haleto decideyet
hasthes3memeaning. WdteI for identicalor
neafy identical,
Sfor
B
Youshould9o now
We mustn'tcutthe budget.
Yot/oughtto havea rest.
You'renot allolvedto smokehere.
Weshouldsignthe contlact.
Youhaveto be herebefore8.30.
Youdon't haveto touchihar kejr
Youdidn'tneedto givea tip.
Wemunwo* harderon this.
Yououghtnoito worrysomuch.
l'd b€tterwritetheselettersnow
ldidn'tne€dto usethe email.
We donl needto decideyet.
 ,I2 MODAIS At{D REI.ATEDVERIS 2 57

Exercise4*S#
@ , " Lookai thes€notesthatgave
a Pe6onnelManagerwroie to expldincomp.nyrules.Th€nusethe notesto
to somenew employeeson th€irfir( dayatwork Chooseftomhaveta, dant
competea briefinghe
have to, can, tan t, should ot shouldnt.

til^ letter 4b.i i !&rti{ hdrrt, Ie ve buildi^4 dw-iY fira drill

te^d lbliday {orr to perrouel iM*edi^tely
blu^teer to rcrk extrA t@Kt, +^kz 3 '.,eek, I'oliday,
,rcka out ide buildi^.1
v^ke t+-^++ w*- 164 b^rt, t^ke all lblid^y tila to42lt\2r
tFe r ID l\tAA o{ de+artveat ^t'.t^t zxczttiw l^o^rt,
li'!z
rctice to head o{ dept. ahout lolid^tt,.e d +ire Mli.zt

'Um.Exclseme.6oodmorning. Er,goodmorning.I ve.alledyou10thismeeting to explainto youallsome

of thebasich€althandsafety.ules thatwe havehereUm,lLrsiof all.workinqhoLrrsr ts notourcompany
poli.yto makestaftworkexcessive -
houls it makespeople unproductve andcdnendanget healthUm,
manageE makeanyof theirnaii workmorethananav€rage
(1)...........S44J........... oi 48 hoursperweek,
although (2) volunteer
anyone ................................ to workmorethan these hours,but thev
(3)................................
signa Ietterlrcm thecompany to saythattheywantto do this.Anymember of stalf
whoisworriedihattheyareworkingloo manyhours ......... (4) ..... . . . . speakto theirhead oi

um,a empoyees (5)...............................lake a minLmum ol thr€€weekl pad holiday peryear,butyc-

( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t a k e a l l t h s h o l l d a y o f f i n o n e b l o c k .gsitvae
tfhi (e7ihr) .e.a. .o
d. l. . . . . .
department asmuchnoticeas possible abou theI holidays, altholgh they (8) . .. . . . ... . sendther
holldav formofl to persofnel untila fewweeksbeforethey9o
Next, er,firedilk.Wehaveafiredillaboutoncea month dontignoret.You(9)..... . . .. ....
e a v e t h e b u i d n 9 i m m e d i a t e l y t h a t y o u h e a r t h e b e l l , a n d o f c o u 6 e y o u ( 1b0l )o.c.i.kh. .e. ' ' - .
I reexits. Firenotcesareposted thrcughoul ihebliding.Empoyees (11)........................ readihese
notices regularly. In thecaseof a realli€, don'tpanicandfo owthefi€ procedures
Andlastly, for yousmoke6,l'm alraidthatsmoking is notperrnttedanywhere insidethe bu ding,although
yo! (12)---,---.-----. smokejun outside thefrontdoor.
thinkihatcove6eveMhinq. Doesanyonehaveanyquesuons? No ... Y€s

Exercise 5 F Ci
@ ZO n f uslnesmanis d€scibinglis trip to L.gos.Completethe iext w th hrd to, didnt haveto couldn't,should
haveot shouldnt have Eachphraseis usedtwice.
' (1 ...tlle$Jd...h4,v.4...- rravelledon the I 0 am {lisht, but when | got to the airpodlhev to d me that the
)
fighl was overbooked l(2).....-.......-...............
and catcha laterflight Th€nat the check'ind€sktheyioLd
m e t h a t ( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . .t.a. -k.e.b. .o. .t.h.m y b a g s a sh a n dl u g g a g es,o | ( 4 ) . . . . . . . - .letoneof
them qo in the hold,which was very atlnoying as I had my diary in t, and it deayed me by neaflyan hoLtrat
baggag€reclalrn al the otherend.When I got on the planelwanted to userny laptop,bui oi cours€
unrilafteftake ofi. Thefliqht attendanttold m€ io turn it off .nd saidthat
(5) .........................-......-
'd
k.own not to useii. To be honest just forgoiten,and he (7)
(6) ........................-..-....
beenso rlrde.Er,it was quitelatewhen I finallyleft Lagosanport,so t was lucky (8) . . .. - . 9o
to any meelingsthat.fternoon. And, lookingbackat what happ€ned,| (9) . .. . .. . . . traveled with
th.t airline they have a ot of problems
with overbookinq. And my company was pavingfor the fllghr so I
( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .c. h
. .o. .o. .s.t€.h. .e c h e a p e sotp t i o n .
 odals and related verbs 3

A Degrees of probability
a We can usemodalsand oiher phrases ro ta k aboutihe probabitiry
thdt somerhingwil hdpp€n
in the future.5€etableafd followingsections.
l00% cedainty will, be ceftainto
95-100% d€du.tion must can't
aoyo expectalion siould, ought to, be tiketyto, shoutdn t, aught not ta, be untiketyto
30% 70% uncedalnty nay, night, coutd, may not, night not
ao/"

B Certainty and deduction

a Weusewil/andbece,ranaoif we arccertain thatlomethn9 willhappen.
Thenet! Jaquarwill be launchellat the parisMotor Shaw.
a We usewon'rwhenwe arcce(ainsomething w tnot happen.
In mtry Christiane
is on halidayShewon't be backuntit the 14th.
a Wecanuseprobab,anddefinitely wrh wittandwan,r Norethewordorder
She' p.obably he at the neenng sheprcbably won't be at theneeting
a WeLsemusrandcan'rio showrhatsornerh ingisverycearainbecaus€t is togicatThissoiten
called'deductiof'.
Thetes na answerfrcn hetphone.Shemust be in a meeting
Baththemeetingroomsareenpry. She<an't be in a neeting
Notethatcar't notmu'tn't, s usedhere.

C Expectation
a Whenwe expectthatsomerhing wil happenwe useshoutd,
oughtta ot be ]jketyta
Theyshould/ouqht to aniveat about4.30.
Ourprafits arelikely to imqove nextyear
Litbot shocld be a t"mkt poiflt it1 Ettopein uanotik poti.y. (Econonist website)
a Whenwe erpectrhatsomething wiit not happenwe $e shautdn't,aught notto ot be untiketyta.
Thereshouldn't/ought not to be arryprcbten.
Mt Blai\ Usbailrdtegyit .flihcv to he o'o rh ta haLtE ,tetoiaration
it BitaitL'srcktiotlrhi!
,"dr F!'oF. Gcononistwebsne)

D Uncertainty
a Whenwe are lnc€rrainwe usena| night ot coutd.Ihe meaningis,perhapl.
We may be able to delver in tdo weeks.
I might havesome norc newsfor yau nert week.
It.ould take a lang tine to arcnge the finance.
Theleis no impodanrdifferencebeiweenihesemodatsin th s contexr.
a The negativeformsaremay not andnight not.
fiday is not a good day for the |r,eeting.I nay/night not be in the office on that da,.
seeunir11 Noteth.t could,oi is not usedwith this meaning.
 13 MODALS AND REI.ATEDVERBS! 59

E Degrees of probability in the Pasl

+ have+ pastpartc pL€.see
a Fordiffercntdegreesof prcbabilityin the pastw€ Lrse:moddlverb

a (youth nk something
Noticein the tabl€thdt Wllelon't ha!€ + pastparticipleis an assLrmption
is true althoughyou haveno pfoofl. ForcerBintyin the pastwe iust usea norrna pasttense
lik€the pastsimple.
assumptlon You'll have seen our new madel. lt's in allthe shops
deducton Thercwas no ansv'Erfrcn her phone She must have been in a neettng
Eoth the neetirg roons wPte enpq She.an't have heen tn a neettng
expectation lhey shouldlought to have aftived by now I hope they haven t got tast
uncertainty Yes,I seewhat you nean now I .ould have heen wang abaut that.
weTe anly Iive minuteslate. The talk might not have statEd vet
assumption You won't have seen our new nodel lt's not in the shopsyet
Cjtisttr6 corld have b..fl dn snhappyoB latt rar afyo, odercdWsents a,lit! Mdtv . stanos
uer still waitinrlot rilt to dftive lo'a dJt.t th. holiddfs hd erriel (Industr/Week webslte)

'Possibilittt'
a Becarefllwiththewod 'possibility because ideasin English:
lt rciersto two different
unce(ainty andability. studythese examples:
(there
uNc€RTArNryisa chance thatsomething wiLhappen)
It's potsihte that the shareprke v/ill rccover'l= lhe sharepricemight/(ould r€cover)
A8ur (thementalskillor physical powerto do somethrng)
ttt possiblefot ou factoryta prcduce 8a0 caBa nonth. (= our lactorycan prcduce. )
c andD of thisunit.Forabilityse€lrnt l l
seerections
Foruncertainty
a Totalkabouta panpossibilitywe usecould+ have+ pastpadc p e.
t could havebooked an earlht flight, but it left at 7 30 in the manlng
Thisisan oppo(unitythatdidn'thappen.
Totalkabouta pastimpossibility
we usecould,1't + harc+ pan particlpe
'
t coutdn't havebooked the ea er llight it wasconpletelyfull

/.4F
"Well we'vetried everythingelse-
I supposewe could try and improve
theptoduct."
50 13 MODALSANO REIATEDVERBS3

13 Practice

E x e r c i sl eH n g m
Undeinetheconectwords.
1 Lookat thoseclouds. I thinkit can/ellfulmustBin.
2 That3impossible.lt can'tbetmustu't belnaynotbe true.
3 Welldonel Youmaybelnust belmight be \lerypteased.
4 NextThu6dayis a possibili\y. I night bet.an,tbelnust be f.ee in the afte.noon.
5 I'm notsurc.l munnorbelmaynotbelwont be abteto gettherein time.
6 lh.t can?be/ nustn't be/ nay not be Daid. Hes away ar a conferen(e.
7 Lisaisn'tat heroffice.Shecanbelmustbe/mustn't be on herwayherc.
8 Lisahasnt afiivedyet.Sheshouldbelcanbe/.an't be hercsoon.
9 Theressomeone in re(eption. tr canbelcoutdbe/mustnlbetheengineer
10 Satry,lcantlnaynotln?hrcometo yourpesentation. t,mbusythatafternoon.
ll l'm notsue whereSueis.Shecoulct be/nustbe/ca,be at tunch.
12 l'v€ ookedeverywherc fot Sue.Shecouldbe/mustbelca,be at tuich.

Exercise2EACE
Matcheachsentence 1-7 wirha similar
sentence
a}{).
1
-rhey?e
likelyto do it. tr a) rm suretharthey'lldo it
2 Theymight/could do it. ! b) I m neaiysurethatthey'ttdo it.
3 They're almoltcertain !
to do ir. probably
c) They'll do it.
4 lhey'lldefinitelydo it. n d) Maybe they'ldo it.
5 They?e unlikelyto do it. ! e) l'm suretheywon'ido it.
5 Theyleveryunlikely do it. ! 0 Theyprobably wont do it.
7 Theydeflnitelywon't do it. n O Theyalmostcertainly won'rdo it.

Exercise3HFEH
Complete thesecond sentence soit hasa similar
meaningto thefi6t sentence usingmun,might,canot can.t,
1 Deliver bytheendof themonth?yes,tthinkit3 possibte to do that
Deliverbytheendofthe month?yes,tthinkwe .............!_4t............
do that.
2 lts possible thatwewill losethisclient.
we .........-......................
losethisclient.
: 'm slrethis snt rhe ght road.
Ths ...............................-
betherightroad
4 l'm sue youworklatemon nights.
you................._...._...._....
worktatemostnights.
5 lt3 possible thatl'll seeyouromorrow, butIrn notsure.
1..-...,.,...-....-....-......,.,
seeyoutomorrow
6 ltb possible for the newprintertoprint20 sheets perminute.
Thenewprinter..........-................._._.
print20 sheerrperminute.
7 l'm afraidihai l'm un.bleto go to rheTradeFairthisyear
lm airaidthat| ..............._...._._...._....
go to theTradeFairthisyear
I suppose youareKatePerryHowdo youdo?
You........._...._.................
be KatePerryHowdo youdo?
 VERBS!
13 MODALSAND RELATED 61

Exercise4 E F
MatcheachsentenceI 8 with ls meanng aE)

1 Hewon'thavearrvedyet. g a) 95 100% probab ty of hiearrival

2 He' havearrivedby now b ) 8 0 % p . o b a btl y o f h i s : r r v a
3 He can't havearfrvedyet c) 4M0% probab ty of hi5affival
4 He rnght havearved by now - d) 0% probab ty of hisarrval
5 He cou d havearrvedby now -
5 H es h o u l dh r v e . r r v e db y n o w
7 H e m u s th a v e : r r v e db y n o w -
8 H ec o u l d nt h a v e . r r v e dy e 1 .

Exercise5ABCD
Cornpelethe arlkle wilh the wordsand phr.sesirom the hstbelow Thegraphsand deas n the t€xl w

dei nitelywon't i5a mon certdn to r..]*€t-{€ s unhk€yto rntht will definitely

(Rin(e the be8iMins of this year e(onony and is impo$ible to

\runemployment has fallen from predict with any cerlainty.
2.s million to 1.8 million, and Unfo.iunately inflation b Soing tlP
arcpurow
trt......!1...1i.ts9!y..-te.... steadily.Ii (4).............'.-'.'.-----
1.s million by the end of the yeai reach 6% by the end of the
Thi6 (2)........................................
be year However the Sovernmenl
good news for the govennent ag (s)..................,........,............
iake pani(
unemployment i6 a very imporlant measurcsas inflation is sinilar to
idsuein the countryat the momenl.By the tine of the next th.t of its tEding partie6 and {6),.,,.,,,,,,,,,,..,..........,..,..,.,,
ele(tion unemptoyment (3) '.*-........-.--------. even rctur to levels of the 198!s when rates of 30%o! 40"/. a year
falt betow I miuion - it all depends on the wodd

Exercise6ABDE
I i^
"" Ma.t n and Annehaveanved at.heck-inat He.lhrowAiporr. compeie the r dialowe wrh nust, night,
can't,musthave,night haveor can'rhave Useea.h word onceon y

N,^rrN ()h Do.l crni fird lrv prsport.

You'rcjoking.
vrrrrr N o , r e a l l lt:s n o t 1 I rD r - \ ' b r i c t c a i e .
well. ir (1) ......Yqtt .....be i! vour othe. bas. Qui.k haver look.
\BRIN I!\ nor lhere.where otr errth is it?
Wcll, I dont knorv Do rou rlrink rou {2) .................. . leli rt it home?
M.rrrN T h a t sn n p o $ i b l eI ( i ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .d. o. .n. e . I c h e c k e dI h a d i t u r t h n e f o f f t l n c s b e f o r eI
leli the housc.
OK, ciln do\rn.wlut about .he.king lour .oll pocke$?Youneverknov, it
( 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. e
. rhere
^or{rN, No. it snt Thl B ridiculous.We'resoins to missour flight.
L o o k . - v o u( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. .e. .I o o k i n si n t h e r i s h t p l a c e
Ercuse me, sir.]s rh.t \our pasporr there on the ground?
iNrrN, O h , , v e ss,o r ! s . A h , I ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d r o p p e d i t r v h e n I q s l o o k i n g f o r t h e t i c k e t s .
 odals and related verbs 4

A Dir€cuindirect language
a Choce of langu.geoften dependson rh€ sociatsruaron.D recttanguageis rypicatof nfomal
situatlons,
for exdmpleconveGaiions
betwe€ncoleaguesIndirecrtanguag€ s typica of lorma
situatiofs,fo. examplelirst meeringswh€rewe havero be po te. In gener.t:
- prere.t fonns (cd,, wil4 are more d rect than pan forrr's \cautd, wautd)
- sho.tlonns (Cdnlou)are mofed rectthan tongformsltwondet if yau cauld)

I Requestg
a Tomakea rcquest (asksomeone to do lomethn9)we usecan,coutd,wil, woutd.Wecanaoo
thewordpossrbtto maketherequest morepotite.
Couldyou (possibly)apen the windaw,please?
Will./Wouldyou givene a handwith thesesuitcases?
Qtstio : My ptoJ.siok
ii,olresnt so.ial6iarvith iddL^tpp?rclds!!ottc.Cat y"
/ecotnn.rdd ltd booki roadnodm di cRafldctiqr.a.: (TheTineswebsue)
unn15 a we usean indirect question
to makethe rcquest
morepo te.
Do you think you .ould openthe window?
I'd be gftteful il you could apen thewindaw
a Wecanreplybyagreeing to or refusing
a requesr.
AgleeingtSure.Noprablen/Yes,af couse.lYes,cettainly.
Retuting:Actually,it s a bit in.onvenientight how/t'm sorrybut that,snat passible

c Requestswith mird
a Wecanmake. €quenwth Wouldyounlnd ... followedbyan ,lrg form.
Wouldyou mind rcpeatingthat2
a Questions
withnrlrdmeanls it a prcblenfaryou?So,to aqreero a request
we say,no,.
A: Wouldyou mind openingthe windaw?
'i\ B:No,ot caurse
nat.
Torcfusewe usea phrasekeWell,AduallyIo be,,ronest
andgivea reason.
A: Wouldyou mind openingthe window?
B: Actua y, I n feelingquitecold.
I

&

.h@Pe'*i'@@gbFftab*
 14 MODAIs AND RELAIEDVEFBS4 63

D Permission
we use.aD could,mav
a Toaskif we cando something
Canlcould/May I changemYticket?
'har)
IlealthSeMce
lndgined Natia,Mt in uhkhpatkntsdleqftet.ddt thedootith d snilednd'
osyo, rhi,k (Guadianwebsite)
ma! I hetpyot?'Fd t6y?L n'dynotI'es.fdt dtudy
se€unit16 a Wecanlse an indircct to askfor permission
question
ts it all ight if I changemYticket?
I wonder if I could changerry tkket?
a Wecanaekfor permissianwilh Doyoumindif I ? at wouldyoumindif I 7
seeunir17 Noticethefom oi thevelbthatfollows.
A: Do yo! mind if t smoke? A: would you nind il t tnoked?
B: No,of causenot B:Adually, l'.1rctherteu didn't
to reqlests.
o Wer€plylike n r€plies the modalin thereplv'but noticethat
Weoftenrepeat
whenwe €py to Could/...2 w€ savcannotcou/d
A: Can/could I speakto yau lot a mament?
B: Yes,ot .ouEeYou Gn

E Offers and invitations

a Toofferhelpwe useCan/Couldlshalll, Wauldyaulikene to,l'llal\dLetne
Shall I nakea caPY fot You?
Wouldyou like ne to giveYoua lift?
I'll give then a ing if you like.
Let me gtveyaua hand.
/*e or shortphrases
a Tooflerthingswe useWooldyou ng a
withchoicesWer€plybyexpress

At woutd you like teaor coffee? A: what would you prcfer?

* t'd rathet have coffee,please B:I don2 nind.
A: Antthing to dtink?lea ot coffee?
g I'll havecoftee,P|ease

a To nvit€somebody to do somethlng we useWouldyou liketo . ?

would you like to cone with us to the restauftnttonight?
a Wecanrepy to offersandinvitatlons
by acceptingor relectrngthem.
AccepringThankyau verynu.h. llhanks I'd apTe.iate that lThats verykind of you
That'sverykindof yau,but.../Thank|butl(an nanage
Rejecting:

F Suggestions.
a Tomakea suggestion we useCauld,ShaI,what abaut,Howabout,I think welyou
should/could forrns:
andlet3. Noticethediffe.ent
we could/l think we should/Le* have a shonbrcaknow (staterneni)
What/How about havinga shortbreaknow? (queston + v€tuwith _ng)
sha we havea shott breaknaw? (qLreston)

a Weoftenuseihe formof a negative question

Couldn\ welwtry don't we/lrlhy not try ta rcnegatiatethispart of the contract?
'Dsoibirs n1tl!t'etakeshots. tYht dot\ lot! bq thebusiflIvschoal usehistarydboutus?
E ery*irg is thez.'- NieolsHark, CEO oJSMnh (SundayTimeswebsite)
a Wecanreplyto suqqenrons by acceptLngor reFdrngih€m
Acceptinq:vet / rrlrt L4€rhouldda that.lThats a good idea/Yes,let s da that
R{e.rlng: I'n not reallysureabautthat-l Thatsauntislikea goodidea,but ..
64 14 MOOALS AND REIATED VERB' 4

14 Practice

Exercisel*mggm
Undedine thecoffedwords.
I l'm verybusy.Wouldyou .r'indb givelgjrizg ne a hand?
2 Wouldyau/Shouldyou helpme .arrytheseboxes,please?
3 Datou likelwould tou likesomemoresoup?
4 Mayllwould laskyoua peGonal question?
5 Ho abourweblkltalkingto another supplier?
6 Arcyouhavlngproblems? Willt/ShallI helpyou?
7 Aleyo! havingproblems? let mel/sha//helpyou.
A Wouldllcould lbonow you. copyof ihe FT?
9 | rhinkyoushould/youcanspendlesstime playi.ggolf.
10 Ercuse me,couldyoulmayyoutellmewhichnreerthisis?
11 Doyouthinkcould/// corldopenthewindowT
12 Doyoumindif I openlopenedthe window?
13 Wouldyoumindlf loperlopenedthe window?
14 Wauldtou signlPbaseto s/it, yournamehe€?

Exercise2 X
Matchtheformsl-3 withthe usesaF<).

d youlikea/some
1 WoLr ... n a) offeringhelp
you
2 Would liketo ... n b) otferingsometh
n9
3 wouldyoulikemeto ... t] c) invitingsomebody
to do something

ExerciseSFHH*
Matchsituatonsl-6 with ouestions
aFo.
1 Makn9 a request E a) Wouldyoulikea coftee?
2 f
Askingfor pemission b) Wouldyou kerneto carryyourcoffeefor you?
3 Ofiefinghelp n c) Wouldyouiiketo comewith usfo. a coffee7
4 Offeingsomething n d) Couldyougei mea cupof coff€elrornthecanteen?
5 hvting somebody n e) Shallwe brcakfor coffeenow?
6 Makng a suggestionn f) ls it allrightif I helpmyseif
to cotree?
Nowmatchsituations gtsm).Yo! canlookbackat thequestions
7-13withreplies in rheprevious
p.rt to
hep yoLr.
7 Aqreeingto a €quest n g) Adually,I think 'd ratherhavewaterif yoLrdont mind.
8 Refusinga request n h) Of course, no prcblem.
9 Expressinga prelerenc€ n i) Actually,
l'm reallybusyat the momenr.
10 Acceptng anoff€rof help n j) l'rnnotsurethat3a goodldea.
11 Acceptinga suggestion n k) OK,let3do th.t.
12 Rejerting
an offerof help ! l) Thanks,l'd re.llyappreciatethat.
'13 Rejecting
a suggestion n m)Thank,butI canmanage.
 ,I4 MODAT.5AND REIAIED VERBg4 65

Exercise4ffiHHlS
@,, Completethe diaoguewlth the phrases
ceorge isvlsiing Fernandoin sao PauLo. from th€ llst be ow.

+e++Fe shallwe I should would you like would you lik€to woLrldyor.rlike m-"to do you m nd
vyouldyou mrnd I do'r l mind of cour<p o'.oJae -ot I d dppr€cicte.hd(

IsNo.Ple*e.comen.(l)......9-e3.Y9.............ukeyorr.oii.lr'sgood,o,<"youl
Itt rery nice ro be here in S:o Paulo.Thanl you so m ch for yo11rinvitaiion to come ud
seeyoor company.Itwasvery ki!d.
FRN^mo Not at el. Itls my pleasure.(2) ............................................
some coffee?Or mineralwter

I d prefernineral wter. please.

FlrlN^Mo, StiI or spa.kling?
o h . ( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. .e. i. t. h. .e. .rw
. .o. .u. .l d b e f i n e .( 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i.f.I. . . . . . . . . .
just ruke a quick c.l - I didnt 8ct . chanceearlier.
r4RN.Mo, (5) Go right ahea.r.
Oh, rheret no sign.l. Never nnnd. Un, yotr hevea wonderfrl building here.It looks re.Iy
nnpressivelion rhe ourside.
It's very nev - we only moved in lasryear.It's designedby ouc of our most famous
FEkNANDo,
rrchitccB,Ce$r Pelli.(6) .................-..........................
show you .round l.ter?
Tlunk. (7) . .
Now rhen.(8) --------
r.EnN^NDo, --, -,---- (9)
set down to business?
teling ne . lirde rbout your int€restin our mxrket?Whrt exactlyrre your long+erm
objecriveshere in Brazil?
Er, perlmps(10) ............................................ begin by expl.inins i little.bout the history of
o u r c o n r p a n y .hI a v ea s b o * p r e s e n t a r i o n m y h p t o p .( 1 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s. .e. .e.i t. ?
.....
RNANDo, (12)

Exercise
5Sffi[fffi
Readthefo owingmpolitedialoque a hotelrecept
between onn and a guert
Re(eptionist Guest
I Givemeyournam€. --rr- 2 lt3lessop.
lt3 lessop.
3 Spelir t-- 4 lt! !E-s-S-O-P
r Le.veyourpasipod. 6 Ol w.nr an Farlvrornrnqcall
? Of courre
thirtyuntilten. a/'>
9 lt't lrcm seven 10 Also,lmustleavearnessag€ fora colleague.
11 Doyouwaniapen? r+ 12 Thank you.

Nowrewrtethefollowinglinesfrcmihe dialoque. will hep you.

Thewordsin b.ackets

Lin€1(May/have/name
pre*")......14+.v...1...ku*...yegr...a4Ng,..ele4t9.?.............
L i l e 3 r c o - d / s p e l l / r h d t / Tpel e o s e. l. . . . . . . . . . .
Li1e5 rwould/T _d/yourpas>port)
Lr1e6 /Do/rr'nl/book me/e.rly nor^ n9)

l F e 8 f l w o n d e r / y o , / L eTl e
l w h e r ). . . . . . . . . . . . .

L e l0 lwould/l _d if l/mes5dqe/colleague)
.
 uestions1

A Yeslno questions and answers

a Questlonswththe dnswefyesor no areformedwth an aux aryvelb + sLrbject + mainverb.
Theauxiliarycdn be do, be hayeof a modalverbllke can,will, wauld Shortanswersrepeatthe

Present
simple A: Do yau speakFrencha B: yes,I do./No, I don,t.
Present
continuous A: Arcyau staying at the Metropole? B Yes,tam./No, I'n not.
Pastsimple A: Did you .he& all the invaices2 B: Y6, I did /Na, I didnl
Pastconlinuols A: Wereyou living in Romeat the tlnet B: Ye| twat./Na, twasn't
Pan pe.fedr A: Had you alreadyleft when I phoned? B: Yes,I had./Na, I hadn't.
pedect
Present A: Have you seenmy new PalnPilot? B: Yes,I have./No, I haven't.
Wlll A: Wi yau be back befote lun(h? B: yes,I witt /No, I won,t.
Can A: Can you spe.k F.ench? B: Yes,I can tNa, I .an't.
Haft\ik\ duJlkrtidr bectttishtt rN tlr $t etpl. tl tkns? Do youd..eptyalk n o ydt
l.tBA t olrdfi pirh,tt ary ttork.V.tic.t(? Cat yot Sit. rlt'litdr(. ort dtluittdt th. h6t uutt
ol flni'r lh.ld$hip!? (tsusinessweek rvebsue)
. Thema n verbbe comesbelorcthe lubjectin a qlest on
ls it time for the meeting? Arc you rcadya

B Question word questions

a Quenionwordsare:what,when,whete,which,who, whose,why andhaw
'|fu
kt),t. tk'dKtuu h th,lnrn. eill ht ta Oi( dod,ar l).!tu,,ith th. qBtirt'Whdt
do I na ?'drd ktr'How do I p.tsrddelt.!".^hit.
],Ntlt? Ou l\h |ith ttu qAtnu'tt/hat do
thq,pant?'rrd thot 'Hotu&n thi\ beuatu h).fui'na.n a\Mnu larya!? - t.nr D nku
(lDdusrrvweek stbsirc)
a Afterthequenionwod we usethesamesirucrure
asa yeslnoquenion:
auxilafyveft +
suDtecl4manvero
Presents rnpe Whendo you usuallyleave wo*?
Presentcontnuous whi.h prcjedsarcyauwo*ing on at thenanent?
Pastsimpe whosecatdid youhottow?
Pasrconnnuous Wherewercyoulivingat thetime?
P.stperle.t How nu.h rcsearchhad you done befaretheprcducttaunch?
Prelentperiect Why have yau decidedta cut ba.k on tnvestnentthisyeat?
Whenwi yau be ba*?
Can Whatlanguaget.anyau speak?

c Questionphrases
a We oft€n Lrsewhat.fd '?h,.h wth a noun:
What time arc you aftiving?
What areas do we need ta cover in the neetinq?
Whdt settorrlaakptuflti\itlrdt tlti' ti'ft? I hat impliutiots u,otttjtherebeif the priceoJoit
.a.l.hua to ri.? (Businesweek website)
 '15
QUESTIONsl 67

Whtlr is rnoreusualwith peopleand organisations,

and when thereis a imitednumberof
possibleanswe6:
Which .ustoner seryice rcWsentative wereyou speakingto?
which couier seNice did we use last ti.r'e?
which way is it?

a we can usev"hich ot ot Mich one:

Whi.h ot the Woposals dtd you accept?
Whi.h one did you accept?
We cannotusewrafin this wdy
a We can mak€ phraseswilh haw: how many,haw nuch, how old, how fa, how often,
how long, how fast.
How often do you travel abroad an business?
How long will the meeting last?
Hop itnportant dft thc tttnicipdl clcctions?IIou nr.h $11the Bn;i1iot rarant gtotr ext ydt
ond h1il,dt ote6? (LatinT.rde websitc)

D Question words as the subject

thequestion
O Sornetimes wordistherublectof thesent€nce:
Who did you neet in Argentina?(j,ouis lhe subj€d)
Who metyauat theateo.r? (who6 lhesubj€ct. ),ous t1eobject'
a Whena question of. questondo not usedoldoesld/d.
wordislhe subject
Whathappened? Whowork hete? (Whatand i4lhoarcthe subjects)
what did yau do? Whodo I pay? (youand/ arethe subj€ctt
a Notethatauxiliaesotherthandoldoes/dld pronoun
canbe used,butthereis no subject
thequestion
because wordisthelubject.
What has happened?(NOTWh€+;t+a€-)
what wi hawen? (NOIv/h€+.it+,ill-...)

E Negative questions
a We!9e negaUve quesuons to disagree politely.
But dofl't you think thatdfercflt etietiethaved difefttt appetiE fat so.ialcohaslo|
al so'ial
dkryrtion?Isfl't thct a liuit i| uhat o . .att ittnods.e
ion tte US ta Eutupain tem! of theneu)
eord,"r? Gconomistwebsire)
a Weuseneg.tivequestions whenwe expecttheanswer to be '.o'. InsocialEnglirh
thismakest
easierforthe otherpersonto replypoltely.
A: Do you like Japanesefood?
B: No,not really.(rheanswerseemsverystrong)
A: Don't you like iapanese
food?
B: No,not really.(theanswerseems molepolite)
I Weusenegative questions
to showsurprise.
Don't you acceptAneian Express?
6a t5 QUEST|ONS.t

15 Practice

ExerciseI [$!
Undedin€theconectwods.
1 Spokeyou/Di!!&!J_5,4"kwith Latayenerday?
2 Whatdid lata say/saidwhenyouspoketo her7
3 Ar DoyoulikeScotch whisky?
B: Yes,l like.lYes,l do-
4 Ho\\ wo*s thisnachine?ldoesthisnachinework?
5 Who setup l\,4icrosofttdid setup Mkrosoft?
6 Whensetup Micr6oftldid Microsoftsetup7
7 Who ditl telephonenelte/ephoredme thismorning?
8 Whotou Elephonedldidyou re/ephone this morning?

Exercise 2 [
b(pandtheAndyouTquestiontro makefuttyer/noquestions.
I ve seenthe newstoday.And you? 'HAye..le!.a...le.s^'the_. AcIr.{ ,te,dAy?
2 | workfiom home.Andyou?
3 lcan lndeBrandGerman. Andyou?
4 l'vea readyhadlunch.Andyou?
5 I be backin timefor lunch.Andyou?
6 l'm enjoyingrheconference.Andyou?
7 | ag€edwith her AndyouT
8 l'veneverspoken Andyou?
to Pierre.

Exercise3 E
Expand questions
the,Androu2 fullquenion
to make wodquestions.
1 | knowJimfromuniversity.
Andyou? .89.w......d.e....tn
.."k^ew-'Jj}.3.....
......
........
......
..............
.....

Exercise4 E
Wrte . questioffor eachansvrer.
r ............!{.irer...d.e...y.o..g..4-e!...!e..r.c!:k?
G€tto work?At about8.30usually.
z DonelI h.ven'tdoneanythingl
3 Thereport?I put it overihere.
Here?stayherebecause rhepayisgood.
5 Yesterday?lwasfee n9 .wf! .
6 Staying?'rnstayifg.t
the Ritz.
7 Reporlto? | reponto BobTaylor
I Thisbag? thinkit! Hel€n3.
 'r5 QUESTTONS
1 69

Exercise5 ffS
Rearrangethewordsin eachgroupfromthe listto makequestions.
Thenmatchthemto theanswers
below
to makea complete
dialogue.
y€!-bs4p,esehe.e-afe-€*youdid do that wh.t before ale for how younaying ong
lke whats it beenhow havelong thereyou workinq arive did whenyo! yo! what do do
to is f rsi this Lyonyourvisitstayingyou wher€are involvetravel n9 job doesmuchyour

1 A: Are ye$ herg .e^-...,b*tiMt;,?...............

6 A
B: Yes,I'n hereon a salesrrip. B: No,I ve been here once benrre

B; I work for a urdl biotech company- B: A couple ofdils aso.

B: About four yea6, I suppose. B: Unnl Friday.then I go back to tle UK.

B: I was in pharmeceulicals. B: At the Hoiiday Inn.

5 A :
B: Yes,guhe i lot. I orvel all over Europe, B: It's vcry confortable acturlly rnd the
but especialyin France. restaunntis good.

Exercise6f,fif
@24 Completethe daloguewith qleston wordsand quenionphrases
frcm the list below

\^,baf*jFd-€+ how often how far how long how many how mLrch
what (x2) wh ch (x2) whose

So,tell me about your newjou. (r) .......W..h6J...Kind...ef ......*o.L ; ir:

JoE: Itl, in siles,like my lastjob, bur it's a bigger company.
Really?(2) ...........................................
peoplervork there?
JoE I supposerheret about 60 people in our oftice.
Oh, yeah.And (3) .............
. . .................-.....
holidly can you t ke a year?
JoEi Twenry-fourdaysa ye.r plus public holidays.
oh, rtDrt much bene. rh.n )our lar job. And (a) ..........................................
is it frcm your home?
JoE We[, ir's reellynor rhar f,r and I dont hrve ro carchthe irrin to work every morning,which
is gieat.
Oh.lucky you. So,(5) .......-.......-............................
doesit rakeyou to get to work in the
'norning now?
loE Abour 20 minuresby c.r
Wow.lr soun& perfect.(6) .........................-....-..-......-... time do you startwork in the morDings?
JoE About nine. But sometimes I have ro go on salesrips tt the weeken.ls a well.
O h ? ( 7 ) . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . . .. . . . . . . .i.d. .e aw r t h a t ?
JoE, I dont knoq ir's Just somefiing yoo have to do.
And (8) ....-.......-....-..-.-............-.......-
do )ou haveto do it?
JoE: About once a motrth I thinl.They'.e going to give me a company caJ.
Realyl (9) ............................................
model are rhey going to give you?
JoE: A Go]f,I rbink and I cd choosedE colour
oh, and (10) ............................................
coloursde there?
JoEi well,I can choose berween black ud d*k biue.
only rwo! So, (11) ............................................
one do you prellr?
Joli well, ddk blue soundsberrei rhan b]ack-
 uestions2

A Question tags: form

e A quenon tag is a shortph.aseat th€ end of a natementthat turns t lnto. quenion.lt invites
the otherpersofto repy.
a Questontagsar€tormedusingaux iaries(do, be haveor a moda). An aff mative staternent
usuallyhasa negaivet.9, 3nd vice-ve6.
You speak French,don't you? You don't speak French,do you?
You went ta the conference didn\ you? Youdidn't go to the canference,did you?
You can meet him tononow, .ant youa You can't ,'eet hin tanonow can you?
He5 here,isnt he? He isn't hete, it he?

B Questiontags: use
. Hereare five possb e usesot quenioniags presentedn a dialogue:
A: You havent got the salesfiguresyet, h.ve you? k€questfor nfom.ton)
B: Theydon\ haveto be readytillftiday,do they? (confirmalon)
A: You'rc not going to leaveit until the last minute again, are youT lattack)
B: Well, I haven't had any tine, have l? (defence)
A: 5a it wasn't yo! gatng hame eatlyyestetday,was it2 Ga(asm)
a lf we usea negalivenal€mentwilh an affirrnalvetag, we often erpectihe answerto be no.
A: l'n going to needan interpreter
B: Af couEe. Yau don't speakFrcnch,do you?
Thisform car be morcpo te becauseit ir easierfor the olher personto repy no
A: Yaudont speakfrcnch, doyou?
B: No, soffy, I don't
a A negativenaternentwith an afiirmativetag can alsobe us€dto .sk peope for thingsin a

Yau couldn't give ne a hand, .ould you?

Yau haven't got any change lot the pa*ing metet, have you?

c Question tags: other points

a lf the m.in velb in the ltatem€nl s nave,you makea t.g with do.
Youhad a neetlng this noning, didn't you?
Whenhave!sthe auxiliarythe tag is with haye(asnorma):
You've just been.taAustria, haven't you?

a lhe r.g with I n/l an )saren't.

I'm a faal, arcnz l?

a Thetag wth tet3 s dral/.Thisis a sugqeston.

Let's brcak fot @ffee naw, shall we?

C Atter an mperativewe can $e will you?at wan t you?

Havea seat,wi you?
Giveme a call latet, won't you?
lt the imperative5 a requestwe can usec., you? ot 6uld you?
Hold the lift fot ne, can you?
Passne that file, .ould you?
 16 (luEsnols 2 7l

D Replyquestions
a we canLrse a shortquestion to replyto whatsom€onesays.we do thisto showinteren,
surpseor uncertainty. Themeanings likeRea/r7or /5thatrrue?
a: I went ta HeadOfficelan week.
BrDtdyouT (interest)
a: I .an't installthe newsofthzre.
B:can'tyou? (sumrise)
A: I thinkthey'reatwing at ten.
B:A/e they2 (uncerta no
a Thercplyquestion vetblikein a questjon
usesan auxLiary tag,butthereis no change
of
to
dffnrnauve negative

E Indirect questions
a Wecanbe morcpoliteor lentdtive bybeginning a qLrenion witha phtase likeDoyo, know
Doyau thinklfue|,Dayou nind tellingne, Couldyau tell ne, CouldI askyou, l'd liketa knaw
t waswonoennq
Do fosJeel tit ns! in i"tcf.st k o f.rtt oJinjcatedrc.ditinr? Cat p" gi'e neYak\ prcfLle
lal
theCl6sof'99 (icn'inority, ion-Us,Jusdlc)? Abo,ya, Mtioftd thatloLe hdsb(n 'otkilqhd
to xqnghe lt ittctuiNpo!tunt.Couldyol tellm. a bit moredhoxtuhat thesthool k doin!
o, //rdrfio{r? (Businessweek wcbsitc)
a Thewordoder of an indir€ct question
isllkea normalsiatement.
diecl: Couldyou .all ne a taxi? Doyou thinkyou could callne a taxi?
lrd lec1-:
diecl: Howold arc you? ^dned CouldI askyau hot\/oldyou ate?
o wher€thereis no question
wordor modalverbwe $e if ar whether
dke.r DoesJanestillwo* herc? indned Doyou knowif iane stillwork herc7

F Prepositions in questions
lollowingthe man verb,andth s i5
comesin thesamepaceasin a statement,
a Theprepositlon
ollenat theend.
Whoarcyou waitingfor?
Whatareyou lookingat?
Whetedo yau cone tuom?
Whatwetetheytalkingabout in themeeting?

G what is it for and what was it like

a we usewhat... for? io askabouta purpose.The meaningis'why'.
what is this switch fat? {= Why s this switch hele?)
'how'.
a We usewi,af ... ,1e?to ask it somethingis qood or bad.Ihe meanng s
what was the confercncelike? (= How was the conieren.e?)
72 t6 QUE5T|O|{S2

16 Practice

Exercise1 E t
Add a qlestiontag to eachsentence.
1 Wetenearlythere.
Arsa:t..we?
2 Youknowthe Brazilian ma*et..........-.-......?
3 Youw€ntto Brazllin March,..................?
4 Youhaven't beento B€zll.................l
5 He'sneverbeento Srazil, ..................
?
6 Youwon'tbelate,..................
?
7 Harryisn'lgoingto retire,......--..............-..
?
8 Wehada goodmeallast night,....--...................
?
9 Im late,.........................
? Sorry
10 Letbmeetagain soon,....-.....--.............
?

Exercise2 I
Makea question
witha questiontag.
1 Aska colleague to be 'no'.
if hesentthefax.Youexpecttheanswer
you.....d!C-r\.:t..r.-?^C..tig-..t4r,,..CiC...yqf.?.............
2 aska colleague
if he sentthefax.Youe)(pect to be ,y€s,.
theanswer
YOU...........,,..,,,,................. . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . .?. . . .
3 Aska stranger youtenotsurehisnameis Mr peters.
at theairportif hisnameis I/r Peters.
YOUin4me.......................... ...........,,,,,..:..........
?
4 Yourccognis€someone. Youaresurehisnameis Mr Pete6.
Yourname..................,,,.... ,,,..............
.......,,,
?
5 Youg-essrrat Brotechavecan(elled ther orde
Eiotec..........................--.. ..............................
?
6 Yo! areverysu@rised thatEiotechave(ancelled thekorder.

Exercise3 E
Underline
thecorrcctwords.
'I Couidyoutell mewhat yout
a/e terns of paynentlwllclnjgLpAl@gLarE?
2 Do you knowwhee th€ na*eting seminatistis thenarketingseminar?
3 ld keto knowhow canwelr€ canfinancethis proje.t-
4 CouldI askyouwhy]€u leltldid you leareyoLJtasriob?
s Doyouthink could/// coulduseyourfax machine?

Exercise4 [ I
Rearangethewodsto makequenions.
1 io wherc.re goingyou \tu,zre are aoi*a lo2-
"an
2 f'or who didgeryoutheinlormanon
.......
3 ln whichfundsdo investyou
4 likewhattheweaiherwasin Sweden
 2 73
t6 QUESTTOI{S

Exercise
5 SS$
queniontaqs.
competettreseaialogueswith
@Zs
A JoHN, Hi, Martha,rvere due to meet next week (1) .......^fg$:..!P-........ ?wen,l'vejust
remembered that l'm on holiday then. Can you mk€ another time?
Yes,when are you free?
JoHN: Um,leCs meet a foitnigh! on Tusday, (2) ............
. .. . .. . .. . .. .... ?
Let me look in my diary. Yes,rharl 6ne - a fortnight on Tuesday.

B DAN, LDn wi]l be lrrivins at the omc ar two, (3) ......................

. . . . .. .. ?
No, at thtee
Oh. right.wel, he! been herc before,so he shotld know how to find the otrLce,
( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?. . . . . . . . . . . .
But th.t {tl beforewe moved bundirys, (5) ..-................................... ?
oh, yeah. I'll etuil him with directions to get here. then.

C srer, There desigrBneed to go to Norton Snnthit ofiice in Cuildford today They ve got a
fu nachine there,(6) ............................-....
. ?
Yes,but it's not working. I'll sendthe document to then by first cla$ !ost.
I t A b e q u i c k e ri f y o u s e n ti t b y c o u i e r , ( 7 ) - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . ... ?
Oh,yes.I'll sort that out nov.

D uRIDcEr This guote for the partsis much cheaperthan the other one we had,
(8) ',
""
Yes,'ruch. It! very stnnge.Theyhavent lbrgotten to include deliverycosts,
(e)..................................
?
No. everythingi' includedrn t})e prre.
R e a l l y ?I t a I l o o k r o o g o o dt o b e r u e , ( 1 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?. . . . . . . . . .
Um, yes,wel,lett give rhem a rry !nlv.y.

Exercise
6I
Choos€ th€mostlikelyreplyin eachsituation. Puta tick(/).
I lf go to ltaly,l'm goingto haveprcblems withthelanguage.
a) Of coLrrse.Youspeakltalian,dont you? n
b) Of course. Youdon'tspeakltalian,do you? E
2 In rhemaering yousaidtharourcompetto'shaoa o€n€rp od-cl tr'.' ur
a) WhatlI saldthat,didn'tl? Ll
b) Whatlld dn t sayrhat.did1? n
3 haven't seenAnnfor Eqes. lthinkshe3working abroad.
a) Yes,thatt right.She3gota tobIn 5parn, hasn'ishe? n
b) Yes,thatt ight. Shehasn'tgot a iob in spain,hasshe?n
4 Ihe d€adline lor the pfojectis Fridayandthere3stillsornuchworkto do.
a) tS not lookinqqood.Werc goingto makethedeadline, aren'tweZ n
b) Lt3not lookinggood.we'renot gongto makethedeadline, arewe? n
5 Doyoumindjf I helpmysell to somemorecous(ous?
a) No,of cou6enot.YoulikeMoroccan iood,don'tyou7 D
b) No.of coLr6e not.Youdont likeMoroccan food,do you? n
6 We haveto be at theaiQortat nine.
a) Youwil be late.wontvou? n
b) vouwon'tbe late,willvou? n
 onditionals 1

A Conditions and results

a Compdrethesesentences.lhe1f...'cl.lse is the condiiion,and the otherp.rt of the senrence

1 f salesir.rease (gen€rally),we 'rake nare prcfit.

2 /fiales tncreas€ (next quanet), we' nake norc prcfit
3 /fsal€s increas€d (next q€net), we'd make norc profit
4 /f sal€sinffeased (last qu aftet), the Dire.rot should be happier
5 tf saleshad indeased llast quarter), t e DiTe!.torwoutd have been happtet.
it seftenceI ir aboutsomelhingthat s alwaystrue SeesecrionB beow
S e n t e n c2e s a b o u ts o r n e t h i nt h
g a ti s r e a s o n a bl il ky € l y t oh a p p e nn r h e l u r u r e . S e e s e c t o n C .
sentence3 s aboLrtromething that is imagin.ryor Lrnlik€ly n rhe future 5€esecton D.
a 4 and 5 are aboui the pasr Seeunii 18.
Senrences
a With a ltypes of conditionakthe /fc ausecan comesecond.
we' nake nore prcfit il salesin.rcate
We'd make nare prcht if salesin(eased.

I tf we setl .,, (always true)

a when we want to talk aboul th ngsthat arealwaysor generay trLre.we use
tf/When+ p-€sen\, prcsentsimpleor rnperaiive
(res!t)
In th s type ot condilionawe arc not rcfering to one specfc event
IJ tr.plc ,nd.rstand tJnt d1n!. k k(6sdry,thcy hare a" apt.tit(.l't h . V yo" do"'t gct tfu
I'.n $aplc i o r tanrydry, ),an Wdr sgcts. 0lusincs wcck uebsite)
a n the condirionclautether€can be a varielyof prcsentfom!.
When you fly businessclass,you get nuch more legrcon (presentsimpte)
ff interest:atesarc ising, bahkloans becane more etpenjlve. (presentcontinuous)
When you've finished the @u6q you get a Gnificate.
In ihe res'rltclaueethere..n be a preseftiirnpe (tasteramptes)
or an tnrperative
when yau fly businessclass,don't dink taa nuch of the tree alcahal
a Noricethat we .an usee ther tf o. ,vhenwh€rethe meaf ng is ,everyi me,

C ff we sell ... (likely future)

' r ..:. L. a Whenwe wanrio talkaboutfutureevenisrharw I happen,
" or areItkeyto happen,
we use:
/l+ present, tltlre or mperatrve
(condron) (resut)
{ tle .o,1ptu'ne dedlfails, tuhok ot8 !'har l,l'ilt hap?eflat Eq,itabteLifa? (.leleg^ph
weDnrel

a ln ihe conditionclauseiherecan be a varietyol pr€sentfoms.

lf yau incrcase your orde, vrEll give yau a bigget dis.ounr (presenrs mp e)
lf yau'rc meeting her at thrce,I ll jointau taterat abourfour (prererrconrn!ou,
ff I've made any mistakes,I llcone.l then tater (presentpedect)
 'r7 coI{DtTtoNAls 1 75

(lastexampes).
Inthercsultclause7is common Wecana souseotherfutureformsor an

lf yau increase
yaur otdet yau'rc going to get a biggerdiscount.
t he doesn'tgEt thejob, he'll have done a lot af wotk fot nothing.
lf anyone fron Head affKe calls,say I'n in a meeting.

a Theexamplesaboveare abouttlvo actionsin the future.lf ihe resut cl.lse refersto lh€
presentwe us€a presenttense.
lf anyonecall, I'm in a neeting aI norning.
lf you needne, I'n wo*ing in the raon at the end of the cotidat

D lf we sold ... (imaginaryfuture)

i h s 5 o r t e r . a e o 'ae . o n d . o r d 1 o r a W h e nw e w a n tt o t a l ka b o u tf u t ur ee v e n t tsh a ta r ei m a gn a r yun l i k e loy r mp o s s i b l w
e ,e u s e :
f+ pastsimpleor conlinuous, vnuld/couldtnight + infinirve
(condition) (rcsuh)
'ortsoutt If oe dd alLoJnis st"f ouseLfts,
wewo"ld hot'eto hd't dt
s n hc orly sohnion.
I.dn 1,000p.apl.uql]3ins
hcre,'
cstinnxsAtddi. (BusincsWcekwebsite)
a h thecondition we canusea pasts mpl€or pastcontinuous.
clause
lf tau wanEd a quantirydiscount,yau'd haveto ordetat least1,000units
ff tou werc sti speakingaftet an hout, theaudiencewouldprcbablybe borcd.
a Notethepastform n thecondtonclause,
butrhefuturetirneref€renc€

E Unless
a Unle55
means
thesameas/f... not
by tl'c bclicltltut nless Polandjoiksth( E,bpeahUnior, thit&s
Polithrttittdcs at dok'inatcd
eano,lylet uo6c. (Lc MondeDiplonDriquclvebsuc)
Compare thesesentenceswhrchhavelhesamemeaning:
lf he doesn'tanivesoon,he'll niss the stattaf the ptesentatian.
Unlesshe anivessoon,he ll n'ks the staftof the presentation.

F Other modals
seeunit13 a Themodalslsed in this unit are mainlywll/ and would.We can Lrsea othermodas like can,
cou/d musr etc,wilh lheir normalmeanings.

'On va',t tbansb.

&z! anat n iflk UME
76 l7 COtVDtTtONAtS.I

17 Practice

Exercise
l HUEE
Underline thecorecrwods.
1 )l wgk/we wouldbe tate.thevtt start/theyd naft withourus.
2 lI we will Ekeltake a raxi.we'I aftivetweanrc soonet_
3 f we workedleloutdwork to( ADC.we'ltgetlt\e d ger a bettersatary
4 Wheninflation wlgolgoes up.ihercwooldbel6usually prcssure
on sataies.
5 tf we don t hurryl$/on,thurry,we woutdbelwe'ttbe tare
6 lf yauchangelarcchangjngyov mind.gire ne/you will givene a mg.
1 Unless yauclkk/woutd.ti.kon thaticon,/tditntrtvlon,tprint out.
a ff yauardetedI otderon rheNel we atwayswir serdljerd an emaitconfimation.
9 ll I lend/ wi| lendyou rhir book,whendo you rerur,/ wil,ou returniI?
l0 lf youheardlhearanythingin ihe nextfew days,/et me/teftingne knaw.

Exe.cise2 E E
Readthesesentences anddecideif theevents aretikety or imaginary Compete thes€ntencesby puttingthe
verbsrnbrackets intothe prerentsimpre+ q4ilor the pan simpre+ vv'uld.usecontracted formswherepossrbre,
I lts notfar.tf you.........f.o.1Jp.y......
.. (fo ow)thisroad,you.......11!..Serg...... (comeltothest:ion.
2ll|...........WAt-...........lbe)onrheBoadotthis(ompany,t......'..d...4!."44e.....largue
mercet
: lf you.......................
.....(hav€)
anyquesrions, | .............................
(dea ) withihemartheendor my

4 lf thecol]llcil _...(ban)
........................ a caBfromthecitycentre,
there.............................
(fot be)so

5 At I haveno ideawhattheoth€rsidea€ goingto propose in the negotiation tomofrow

Bi Neithef (know),
do t.tf | ............................. | .............................
(te) you.
6 A: Mytrainleaves in fortyminutes.
B: lt onlytakestenminutes to rhenaionbytaxi.tf you.............................
(teave)nowyou
.......... (catch)
.................. it.
7 A: lsthatthetime?| reallyshoujdbe going.
B: lfyou.............................
(wait)a momenr, t.............................
(give)you a tift.
8 A: Wouldyouliketo qo to Engtish evening ctasses with.ne?
B: l'msorrybuttcan,t.t,mreay busy. tf | .............................
(have) mo.€time,L................
(love)to.

Exercise3ffifrlS
Completeihe sentences
with the orrect pan of possibje forms,a) of b).
1 lf the banklendsus the money,...4... it in oew mdcnrnery
a) we ll invenlwere going to invest bJ we'd invest/we wete investing
Z When .........a tot of orders,we atwaysemptoyexirastaffin the factory
a) we'I gettwE got b) we getlwe ve gat
3 lf ........ this projectagain,lthink t'd do it differenrty.
a') | was statting/t started b) II stad/rve statted
4 fthe computer€rashes, .........someonefrom rhe IT departmenr.
a) Wu'd.al/you ate calinS b).a\|/tou I have to catl
 17 CONDlrlONAlSl 77

Exercise4lEEgEl
@ru Paula,a marketingmanagerof. .ar manuf.cturingcompany,ista k ng to her coll€aqueLuis,a production
managerCompetetheir conve6ationwith the wods from the list b€low

will(x2) won'r (x2) would (x2) wo'rldnl unless(x2) be is isgoingtobe don't ddn't

PAULA Lu;. Arent )ou worned aboDt the proposed srrike?

LU,s, WeI, sure...
ura You see,ifthe factory workes go on strile, we 1r1..............i.!!.............
t"'. ' loi ofprcducrron.If
we loseprcduction,we (2) ...............................
be,ble ro $pply all our customers.
Y e s . Ik n o \ b u t . . .
p uA And iflve (3) ...............................
supplyour customen.they'll probablybuy other makesofcr
Ifthat happens,our nrket share(a) ...............................
go down.ltl not lookitrg good.
we[, that'srjght. but ...
pruu And whatt more,jn niy experience,when workersgo on strike there (5) ...............................
a
brd ronospherefor norths afteruatds.

huLA So, (6) .............-.................

you can come to an ag.eemenrwith the workerr soon,there
(7) ............................
a lot oftrouble ahead.llyou wanr my advice,(8) .........................
rry caelirl.
Look, dont vorry
hula Dont 1vorry?
Yes.Look, dre workersk.ow that the success ofthc companydependson this new modc-.
( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .e. y. .'.e. s. .r u p i dt,h e y ( 1 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s. .o. .o. n
. . .s.t.r i k e .
r lLA Oh?
No\nJust imagine- ifit sold reallywcl, lve (11) ...............................
increaseotrr rnarketshan
needto nuke so tuanyjob cuus.
and our profiK. Ifth.t happened,we (12) ...............................
A n d i f w e ( 1 3 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .h. ...v. e
. .r.o. . c. u r j o b s r, h e t a d e u n i o n s( 1 a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. .e. . . . . . .
Druchhappier
p uLA \ve[,I supposeyou've got a point.

Ex€rcisesHglH
Youae talkingto a iiiendaboutyournewjob.Useyor.rthoughts
to complete
thesentences yousay.Putthe
lrto eitherthepresent
velb n brackets pastsimpl€,
simple, mperatve,w7+ infnitiveor would+ infintve.
You think: Peopleiay thaf hardwork usualyrcsul5in prcnotion ih thiscampany.
Yousay:(1)Th€ysaythatif you..!9fK.. (work)had,you.49!. (qe0promotea
You think: / wantto showthen that |'n good at rnyjob n that I canhavenorc job se.uitl.
Yousay:(2)| hopethatif | . (do)mybesi,they............................
(give)mea permanent
contractafte.a fewmonrhs.'
You think: /'yebee, /atern the norning a few tines. lwish lcould workat the Leiriasitev/hichis nearcr

Yousay:(3)l'm sometimes
latefor wo.k.lf | ............................
{work)at the te r a ste,it

Youthinl|j Onethingwori6 l.-le.I hada healkptoblena fe ,ea. ago,but irc veryunlkelythatit willreoccur
Yousay:(4)lwonderwhat .. ...................(happen)fmyhea1thprob1em....................
You think: Maybe/t3 not a problem.ln generalthey seenta be veryrcasanable abaut illness.
Yousay:(s)Acrually, (mis,oneor hro daysbecause
if you...........-.............. of illness,they
(notseem)
............................ to mind.
You think Goodby-.. / hopet seeyou soon.
Yousay:(6)lfyou............................
(fancy) just...............
a drlnko.e evening, (give)me
........ a ring.
 onditionals 2

A ff we sold ... (possible past)

a Wh€nwewdnito tatkaboutpan events whichpossibty
happened, we lse /l+ pan strnple
tn
thecondirionctause,
andanytenseor mod:Jin rheresuttctause
ff you went b theneetingyesterdayyou probabtyheard thenews.
tf you missedthe M pragranmetastnight you canbonow therccordingt nade.

B tf we had sold ... (imaginary past)

th , ! l'pn .a .Lr; rh d ..ndr o j
a when we wanr ro tarkabout pasteventsthat are diff€rentro whdt realy happened,
we use:
/f+ pan perfecr, would + haye+ pan pafticiote
(condition)
IJ Clr di a,d Cop hdt 'uon thectc.tioi,theyaocti! haoeprcnote.t
ie hddcqqnetkfiL\wnh
otho nrtion! in the sd,t vd),dr a,,/.. (yahoo Busnress
Nevs website)
TheF,soflena suggenron ot crli.isn or regrer
lf theecotlomicsituationhad been befter,we woutdn,t have lostsa nany custa',es.
a A conlracled ? in speechcaf be/radin thecondttonor w?u/din the.er!tt.
lf t'd done an MBA,t'd have h.d note oppottunities
a The€xamples abovea€ abouitlvoacttons in rhepasr.frhe reruttcauserefers
to rhepresenr
we usewould+ infinilive.
ff I had done an MBA,I woutd be on a highetsatarynow

C Conditionals without if
a Welse lltor somerhing thatmighthappen in thefulur€,or somerhing
maginary
We use
whe, tof something thatwe knowwil happen.
lllcallyouif t geta chanca(t,rnnotsureif I wi phoneyou)
l llcal youwhenI affive. (twilldefinttetyphoneyou)
Wecanuseeithertor evhen wherethemeaning is ,every
t me,.
If/When anyoneringsny nobile, I get a photogaphof the pe6anan the scrcen.
a In intormat
lpeechwe sometimesuseInaqlneor juppostng in ptaceof li
tmagine/Supposingyou had a mi ion do ars,how woutd Wu investit?
a we canuseproyldedrhat,praviding,an conditon that astongas andsa tonga5for empnaes.
Themeaning is,il.fd ontyif,.
As tongar tte s.,au te.lnrotosy,
b"s tant,ril bntin,eto hei deuo.t. (SlndayTines
Nebsire)
a Wec.n useln .aseto tatkaboutdoingsomething ro avoida possb e probtem
tarerTheresutt
ctaLrse
usuay.omesfirstandoftenusesgolrq ro.
1n gotngta qiveyou ny nobite nunbet in caseyou needto canta.tme
seeunit17 a we useunle$to meaffnoa
 1a coNDIflO ALS 2 79

D wish
o W€ use/ w;h to exprcssregrctor dissatisfac(ion.
a Forthe pesentandfuture,use/ w,shfollow€dbythe pastsimpleor contnuous
I wish we didn't haveso nany neetings.
I wish I wasn't working nextv/eekend.
a Forthepasl use/ w6h followedbythe pdstpertect
I wish we had advedisedon teleisian-
I wish I hadn't eaten the oYsters
a i thewishisa goodone,use/ hop€tollowedbythe present
s mp€or wil/
I hoPeyou Prcsentatiangoes well
I hope the neryPrwiI be a success
a lf lhewsh isaboutdoingtomething thatisdifilcuhor impossbe, lrse/ wsh /.ould
I wish I could contad him,but he hasn\ got a nobile phone
a We.an replace / wrh with/f ont for €mphas ort in speech
s.W€stress
lf only I hadn't eatenthe oYste6.
lf onlY I .ould <ontadhin

E Modal verbs in conditionals

seeunnsr r r4 a Theexamples in unit17 wercwith tafl.Butothermodalvetbt kecan,could,nay,night,nust
andshouldarecommon in conditional andhavetheirnormameanngs.
sentences
If fot d.al oith t]t! Mi.ldleEdttlou mnst bed'dilableta youttttsto ett an Sdttrddvtdttd
s',,/q6 (overseas Tnde m.grzine)
IJ th! ctto veft Mdk i" thc lo,E tcnk,.ohrya,i4 f,ight 'Lau do.tat tcit tltitc to iluclte
pradtui'itf dr.l lo,oniots,night pu ttc btakeoi thenltnttrral rcJonnt(Le Monde
diplomariquewebs'te)
Co"tpaq CEo Mnhocl Cdpell.tsQnnE cd on th. rceflt decLine aJ.\ot.a .fnD, 'hkh uav sa
ara 'Ifra't dott't har. d towd lrutinettplan'lou
potnlat a, theU.S.sto.h'hd*et r.fat
"to!'tht
.annot s'e.eetr.'(lnrerMrional HeraldTribune website)

a We often usepresentfotmslke Mand ca, with likelyfutlres, and pan lorms ke would( d)
and couldwnh TagrndryIulur's
]f yau sign nov/, we'll/can delivet by Fiday. (likelyfuture)
ff yau signed now we'd/could delver by ftiday. (imaginaryfLrture)

a becalsemodalskeepthek norma
But it is a so commonto find mixedtenses€quences
meanings:
If Hrngaiai Ianrds r'pond to .omPetitio,bl itryto'iflr pnd$tieiry dnn b.o!flins ,lbr ennie"l
at ndthctifls, hey .otlil ha'e .t birzet ttture oJ theu1*ct. (BusinessCenlnl Europe website)
with a prcsentfom (respond)we might exp€cl can Howevercould k used here wirh is
normalmeaninqof uncertainty(candoesnot exprcssunc€rtainty)

F fi I were you, -.
a w€ canuse/t/ evere in placeof f/ warln im.ginary
futLrres, y whenwe giveadvice
parlicular
wlth the pftate lf I wereyou.
ff | werc you, l'd wait until tonurcl /.
l'd be nore carctul,ff I were You.
a0 ta coNDtnoNALs2

18 Practice

Exercise't EEffi
Underlinetheconectwords.Thisexercise
includesrevision
ot imaginary
futures.
1 tt yauphonetllhadphonedne yesletday,t hadtoldl@lLfuE_ildyou.
2 lt you tooklwouki haveta*enmoreexercise,
youmtghtfeellhadfelt better
3Ilimwauldhavelistenedlradlineredmorecarefutty,hewouldnthavenade/didntnakelhat

4llwedfaundlvvefoundsuitablepremises.'ve?hayemoved/wehadmovedeatiet.
5 lf peoplekeptlhadkepttheirofficesmorctidy,it m/?hipre5ertlpr€jent€da betterimageto our visirors.
6lfl'dknownltwouldknowabourtheirfinancialprobtems,Iwoutdntdolwouldnthayedon

7lfoutsidehadbeen/wasbetterprepared,wesucceeded/coutdhavesucceededtrlthenegotia
8 | weuldntl won't wotryif I am/ weteyou.

Exercise2 !
Complete
thesentenceswith
thewordslromthelistbetowEachwordis usedtwic€.
when aslongas in case unless

1 l'll speakto youagain....._.Jif!!9.n......

l'velookedat thecontEctin detait.
2 Leave yourfeturnflightopen.......................
rhenegotiations rakean extraday.
3 Wecanstarttheprojectnextweek....................... everyoneagrees.
4 Wecanstartthe prcjectnextweek.......................
anyone dilrgrees.
5 TheBoard willbehappy.......................
ourshare priceremains high.
6 Keep your.eceipt youneedto return
....................... rhegoods.
7 Thenewstockwillarrive,,,,.,,,,,.............
theCh stmassales arefinlshed.
8 We'llprobably makea lossthisyear.......................
ralesimprcve tf the lastquan€r

Exercise3 E
Undeiinethecofiectwords.
1 | wishI ha9lL3tklllk/didnt d/,inkso manywhiskiestastnight.
2 Theres solittlespacein here.I wisht ha!€/hada biggeroffice.
3 | don't feelweJl.I wishI could*aylwill nay in bedthismofiing.
4 | hapeyauenjoyedlenjoy yourselves at the theatretonighi.
5 l'veb€enwaitingthirtyminures for the bus.t wishI took/ hadtakena iaxi.
5 | mun getin touchwith Sue.lf onlylknolknew nernumberl
7 I'm not a goodtypisi.I wish| rculd tpetwoutd type betlet.
A I wish)im didn't intenuptldoesr't/hterrupr50often in meetings.
9 | haveto finishthis€portbytomo.ow tf ontytuvoutd havelhad-r]o?time.
10 Enjoyyourholiday.I hopeyouhavelcouldha€ a goodtime.
1l Thatpresentation wasa disasterll wishl coulddolevoulddo ii a agajnl
12 l'rndisappointed Wth thiscamera. IwishId,?n'abtylhadn t boughtt.
 18 COlrlDlTlONArs 2 8l

Exercise4Sffipl
@,, a negotiaiionthatwent wrong. Completethe dialoguewith wordsfrom
Patrckand Jurqenarc discussing
the list b€low

1+ ds lonqas n case unless(x2) ll 'd (x2) .an would hav€ 'd hdve woLrdn't h.ve

pr!N( J u r g e n(, 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ . . . . . . .y. .o. u. v e g o r a m o n e n t , ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I. .h. .a. v. ea w o r d w i t h

J@GEN, Sure.(3) ...........................

ir doesnt take too long, I've got a meetingin five minutes.ls it
about that contracr that we lost?
p,trnrcr Yes.Whatwent Imng? Do you think we (4) ........................... got the dealif ve
( s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. .t.r.e. .r e da b e f t e .p . i c e ?M a y b ew e ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l.o. .s. r.t.h e

.r -N N o . l d o n i t h i n t t h e p r c b l e n ru o t h e p r i c e .
pArRrcK No?Well,ws it a poblern with the deliverytime? lr we O) ............. . . givm a
shorrerdeiiverytime. (8) . ...................
been nore succe$ful?
JURGEN,No, the deliverytine w.s OK.
p aRrc( Hn1n. th;is s$ange.Werealy should find out what vent wrons (9)
situationI'ke this happensin rhe lirrure.Youknow. (10) ...........................
we learn frcn our
wc (11) ... .. . .-....-......-....
misrakes, iose morc orders.NosrJurgen,tell ne what do yot.
think could rcaly ha1,€happe.ed?
JURcEN, Well, nothing,(12) ...........................
they didnt like out salesrep.

JURCEN,Do you know who it was?

Mr'{rcR Er, n was he.

Exercise5SStffi
A supper s thinkingabouta negotiation
in thefuturc.t\,4atch
histhoughts1-4 with hiswordsaFd).

1 We'€ likeylooffer; lowerprice a) lf we offera lowerprce,

lf we do,successi9possible. E we'llgelthecontrad.
2 We'€ likeylo offer.lowerpice b) lf we offera lowerprce,
lf we do,successi9certain. n we mrghtgetthecontfact.
3 Perhaps we'lloffera lowerpri.e. c) lf we offereda owerprce,
tf we do,successis possible. n we'dqetthecontract
4 Perh.ps we'lloffera lowefpice. d) lf w€ otfereda owerprce,
lf we do,successisceriain. t--l we mightgetthecontract.

Thesames!pplieris ihinking.bout a n€gotiationin the past.Matchhjsthoughts5-8 with hiswordseFh).

5 Weotfereda lowerp.ice e) lf w€'doffereda ow€rpric€,

That's
whywe slcceeded. n we'dhavegot thecontract
6 Weotfereda lowerprice. t lf we'dotrered a owefprice,
That'sprobably
whywesucceeded.n we mighthavegot thecontract.
7 Wed dn't offera lowerprice. g) lf we hadn'toffereda lowerpice,
That's
whyw€falled. n we'dhavelostthecontract.
8 W€didn'toff€ra lowerprice. h) lf w€ hadn'ioffereda lowerprice,
That'sprobably
whywefailed. n we mighthaveosttheconiract.
 erb + -ing or intinitive 1

A verb + -ing
a Someverbsdreiollowedby an -inq form. Someof the commonesr
verbsJo ow beowl
As nrnrfd.ttte6 .oisidet aqtornatingtun iinihnior dan ek,thef\hotld not late tilllt d tL.
{e.,itaiett of p{enal @ntact.(Indusr,vweekwebsire)
A a n1dirli1.1!e6 aE .onernc,t cownterc nill postpone hryinr 6$ ,rtil dJi! r.ttJ,r, )het
n1ea,aet 22% s.te' tdx a, atuasB erpe.tedb JA . (Busines Reiew Weekly websrte)
Vd,i det Hoeue,CEO oJ Royl Altold, rp.nds 5A pet ,e t aJhk tihc ,arellirg dd geuirg onto
th. les.lloara! Mrh 6 posible.Ash. erplans:'I a!'a|y gera goodfrl.fot thelon asI watk
nrol,d'. (Eu.obusnressNebsire)

sayf9 .nd think ng admit", considet*, deny*, descibe, inagine", mention,, suggest'
likingand dislikins dislike,enjoy,fanct (not)nind*
phraralverbs carryon, give up, keepon, put aff
phrasewilh car't can't beat,can\ help,cdn't rcsist,can t fa.e, can,t stand
other common verb! dvad, delay, finish, invalve, keep, mist postpane, practise, risk
cornrnonprrrasee tt s not watth spendlwaste ttne/ money...
Thetes no pant ttn)
Someof lhe verbsin the listcan alsobe followedby a noun.The5einctLrde: admlr,dery
inagine, suggest,dislike. enjoy, fancy, keep,nind, prcctlse
The Minister admifted taking a bibe. and The Minister adnitted his nistake.
What do you fancy doing this evening? and I fancy a nice, caid beer.
Thegroupof verbswth can?canaho b€ folowed by a noun.
I can't bear avant-gatdejaz

We Lrsemnd in queslionsand negativesentences

A Da you nind waiting a noment?

Go and comeplus-,nqform are ofrenusedfor sportsand outsde.ctvtes.

I often go skiing in the wintet
Do you want to .ome shopping wth nez

Somevebs and v€rbphrareshaveto dsa prepostion. Thesen. ode taak faMard ta, abiect
to, be usedto, get usedta, rcspordto. Prepostonsarealwaysfollowedby rhe,lrg form.
t'n looking fotward to seeing you ,ext week. (NOT{€-!ee)
After a few nonths in the UK t got used to dtiving on the ief. (NOTt€-d+ive)

B Verb + to + infinitive
a Someverbsae fo lowedby ro + nl nitive.
'PCCW has opo4 \tdkd tl1t it aisha to
becone tl| bigett braadbdndptaq ik A:id,' tdt'
RnhahlFe{'son,a tele.a aulyll nt Hon! Kang ,Ihat hEdtltit .annotdnoi b stand stilt.'
(AiaNeek s€bsite)
'And bt r,o*iry torethervith t
rufs at lBirl, Kaddhd,d to on, tue'E a.t,d r manatin! to
iaprote rhe loal tpply kse Jat an o.ft\.' ilys ldrn. Reys, heal af Hfute -pdekdtul\pnnkt
ote,atio,i (clobalBusinessMagazine$ebsire)
 '19VERB+ -t\rc OR INFI |rIVE i a3

pltsn!and decisions ain, arrange, chaasq decide*, intend, plan', preparc

€xpectations denand*, deseNe, exped*, hope', want:,t",/ish*,wauLl like
promisesand reflsak fail, guarantee,affer, prcnise*, rcfuse,thrcaten
other common verbs agrce', .an I can't affotd, lean*, manage,pretend*, seem*, tend,
ttatn, wai
a Nolethat verb+ to + i.finitiv€is alsouled in thesecases:
'infin
1 Toexplainwhy we do lomething(the tive of purpo5e')
l'n Glling to find out if you stock spare parts. (NOT i€++€Ji"d-€s+)

2 Aftef a quenionword
Gn you show ne how to get on to the lnternet on this @mputer?

3 \Nirh used to, be gioing to, be able to, be allawed ta, have to, need to and aught ta

C verb + obiect + to + infinitive

O Thefo lowingverbsarefollowedby an objecl+ to + infinitve.
advise', alow ask,.ause, encourage,exped, fahld, farce, help, invite, otder, pay, prcfe,
peEuade, renind*, teach*, tell', tQin, want, warnr
Rtsid dll ask th. Patu Club oJ ercditots to postpofle lte sir tq oJbiLatutl drftt lnts at t.
npaltnur of dtbr. (Delovoj Pete.b!.s webrre/
Li dkopelsradedJour banks,i".Lt.lrtg HSBC Holdtgs aid Bdtk oJChihd,to lend hnn
811 I'illion, o rcco l ii Ho!'r Ko'9. (Asialveek trcbsire)

D Make and let

a aftermateand/etwe usethe bareintintve wthout to.
I madethen che.k everythingvery.atefully.(NOTl-fid€-lh€tr-+€-€h€€k)
Theylet us have all thesefrcesanples.(NOTTh€F€l-*+€+eve)

E Verb + that clause

a Theve6s markedwith an an€iskr in sectionsA. B and C can ako be followedbv a that
ca!se. In everydaylpeechwe can leav€out the word lhat
I suggened speaking to Elia about n. t sugqested(that) we could speakta Elizaabaut it.
We de<idedto cancel the neeting. we decided(that) we would .ancel the rr,ee,ng.
rhey tald us (that) we should wait.

"Gentlenen,l9e ca ed thismeeting
lo discussabs6nteabm.'
a4 i9 VERB+ -lrVGOR lNFl|{lnVE'l

19 Practice

Exe.cise1 g g
!4ledi!e the corect words.
1 We canl affordto ml$/m,sehgthisopportunity.
2 Doyo,Jfancyto qolgoing for a ddnkafterwo*?
3 Areyouwaitingto uselusrngthe phone?
4 lt's not worth to spendlsperd,i?g anymoretime on this.
5 We decidedto c/osedowrlc/osingdownthe factoryin Belgium.
6 Youprcmisedto deliterlderr€fli?qby April,and it! now Ma',.
7 | cot\sidetedto calllcallinghim, but I decidedit wasbetterto write.
8 if we don't decidesoon,we riskto /oiel/os,l4gthe wholecontract.
9 sheagreedto prppar€lprqpan?lg somefiguresbeforethe nextmeetng.
I 0 l'rn sorrythereseemsto belbernga misundeBtanding here.
11 ls Mr Messier busy?OK,I dont mindto waitlwaiting for a fewminutes
12 He 'el.Lsedto signlsigningthe contractuntil he'dspokento hisboss.
13 [,4ay] suggestto postponelpostpor,l4g the meetinguntil nextweek?

Exercise2 E E
Complete
thesesentences eitherthe-,i,?9
withtheverbsfrcmthe listbelow.Choose tom or to + infinitive,
git€ write fly feceivemake recogniseadvertisehelp think speak

I Theyageed........1S..r!\4....-.. usthirtymo€ daysto paytheinvoice.

2 Hepretended...-.........................
m€,butldonl thinkheknewwho twas.
3 There5 no point.............................
thisbrandon ry it wouldcosttoo rnuch.
4 Weteo(pecting,,,,,.........,,,.,,,,..,,,,.
somemorestockearlynextweek.
5 l'lljoinyoulaterI needto finish ..........---................
thisrepon.
6 | learnt.............................
Portuguese whenlworked in Brazil.
7 I workin publicrelations. Myjobinvolves ........................-....
contactwiththe media.
8 | canthelp...............--............
thatsomething isgoingto gowrcng.
9 | canl afford.......--.-..................
business class allthetime.
10 | can'tp.omise youwiththisproblem,
.-......................---.. but t'lldo mybest.

Exercise
3 tr
Complete
thefollowingsentences
withverbsfromthe listbelow.lnclude
an obje( in everycase.
€dvi5€ remind peEuade expect help encourageforce
1 l'm sorry| missed
wo* yesieday. j.tgd..-yg..19...
rhe doctor...44.v. stayin bed.
2ltriedto.....................-............comewithustonight,buthesaidhewasbusy.
3 Couldyou........---.............-...-----.
callHeadOfficelater?| miqhtfoEet-
4 lf youemploya ecretaryit will ............. .........dealwirhallthepaperuork.
contactm. $rre timetoday.
6 didn'tfeelvery confident, butshe........................... applyforihejob.
7 Thefallin demandhas...........................---....
makesomeof ourbestworkers €dundant.
 19 VERB+ -t tG OR ll{FlNlTlVEt E5

Exercise
4 Eg E
@ 28 by puttingthe verbsin bracketsintothe rcffect form, using-tngor ro +
Completethe mini-d:alogue

My computo's (6hed.It keeps 0) ....d9..'.1X....(do) it.I have ro sare my dodments every

few minutesor I rtuk (2) ..................(los€)all th€ mrk I'vejust done.
Have you got enougb dtuk space?
Yeah,I hare.I reallydont know wbatt causingit (3) ..................
(cnsh) so often.Look,
you'rc good at computen.vlat do you advisene (4) .................. (do)?
wel,I don't krcw.I ha!€nt been t rined (5) .................. (fix) them.You'I hew to askan
IT recbrician (6) ..................(come)and havea look at it.
Han.You knovathere'sno point CD .-................ (cal) a technician- rhey'I be ryes and
L.. I reallycet .fford (8) .--.-----
(waio a day for someoneto come,I'm ffily busy.
(do)
Why don't )ou phone $e helpdeskthen?They'f adviseyou shat (e) ..................

Oh, yeah. I supporc sq

And ifyou're rEdly thacbusy,heE you €onsidcr€d(10) ..................
(esk)Sophiero help
you, she ha$'t got a lot ofwork at lhe momcnt.
Oh,ha$tshe?Th.r'sgreat.I'askhcr(11)..................(r}?c)upthisrcport.Thmk.

Exercise5 I E
complete in a company
thisemailthatcirculated thatmakesmobilephones.
choosea verbfromthe ligt
belowandusethecoffectform,-ing or infinitive
with fo.

if{eA,i€rv be pay pretend €ceive refer show take talk worry

all stetl in Production d

um€lkt.bout h€alth rbks trcm mobll6 phonoa

AJoumalkr r.om th€ masa2n6 TochnolosyR€viM wants (l) ...,.i,Q..i\t4djg|!'.,,.6om6on6 trom Prcducrionaboul h€6lth
dsks ior moblle phono u6€6 rrcm radialion.lt wirl hvolv6 (2) .................,,....,,,..., to him ov6r lunch on€ day nei week.
H € B o f i e r e d( 3 ) . . . , . . . . . , , . . . . . , , . . . . ,-,a. .n. .y.r. c l u n t e e 6 ?
In myopinion its nor wonh (4) ..-.....-............-......-, too mu.h about lhb a6lh6lat66t r€a€arch6hoE rhat th€ n3ks seem
(s)...........-............-..... minimsl. Buton the oth6r hand its no sod (5)...--..........--....--....--. th€re'3 no p6bl€m at alr. I
would suggastsimply (7)....-.................--.....- lo lho E@nr €porl trom lh€ Nalion.lsafBty Board.
An,e6y, hes kindly agreed (a) .--...--....--..,,,.......--.. us lh€.rlicle bsfo€ its publish€d,and hes pomised
(9).....-......-......-.......... a bslatrcodvi4. I l@k foMard to (1o).-....-......-.....-......-... your@mments on this matter asap-
 erb + -ing or infinitive 2

A Verb + -ing or infinitive: change in meaning

a Someverbsc.. befollowedby-ingo. ro + infinrtive
andrhenreaning
of thevefbchanges.
a REMTMBER ANDroRcET Weuserenenber/farget dotngfor memores ofthe pan(rheaclon
happentb€foretheremembering). We userenembe./org€r fo do for actonssorneone
s/was
supposed to do (thercmembering happens befor€theacron).
ldefinitelyremember posting the lefter. posr + rememoe.
Imust rcmemherto post the letter .emember - oost
l'll neverforyet flying into Taipeiairpoft. ftying + forger
SotDlI fo.got to tun o{f the lights. forg€t - turn otf
a REGRET We useregretdol:ag whenwe ar€sorryaboursornething
tharhapp€nedn thepasr.
I rcgrct saying no to thejob in Paris.
We ute rcgretta informlto te//whef we are9 v ng badnews
t fegfet lo inlorm tau thatwe ate unablela
a rRyWeusetrydoingwhenwe do sornething andseewhathappens. We userryro dowhen
we makeanetfortto do somerhing, blt donr necessarity succeed.
l'lltry talkingto hin andndybehe'llchange hisnind. (t, do it andseewharhappen!)
l'll tty to talk to hin'but I knowhes@rybusytaday. (l maynot b€succesfut)
tast Scpt.ub.r,Bt ur tri..l to nc$oian a aldt-lnti J ,tcry,/ of D. \.h.\ Md Dt!,ttkt,! tttdil
opmtiott.Howw, hcudst s!.alJrr. (Businesweek Onlinewebritc)
a sropWeu9estopdoingwhenwe endanaction.Welse jtop to do whenwe oivethe reason

Westoppedbuying fran tharsuppller (noww€ don,t buyfromthem)

lnoppeclto buy sonethingfot ny wife. \t stoppedn o.derrobuysomeihing)
a MEAN Weusemeandolngwhenonethingrcsutts in or invovesanotherWeusemeanto do \o
express
an lftention.
Glabalisation
meansbeing a<tivein everymajornatker (= invotvet
I meant to phoneyou, but I forgot. (= tnrended)
ra 60 oN Welse 90 on dorngwhenwe continu€ do n9 sonrething
Weusego on io do whenwe
moveon to do something else.
Theywent on tading eventhouqhtheywereneay barkrupr l= d d the ,.me thinq)
Altet leavingIBMhe went on to staft hisown companJ4 (= did sonrethnSe se)

B Verbs of perception
a Ve|bsof perceptionlnclude: feel, heat tistenta, norice see wakh. Theseve6s can be fo oweo
by an object+ -ng or a bareinfinitive(wthou o) and rhe m€aninqof th€ verbchanqes.
a f w e s e e o r h e a r o n l yp a r t o f t h ea c t i o no, r i t c o n t i n u ew
! , e u s e t h e- h 9 f o r m . f w e s e e o f h e a r
the wholeactionfrom beqinningto e.d, we usethe bareinfinttvewithoui ro. Compare:
I saw her giving her presentatian (ltaw partol thepresentaion)
I saw het give her presentation (l sawth€wholepresenrarion)
I heardthe machine
naking a nrangenaise.(t heardthe noiseand r contnued)
I head thenachinemakea sr.ange,olse. (lheardth€ noisednditnoDoed)
 20 VERAr -rlv6 oR INFINITIVE
2 87

c Verb + -ing or infinitive: little change in meaning

a Somevefts can be followedby -rr9 or to + nfinitiveandthereis litte chanqein meaning.
Theseinclude:begli cora;aue,intend, stat1.
What do yau intend doing/to do about it?
ln the re.ondqudttet,ahu the nd*et beganto go doM, ue befan s. in!, drcppiry oft eqritf
positionin thejtnd to otos\d 70% and holdinftheEnaintu in ath.Ihis tof,I ttdt dbleto
l"ininize the inpa.t olkc dolzt'ft. (lsiaweek websue)
Tlt nsfihe/ of Cennn jobles @ inced to Jd in Febntary. (wal StreerJouinal website)

a We oo not uruallyhdvetlvo.tng fo'Ts logetrer.

h was na'ting to get da*. (NOr *a*l€g-g€{iig)
Tfu busitrs .onrttrity i dgdir natting to pal ,ery dote d ention to the cartutry\ ebrcni
/ledrd. (GiobalBusinessMagazinevebsire)

a Thev€lbs/ike /or€,prefet hdtecan be followedby eiih€rform. Io + infinitivesuggests

somethlfgis a good/badidea.Th€'tngform showsyourfeelings.
I like to do ny tax rctutns eatl)t but I don\ like doing them.
Whenwe usethe modalwouldwith thesevetbswe mustuseto + infint ve.
t'd prcfer to do it nyseff, if you don't nind.
like followedby to + infinitive(an meanthatwe do tomethingbecause
we think t is a good
idea,evenihough we don t enjoyit.
tlike to w te seveBldraftsbefotelwite the finalrepott.

D Passiveforms: -ing or infinitive

O Unit19gavellstsol verbsthatarefollowedbyeitheran -ingformor to + ni nitive.Onlyth€
activeiormsweregiven.
a Thepassiveiormof 'verb+ -inq'i5verb+ being+ panpartciple.
lf the sharepticefallsanynote we sk being |.Ekenovet by a laryetconpany.
a Thepassive formof 'verb+ to + infinilive'
isverb+ to be + pan padc p e.
I thinkt desefle to be given a pay nse.

"Actuallt the boss is away on vacation - but he likes

to rcmind evervonehersstill in charee."
aa 20 VERE+ -rrVGOR lNFlt{lTlVE 2

20 Practice

Exercise I 5
Underlinethecorrcct wods.
1 t'n sotry| lotgot teplu cal/r?gyou, but I wasea y busy_
2 I stoppedin Padsfor a few daysto neet/ neetng Henti.
3 We'vestoppedto m€€t/meetingso often. tt wasa wasteof time.
4 Lea.ning a language means to belbeingintercstedin thecutture asw€ .
5 | neanttonakelmaking somemorephotocopies, but tdidn.thdvetime
6 Please remembefto speaklspeakrigto Josiewhenyouseehe.
7 | don't rcmemberto saylsryr?ganythingtikethat.
a I ried to openlopeningrhewindow,bvt it wastoo highto reach.
9 l tied to openlopeningrhewindow,but it wasstill too hot in the rcom.
10 I ne\et lotget to giwtgiving myfi6t presentation to the Board.
l1 Donl foEet fo /ookatl/ooklng at theaudience whenyouspeak.
12 Weregretto an ouncelanrourcing thedeathof ourfounder. Mr Obuchi.
13 rcEe\ to quit/quiftingmy t1/8A(ourse.
14 Thenewprcducti5doingrcallywell. tthinkwe shoutd90 on to je///se//tng
it for anothefsixmontnsat
l€ast.
15 FiEtl'l sayalittleaboutthehistoryofthecornpany, thenI'[ goon to descrlbe /descibingou ne\,
rangeof producls.

Exercise2 !
Matchthesituations
a)-d)to thesentences
t-4 below
a) I heardpadof yourconversation.
b) | sawyolr wholepresentation.
c) lsawthewholetour
d) I passedthemin thecoftidor
1 Sorryto intefiupt,blt I heardyoutatkingabout€-books.n
2 I hea.dyoutalkaboute-books at the tnternet
seminar n
3 | sawBarbara showing thev'sitorsroundthelaclory n
4 | sawBarbara showthevisitoG our newprcduction tine. n

Exercise3 !f
Completethe sentences with bFingot to be.
1 enjoy....hgi^,...takenoutfor expensive meats.
2 TheMinister denied given
.................. a bribe.
3 ThelVinisterrefused questioned
................. aboutthe bribe.
4 | expecr
.................
asked sometoughquenions aftermyprcsentation.
5 Doyoumind..........___.... pickedup at theanportbya taxi?
6 Howawfulllmagine ......_..........
askedto givea presentation
on a ropi. ikethatl
 20 VERB+ -rrVGOR INFINITIVE2 A9

Exercise4 S p
@," Completethe m n -dialoguewith the correctform ofthe ve.b in brackets.On two occasions
both formsare

rHoMAs, Hj, Crla.I've b*" -*"i"s (1) ..1."-..tP94k...Gpeaking/to speak)to you aI day.we're
(booking/to book) a tableat that new Chineserestaunnttonisht.
trying (2) .............-...........
Would )ou like to come too?
Oh, rhaDk,lA re,Iy like to, but I was intendins (3) .........................
(stating/to starowork
on my monthly salesaport tonight.
rHoM^s, Re,lly?Woul&t )ou preftr (4) .........................
(coming/ to come) out with us?Just this once?
{soins/to so) out wlth yon ronight,but I leally haveto
Of cou^e I wanr (5) .........................
(nrissing/tonis) dinner rvith you
get this report done.I m sor.y it tneans(6) .........................
gu)s tonight.
rHous, WeI, pcrhapsnext time dren.
Givins/to sive) tuc at narch notice as
Yeah.And next time dont lbrget O) .........................
posible beforehaDdso I can keep the evening6ee.
rroM^s, Oh. the troublewith you, Carla,is that you neversrop (8) .........................
(wo.kibg/to work)
(havins/to have)sone fun sometnnes.
You should remembcr(9) .........................
crma, L o o k , T h o r n ayso, u k n o v l d r c r l y l o v e( 1 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( j o i n i n g / t o . j o i n ) y o u , b u t l J $
rHoM^s, Ivell, ifyou so on (11)......................... (working/to work)like y do 2t the momcnt, you'll
srart(12) ......................... (gertins/to gc, rc.Iy stressed, rnd then you'll regret
( 1 3 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(. n o u t / t o m n s o u 0 o n y o u r s o c i alli f e .I t h a p p e n e tdo i G i e n do f
. .r.n. .s. .i n g
mine - in the end he wenr on (1a) ......................... (having/to h!ve) a .ervous bE,,kdown
Oh, come on. Stop (15) ......................... (being/to bc) so drrnutic. I don't enjoy
( 1 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.r.k. .i .n.g. ./ r o t x k e )w o r k h o m e , i t ! j u s rt h r t I l i k e ( 1 7 )
(finishins/to finnh) 'ny rcporis on ome.

Ex€rcise5 ifr iWN9,

completethis Letterby puttingthe v€rbsin bfacketslnto the coiiectform, -mg or to + nfinitive.

I am wnring ro complainaboutthe p@r senice rharI receivedwhenI wa! in your s|oe ld( week.Rec..dy you decided
(1) ....t9..fe.$.o.Y9..
Gcnove)liseningi&ilnier i. yoursoEs, andyoursalessr!fr encouaged (hke)
cuslonds(2) .........................
(hce) rhen nst. Youinvit€dus(4) ...........-..,,,,.,,,,.
hone rheirchoiceof CDswiihoui(3) ...............,.,..-.... (Etum) an, CDstharwe
did n6t like. a. lone s ve kepi rhe eeipt s pmf or pmhe. ln ny opinion rhis wts m excelle policy asn allowed .Dsione6
(5),..,.........,..,........ (buy)thingstharwec a liide ditrerem.
(risk)(6)......-..................
A consqueneof yourlolicy is thi cn$omenwill buyn@ CDs.Md thisnem (7) .........................
Gerun)noE thattheydonr
like. In iact l6t weekI broughlb&* eight CDs, nom lhe fouie. I hadboughton ihe previonsvbn Your salesne retusd
(8) .................
.......Gccept)sucha la4e nmbet sd accused (ure) theCDsbone jus
ne of(9)..,.,..,.,,.,.,,.,.,..,..
(10)....................-....
(copy)rh€m.I stunslyobjecred (b€)teat€dlre thisa I hadenenbeed
ro (ll) .........................
(lriog) theMcip6 wiih ne ed my dio6 PeE wirhintheEms of yourEudmlee.
( l2) ..,.......,..............
(thi.L)rhaitou *ill losea lot oi bnsi.essil you $ttr go on (14).........................
I canl help(13).,.,..,.,,.,.,,.,,.,..,., (behave)
in this
w a y , a n d I a d v i s e y o u ( 1 5 ) . , . , . , , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ( d i n ) y o u r s t 3 f r (.1 .6.) ... ... ( d e a lw) i t hc n $ o n e sh a n o E p o x t em m n e r
A Repoied speech
a We often r€ll peopl€what otherpeoplehavesaid.Thisis ca ed rcponedor indircctspeechWe
veryrarclytryto rcportthe exacrwordsrhat someonesays.usuallywe givethe g€neral
meaningwith a slmmary
'Laak l've been phoning
all day and he'satwap jn a neeting. Canyou te hin that I'tt give hirr'
a cal sanetine nextvr'eek,p/ease?' (actLrawords)
) Sandtaphoned. Shesaid she'd callyau next week ltepon)
'Fran v'lhat lcan
see, the advellising campaignis a grear srccess., (actualwords)
) He said the canpaign wat a succel'. (report)
a Notethe chang€of tensein rhe aboveexampt€sr r1,//to wouldand i5 to was.
It |5 not alwaysnecessary
to changetefses.tf the sratementis n true we can keeothe sarne

Hesatdthe campaignwas a greariuccejs. (thecarnpagn is finished)

Hesaidthecanpaign is/wasa greariuccess.(thecampa gn i5ni happening)
seesecUons
8 andC beowfor moredetaits.
In wiiing we can.epeattheexacrwordsusinglpeechmarks(, ... ).
'l haveno futtherconnent to nake at
thisstage,'saidthecanpanypressaffjcerwhenhe
spaketo out rcporteryestetday.
Thisunituses5aldaslhe reporring
veA.Seeuntt22 for otherfeporting
ve.bs.

B Tensechanges
it 'moves
a Whentheverbtensechanges back,in tim€
Report(lndirectlpeech)
She said she wo*ed far tBM.
'l'mwotking for lgM'
Shesaii shewas wotklng fot tRM.
'l've worked fot tBM
Shesaid shehad wo*ed for tBM.
'I've been wo*ing fot IBM'
Shesaidshehad beenwo*ing for tBM.
Shesaid shehad wo*ed fot 18M.
OR Shesaid she wotked fot tBM.
'I had
wo*ed fot l?M Shesaid shehad wo*ed for tBM.
'l'm going to wotk fot
lEM. Shesaid she was going to wotk for tBM.
'1can/wi /nay work
for lEM. She said shecoutd./woutd/ni9ht wo* for tBM.
Khwi, a Vicnta-basedteleans .onpaty, sdid oi Ftiday ir uas enteing thaCzth tufthet by
aferins {hupet voneierui.{ throughttu l\tet,et. (c,echioday website)
Ed ier h thc oe.k, d ldbot u4io4 ttpott soidthat 751 dedthshad ousnd 'an thajob' in rta\
durins tl'e f,tt six toflllj of thn ycar,aptotu 521Jot the sltuep{iad Lst yat. (Intermiion,l
Her,ld Tribune website)
The ShodhqALh'inht Industry Co. \d d l6t ueek t uoatd issre 160 tui ioa shates tilti.ar
.fot
ok rhe Shot'slzi StMk E .hdnge. (ShanBheiDaily wED'rc1

a Thereis no changefof musC mi1ht, could, shoutd,would.

a Notethat ifthe.ctualwods werc in the pasisimple(worked),ihe repo( can changeor nay

a Notethat thereis no.hinqe for rhe pastpedect(hadworked).

 21 REPOR|EDSPEEOI1 91

C No tense change
a Wedo not needto changetense if the inform.tion
isst Ltrue.
'Thesalesteamare doing verywellat the moment.
Hesays/saidthe teamarc doingverywel
O Wedo notneedto change tenseif we reponsomething whichis. waystrue
'Thercis atuvays
a peiod of uncstaintl afu a meryet'
Hesays/saidthereis alwatsa Wiod of uncertainVaftera neryet

D People, places, times and things

to people,places,tim€sand thlngsotten change,becausethe
a In rcpoftedsp€€chreferences
point of viewchanqes.

---.'--=. --r=
ntseevou herc tomonow satdSue --\
l @,ead you rcpad abaut this ptqe.r het.id
\ )---\ l\
stre 5ardshe? s€e rre ahere tne next day He satdhe d reao my rcpoft about fie prclecl
in ihe previotisparagraphshowsomeof thesetypicalchanges:
a The examples

)nv
) thete,at the office
) the4 at tha ime
) that day,on Monday
) thedaybefote,theprcviausday
) the nextday,the followingday,on Monday
this aftenoon ) that aftemoon
) the weekbelore thepteviousweek
) the weekaftet the follawingvr'eek
a few daysago a a few daysbefare,a tew daysea iel
Th ngs: thisprolect ) the prctect

'Rln.flbd ubd I t.id I uB goirg ,o bebon6t

tuitbyqJ8 Thattut d bi&frt ti."
92 2I NEPORIEDsPEECH1

21 Practice

Exercise1 R
Writetheactualwords
thateachpeEonsays.Usecoritractions
whelepossibe
I Annasaidthatshehadakeadyfinished.
(afnasactudl
words)..J.:v.e,..alr:ea.dy..fi
rsi.:lred
2 Shesaidhewouldbe backafterlunch.

3 Hesaidshewasgoirgto contactrheprinte6.
(Hisactualwods) '
4 Paulsaidthat he wantedto makea phonecall.

5 shesaidshewasmeeting
the bankmanagerat
eleven.

6 Pieffesad he had found olt aboutthe prcblema long time ago.

(Pieffesactualwords)' .
7 Davidsaldhe hadto be backin theoffi(ebythreerhirty.
(Davldlactualwords)'
8 Jansaidshewouldlet meknow

Exercige2 g
Lookat the actualwordsspoken.llhdedlle the correctwordsin the report€dversion.
1 (HelenS wods)'l won'tdo it untiltomorrow.'
Helensald//Iie wouldn'tdo it until theprevioustfollo$/inoday.
2 (PeterS words)'lt3verybusyin herc.t'llcallyoutater.'
Petersaidit wasverybusyherelrhele, andhe'dc.tlme/himtater
3 (The salesmanagetwordt'We received yourorderlanweek.,
Hesaidtheydlwe'd rc<ei\edourlthei orderthe weekafferlbefore.
4 (l\,4e
Bowen3 words)t'msorryaboutthedetay, flt dealwithth s now,
Shesaid5he//wassorryaboutthedelay, andsheddeatwirhit rbht then/ latel

Exercise3 E ;
Rewritethesentences in reported
speech.
Usecontractions whe.epolsibte.
1 'l won'tp(,tit in thes?lesbecause
it3 sellinq
veryweii, shesaid.
shesaid.thE..ralald^:.1..ei,ri...it..i^..ille..r.^le{..bes4,{r.E...it
.w4:..r.Ellili4...,ve!-.y..r.e[,.....
2 'l'vereadthercpodandI dont undeEtand section 4,, hesaid.

3 'WhenI finishmypresentation,l'm goingto havea drink,,hesaid.

Hesaidthatwhen.--..-.......
4 'l'm p€paringthefiguresbutI won'tbe long,'shesaid.

5 'l likeplaying
tennit but I don'tdo it veryoften,'shesaid.
5he$id .............................
6 'l'm goingto visitour Polish
subsidiary but t m notsurewhen.,shesaid
Shesaid
 2I REPORTEDSPEECH1 9'

Exercise4 B C
pr€sentatron
Readthe wordsspokenin a confercnce aboutthe rcle of lhe ChiefExecutileOfiicer.

Jatkwebh, one oJ the nostJa'hous CEos oJa tine, was head oJ ceneral Ele nfot twenE
fea$. But he was an exreltion. InJad, iooahnds o.fall najor eonpaniesuorldwide have
rc!|arcd theb CEO ow the latt frv years.What's lhe rcaton? The rcaton k that et?ectations
of Cno pufornawe areJar too high. Boads ofconpafties laok at the, CEo as a kind oJ
*pethao *ho ran nlve all ke conpany\ probkms.This prceessstdted ifl the 1980s, ard the
prolotve uAs Lse la.oca, "the nan who saved Chrysler Corp".Then in the 1990s, w had
CEOs fron the tednology sertor, like MictosoJt\ Bi Cates, or Cisto\ John Chanbers, uho
nanaged to produce cottantly lising sharepftes. But the lituation is uery dffercnt now dnA
ecoflonit growth is slopihg down.'

Now look dt waysto reportthe wordsto a co eague Byeachrentencewrte P/Ic (if the sentence5
Pos5be becauseoi lenre Changerules).P/sT(if the senlen.€s Possbebecauseit is 5t ]ru€)or (ii the
sentences Incorrect).

Thespeakersad that
I lack Wech was cEo of ceneralEectic lor twentyyears .P ITC..
2 JackWech had beenCEOol GeneralEeclric for twentyyears ..
3 Boardsol companiesook ai lhen CEOsassuperheroes
4 Boardsol companieeookedat the r CEOsassuperheroes
5 Boardsof companierhad ookedat the r CEO5assuperheroes
6 Leelaccocanarted il a in the 1980s.
/ Leelaccoc.l'do ndrleo rl a In IhF 1980-
8 FFl.((o.a l^.d bee. srdrled . in IhF 1980'
9 T h es t u a t o nl s d i t f e r e nnt o w . . . . . .
10 Thes tlation was ditferent.ow

Exercise 5 B D
On Frdaymorninqyou had. meetingwith someonelrcm yoLrradvensnq agencyat hB ofices Thewods
he spoke.re on rhe left The nextweekyou tel a coll€agueaboul ih€ d scussionUndenlnethe corr€ct

Theadvedisinooersonlwords: What vou sayto vour colleag!e:

'Did you get my emaillrent yesterday
aboutlhis 'He raid he (1) hopeslbopedl'd got (2) hlsltry -ama

campaiqnwe ve beenworkingon? Lhopeso l'm that (3) he'd rendlhe'd Jent 14)yesterday/the day
sorryio askyou to comehere.t suchshortnolrce, berroreaboui(5) fhelthls.dvertsingcampaign
b u t i t ' sq u i t el r g e n i .T h es t l a l o n i st h i s : w eu s ea n \6) they've/we'vebeer wotk ng on. And he
outsde pr nr n9 company,and a few daysaqo the apologised for asking(7)melyou to go
workerstherewent on strlke.I m havinga meeiing (8) herelrhere ai suchshortnotice- he sardt
wth a unionrepresentativeth s afternoon,but (9) /J/r17as a lew days
urgent.Well,apparently
rhouqht shoud talk to you tirsl. (10)aqolbeforethe pr nlersthey use(11)have
sonelhadgane or \rnke, and he (12)lslwas
meetng thern(13)ahli/rhaiafternoon.He sad lre
'
thoLrghthe sho! d t.lk io (14)melyou abolt it i rs'
A Say or tell
a We saysomethingand we te//somebody.
Sinon said he was .onfident abaut the su(ess of the Betaprcject.
Sinan told me the projen was going well.
l, We neverus€to betweente//dnd the object
He told me what happenedin the neeting. (NOT r€td-r6-rae)
We c. n u5eaoalter5ay,especiallywhen the actud wordsare not epoi(ed.
What dtd he tay to you?
lthink the bosswanted to say something to Susan

B other reporting verbs

. Therea€ mdnyverbsto reponwhat peoplesay.Eachverbh.5 one or morepossibepatterns
Commonrepodng verbsinclude:
Verb+'lng form (unit 19) ddnit, deny,mentian,prapose,suggest
Verb+ to infinitiv€(unit l9) aqtee,ask,denand,de.ide,offet,prcmlse,rcfuse,

Verb+ object+ rc infinitve(Lrnt 19) actuise,

ask,canvin.e,encou?ge,invite,ordea
Petsuade, rcnind, tell, warn
adnn, agree,annauncelahswer'claim'complain'
canflrn, deny,explain,nention, pronise,prcpase,

Verb+ object+ rharcause ddvise,assurc,convince,infarn, natify,petsuade,

Prcnise,rcassure,rcnind,tell
Theydenied doing anything wong
I suggested changing au expotTagency
Sheprcmised to call me tomoffow
fhey rclused to lowet then price.
He advised us to wait untll ne\1yeal
TheyinviEd me to come far lunch.
Theyagreed (that) they'd wait.
She prcmised (that) she'd call ne tonanow.
1rcninded then (that) they had to pay a 25a/odeposit.
I told him (that) I couldn't nake the meeting next week.

O We usethe sametensechanger! es as in unit 21.

Cre.k t.l.ott fidltt O'l'E rbi theyiratbatio, toitta vith RohTabtun. OTE pomised thal
70!( tut of np ftlepho,t sy\te uotld bedUitdLii tll.. )dd^. (Buch,rsi tslsinesweek

a We can .ko rcportwhat peoplerhinkor know.Verbsinctuderkrow nodce,think, reatise,

ek
5o y, I didn't rcalise you were busy.I thought you had finished.
 22 REPORIED 2 95
SPEECH

C tt + passiveof a reporting verb

a We use/t + passiveof a reportingverb+ ihat to repot what peopl€ n qeneralfee or believe.
This s a formaluse,fo. exampl€ln a newspaper story a sci€ntificrcportor a witten summary
of a meetinq
It w{t affiowced at the atferc cethat Aryentifld w6 lasinr Pesos$,0A0 flillian per onian an
gtuin plies .ottpdfttr with the ovetugeik the L^t tet yus.It uas pistetl out that ihkrkational
ptk6 hotl &t inptulc.l in two yeoR,but this eability hatl allouaddn inctedtein prcdnetiah.
flarinTnde website)
Verbsthat are often usedin this way are:
be agteed, be announced,be believed,be dained, be canfirned, be cansideted,be decided,
be estinated, be ererted, be feared, be lela be found, be pointed out, be praposed, be
rcponed be tumourcd, be said,be thown. be sugge5ted be thauqnt

D Reporting questions
a Thewod orderin eportedquestionsisllkea nomalstatement(thisisthesamerue asfor
questions
indrect in unit16).Tense
chang€s followthoseglvenn unit21
'Whercis it?' ) He askedme whereia war. (NOr v/h€r€-r.€.+)
I Whe. we €pod quenionwod questions(whe4 evhaav/hy,where,haw,e\c)we uselhe
q!enlonwofd.
'Whenwill thegoodsative?' ) Theyaskedne when thegoodswould aftive
'Whyhaveyou salesgone dowh?' ) I wasask-ad why out saleshad gone down.
'A yeard{0,I wd! atkcdhoa thit tro efsl nceer bctuen DaihtlerandChrysletuo"ld uotk,
ord I toid I wds&'nitiirfof thenturyeltonal
prcblehBThey
aeteboufldta haryen,asaw
cxpcnenccs uiithSeathadsltotln.'-CEO oIvolb|aSen(DerSpiegel website)
a Whenwe reponyeslno qres\ionslDoyou, Didyou, Areyau, elc)we ute if ot whether
'Do you speakFtench?' ) Sheaskedne if I spokeFtench
'4rc yo! going to ) He askedme whether I was goingta payin cash.
W in cash?'
a Notrce
in theexamples questions
thatreported haveno questonmarkin writing.

E Reportingcommandsand requests
a Commands .re reDoded wiih rel/andthe infinitive.
'Takeus to theairyoft. > shetold the drivetto take us to theairpaft.
'Dont wotry l ll dealwith it. > Shetold me not to wotry.
a Reolestsare.eooded withaskandthe infinitive.
'Wauldyou nind waitingfot a moment?' He askedne to wait
'Please
don't wait far '],e,I'll .ome alonglatet' He askedus not to wait.
95 22 REPORTED
SPEECH
2

22 Practice

Exercise I G
Underlin€ihe correctwords.
1 Saly rold/ bltLqe Ihat she had lost the catalogue
pleasedon't saylte//anythinqabout t.
2 Thisis confidential,
3 Thisis confidential,
pleasedon'i saylte//anyoneaboui t.
4 Chrissaidlsaidme he mun leaveearljr
5 | saldltoldthem aboutthe meal,and th€yiaidlto/d th€ywould come.
6',You see,',told/saldsteve,'lalwaystoldlsaidyou'd get a promorion'
T You see,' told/sald steve, 'l alwaJ6io/d/sald yo! you d gei a prornot on ,
I Look, l told ta / said to her,'why don t you te///say m€ whar you medn?

Exercise2 g
Matchtheactlalwordsin sentences
l-12 withthe rcported
nat€ments
aFt)
1 'Wel donelYou'vedoneitl tr a) He advsedme to do it.
2 'Whome?No.I neverd d it.' n b) Heapologsedfof not doing it.
3 'l m reallysorry| didn'tdo it - I justforcot.' l c) He congratuatedrne on doingit.
4 'lf lwereyou,L'ddo it.' tr d) He invit€dm€ to do it.
5 'Wouldyouliketo do it?' n e) He denieddoing t.
6 'Don'tforgetto do it!' n f) Ne nentionedthat he'd doneit.
7 'Oh,| lee thatyou'vedoneit.' n g) He didn't realise'd dore it.
8 'Oh,bylhe way,l'vedoneit.' n h) He promiredlhal h€'d do lt.
9 'Ohl I thoughtyouhadnl doneitl' l i) He noticedlhat l'd donelt.
10 'l realywouldnldo it. lt couldbea disaster' tr j) He €fLrsedto do it.
11 'l'll do it, youcancounton me.' n k) He ren ndedrnelo do t.
'12'No,I wontdoit. lt'soutof queston.'
the n l) Newarnedm-. not to do t.

Exercise3 El Fffll
Rewrite
eachs€nr€ncein reported
speech.
1 'A€ youon holidayfor thewholeol A!g!n?' sheaskedme.
sh€asked
me.if-lrlhelhcr...!...r..,4{..e
..h.olid6}
fer:..lhe..r.}ele..ef..Ara4r:i,
2 'Whai do the letteG'URf mean?'I askedhim.
I arkedhim
3 'H.ve yo! preparcdtheJigures?my bossaskedm€.
M y b o t t d s t e dn e . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 'Whenis yourb dhday?'I askedFrances.a.
l . s k e dF a ^ c e s c.d. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 'Did you femernberto backup the file?' sheaskedhim.
S ' e a s r e dh r r r . . . . . . . . .
6'Why haveyou turnedoff the airconditioning?'Ell€naskedrne.
tller asled ne
7 'Do you speaklialian?'th€yaskedme .t the intervi€w
Theyaskedmeat the inreruiew
8 'Howmuchdidyoupayforyourcar?laskedPabto.
 22 REPORTED
SPEECH
2 97

Exercise4 c
t430 Re.dtheedractfrom a meenng,.hairedbyClaudia.Thenunderlin€the rnonappropratereportng verbs n
the writtensummarybelow

cLADh: Oh, hi. Takea seat... Unr, I d like to hearyour vie$ on the t.lks wele havins Nith BCP
$o!t the possiblemerger.Do you think we should go .he.d with dre discusions?
Well. Do a.tu,Iy I donl lhiDk \re should. Our comparry cultues are totrlly ditrerent. and I
can't seenrany opponmiries ro cut costsin a combined openrion. I'm sorry but I m 3gainstit.
But, Nigel, can'tyou seeth,r wer roo smaltto standrlone in the global economy.Theret
going to be ratron lisationin our narket and nN ls the right tinle to act.
cl.{uDr^, Un, right. How iong do you think it rvould trkc to integr:te the nvo conrpanics?
Ptubablyabout sL\ months,naybe oorc.
ThaCssix nonths ofcotrrpletechaosand frlling nrvestorconfidcnce.lti just too *ky.
.LAUDTAWell,I dont thini rvc haveenoughirfonrnrion .t thc momcnt. Pclhapswe colnd $et!p !
taskforce b look into the vhole isuc h more detait?
HDur.
oauon Tony - $ould you bc willing to chair rt?
OK, I I ch.ir r raskforcc,but I II need reprcsenBuves
fron rhe other depftnents asrvcll.
o-^u, ^, Thar sholldnt be a problent.Whendo you thn* you'll be .tJle to set fie report .lotre?
Un,iD rbout six weeks.
Six rvcekslTh.Csridiculous.
OK. {'e'll rry to get aI rhc ufo..ution togcdrcrin fou. $ccks.
(]a!ir^, llighr, thiCssellled.livc'llmect:r$in x month frcm todin srmc tnnc s.rurcp].cc.

1 that il would takeaboui sixmonthsto ntegratethe two cornpanies

t wasestimatedlannounced in tlre
eventoi a mercer
2 that we couldset up a taskforceto producea reporton the imp cationsof
twas rumouedlsuggested
the merger
3 l\ wasprcpasedlclainedlhat the taskfo(e would be chanedby Tony,wth repres€ntatves
irom other
departments.
4ltwasshawnlagteedIhalthetaskforceshouldproduceitsr€portinfourweeks.
5 lt wasclainedlde<ided
lh.tthe nexi meeiingwould be on luly 28th at 9am n the rnan conference

Exercise5AF,D
Niqel(lrom
Exercse 4)is ta krngto a colleague the
aboutlhe sam€rneetng ater n thew€ek.Undedine
corectwordsin hisreport.

'Claudiaaskedus tbat rar'e g'vetagre our opinionsaboutthe mergerialks.| (2)told tlemltold

{l )
ro then that I thoughtthe wholething wasa badidea,but they rcfused(3)to /tsten/rnenln9.Of
courseTonydisagreed, asusual-He(4)ioldBad thai we w€retoo smallfor the globalma*et.
Thenclaudiaaskedhow lo1g15)woulditlit wouldtaketo inteqatethe two companjes, andTony
claimedit would{6)iakelto rdkesixmonths.Claud;asuggested (7)sefttnguplto set up a t.sk
force to look into the wholethinq. ldedded {8) not sa]alnglnorfo ray an}thng. Tonyoffered
19)b chairlthathe would.ha,7the taskforce.Heprcposedthat the taskforce(10)reportlnglshould
reporfbackin sixweek, butllll) rcnindedthem that/rcmindedtharwe'd needthe rcportmuch
sooner.Anylvay,we decided{12)to rD€etlmeetngagainin a monrh.'
 hrasal verbs 1

A Undergtanding phrasal verbs

'part cle' rneans
a Verbsare often 1oLow€dby particl€s ke back, oft througi up, etc, (ihe word
adverbor preposition). somelimesboth verband partce havetheirnomra meanngs Olher
t mesthereis a new meanrngwhen the verband particleare put togetherCornpare:
It taok 20 ninutes ta 90 through passpattcantral. (norrna mean n9)
Can we go through your proposalagain? (newr.eaf ng = 'ook at carefuy')

Theterm 'phrasalverbis usedforthe secondtype,wherelheverb+ partlce togetlrerhds.

specialmeaning.Phrasalverb53recommon n informalEns sh.

a Sometimes a phrasalverbhaslhe samemeaninqas a one_wordverb

find out = discover 90 ba.k = return 90on=connnue
The phrasaverbi, usuallymoreinformalthan the one word verb

a O l t e no n ep h r a s a l v e rcba nh a v es e v e r adli f f € r e nmt e d nn g s a n dt h e c o r r e cot n e s o n y c e a r

from the situaton
1 Danlwarry rn dealing with it naw (= takingthe n€cess.ryactlon)
2 We deal nainly with Taiwanesecampanies. (= do businesswith)
3 Thercpartdeals with au. futurestrategry (= rsabouo

B Separable phrasal verbs

O With somephrasajverbswe can separatethe two parisand put ihe obleclbeloreor afterthe

could you fill this fon in, please? OR Couldyou ti in this fom, please?
Illwint the sprcadsheet out now oR l' pint out the spteadsheet now
i\,lrtioMrrti, tlx Ell\ a\rycrti{t, atrtr6Jnrt(arayr ,c ltilL o! ELI ntl!: ta k.cP d\rrrxt l,fle\
dopn.fallowin.t ttu 'nxrchrk' errs Fid.l:at 3C l;.trttt nr trl,?. (hrterltiorxl Herild
Tribune Ncbsrre)

a Whenthe object s a prcnoun(me you, lr, etc)il mun comebelorelhe parucle

Couldyou fi itin, Please? \NOI t*a+)
I ll Nint it out now (NOTp|+€f€sf'1)

a Whenthe objec(is a ong phraseit mustcomeafler lhe partice

Cauldyao fill in the lorm that3 over therc on the desk, please?
t ll p nt out the sqeadsheet with lan month's tales fiqurcs now

a H e , e5 " h r o ' . o I n o n $ p a r a b l ep h r d . a l v € r b s
Haveyou ha.ked the data upz (= mad€a copyon yourcomputen
Wl you back ne up in the rneetlng?(= s!ppo'1,provde evdencefor)
Theyhad to.ut thelr advenisingbudget back (= spend lers on)
Our lav/yeRv/ill draw a new contra.t up. (= ihink about and then wr te)
Canyou drcp ne off at the rtationT (= take me n yolr c.r and eavem€)
Cauldyau li thisforn in, pleaJel (= completeby writinq informatlon)
I n trying to give smakinq up. (= stop do ng lt, quit)
ThecentralBankistryinq to keep inflationdown. (= controlit to slop t increasing)
Theyhad to lay 1ao workeBolf lan nanth. (= dismiss,makeredlndant)
tlooked thennunber up in vel/o'"Paerer.(= searched list)
for t in a reference
can tou pick ne up at the Jtaiton2 (= coliect me in your car)
t ll pint the details out for you. (= pr nt from a computer onio paper)
I needto ing/call the prinrersup th;s afterroon. (= telephone)
 23 PHRASAL VEFBS ' 99

we ve set up a subsidiatyin Estonrb.(= established)

We'retryjngto sort it out now {= olganisejt, put it tighl dea with jt)
He3n/ess€dbecause he3 taken on too mu.h (= a((eptedr€sponsibilty for)
H6 sonwill take ovet the firn whenhe retues (= takecontrcl)
Ihe new cEo will be taking ovet in lanuary (= takingresponslbiliry)
cant throw this newspapet away now? l= gertid of ir' disposeof it)
'no' to)
we tuned down thenoffer lt wastoa low (= €fus€d.said

c Inseparable phrasal velbs

a Withsomephlasal veftsw€ cannotseparat€ thetwo partsTheobjectmustcomeafterthe
panKre.
E lca,Qtinones,HcddoI th. Arti-CartuptionLLtitdt theOECD, kld us thatthe hapd
'Covc tue tt woaldprcJetb dedlPith
siflsapot!eill sootrtign itsani-bnberyNto.ol
@npani\ .fton .oMh$ thdtale tigkatoristo thccanterion,'sh.soid (Busine$Tnnes
Sinsaporewebsitc)
t Hereisa listof common insepa€ble ph|asalverbs:
(=
I haveta call on a clientth,safternoon visit)
Haveyou come acrcssa conpanycalledIMN? (= discovered by chance)
Canyou deal with thisinwice p/ease7(= taketh€ necess.ry action)
we've beendealing with Fedcofot a long tine (= doins busin€ss wilh)
Therepon deals with +commerce in 5E /45ia (= is abolt)
t <ouldnt do without ny peEonal assrsia't(= tunctlon/manase witholt)
Cantou look alter theofficewhilel'n out? take(= careofl
l've tookedthtough my filesand l cant find it (= examinedcarefLry)
t'n sotryto tekeup sonuch of yourtine (= usean amolntot timeof space)
seeakolnit 25 a ManyinsepaGble phtasalvedsareintransitiv€.Theydo not haveobjects
fhe phatocopiethasbrcken dow, again (= stoppedwork ng)
Yaunust chetkin onehout befaredepatturc' (= register'rcportyourarrival)
can!just comein fot a manent please?(= interupt the discussion)
ThenegotiationsHI thtough at ihe /astmonent. (= failed)
t thinkwe can9a by with a srnalletbudget. (= manageto do thing,
Willtou iustholdlhang on for a noment? \= watr)
He hadto step down afterthe.offuptianinquiy (= leavethe iob, reslgn)
Shenight tum up at anynolnent (= arive unexpected y)
1OO 2' PHRASAI VERBS I

23 Practice

Exerciset B g
Choose thebestverbeachtimefromA. B,c or D below
I Banca di Romd.e. up anonlinebanking seMcewithTelecom ttalia.
A created B put C set D took
2ltsnotjustmyownpersonalopinion.Herearesomefiguresthat......upeverythngI've
A put B back C support D tum
3 Thisisa grcaiopportunit.Wecanljust......it allaway.
A removeB get C put D throw
4 | mightneedsomehelp.l'venever.......across a situarionlikethisbefor€.
A come B been C found D discovered
5 Theirlong-termstrategyis in c.isis.
Themergerhas......rhrough.
A gone Bfallen C collapsedD passed
6 lt3 greathavingyouin theteam.l don'tknowhowwe......bywtthouryoul
A su.vved B came C went D got

Exercise
2 nIXE
Complete eachsentence witha phrasalverb thatmeans thesameasthewordsn brackets. Theparticle
has
beengvento helpyou.
I Didyou........fi^d........out... whytheyhaven'tpaidtheifinvoice? (dscover)
2 Canyou.....................-.
on ...a minute untillfindtheinformation? (wait)
3 Youneedto....................-..
in... thiscustoms declaration.(compete bywriting)
4 Anymorequesiions? OK,l'll .......................
on ...wlth mypresenration. (contin!e)
5 Youneeddetermination to succeed. Donl ...........,.,,,,,....,
up ... now (quit)
6Inmyjob1.......................with...alotofpaperwork.(takethenecessaryaciion,han
7 lf youlike,1can.......................
up...theparcelon mywayhome. (collect)
8 Cani .......................
bact ...to whatyouweresaying a fewmoments ago?(feturn)
9 Thkjobis9oin91o.......................up...monot themorninq. anamounr(use of time)
10 lf MikePinker arives,couldyou............--.........
after...himuntll| rcturn?(takecareofl

Exercise
3 X!
Underlinea//thepossible wordorders
fromthefouralternatives.Sometmestwo arepossibte, sometimes
th.eearepossible.
I l'm too busyto dol wirh rh,sldealthiswlthldealythjttdeat it with tigti no\,\.
2 l'm goingto /oot up ihe info,.nEtionllooktheinfarnationupllook up it/laak it up on the ntemet.
3lnthecurenieconomicclimateweretryinqtokeepdawnourcons/keepourcostsdown
thenlkeep themdownas muchaspossible.
4 | couldn'tdo withoutmy nobile phoneldomy nobile phonewithout/dowithoutit/do it wjthout.
5 Heproposeda new produdlineto the Boad butthey turneddown theidealtuned theidea
dawnltuned downitlturned it down-
6l'llcallyoubacktomorowmorning.We'rejusttryingrosottouttheprobten/sotttheprc
h outlsott out it (ight nJ.v.
 2:} PHRASAI.VERBS 1 'IO1

Exer<ise4ABC
C o m p l e tleh e € m a i L r s n !p' h r a s av e r b sf r o mt h € n b e o w t h a t m e a n t h e s a m e a s r h e w o r dnsb r . c k e r s
Ihree verbsneedio be pllinto an -nErform
b a c k ! p b r e : kd o w n c a l l o n c h e c kn d . a wu p d r c p o f f f n d o u r g e r b y
k e e pd o w n o o k t h r o l g h F € * + p p r i n to l t r n g u p s o f to u r t u r n u p

-
r",:'.- *",rgr4qr.- l
"-, il.i-
F"r*; "" = *, l
-*'*"1
""r,"",,
"'";" MrYamanakawrbeanvinq€rrhearponarl030tom canyou(1). ... F.ls!
... rF .. . (correctby cao r.om there a.d (2) .. (reave)at his rroter?
Hes sl6yins at the Mariott lwon\ be abe to (3) .. .. .. (a vel there unl about 1 pm. so perhaps you
c o u l ds t a yw i r hh m a . d m a k es o r e t h e r ea r e n o p r o b e m s( a ) . . . . . . . . . .k e g s r e r n g ) e r c
havero(5). (manase)wdhoutmern
Y:11::1.::j::-""*ea,rernoon.soMikeandKarhw

rm q ns b (6) . (organise) lhe ilinerary ror my lr'p to spain next month. can you
(7) .. . (hink about rhen wi,ta) a 'st or a our spanrsh cusrohers by (al ... . . . .. ... .. (examin ns)
our clstomer accounls dalabase? d ke ro know exacty who need io (9) .. (vist) arso lhe flighr
needs la lre booked canyou(10) .. (elephone)lhekave6se.cyandcheckflishtrimesandprces?
w6 .e try ns to ( 11 ) (contror lo stop lhem mcreasing) ir.ver expe.ses al the moment so iusr
(12) . (d scovea prices ror Elrolrave er crass

The printer keeps (13) (sloppins work ns). and did. r have a chznce 'o (14)
( p r n r )t h e s p r e a d s h e ef l6 r ca.y6udoirandlhen(15)........... ( m a k ea c o p y ) t h e f i t e
onro a disk for me to use 6n my 6prop?

Exercise 5 B C
31 C o m p e t et h r n e w s p a p e
a r t c e b y c h o o r n gt h ec o r r e cat d v e r bf r o mt h o s en b r a c k e t s

T R A V E LO N T H E N E T
Lani DillenChielExecutjve
of enrerel, (olf/up/ou!l a quarterof its sl!llin. bid ro to call for Mr Dill.r's resignatioh,
En.a!elk
sropped(r)......d.al!^.....
(ofi/dffi/oul) keepcosts(;l) ...,,...,,..,,...,,.. (off/do$n/out). linrnce ofiicef Marthd Pip€rvill nor tale
yerlerdly in a dranelic nore for the but lbese n€sures seR no! enolgh to (6).....................
(through/up/on)the lask
on-linelravelaeency,
Revenues
at e.trarel nake the conpanl p.ofitable,Diller had of t.ying to sorl (7) ,,.,,.,.,.,.,,.,.,.,.
a.e currenlly 15% dosn on the sane ben in negotialiorssith thelnterneipo.tll (oye./up/out) their problebs, bu1 lhe
period lasl lern and thet\'e had io loHo to get exclusive
righis to ad!€rtiseon nosi likelJ outcomeis lhrt e-travel$ill be
cut (2) ..................... (ori/up/back)thejr ih€ir sfterbur ihe dell fell (5),...,,..,...-........ laLen 181.....................
(ove./rp/out) br
advertising budgelsererel!,Earlierin rhe (ott/ttrough/outJ at rhe l$t ni.ure, It anolher cohpr.L perhaps onlinc .iral
tear e-t.ayel laid (3).....................seenslhat tbis ners frntlli forcedinvestors HiFly.cod. r
102

hrasal verbs 2

A Phrasal verbs + preposition

a Likeoiher v€rbs.manyphrasalverbscdn be usedeitheralonew thout an object,or fo ow€d by
a preposilion
+ object.
Any marecammen6?OK,shallwemove on? (phrasalverb usedalone)
shallwe nove on to the nert item on the agentla? (phrasalverb + preposition+ oblect)

a Hereiea ln of commonphrasav€rb,of this type:

Can we b ng the neeting forwad to Monday? (= move ir to an €arlie. time)
Youg:o on ahead. t ll catch up with yau later. (= reachihe same p ace as)
we need to cut bzcvdown on our spendinq l= rcdKe)
Let'sdtop in on Davidwhilewe'rc in London. (= m.ke a short, nformalvisit)
I gct on with ny colleagues verywel (= havea friendly€ ai onshipwith)
Let'sget on with the neeting (= conlinueafterstopping)
I cauldn't get through to directory lnqut€r (= contaci sorneoneby telephone)
It'shard to keep up with developments in lT (= know aboutall the chdnS€sn)
AK, l ll move on to ny next s/de. (= changeio a new subjecl)
Cdn we put the meeting back to friday? l= mole il 1o a laler t m€, de ay)
can vrp put the neeting otf until frday? (= nave i to a aier t rne, de ay)
Canyou put ne thrcugh to Sa/etp/easez(= connecisorneoneby telephone)
Ithink the phatacapierhasrun out of to,rer:(= the.e s noneleft)

B Three.part phrasal verbs

c A few phrasalverbshavethreepadsand a th€e mun be used.The partsarc noi separable.
I look tot\lvard to seeingrou next week
Yor hnft ttuttcndovil, yotn obtLptdt 't,d' fe\.' dnd you havaspokotort in a charnont
Nou, t .fl ba(.x.dnir. .1..kior - no yo! t'!ar a tie? EttortedB nrc!i,l!t! u! thai rit! to
.ft ir anh dr$ dd( i, nt. hn(i.t i'dn\trt. (Chini Diily website)
t Hercis a Bt ol commonphrasalve.bs
of ihis typel
lt s tine to face up to yout reiporslbrrt/bJ. (= not avo d)
lf it3 not su..essful,we can fa ba.k on plan B. (= lse f necessary)
Daes the rcuBe lit in with yout haliday plans? (= be acceptedw thout prob emt
l ll get back to yau tanoffow (= te ephoneyou aqain)
l'll get on to aur supplers ight awaf (= coniact)
1'll try to get rcund to rcading yau rcpaft today. (= 1 nd the time for)
tlook fotwatd to seeingyou next !,veel. (=thnkaheadwthpleasure)
I can t put up with such tude behavlour (= tolelate)

'Cole, ?€ v. d*id€d to cut ba.t on p6ple n.n€d Cole.."

 24 PHRASAI.
VERES2 103

C Particle meanings
ofthe phrasalverb
O Oftentherneaning isrelated
to therneaninq
of the particle.
Sennl dpplidnttulnties hdreonicisedtE EU for sddiflr oxt adusing sig&lsabartits
intentiontCd iddtesonpkin thatthey6nnot arry on ikdejkitelywith thecasu refow needed
to qudlifi,fot nqnbe$hip@ithortsotue fn ddtefotentry.Theft,spd soneEU gorenfle,h rtuhl
to lut of erlatgenentfot J@ that it will bcunpap dt oith the wk6, ol thdttheaeweahdtltt
will 'nonpolie EU spendifs.(Econonistwebsite)
a Studythese andnotethatapanicl€canhavesever.meanlngs.
examples,
back /7 canyouba*. (= telephone aqain)
t ll pay you ba.k tononow. (= rcpaythe money borrowed)
b€hind Wemustn'tfall behindour competiors. (= be slowerthan)
t n getting behind with my lvork (= not do n9 asr'ruchasl should)
down lnflationhascomedown by 2% (= becomeess)
t'n nlinq b cut down on fafty foods.(= reduce)
Thefactorywill closedown nextyear (= stopoperatng)
Theytumed down ou offer (= raid 'no' to)
Canltake down oneor twa detalls?(= wile on paper)
I noted down sone questiansto ait rou, (= w te on paper)
torward Sheput lotwad an intetestnerldea (= suggested)
fhe n,eellngs beenbrcught forward. (= movedto an earliertime)
into I'd liketo go into finan.ea,termyM8a.1=startworkng n.narea)
tE s realy into windsuning.(be nto = ikeand be inrerested
in)
oll I shouldbe ableto get otf at aboutfiye (= leavewo*)
Gn youdrop ne olf? l= Iakemein yolr carandleavem€)
t'msotry| thinkwewerccut oft (= loseih€ sgnal n a phonecall)
Iheyll .ut off ny ele<tricitfif I don't pay thisbill (= stopsupplyng)
on t leavemy computeton all the time.(= operatinq,work ng)
tt bok coldoutsidel'll put ny coaton. (= weat)
l'n goingta carry on workinguntTabouiseyer.(= coft nu€)
Shallwenove on?(= .hangeto thenexttopic)
out at the erd (= giveto everyone)
t'll hand out sone catalogues
we sharc out theprcfiE eqralt. (= d vldebetweenpeople)
. I I justwo* out thept?e for,,ou. (= calculate)
WeTetrling to sott out theprcblen now (- put t I ghr)
over Gn we jun go ovet the detaikagalr?(= check/slmmarile)
t n not surc.I needto think ,t over (= th nk aboutit calefully)
through Cantou go thtough yout ptoposalasatnT(= explain)
I've lo*ed through the files,but ,t3 not there.(= examned)
up Theyptt up theqice {astmanrr. (= incrcased)
twasbtoughtup in thecounfry(= lookedafterfromchildto adult)
lnustwtiE up thatrepott.(= writeusingnotesmadeearlied
fhe conpanywasset up lasiyear (= estabished)
'O4 24 PHRASALVERES2

24 Practice

Exercise 1 !t
complete thesentences withonewordfromlistAandonewod fromlistB.
A: back fur.€C down in on out up up
B: on of {e to to to with with
1 l'm sorry| can'tmakethatdate-Canwe bing the me€ting .f.r{!,"ffd.. ....i9....thisweek?
2 l'm sorry| cant makethatdate.Canwe putth€ meeting ............
............
nen week?
3l'mstartingtogetabitove&eight-l'mgojnqtohavetotakemoreexerciseandclt.-......
alcohol andfattyfood.
4 Wereallyhaveto makethededsion thisw€ek. wele beginning to run............ ............
t me.
5 Firstl'lltalka littleaboutthecufientma*et satuation, thenl'11move........................
outlinethe BoadS
thinkingaboutfutuEstrategy.
6ltbnotjustaquestionofchoosinga€ndidatewiththeightexpedence.Theyalsohavet
,,..........
thecomoanv culture.
7 Everyone in the R& D department doesa lol of €adingoutside workhours. Thngsaremovingsofast
youreallyhaveto keep............
............
thefield.
8 We mighthaveto withdrawthisproduct fromthe marketandface............ thefactthatit
............
hasn'tbeenthe success w€ hadhopedfor,

Exercise2 I I
t!4atch
thebeginnings 1-5withtheirendangs
of sentences al.€).
1 l'll lookintoit rightawayandgetback E a) to Philiplenkinson extension
2 l'm sobusydealing withtheday-to-day 3177buttherclno answer
c sesthatI nevergetround n b) with mycolleagues muchbeiier.
3 switchboad? l'm tryingto getthrough n c) to ourlocaloffice andtryto geta
4 l'm notsurewhat3happening. l'llgeton n clearerpictureof lhe situation
5 Yes,l'rna lot happier now I geton n d) io youthlsafternoon.
e) to thinkingaboutthefuture.

Exercise3 I
Studyth€e possible meanings
of theadverb
up a!<).Thendecide
whichm€aning
is mostcoselyrelated
to
theuseof up in the und€inedphrasalverbs.
positionb) increase,
a) in a high/noticeable become
mofe c) compl€tely
1 A keyqoalfor Allianzisto buildup ils assetmanagemeni business. E
2 Manytechnical issueshavecomeuo in thenegotiations. n
3 | coulds!rm_!!the situationby saing that we?ein big trcuble. n
4 l'dliketob ng upthequestion of financinqtheoperation in crcatia. n
s I needa newPc.l'venearlyuseduo allthespa(eon myharddisk. n
6 Weneedmorecapital to speedup ourplantmodemisation programme. !
 24 PHNASALVERBS2 105

Exercise4 | l!
Completethisemailsentby a finanoaladviserto hisclientby choosingthe corect particlefrom ihe list

back behind d€,|,n in of off on on out through to up with with

stocG ln the us have @m€ (l ) ....-dcl\tr\,,. a lild€ si.@ | lasl @lacted vou. but in g€n€€lthe e@nomy i5 healthy and
rh€ Fed will pur {2) ..,,....,,,......- int66t rates lf gFwih i3 too fast I lhhk ihey'll prcb.blv put this doclsion (3) . .. --,
lntll the third or tourth quan€r Th€ @l dang€r i3 with td@mmi whlch hav€ r€.llv fallen (4) -.,, ...,, ..... lh€ oth6r
s6cto6. Basl€lly, the lel€@nh $cto. h6 run our €) ....,, .... ...... 5t€m. at l€53t in lh€ short tsrm We r€cohd€nd lhat
you cut (6)...,,,...,.-......on your e:pGue lo lhi3 3etor and *hch to en€rsv ard €teiling, whlch wli nt h nl6rv
( 7 ) . . . , , , . . . . . . , - . . . . l h € r € s t o r y o u r p o r t f o l l o , I n B l i t u d o E l I n @ t o B € B l l k € l v i o f a l l b e c k G ) . . . , . . , . .1. h e 8 €5 6 a s r t h a
cuft€nt marketrclaliliv edies (9) ....,,......--.... . l!€ attach€<1.do@m6nl wiih sp.clfic suqg€Btlonsfor volr porttorio
when yo! v€ had . chan€ to go (10) .....-......-.,,,. hlel m€ lroM. rFu €96 wih my €@mm€ndatlotu lllg€t on
(11) .,,,,.....,,...... our b6k€E and theyll wo* (12)....,,,.......--..ihe comnl$ron lor buvlng and slllng th€ slocks.
Byth€ way, ih.nkBfordopphg (13).,........-.......rh. olher momlng. N@ llll€lvou gol on (14). ..... -.. vourwork

E x e r c i s5el I l I
@,, Comoletethetelephonecallwithphrasalvedsfromthelistbelowthatmeanthesameasthewordsin
Somearefromunit23.
brackets,
up go ahead go over holdon lookinto
callback cutoft getbackto getthrough breaking
pc++hrecg$ rangup sortout speakup

Good moming, Medi! Solutiont,how canI hclp you?

n-EcEr|roNrsr,
can vou (l) ..i{|1.. me ..lb.p.$h.. Gonnectlto christineMoreau,Plcase?
OfcouEe,holdthcline...I'miorrycaler,Icant(2)........ . .. (nakecontact)
r'€cE!r'oN'sr,
at the momenqthc line'sbu!y.Sha[ I askher to (3) ....... . .. .. . . . you
(tcl.phoneagain)?
...........................
Its OK,I'll leavea m.s5.ge
(wit) just a second$,hileI look for a pen . Right,
R'cEpnoNsr,OK, (4) ...........................
(s)...........................
(continue).
My namei Derck Richardion,Fomweston SecuriryMs Moreau(6) . . ........... ...
ne.........................,.(telephoned)yesterday.Shewantedm€to(7
(iMstigate) the cct of inst ling an alrfm systemfor your PremisesI saidI d
(telephoneagain)het todatr
(8) ...........................
I'm sorry Mr Ricbardsn, the tine is very b!d, can you (9) ................. .... . (talk
.. (havingprcblemr
louder) ple.se?HeIo? He o? I'n sorry,you'te (10) ........................
with the signal). Hello? . . .
So!ry about thaL I'm on I tnin ming my nobile and we wete (11)
(disomected) h a hlmel. Er,y€s,asI sas saying,I'veruaged to (12) . .... ...... .
(orseiF). Can 'ou telt her thtt I'I sendher a quot.tion
somthing .....-.-..-.........,....,.
along vith a[ the othq deuils in the post?
Oh, risbt, er,can t j6r (13) .---.,..,..--...... (check)tbat asein?Yourname is D€rek
Richddson, Gomvestotr Seruity, ud you re going to seDdsome det.ils about u alarm

That3 right. Er thant you fo. your help. Goodb€.

106

erbs and objects

A Transitive and intransitive verbs

t Verbsin Englishcaneitherbe tEnsitiveor ntransiriv€.
This nformationis shown n dictonaries
w th the l€ttersT or L

B llansitive verbs
a Transitive v€rbsarc followedby dn obje.i Th€oblecrcantake a vareryof forrns:
noun: Da you sell stamps?
pronoun: /t3 too expenslv€.I can't affard it.
ret ex ve pronoun: 1enjayednyself at the .o.ktait part! yesterdayafternoan.
c ause: I de.ided that it was too tisky
a A transitiveverbis not compete without an object.

c Intransitive verbs
a Intranst veverbsdo notldkean obiecr
Herflight hasaftived.lHet flight amvesat Heathrcw/Her ftightaftivesbefarcnine
(ButNOI f,le+{ight-€+ri}er|€ath{€*.)
Aut salesin Twkeyfell./Oursaletfell lastyeat./Ou satesfettdranaticattyin the US.
(B!t NOTesft€rapint {e r€-sa1e5.1i5+y€€+)
a lnrransitive
verbsincludetache,appeat,adve come,depaft,disappea,exjst,fat, 9a, happen,
hve,occur,tain,rcnain, ise, sleep,speak,wait, walk,wotk.

D Verbswith both transitive and intransitive torms

a Manyverbscanhavebotha transilive
and ntransiiive
form
I openedthe doot fhe daoropened.
Webeganthe neeting. Theneeting began.
Ottenyoucan eaveolt theobjectil t isobvious
because
of thestuaron or beca
Lrse
youhave
akeady menlioned it.
t parked(ny car)in front of yout offi.e.
AK,IthinktundeRtand (it) now
a Verbswith borhforms nclude:accept,arswer:ark, begin,break,(hange,choose,ctose,caak,
decrease,
drcp, eat,end,explain,finish,farget,grcw, hetp,imprcve,incrcase,
knaw,tearn,
leave,neet, nau.e,openlpark' phone'read,rcnenbea see,staft stap,turn, undestand,
watch,win, wiE.
a Manyverbsarctransiiive
withonemeanng andintransrve
wrh.nother
He taaLotf h6 Fdet (takeoff o) = to removean tem of clothlng)
The planetoak olt at 3 pm. (takeoff (l) = to leavethe g round and startftying)
t've rcrcvered the files from ke hard disk. (e-6uet fi = ro ger back somerhing thar was lon)
Theeconomyis recoveringslowly. (rccover(l)= to returnto norm.laftersometroublel
 25 VERBSA'{D OEJECIS IO7

E verb + two obiects

o Someverbscan havetwo objects,an indned object(d personwho receve, som€thing)and a
direc!objecr(th€thing someonegivet.
After a lat of negotiation they offercd (P) us IDO)a betbr deal.
Theypatd (a) the consultants lDo) a lot of noney
she sends(lo) you (DO)her ben rcgad'.

V€rbs lke thls include:award, bing, buy, cause cost, email, fine, giw, hand, leave,lend, nake,
offe, owe, past pay, post, ptonise, read, refuse, sel, send, shaw, take, tea.h, tell, wte

a abovewe do not useio.

Noticethat in the examples
NoTth€y-€+tu{€d-.€-s5+M
NOTthefpdid+€-the{€r5ulr€€g-i.l€
t Youcanoftenputthedircctobiecrfrlst,andin thiscaseyouuseto + indirect object.This
happens whenwewanlto givespecial importanceto th€ ndirect
object.
Ihey afferedlDo) a betrer dealln to ou conpetitots.
Iheypaid \DO a lot of money lt]) to the .onsultants who <ameherc last month
5hesends(DO)h€t best t€gatds (tO)to you and yow tamily.
Bdrl$htul (DO) n@rcy(IO) to tloscbttnE setthaterpLdihau,thcJitul: nilLh. tpaid
(BusittssAtukotZo". urbsit.)
ThLsstrlctureisalsocommon areprcnouns.
whenbothobjecls
Ihey ofered (DO) it (lO)to u5.
a Someverbsmusthaveto + ndi€ctobject.Theycannothavelhe structuren thefirstparagraph

sheexpiained(DO)the sttuation (lO)to me (NOrexplsin€d-F3€+he'5* 'e)

I reconnend{AO the fish (lO)to you. (NOTre€€.FrFeFdJ€s+he-ii5h)
Hesuqg€sted (DO)arother solution \O) to ut. (NoT5s99e5ted-s5-aFe*€{-5€k+eA)
'11t.!?akc
t .lotM.ttoAC didr't etttia(tO)to t.potteB(DO)thc pla8 to sellpatt
oJthedcpannte storechainKauJhoJ.Fn kfin( Allrcnctu tsl,sitc)
verbsin thisgroupindude:admit,announcedemonstratedescibe,explain,introduce,
mention,prcpase,prcre, rccannend, repeat,tepott,say,suggest.

F Verb + two obiects using for

a w,lh sone verb, we Lse for io Inlrodu.ethe -d 'ect obied in'IF.d o' Io.
l've brcught you a ptetent. I ve brcught a prcsent for you.
I ve left you the rcpott I've left the rcport for you on yout desk.
I ll rcseNe us a table. I ll rcsetvea table for six people.

a Velbs with two objects that us€ for include:book, bins, build, buy, call, .hange, chatge,
choase,coak, iut, do, fetch, find, fix, let, keep, leavc, n'ake,odet, prcpare, rcseve, save
roa 25 vEhls AtrtDoE Ects

Practice

Exercise
t !!Q
Tick (/) the sentencesthat arc completeand cross(, the onesthat arc incomplete
I Youneed. E 6 tsot. n
2 My headaches. n 7 Whatdid youget? n
8 Thecompany istryingto cut. n
4 lt3 finallyhappened.
! 9 tam tryingto wo*. n
s lve €allyenjoyed. ! 10 Hereminded. n

Exercise
2 !l!
Tick(/)the sentences
thatarecofiectandcrcss(X)theonestharafeincorr€cr.
1 We'veredesigned thereception ar€ato lookmoremodern. Z
2 l'll waitthe re.eption
areafo. you, E
3 l'vebeenstudyjng Accentu€on myMBAcouBe. n
4 l've beenworkingAccenturefor fiveyea6, !
5 Whatwillhappen thecompany ifthe CEOteaves? n
6 Whowillrunthecompany il theCEOlea!€s? n
7 I'velivedLondon allmytife. n
8 l'velikedLondon allmylife. n
9 Theairportbusleavesthe hotetat eight. n
10 Theairpo(busarivesthehotelat eight. n
11 Theytoldusiastmonththatthedetivery was9ojn9to U" tut". !
12 Theysaiduslastmonththatthe detivery wasgoingto betate. n
13 year
Last we hadto fallouradvertising budget. n
14 Lastyearwe hadto cutouradvenising budget- D

Exercise3 I
Eachpairof sentences hasthesamev€rb.Markthesentence T if it i5usedtransitiv€ly
or I if it used
intransitively.
Urd€rJirethe objectin the transitivesentences.
'I a)Canyou
seethewomrnin thebluesujtoverthere?E
b) So youte goingto cancelyourorder I s€e. A
2 a) | hadto run to the pon office- n
b) Herunsthemaftetingdepartment. n
3 a)Ourfamilyhasman.gedrhishotelfor th€e generations.
n
b)Wemanagedverywetiwhileourbosswason hotiday. n
4 a) shelost hefjob lastmonthwhenthey restructured
the company. tr
b) Reallvadridlost by two goalsto one. tr
5 a)Thesales targetwassetat 8 millionthisyearbut I thinkwe,llmiss. n
b) | efjoyworkinqabroad,
but I missmyfamilyandf ends. n
6 a)Ours.lesdropp€dby 12% lastyear
b) ldroppd mylaptopon thefloor,but tdonl thinkirs broken.n
n
7 a)Susan, do youknow Dr Gos.h€l tromourMunichoftice?n
b) lt3 goingto be mo.eexpensive.
I know. n
8 a)Youmustinvenif youwant yourbusiness to grow' !
b) Farmers who grew olivesusedto get a tot of subsidies
from the EU. !
 25 VERBSAND OBJECTS 1O9

Exercise4 F
Under n€ the corect words.
1 He /ent mel/ent to me the aruce about Turkeyfrorn lhe Econo.nist.
2 l'm goingto suggestthemlsuggestto themthat we postponethe meeting.
3 Ihey pronised ne / pronised to me a f ull r€fund if I wasn't satisfied.
4 | explainedthenlexphinedto dremthat lwasjust followingcompanypo cy.
5 This delay is causinErus problenslcausing problens to us.
6 | recommendyou rhe chickenlthe chkken to you lt's usudllyvery good n here.
7 | €port€d the laulf to dre te.hnicianlta the te<hnicianthe fault yestetday.
8 In the end lso/d tiemlso/d to themihe moreexpensive model.
9 | descibed them the whoie situationlthe whole situation to them ln grcat d€tail.
1A Shetold neltold to ne that yourtrip io seoulwasveryruccessfuL.
ll Jennfer,.an intrcduceyou JosephLeelintaduG yau to loseph Lee?
12 1showedthe visitotslshowedro the v,j,iorsour new assembly
line

Exercise5 #
Putthewordsandphrases ntothecorrect
orderto makea sentence.
1 l/to Jacki€frornihe marketing
depadmenvlent^hesrticle
I l-a^t the a.ticle t! J-^ckie {.ox the.y4.flse.it,}4 dep4lt|1.e^t.......
2 l/lackie/ent/th€articleaboutmarkeling
t . . . . . . . . . .
3 l/anemail/them/sent/yesterday
t . .
ema/to thekcugtomer servrces
depa(menl/sent/yesterday
t.
5 l/the d splaymodelthatb beenin the window/sold/him

6 /the dsplaymodel/sold/toa womanwho camein this mornng

t........
7 l/my report/her/thismornng/gave
t . .
morning
8 l/my repot/gave/to he. secrclary/this
t.................

Exercise
6mm
Compete the sentenceswith eitherto or for
1 Theyemailed theirreply:..to''. usthismorning.l'veleJta copy..f.gf.youon yourdesk.
2 Could you givethis.........mysecretaryandaskherto makesornecoffee.........ourvisitors?
3 l'v€prepared a report.........
theBoard meetinq.Here,l'llshowit.........yo!.
4 Pl€ale wite a letter.........our
suppli€rs
n Lodz and save a copy.........
our f les.
5lfyouleaveamessage.........heronthsnotepad,l'lltakeit.........herwhenthem
6 l'llbrinqsomesampl€s..... you.
...theoffice.......-.
7lt'llcausedamage.........ihecompanyifwechoosethewrcnglocation.........ournew
8 Maryhasjun left.Hand rneandl'llkeep
thedocumenis......... them......... her
lto

e -ing form

Thisuniicove6usesof the-h9 formthatarenot mentioned

in units1 8 and19 20.

A -irg form as a noun

a lhe -tog fom can be usedas a noun(in this caseit s alsocalleda gerund).
Ma*eting rcquircscarcful planning.

a lt can ako be Dartof a noun ohrase.

Conbining two financial groups su.cessfully is alwaysa difficuk task. (Businessweek
Onlinewebsiie)
nE Eality tow k thousatukoI maik,fM |t.ct:tdg6,kbphoie ulk dfttl Ihtemct arde$enin! inta
a @npo^y eueryday.Int ryHting that inJo'',,/,tion intellige l! so that ih. e$tomet geh what
it ne..lr k a uery.ohplet t6h dddndine a rery eotryld rot,.ior. (Eurobusinesswebsite)

B -ing form as an adjective

O The-ingformcanbe usedlikean adjective,beforea noull.
My wo*ing day star5at nineand finishesarcundsixthitty.
Wearea smallmanufactuing companywith about50 enplayees,
a A smallgroup canhav€eitheran -,n9formor an -edfor r.
of adjectives
ending-ingdescbesomething
Adjectives we arereacting to (outsideut.
s€€al'ounir36 Adjectivesending€d describe (inside
ourfeelings us).
Theneetingwasveryintercning. I wasinbrcsled in tout connents aboutCisco,
^ry wo* is quiteting at the nonent. Lastnight I wasreallytlrcd.
are:boredlbo ng, excitedlexciting,
Otherexamples surpised/suprising.

C -ing form after prepositionr

O We use the -ingrform after prepositions.
wal-Maft becane successfulby se ing high wlunes at low pices.
We nevet laun h a new product without doing exAnsive natket research.
lnnead ot buying telecon shares,l suqqen you look at the biotechnologysedot
AtEr washing'the fruit, we soft it aKoding ta ize and put it into boxes.
Beforc s'€rting work at UBS,I wo*ed at CredisuisseFiatBostan.
seeunit46 a Therearc manyverb+ preposition combinations.
We need to inven heaily in nanufaduing.
seeunita7 O Thereare manyadjective+ p€positioncombinations.
I d be very in'€rcs'€d in heaing yaur suggestions.
seeunit43 O Thereare manynoun+ preposition combinaiions.
t needsone advi.e on doing businessin the Balkans.
 26 THE'/I'G FORM lII

a Becarefulwith the word to. Forverbsfolow€d by ro + infinitiveseeunlt 19:

we'w decided to use an our:tuleconpany.
And we useto + infinitiveto explainwhy we do something(ihs is called'theinfinltveof

We're doing this to rcduce cotts.

Bul we u5elo | -rngwhen to is d pr€po5it:on:
Outdoor pos1€6arc an akernativeto using expensiveTV advertisements.

Someverbshaveto usedas a prcposition. inclfte: look fotuvadta, objectta, be used

Examples
to, get used b, ptefet... to ..., respond to.
l'n looking forwad to teeiDg you rext lveek. (NoI tesee)
He seemsto rcspond well to wo*ing undet pressurc. (NOTt€-,*€+k)
t n not used to having su.h a shod lunch brcak. (NOI r+have)

D -ing form uied to begin a clause

a An -ingclause cangivemoreinformation about3 noun.
Vcryf."'fadns @ in d positioh ta betleftiontheEU ua at. I'ok dt Poland,h.ft th.t! dP ht)o
nillio fdrs e"ryloyinf ovd 4 qrcttet oJthepopl4tiot, to ke th. ptobl.n at itsuolst
(Busi'ressCenrnl Eurcpcwebsne)
UK-bdsed ubtk.rt havcbcctttoldtld ntdial tuetingsvith ov.6ens,olLeagus tntttt oo he
co .Iwtadthrctghlidcoco'ferchci'8. Ohly t4l.s staf ttuwllifl! to .$entiql e stottt tt' neetirys
dlt bcattouad tojy. (Sunday Business 'nigazine)
seeakounit2e Thistypeof'h9 clause is likea defi.ingrel.tiveclause.
A bt of the smalllntemetcampanies opetatlng in Europearc |kely ta be takenover
(= whichareoperating in Europe)
The\r/anantalking to Robett wilkinson is thechief Finance Aflicerat Accot
(= who istalking)
o An -ingclause cangivethereason ior an actionin the pasl.
I wentoverto hi'l', thinking he was the manageabut he saidhe wasa salesassistant.
(= becauseI thoughthewasthemanaged
Tqenegarversformedwithnot
Not being used to the companyculture, I faunll it had to fl in
a An -ingcl.usecandescibea background for another
situation action.
Walking into wott<thit moming I metCeliaMo usedta workin FErlonnel.
(= aslwaswalkingintowork)
Thenegative isformedwithnoa
I stattedthejob not knowing what to expect.

4e-
"AI1thosein favour ofmoving the
decimalpoiDlooeplaceto the ngh:"
26 Practice

Exercise1 E 6
lvatchthe beginnings
of sentences
l-a withtheirendings
aI+)
I Manufactuing in the UKhasbeen E a) manutacturing secror
2 In theuK,theservice sectoris now b) is nowalmostcomplerely automared.
muchmorcimportantthan the n c) manuracturing.
3 n the uK,servicesarenow much d) in declin€for manyyears.
morcimportant than n e) n€eda lot of invenment.
4 olf manufactudng prccett tr D conc€ntrated in ihe Katowice
area.
5 We'regoingto investheavit n q) rnmanulacruring overthenextfewyea6.
6 car manufacturingin Poland is n h) a totoi invenment.
7 Developingandprcmoting Polands
manufacturing
basewill n
8 Developingmanufactuing in Poland
willneed n

Exercise2 tf #
For eachsentencein exercise1 above, decide if the wod nanufadwing is a noun at an adje.live.
Noun: ..!... ...... ...... ...... ......
Adj€ctive: ..7.. ...... ......

Exercise 3 S
Compleie
thesentenceswith lomed fromthevelbsin theti5tbetowin their-lngfo.m.
adjectives
t*e welcomeconfuselast interestwear cut shop sell m€et
1 lt'sbeena very.........ti.. !^.,.........
day,I needa drinkto hetpmeretax.
2 There'ra.............................pointinlrcnroftheticketofiice.ttseeyouthereatsix
3 They?e building a new.............................
centre bythemotorway ext.
4 Nerpresentation wasvery.............................,
ahhough perhapsa til€.............................forpe
whowe€ newio the subject.
s Ths carpet isveryhad-..............................
. andsoit willbeverylong-.....................
....
5 Thenewrcception areashouldbe ........................--...
, not coldandformal likebeforc.
7 -edgetechnology,
Thisis ..............--............. youwon'tftndit anywhere etsen Europe.
8 ltsdesign isoneof itsnrongest points.
.................._..........

Exer<ise4 &
Undeninethe cor.ect words.
1 Thanks for c.lling,and| ,ookforwardto m€et;rolmeefyou at rheconference.
2 Thafksfof calling,andI hopeto me€ringlmeetyou dt theconference.
3 l'm expectingto taklnqltake thenainto workwhenI movelntothe newhouse.
4 I don't objectto tathglrale the train, but I prefercomingto work by car.
5 | canhelpyouwith yoursprcadsheet, l'm usedto workinglwotkwith Excet.
6 Whenlwasin mytwentiestusedrowo*ing/workasa s?t€!consuttant.
 26THE'/VGFORM'I13

Exercise5 t]
from ListA followedby an -hgform from lietB.
compl€teeachsentene by choosinga preposition
A: €fter without by of before inslead of
B: l€ayiRg usng being qong lncredslngtakingover
1 .. . . . Af-tef......... .............1.e+Vi14........ university lworked in lT recruitment for a wh e.
2 | was aware. ................................... verynervousat the startof my p€sentation.
3 V o d a l o ng€r e w . . . . .... ...........o . .c. a l o p e n t o l s .
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. .n. ., .l ' d j L r sl li k e r o o o k a t t h i sg r a p hi n a t t e r n o r ed e t a.
5 f r t ' -u r g e n l c o , d r a l . Fi l l 1 e r em v s e ' . . . . . a. , o u r i e
6 The Fedis hopinglo rcduceinflation... .. .. . .. interestrates.

Exercise 6 D
crossouttwo unnecessarywordsin eachtentence.
1 A ot of theI rmr{/Si€h-€re
developingEluetoolh
arebasedin cambridge.
2 Thewomanwho s replaclng KayWakerusedto workat Saachr.
3 Thethingrhat s wo.ry n9 me mostisthefluctualionn oil prices.
4 hevisilors _9
whoarecon lh,sallerrconc e d.apdne-e Trdde Deleqdto_

Exercise7 D
Matchthe beginnings 1-6 wilh themostappropiate
of sentences endng aFf).

I Speaking to Mlke, t- a) hegavehiscreditcardto thewaiter

2 So,concluding mypresentaton, b) | r€alisedthatihe stuationwashopeless.
3 nsisting
thathebeallowed to pay, c) l'd justliketo sumup theman po ntsagan.
4 Of cou6e didn'tsayarythng, d) not regrettn9 myactions to. onemome.t.
5 ljlst tookit a Lfor granted, n e) notwilhingto offendh m.
6 | resignedthenextweek, n t notapprecialing thewofkthaiwas nvolved

Exercise8 D
Rewrite
the underlined u5ng an -,n9cbule.Noiethat nsomeexarnpesthereisa
partol eachsentence

1 | got io the anpo.tal ten becaus€Lexoectedthe flioht to arive on urne.

| 9or ro t^e dirporrdl ten. .. exF-eJt'^{ tfg fl14ht to arrrve oa tiva
2 | didn'r undeEtandrhe languageso Lfolnd it hardto get aroundon my own.
onmyown.
, ' torndt hardto setaround
Ne:-t...q^Ce..a.ttA^di^4..!..fe..1*n4la*4,e.............
3 InvesrFdf5,000indClrnaf-dbe.aus"IhopedrhllbeinaAc! .
investedf5,000 in a Chinaf!nd,
4 4f.]_!cC5nltarexpelcn l th nk I madeioo manyconcelsions.
I t h n k I m a d et o o m a n y

5 shewouldnlmindso I askedheraboutherannualsalary
assumed
l a s k e dh e ra b o l t h e ra n n u a

6 | sad yesbecauseI didn'i know it would crcateso m.nv plqblem5.

I s ao y e ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
114

A Make and do
a Thereare mdnycommonexp.essons b.sed on mdkeand do Thereis no generalrule,although
often mdte is lsed foi a prcductor r€sultand do for a proces!or activty.
You make... an dppointmentwith sb./ an affangenentwith sb. /sb. angry sad,etc./
an aftenpt to da sth. / sth. bene, /Mrer (comp.rat ve adjecrives)/ a bld for
sth. I a (all tc sb./ sth. clear/ a canplai nt against sb. | rcntacts / a de.ision /
a differcnce ta nh / an exceptian/ an effott / inquiies tan extuse / a gaad
inptession on sb. / an investnent /a lass/a ness / a nistake / naney /
a noise/a note af sth / a plan/ sth. possible /a prafit/a p.omise/pragress/
sb redundant / senseaf sth. / a staft / a suggestion/ sure / yauseff understaad
Youdo... the accounts/ yaur bestI business with sb./ the cleaning,shopping,etc /
a coursein sth. / danage ta sth. / ecanoni.s at unlvesiry / everl'thingyou can
ta help / sb. a favou| / a job fot sb./ nothing / avettime / research / sanething
dbout I I a test on sth. / well, badly at sth / without sth. / wak fat sb.
Nolerith. = somethrngand Jb. = sornebody.

We usemaketo rnean'produce'or 'manufacture'.P.odlctsaremade/, a count.y,madeby a

companyand madeof a materiallike planic,4eathet
elc.
We usedo to mean'periorman action'when w€ are rpeakng generaly.
Canldo antlhing to helpyou?
What did you do at the weekend?
'Tlt sto.knft*d is rhdt it k.yon liuct,ith that,'sa]t^
Ollild, CEO of NakiaCotp,'Yorjt^t do
th! I'tst ),ou tut on d .laily basis,ty to let lE tkht balai.( al tha lt and Lr\-tthi a.tiofl!
'l'ltdt\
ttu onlf attitrdcto hdr. to droid losi"r sLlp Mnrcudfiir' (lDdu"ryweek wcbsirc)

B Get
a 6et hasthe followingbasicmeaninqs:
I got this shift fron Harrods.
given
2 receive/be I got an enail fran Frankyesterday.
It s getting late. Shallwe ttop naw?
4 move/arrivesomewhefe t got tnto Salesnany yearsaga. I get ta wark at nine.
5 bring nh. b a place/fef.h Can I get yau anyrhing fran the dinks nachine?
I'm sorry ldidn't get that
7 persuadesb. lo do (h. Wetriedta get themto agree,but theyrcfused
8 t|avel byl..tch (iranspod) | got a taxi fron the airpart.
Tiny.r'nurs dteaIdlolite t Lnto'iecdkat.A,tlsoon w,'11Le ahletoyt oneaJyaw aot1.And
t! /'{irdl (Forbes-comNebsite)(qet = obt.in)
Ned to get @hnatal to the I' anet Nlostue?Yot'l| prcbabb haueta dedli,ith Andtoly
Kdrd.ttrp} (Forbes-com website) (get = be.ome)
Mx BezassaidA nzat lon d lot oJ n'oicy oh it\ inresr$efltsin hath lirin!,.ofl akd Pett.eon.'The
ided wB ta let i" $nk!, and slakeyan clain ta a pdticrlar na*et caor.' (WeI SrreetJo rn.l
Eurcpe webslre) Get = move)
Mdke et/e yon ptu'flfuesu'o,1 get yo! itto tbtule. (Quicken.con websne) (qet = briig)
Is the bssiness{ot rs'lit), ttatue and eonjde* erotgh n let ah.t uefi won! ii the dat .otu
o6h ? I hdue'fly dasbts. (hnh Tides websile) (gei = understand)
 27 MAKE D1O.GE HAW 115

C Have
a Weusetheverbhaveeitherlike'possess'
or asan acton (= do somethlng)
I have a ferrariand a \ftv Goll
I had an interening con/ersationyesterday. ladtan)
seeunit2 Whenha!€ is usedlike'possess'itis a stateverband so do€snotform continuoustenses.
t have a goad job in the Aty (NoT Fm+e+iFg)

t Th s is verycomr.on in Erltsh
We can usehavegot in placeof havewhenlt means'possess'
English
l've got a good job in the Ct',Y
He\ got an MBA from lnsead.
'possess':
of fiaveusedlik€
a Hereare someexamples
th ngs/ people hare a new carl jab, have tuvas,ne6, hrve a baby (= to give birth)
havelong haic have glasses
peffonalqualities havea goodsense of hunou, havea lat of eneryy
ideas havean idea,haveanlno alternative,havea/na doubt
illness
/ njuri€s havea cold,harea heada(he,havea badback
esof iave in ts otherlse at an actionverb:
a Herearesomeexamp
eat/ dink / smoke havea coffee,havea glassof wine,havea neal, havelunchldinner,have
the steak,havea cigatene
have+ noun havea meeting(= meel),ha"ea dink (= dtink),havea look (= laok),
(inneadof verb) h.vea wash{= wash),ha!€abreak(= break), havea resr(= rest)
otherphrases havean accident,havean appointnent,haw a chance,havea dayoff,
havedifficultylin + -ind, ha\ea guess,havea holiday,havemrik( n yoLrr
coflee),havetime havesecondthaughts,havetroublel+ 'ing), havea
word
Havefun! Havea gaod tine! Havea nice day! Havea ga! Havea tty!
Havea rcst and you ll feel nuch befte.
Mr lLsodlc taidPtojln tnr\ haoetroubl nki,s aneybe&tt. of i^ ttu* fttordot uo*iir
(Fjnlncial Postwebsite)
oih t an,rD'e.Ituon'a5likeAIo/r./N.rldrtr drd S,, r\,trror1,Jr.r$.

Mr Hamat 1oanadr mabugt ad yoanatu ne oy

butlat dibt't mab ,nr fiou!.'
116 27 MAKE DO, GE', HAW

27 Practice

Exer<ise1 &
Complete thes€ntences withmakeor do.Youmayhdveto usea pastsimplefom.
1 I m sorrytheP.esident is busy. You'llhaveto ......11^.k-e''......
an appoinrment.
2 Theinsider dealing scandal ...................-...
a lot of damage to hisrcputation.
3 | th nk France Telecom aregoingto .......................
a bidfor Telecet.
4 Could you....................
mea favour? Could you.......................
somemorecoff€e?
5lthinkweshoulduseanotheragencyto.......................thecteaning.
6 Don'tworryjust................-......
yourbest. Wea||.......................
mistakes.
7 OK,shallwe .......................
a start?
8 Thebuilders .......................
somuchnois€ thatit wasdifficultto .......................
anywork.
9 We......................bu5ines5intheUkraineforth€eyea15beforewe....................
l0 We.......................
sometests lastweekandtthinkwe .......................progress.
l1 Wehaveto .......................
a decision. Wecan'tjust.......................
nothing.
12 lhopewecansenda technidan to .......................
thejobthisalternoon.

Exercise2 [
Matchthe usesof get in thefollowing
sentences
with meanings
aFh).
e) b.ing/fetch
given
b).eceive/be
g) pe6u.de
h) navel by/catch

1 Whattimedo youusually getto theoffice? E

2 Yo! mightbeableto getit a littlebit ch€aper n
it yougo to a targefstore.
3 'm sorry| didnt quitegetthelan point.Couldyou
erptainit again? n
4 Thefactoryisverybusy. Wegot a lalgeorderfromTaiwan tanweek. !
5 CanI getyoua (offeewhileyouarewaiting? n
6 Thisnewsoftware is sohardto use.I don'tthinkt'ltevergetusedto ii. n
7 I flewto Heathrow andthengot a trainto Reading. n
8 I couldnlgetherto signthecontract. Sheneedsmoretimeto decide. !
Exercise3 I
Lookat theformof thewod iaye in thesentences belowputa tick(/) if thesentenc€ put.
s possibe.
(r) if t is noi possible.
cross
1 ltb OK,I dont needanyhelp.l'mjusthavinga look. Z
2 l'm havingonebrotherandonesister E
3 She's a goodteammember - she3havinga lorof €nergy. I
4 Whynotjoinuslater?We'llbe havinga drinkin the b". n
5 OK,J'vedecided. l'm havingtheneak. n
6 You'lleasily€cognise Anna.SheShavingshortbrownhairandgtases.n

Exercise4 I
h threeexamples
in exercise
3 theword/rauecanbe replaced
byhavegot.Writetheseftencenumbers
 27 MAKe DO' G4 HAW 117

Exercise 5 fi
wlth a wod o. phr.sefrom the list below
Competethe sentences

at€rnatve appontm€nt chance conver$tion break day otf dificulty doubt

th€fsh go headache ho day ook unch rF€€{'ng ume word

1 l'm havinga ...Yg.e'1ll{. . wrth my bankmanagerthlsafternoon

. o uw e n tt o G r e e cdei d n ' ty o u ?
2 D i dy o u h a v ea g o o d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?. .Y
3 Did you hav€a good ....... ......? Youwent to that Greekrcsiaurantdidn't you?
, couldyou h
4 lf you hav€d . .................... . at thesefiqlrrcs?
to look at the repol1yesterday.
5 | didn't haveany . .................. l'll do t today.
6 I m sorrywe have10stop yolr rcdit. We haveabsolr.rteno.. y
7 lts beena long meeting Lel! havea short............. . and then meetbackherein twenty minutes
8 G o o dm o r n i n gI.h a v ea n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .w E o o t hd t t e n o t l o c k .
. .i.t.h. .C . t h e r i n e
9 Lel me see.I th nk l ll have.... ............... . lt's normallyverygood in here
10 h.ve no . dt all that he3 te n9 the truth. H€'sa veryhonen pe6on.
..............
1 1 l h a d a l o t o l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .u. n. .d. .e r l t a nndg t h e t e c h n l c d a e l a i l isn h s p r e s e n t a t o n .
1 2 l ' v e g o i a b i t o l d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l t. h e n a t p i r i nl f i t g e t sw o 6 e m i q h th . v et o h a v et h e
. .i n k l ' L l t a k a
. ..................tomoffow
l 3 l ' d h k et o h a v ea q u i c k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w i t h y o u a b o u l t h e n e w p r o d u c t l a u n c h .
1 4 H . v ea . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! l m s L r ryeo uc a nd o r t !
15 | had a veryinterening. ...................wilh Tonyoverlunchyesierday.

Exercise6 { I
iC'rr Co r o er€ | e o. o9-. w tl a (o[eo form of nake, do at ger

Helen,you've beer (1) ...q-o.11$... a lot ofoveniore recendylA.c you hopins t

( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. r. .o.D
. r o t e d ?
No, it!jusr rhat I havent been (3) .................. thisjob very long ind I reniiywlDt !o
( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .e. .s.o. .o d n n p r e s s i o Inn. d r e l a s tp l a c eI w o l k e dt h e y( s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. .l .o t o f
peopleredrndan!,iocluding ne
Really, rvhy was that?
HtrLEN, well, the conpanyjusr wa\nt (6) ..................
very we]].Bcically they (7) . . nrto
dimcultiesby exp"ndingtoo quickly.They (8) ..................
a bis investmenttu Lxrin ADrenc:'
bui rhe\ hadnt (9) ................. their arketresearchproperly.So dreyjLNtcouldnt
( 1 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . .e. n
. .o. u g hn o n e y .
S o w h a i d i d y o u ( 1 1 ). . . . . . . . . . . . .r.h. .e. n
.?
We[, it wrs difrcult for, lvhne,ihhough rhe companywas very good ro us rnd we
a 10t othelp n app\ing for nerviobs.
(12) ..................
Well. Jt l-r(r ,5ri' 'omerhing
EcN, And rhe redhdancl packagervasqulre good and I (13) ..... ..... sone nmney on solne
shas I d sold, so I had enough money to la5t me a few montl$ while I apPlied {5r other
lobs.
So. how long was it before you goi rhis job?
Well, abourivo montt$.I put my CV on rhe web,and I (14) . - - - quire a few rcrlies
At the time haviag th€ lntedet ar hone (15) ................ . a big ditreren.e
without it.I even(17)
Ye.h, it's great.isnt it.I couldnt (16) .................. . ny
shoppingoD the lnrerDetnoiv ---
ELEN, Then I (18) ................-. an interview here.and ihey (19) ..............
. me aDofer n\e next day,
M d I a c c e p r eidr ( h r g h q $ r v
118

efative cfauses1

A Relative dautes
c clausesareshorrphras€sbeqinningwilh wordslike !./hc rhardnd L/hichthat defne or
Relative
d"(,rbe p€oplednd t' 'ro. The'ec'e Mo tyoe

I we usetheseto dentifyexacty wh ch peBonor thing we mean.

Definn9 relatve clauses:
The .andidate who we inteNiewed on Fiday is beftet than this one
clauses part of the noun phraseTheinformations fecessaryfor the sentenceto
The rcLative

a Non-defning reatve clausesrweusetheseto add extrainformaiionaboui a personor th n9

Cqdl.\, 'uhov Idther wcs s Grcek innigftnt vho entercdthe United Stdtcsaftet Wond
n' Cr..c ot d brliltes tip. (Interution.l Her dTribunc website)
Wat II, Ehn .d ),.!I.r.1d)'
Ihe nformatiofmay be nlerening,but t is not a necessary
part of the sentenceToshowthis
I n w r r n g w e u s ec o m m a s .
Non-deiiningcl.usesare morecomrnonin witing. In speech,w€ often I ve the s.me
r . f o r l d L o nb i l ! 9 r u i i n gl d o < h o d< . n l e n ( e 5C o n p de
Thesalesman,who was very helpful, said this madel was ln 5tock. (wrtn9)
'Thesalesmanwas very helpful. He sad this nodel was in nack.'
Gpeech)
a Lookagainat lhe previousexampleRemernber
lhatwearet!n addinqextrainforrnatonabout
a s a l e s m alnf l h e r e s m o r e t h a n o n e s a e s m a n a n d w e w a n t t o s a y w h i c h o n e w e a r e t a l k i n g
aboul,then we usea dei ning relativecaus€.
'The salesmanwho I spoke to on the phone yetterday said this nodelwas in stock, but
naw you tell me that yau don t haveany. l've cone all the way herc to buy lt'

B Relative pronouns
a Thewordswho, whlch,that, whan and whosecan beg n . reativecause Theyare ca ed
rer.nvepronounr.

a Forpeopleboth who and rhat afe used,but who

The(andidate who they chosefor the iab has a finan.e backgrcund.

a Forthlngsor ideasboth rvhkh ard that areused,blt that is nrorecommon,especiallyn speech.

Theprodu.ts that you ardercd werc sent taday.
Thefaadtutorldes a,ottut ptublct. I'1. et topa itipdt! fi the EU\ si slend*et it uill ha,eta
to'1Jo1nta tlt Coh""o!' Agtittlhndl Paliry,uhi.h nahes ry 40% of a EU rcplatiots.
(Bushes Centr.alEuropelvebsife)
'Ih.
frht .fot srtuiualoJdai\' btsittcseill be&ai tiy t]1. a]]dii2atiansthat ada! flo't sdssflllf
ta the n.!, u,orldthat is developtrg. (Businesweek websire)

a The reatve pronoLrn

lvhoseshowsthat sornethingbelonqsto sorneoneor something.
Ive invited ta the neeting everyonewhose wo* is rclevant to this Noject.
The EurapeanUnion is an oryanisation whose poli.ies change quil€ slowly
He ortus 10A pet e!'t of this a,qany, phose sals hir .lose to $3 niUio,t i,t 1998. l{\ia.Inc.

r In forma Efg ish I is possible

to Lrsewhom nsieadof who wherewho is the oblectof the
sentence.But n modemEnglishmostspe.ke6 only usewho
Ihe .andi.late who/whom we chosefot the jab hasan MBA in carparate finance.
 2A RELATIVEO-AUSEs I ''I9

c Leavingout the relative pronoun in a defining relative clause

a We can leaveout whq whrch,ihat (but not whose)in a definng r€lativeclauseii theyare
followedimmediately by a nounor pronoun.
The techni(ian (wlto) Tony spaketo said the ned^/o* was warkinq fine.
Thesalad (wlti.h/that) I had far ny stanet was superb.
Thisis usualin spokenEnglish.

a We mustkeepthe relativepronounif it i! followedimmediate

y by a verb.
The techmoan who spoke to Tonysaid the netuw* was warking fine.
Thesahd which/that cane with the fish was superb.

D Non-defining relative dauses

a W e m u s tk e e p t h er e l a t i vper o n o u ni n n o n ' d e f n i n cga u s e sW e c a n n o t l e . v e i t o u t ( t m a k e s n o
difierencewheth€rit it followedby a .oun or a verb)
The tethni.bn, who my.o eagues know well, said the netwak was watking fine.
The terhnician, who spent ovet an haur here said the neniwtk was wo*ing fine.
Thesalad, vhi.h he'd spenthours prepanng, was superb.
Thesalad, which had avo.ado in it, was superb

a r s € dn a n o n - d e f n i n g r e l a t v e c a u s e .
I h a t6 n e v eu
Chile,which is an inpottant na*et fot ut is having some curency ptoblens

E Relative pronouns and prepositions

a Nomallywe pul preposilions at theendol the relative
clause.
a) Thepe6an (who) I got thete liguret frcm saidtheywercaccurcte.
b) Unllevetis a .onpany (that/wllich) we know quite a lot about.
c) fhe pe6on (who) I spoketo wascalledPam.
a Blt in jomal Englishit is posslb in ftontof whom,wh,chandwhose(but
e lo pul prepositions
not whoor thaf).comparcwilh the previous
examples:
a) Thepersonfrcm whom I got thesefiqutessaidtheywercaccurate.(forma,rare)
b) unileveris a canpanyabout whi.h we knawquitea lot. (forma,rare)
c) Thepe6on t6-*he I spokewascalledPam. (nconec0

a Wedo not putanother

pfonounaitertheprepoenton.
(NOTUnibverisa comp.nythatwe knowqunea lot abouti+)

"Mtst D,sd, eal le t&! tww t" At. @to 6

dnrutkh ngAt 1,6 d6t?'
120 2a REIAT|VECLAUSES
I

28 Practice

Exercise 1 S
Decidewh€therthewordsin iralics
a€ definingor nondefiningrelatveclauses.
WriteD or ND.
1 lhe manwho is in receptbrhasbeenwaitinqfor ten minutes. E
2 Ihe food,whkh wasveryr/ae,wasservedat the bar n
3 Theprojector,whichhasd new bulh is overtherc. n
4 lheprce.lotwhknhasanewbulbisovetrhete. !
s Ihe trainwhich leaves
at a am doesnl stopat Bath. n
5 Thetralf, wnlth/eavesataam, doesnlstopat Bdth. n

Exercise2 q
Complete thesentenc€s withwha,whaseot that.
I lhe customer ...P|!€g...company I visiredis phoningthisatternoon.
2 Themanual................. theysentexplains everylhing
3 lts diffcult
to say................. thisfaxwarsenlby.
4 Thecandidates............... CV5| lookedat thismorningwercallverygood.
5 | don'tremember .................I spoke1owhen| (alledyerterday.
6 Yo!r colleag!e, ................i metthismoming,hada different opinion.
7 Toyota isa manufactufe. ..,...,,,,,,.....
.eputation isexcellent
allovertheworld.
8 Theconvact................youshowed mebeforewardifferent to thisone.
9 lcan'tremember................. I inviled to themeeting.
l0 Doyouknow................. Catherine worksfor?
I I Thecons!tarit,..............seems veryyoung,isspeakn9ro ManinSommer
12 Theypromoted themanager................. sales teamwasmostsuccessfut.

Exercise3 1gg
Put. bracket prcnounit youc.. leaveit oui. Puta rickat theendii yoLrrnln keepthe
arcundthe.elative

1 lhe book(thai) youlentmeabouie-commerce is reallynteresting.

2 Thecompanywhich isour maincompetitor isApollo /
3 Thenamewhichtheychosefor thenewmodeis Prima.
4 Themeetng room,whichwasn'tverylarge,became hotandnufiy
5 In theend,thesales
campaign wasthe bestthatwe'deverhad.
6 These arethepeoplewhosenames appear on thedatabase.
7 The people
whoatiended the presentation
foundit veryuseful.
8 Thesupplierwhowevisitedlastweekhadbetterqualitythanthisone.
9 RichardBranson,who naftedwith almosinothing,is a rypical
entrepreneur.
10 ffelaaw€ekistheEnglishlanguagemagazine thatlreadmostoften.
 'I2'I
2A RELATIVE CLAUSCS 'I

Exercise4 E.
lnformalsenten.€s,begnningds shown
Rewritethe formalsentenceas everyday
'l whom I went to the conierence
Thesearethe co eagueswith
Thes€
arethecolleagues .tLe .ce^f-ere^-cc..xith...
| . .t'.e^.t-..to-
2 This s the br€akthrough forwhich we havebeenwatrnq
-hr, rLF
b b ' e a l l h ' o u gw
r' e
3 That'sthe hotelaiwhich lstayed.
l h d lr t l e h o l e l . . . .
4 when I ca the accountants, Richardis the pe6on with whorn I usLr.v dea
When I callthe accountants, Richardit the pe6on I
5 Thisis th€ cataogu€{rornwhichwe choosethe sdmpl€s
l ' s i - ( h e . a r a l o gwu e . . . .
6 This s the arcafor which I am responsbLe
lhi, 5t e.'da

ExercisesBCE
Decdewhethereachsentence is possible Wite Por '
or rmpossible
1 Thiss thecuetomer we ecevedthecomplaini from ?l
2 Thisistheclstorner whowe receiv€d thecomplainifrom
3 Ths isthecustomer fromwhomwe received thecompainl.I l
4 Ths isth€customer frcmwhowe received the.omplarnt L-l
5 Thiss theprcductwhrchwe redependrng on !
6 ThieLstheprcductwete dependrng on.
7 Thisir the producton whomwe'redependrng. l-1
8 Ths isthe prodLrcton whichwete dependrng. L
9 tre Lo.s.rtlann w|lhw1owedectare..eo atpLccon
10 Theconsultants wilh whomwe dealarecalledA pfraCom !
l l Theconsutant5whowe dealwlh arecalledALphacom t ]
12 Theconsu tantswe dealwith Alphacom
arecalled t]

Exercise6ABCD
aSto Readthis newspaperaa(iclewhichincLudes a-d. Ihen decdewhethereachstatement
four r€lativeclauses
belowisTrueor Fase .bo!t eachrelaiiveclause.Wite T or F at the end

Yeeierday,the FederalReser€ made the cut in intest or Watl Stt€et had clGed. Th€ rca.non (.\ uhi.h ltill
.ar.E (a) whlch the sa*ets had beeflerp.ctins' The led follo@ o" the qfteh.! nt*ets i€ dif6.ult to Pleali.t, as
chai,ta\aa lD who uas back at hit daskyesteldav aftq a tlne dolld - 6) @hih has bM trading at Lrounil 0.93
shott ttip to lapat nade the a$ouncemdt afiet trading elms - has had a lot of bad news ovq the last Jew days.

: b c d

1 The relativecause deniifiesa pe6on, eventor thrng N N T I

z I e r e l d l r vper o o u n r d n b e r e p l d c ewdn h ' l h d r ' nr nn nn nn
3 Youcan eaveolt the relativepronoun.
 lative clauses2

A Combining sentences
s Lookat rhisexampleof two 5ho.tseparare sentences.
t m taking a flight. lt goes via Frankfutt.
We can cornbne the sentences
!s ng a realiv€cause.Ihere aretlvo ways,but rhe meanrngs
arc the same.
a) l'n takinga fhghtthatgoes via Frcnwurt
OR
b) The fltght (that) t'n taking gaes via Frankfutt.
seeunnr4 I Noteihat articlesoi1€nchangewhen sentences
are combned.
a) h;s, firghClikethe orginalshortsenrenc€, because rhe ftghr is nrenlionedior rhe i rsrr me
and thefedreseveraloflhem.
b ) h a st t e f l l g h tb e c a u steh e r es o n l y o n e n t h e s p e a k e rm
br . d
seeui r 23 * Remember
thal we ollen leaveout rhe retatveprcnounkhad n spokenEng sh n ca5estike
th s.
I Whenwe combinesentences we do .ot add anolherpronoun
a) NOTIm takinga flight thal i+goesvraFrankfld.
b) NOTThe{ 9ht th.t t'rn rakinq..lrgoesvia Franklurt

B Use of what
6 We c.n ure the reatve pronounwnatlo meanrhe fh,rqfj) ihar.
I didn t undestandwhat she$/d. (= the ihing! that 5hesad)
What we needis a beftetnatketlngst?tegy. (= the th nS thar we need s)
Hrri,R a ttu hryt .otpratio,r .d,rdl .nr 0,r/.6 .I.r?ft$iai a\ttd 1.tu]tt) 1.$ alrtsh( ,t'^
torod{. d,tl a nat tuted rta*.tphd al idear.Corllohentiar ajias uhat tt! nadid .anryd i.s
do and, ir hn, what )'or ratl, ldtth, ad hcat. (tsrllliconrenrwebsite)

c use of where, when and why

ll We cdn usethe rclativeadvedswhere whenand why with their normatmeaningsto dentify
whichihing we areralkingabout.
AM\a^ saidir dsdilndthto nde6td"d the rcasoflphf the Earcpeal Centftt Ba k had clt
/arei. (Obse('ei $€bs,te)
e We can leaveolt rarenat why,ot usethat
Do yau rcnenbet the day (when) t stafted wotking herc?
Do yau rcnenber the day that I narted wo*ing herc?
s We mustkeepwhere,exceprwhen thereis a preposton at the end of the ctause.Inthis case
we leaveit olt or userhat
Thehatelwherc I stayed was quite cheap.
The hatel (that) I stayed in was qLtitecheap.
 29 RELATIVECLAUSES2 i23

Relative clauseswith a participle (-,nt €df

a Thereldtiveclausecanhavea continuous verbform (with an -,10q ending)or a passive
verbform
(with an €d ending).
rhe peodewho aE ,makingdE rcal de<isionsate all at Headoffice.
Itle ptoducsthat we€ atta('irrg tttost lrtet€st l,l€rethe smaIe4 fightetnodels.
Pa$erye$vtho arc seat€din rcws H cannow boaid the aicraft.
Foodwrtitl, is sold h sDema*es needsa relativeLy long shalf-life.
a In thesecaseswe cansimplifythe sentenceby leavingout bolh the relativeprcnounandthe

fhe pffiple making lhe rcaI d€f,itionsareal at Headotfice.

Theprcducrsattrading most inffi werc he fiEleL lightetnodds.
Paitenge6ieated m rolrA t-P oannow boardtheaircraft,
W sdd in supetna*ea needsa relativdybng shelflife.
Asda,nou ow.n U Vr'al-Mart,is keento i,tnease thespacein itsstoesd&otedto horcehold
electicabandenteltaiwnent
gooaL, pftdntt. (Independentwebsne)

rDrvt4 ss h.ad ol our rcquiritloB allvbioD'your aflr al

botrusb 10miliotr dollalB,llom whlchwc deduct2 mlllion
lor rh€ cofi.e tund.'l
T24 29 RELAM CLAUSEs
2

29 Practice

Exercise 1 X
Combine eachpairof sentences by including thewod gjvenin brackets.
1 Lastyearwe int.oduced a n€wljne.tts aimedat theyouthmarket. (that)
Thenewline. .......1h4t..Yr?..i1!:.cd4c..d-..!4jJ..F.4i......... isaimed,t theyouthma*et
2 ld ljkeyouto meeta colleague. Hecouldbea usefuJcontact for you.(who)
l'd likeyouto meeta colleague .....................
3 A candidates CVison yourdesk.Shedeserves an interview (whose)
Thecdndldate ......... .......... ..................
oese.ves
anrmeryrew
4 A visitoriscomingnextwe€k.5he3frcmourparisoffice.(who)
Thevisiror ......................... isfiomourpaisofi<e.
............
5 Tomtookmeto a restauEnt. tt wascatted'Noodte Heaven,. (that)
The.esta!.ant ................... ............ wasca[€d,Noodte
........ Heaven,.
6 | h€ada man3p€sentation. Hewaran investmenl bafker.(whose)
...........
. wasanInvestnert banker
7 He€ isa mobilephone.I wastettingyouaboutir. (rhat)
Hereisthemobilephone...
8 Overthercisa site.They?e goingto buitda newfactory{whe.e)
Theste ..........,,,,...,.......... . ,.......
isoverthere.

Exe.cise2 n
lf thesentence
iscor.ectputa tick(/) at theend.lf thesentence hasa wordwhichshouldnot bethere,
w e the incoffect
wordat theend.
1 Thewomanwholaskeddidn'tknowtheway. ....(....
2 Thefirmwhosetheirsrandwasat the backhadveryfewvisito6. .tlgif
3 Tl^atwasthe,orgestmeetrng i veeverbeenin
4 Theirainwhichit goesto Brussets teavesfromhere.
5 Th€productswhichsellbentheyarethosewiih nicepackaging.
6 Ths model,whichit waslaunched lan year,issettingverywell.
7 Everyo^e thatI spore to advisedmeto rryagarn
8 Thecompanywhele Ius€dto wo it wascalted tntertink.

Exercise
3 mfim
Underline thecorr€'ct
words.Thisexercise includes
somerevision of unit28.
1 lhe llighl Whilhtwhot'n takingteavesfrcm Terminat 2.
2 SheS fiomthecompany wlkhlevhose productswe diltribute.
3 Eteryane who/whichwas at the meetinqwi eceivea copyof theminutes.
4 Message.Io whomlwhoit mayconcem: pteasedo notleavedirtycofJee cupshere.
5 Therewe|esomeinteresring ideasat the me€tingr,5at/what I went to.
6 ti norihe '.5r trm. rhatlwhdlrhevvFdonethr(.
7 ThatlwhatI likebestahoutmyjob isthe contactwith peopte.
8 Hasanybody seenthefolderw,iarltharI tefron thisdesk?
9 Theroomwherelthar tworkh.s verytitttenaturattight.
I0 TheroomwhereltarIwork in hasverytitttenatur.ttiqht.
 29 nELATVE O-Atl'Es 2 i::

Exercise4 :B t
Completethe sentence!with what whichot vvho,at lck (/) lhe spacef the sentenceis akeadycorfect
I Ther€'sa lot of noise{romthe builde6... {....... -o," ng n"t, ooo.
2 Mike doesnt realyknow....!..Y(.1 hewants in hiscareer
goinqto the s.me conference
3 | was ta kingto a man ................. as us
4 | was talkingto a man ..... ... ......is goingto the sameconference as us.
5 | a s k e dh e r. . . . . . . . . . . . .s. h ew a st h n k i n g .
6 T hs i sa n e wd r u g. . . . . . . . . . .w a sd e v e o p e a d t o u r c a m b i d g el a b o r a t o r i e s
7 T hs l s a n e wd r u g. . . . . . . . . . . . .d e v e l o p eadt o u r c . m b r i d q ea b o r a t oe s .
8 Ths drug, . ....... was deveop€dal our cambrdge aboratoriet,s fantanic
9 Ihis drug, . al our Cdrnbridqeaboratoies,is fantanic.
.... developed
l0 .... .........we neednow s bettefbrandrecoqnition
11 The 'assets ncludeeveri4hing..... .... ownedby the company.
1 2 l d d n ' t r e a l l yu n d € r s t a n d . . . . . . . .h. e w a st a l k i n ga b o u l

Exercise5 A
,f,35 basedon the nolesbe ow Beginw th e ther who or whlth
Completethe arricleby wr 1 n9 rclativeclaLrses

TheBattlefor
Tn 1999 BernadArnaLrltb LVMHrought M i t e k n i g h( 8
t )....................................
Ia
dr whrch
batte to take over Gucci,
",nc
.u^ b' Dsz^|co De lolc
De Sole recelvednews that LVMH,
GUCCI arived in the iorm of FrancoisPnault,
( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P. .P. .R
very successlulin Ewope,but Pnaolt
.w
. .a. .s. . . . . .

( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b.o. .u. .g. h

. .t. . .w$
. h aAmault
d andsell Ue busin6ss,or detend Mnted a clranceto buid a globallroup.
5% of lts shares.Thls was golngto be cucci by fiiding a tiendly 'wnt€ knight lo Plnaultagc€d to invesl IJS$3 b on,
t h e b a t t r {e3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .rescue . . . . They decidedto fight. The
. . . . . . . .them. (10)..............................................
D€ Sole g6theredtogethera team oi modelsat ltle Glcci menb showin Janoary ln €tum Pinauitb group gained
peopl€ ( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l.t. . . . . 1999
. . . . . . . .had
. *iite laces and teeth like €p€sentatives on a new $rategc
ncludedAmecan ia\4yerAllanTLttle6nd . . . . . . . . . . . but he agrcedto leavecontrol
D € c u l a(,6 1 . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .commltt€e,
. . . . . . . . . . . . Amault had accu'nulat€d of the companywith De sole and the
B o bs i n g e( r5,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meanwhlle
Therewereiwo options:eithernegotiale sharcs rhe
{?).......................-...-...........-......

I LVMNfolght a batllewith Gucci Gu..i was rln by Domeni.oDe Sole.

2 LVMHhad bolqht 5% of cucci'sshares.LVMHwas the largenlux!ry goodscornpanyn the word
3 Th s was goinqto be a baiile li wouLddecdethe futureof the indlstry
4 De Solegatheredtogethera teamof people.He couldirust them
5 BobSingerwas in the tearn.Bob Singerwas ih€ chieff nancialofficer
6 The modes lookedlike Dracula.Thiswas meantto be a messagefor Arnault.
7 Arnaultaccumul.tedshares.Theyrepresented34% of Gucci'stotal stock
8 A wh te kn ght arrived.Guccihad beenlookinglor one.
9 Fran(oisPinaultwas the white knight He was the headof a nonJoodrcla grolp caled PPR.
10 PnaultinvenedUS$3billion.Thiswas . 42% share n Gucci.
 ountable and uncountablenouns

A Countable nouns
I A countable anda pluralform.
nounhasa sinqular Wecanlse numbers
wrh it.
onebank, thteebank one solution, two solutions ane mete, flve me'/es
one pe'Jon, ntuopeople one child, three childten

B Uncountablenouns
O An uncountable
nounonlyhasoneform.Wecannotusenumb€6with t.
Whh OPEC dttikg oil predxctiona d demandttill ortpacir! sspply,it uoutdteen oil prk?t
hd1)e
howh.t togo but up Sahoo BlsinessNes wrbsite)
Herearcmoreexamples:
substances,materjals watet;dcq aiaoil, colfee,noney,steel,electicitr',food
abstractidea! lile, fun, freedon,prcgtess,health,tine, trcuble
activities wotk, tavel, sleep,football,help,nusic, rcsearch
hlman qualities/feelings honestypatience,sadness, hopetrespect,couage
a Thefollowingnounsareuncountable in English,althoughtheymaybecountable in oth€r
languages:
acconmodation, advice,baggage,NEvbu: business, cash,fngrsh (language),
equiryent, funitue, health,honewo*, infomation,knowledge,luggage,nachinery
noney,pemissbn,rubbish,scenery, traffig ttavel,weather,wotk
a A few uncountable nounseodin -s:
economic'gynnanis, neasles,news,politi<s
athletics,diabetes,
a lJncountable nounscannotbecounted directly.
However, we cancountth€musng phrases lik€
a pieceof, a bit ol an hen of a cupof, a glassof, a boftleof, a kiloof, a baffetof, etc.
a piece/two piees of advice a bftlnno bits of infomatian an item/two itemsaf netts
a botrle/two bot{es of wa@ a kilo/two kitosof i.e a banet./two banetsof oil

singular or plural?
a Countablenounscanbesingular or plural.
Thenew nodel is a big inyovenent.
Ihe new modelsarca big in ovenent.
Unrcuntable
nounsarealtrayssinqular.
Thenew equipnentk a big inproveff'ent.
a Somesingularnounscanbefollowedbyeithera sinqularvelb
or a pt!ratverb.
Ihe conpanyislare doingverywellat the nommL
It dependswhetherwe tbinkofthe grcupasa whole(sinqularverb),or ts indivduat
members
(pluralverb).Examoles
are:
arny audience,boad, connittee, rcnpany, data,hmily govemment,graup,nanagement,
nedia, press,publh saff, team,union
 30 COUNTAALE NOUNS 127
ANDUNCOUN'ABI.E

o Somenounsonlyhavea plufalformandtakea pluraverb.Exampes ate:

feelingt
clothes,@nten1 earnings,expenses, goolis,kans,poli.e renains,scissors,
(ausers.
suffounotngs,

D AIan, some, a lot of, anV many, much, few little

a We usea/anwith singular
countable
nounsonly.
Thisis a goadproduct. (NOT+hi5i5€n+F€r€5{i9 .)
Withuncountdble noun,we usesomein placeof a, or simpythenounby itself
Thereis informatiot lsome infomation herethat is inportant.
a studyth s tabefor wordsbeforcplu.aanduncountable
founs.
usedwith bothplulalanduncountable
nouns sanelalot afl latsafl any
Usedwithp uralnounsonly nanylfewtafew
Usedwith uncountablenoun5only nu.hllittletaliftle
we don't havemany noneElwe onlyhavea lew.ustome't at thistimeof yeal
Thercisnt mu.h infomation/Ihere s verylitde infomation aboutthisbudgetnen.
a Somei! commonin affirmativenatemenis, andanyiscomrnon
in n€gative
statements
and
que5tions
l'w seensomethingsI like,but I don't haveatry noney.
Blt we canlse somein a question il it isan offeror request.
would yau likesome/any inftnnation aboutout investnenttunds?
andwe useany n affirmative sentences wherewe mean'it doesnlmatterwh ch'.
l'm fteeall day.Callany time you like.
a Manyandmucharcoltenlsedwiththewordshowaid not.
Hou tnatryp.ople vill hdreI tunet dce$in 'e eo,nigyut!? Hou mrch rcoenseuill a siryle
indalD,,Iikc ttdt'cl,ca Itun r,. fi/er7 (Brilscontent website)
There'snot manyjobs/not muah wotk in the nanufaduing sectarat themoment

E specific and general meanings

a Somenounscanbe either(ountable or unco!ntabl€.
Thecountable lormhasa speclflc
meaning, formhasa general
andthe uncountable meaning
Ihe nachineis malxnga stange noise. Noiseinsidefactoiescanbe a prablen.
Ihis is a new businest. ausinessk goingvrpllatthe nonent.
Therearent many spa<a in the Gr patk. Ihete kn't mu.h spa.ein ny office.
a coiY€€(a cupof coffee) (offee (thesubttance)
a papef(a.ewspaper, conference
Fper) paper (themsterla )
a g/ass (fordrinkjnq) grars (the materia
)
I28 30 COUNTAAIEAND UNCOUI{TABrI NOUNS

30 Practice

Exercisel llIl
llllledicc the correctwords.
1 HownuchlllqJaatypages arethereon yourlvebsite?
2 lslAre thercnarylmu.h bankswitha headofficein Geneva?
3 lslAre thetenaryl nuch trafficin ceneva?
4 Howmuch/ tlow nany in{omationhav€we got aboutthiscompany?
5 Wherelila/e the goodsw€ ord€rcd?
6 Thereisla/esomepeople waitingfor youin €ception.
7 We boughtsomenewegu,pmentlegu,;Dment' lastmonth.
8 We boughtsomenewmachiDelmachiner lastmonth.
I Ihis is an equipnentla pi€f.eof eguipmertthat controlsthe speedof rotation.
l0 Thisisa ,nachinelapieceofmachinethal controlsthe speedof rctation.
I I Hegavemeanlsomeadvicewh(h u/aslhr'ere reallyusefu,.
12 l'm afraidwe havenl9ot nuchI nany ri.ne.
13 Thenewsrslareon at nine.The€maybearl5omeinformation aboutDavos,
14 We havesome/anyblueonesin stock,but we don't havesomelanyredones.
15 Youcanchoose somelany colouryouwant.

Exercise2 I I
Completethe sentences with the wotd a, an, sdne nuch or nary,
good
1 That!.......4...... idea.
pogress,
2 Well,thats............... Isuppos€.
3 Wedo somebusiness in Poland. but not ..... .,,,,,,,,.
.
4 Wehavea fewcustomerin Poland, butnot . ..............
,
5l'dliketomake.......---........inquiyabouttrainingcouBesyouofferatyourcollege.
6 Canlhave.......--.........
info.mation aboutt6insto PasT
you
7 l'll see in an hourldon't ha\,€,,,,,,,,,,,.... moreemails to w te.
8 l'll se€youin an hourI don'thave.,,............moreworkto do.
9 Doyouhave...............
trcublewiththe unionsin yourfactory?
10 Doyouhave..............-
difficultieswiththe unionsin yourfactory?
11 I needto claim....----..........
expenses for myt p lastmonth.
12 Wedidn'tstudy.........-----....
economics at university, jun a little.

Exercise3 :
Lookat theundedined nounin €achs€nten@. Write5if it hasa specific,
countabte
meaning,
or 6 if t h.s a
g€neral,uncountablemeaning.
I a) Doyouseethismaterial? Thisis unbreakable
gbsE. q
b) Whai a beautifulwinegla$! Wheredid you get it? tr
2 a) Inthisjob,experien.e ismoreimportant
thanqualifications. n
b) Thisisgoingto beane&elieDlel'll remember for a longtime. n
3 a) Clairerunsa b!ji!er5 designingcompanywebsites. !
b) lt! not qoodfor business
wheninterenratesaretoo high. tr
4 a) YoushouldmeetMark- he3hada veryinteresting!lif€. n
b) lifgis complicatedsometimes. n
 30 COUI|TABTEAl{D UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS 129

Exercise4!l!!
Howmanypossibilities below.Puta tick(/)if the phrase
aretherewiththe phrases ispossible.

p
^{? F"
I : s uo f{

1 | haven'tqot many
2 | haven'tgot much
3 | haven't got a/an

5 Thereis some
6 Thereisa/an
7 The€!

9 lts a/an

Exercise 5 I
on theleftwiththebestphrase
lvatcheachphrase on the right.

1 acupof E a) wjneisacceptable at a businessunch,butno more,

2 a glassof n b) coffeeis a goodweyto staft the day.
3 a bottleof tr d papercansometimes getnuckin the photocoper.
4 a barelof n d) whiskycostslessat theairyod.
5 a sheeiof n e) wholemealbread goeswellwithtomatosoLrp.
6 a sliceof n D oilcancostUs$15-30 on the@mnodityrnarkets.

Exercise6lllll
@re unaealne wods in thisdialogue.
tnecorrect
^NGEL{, J.ck, have you sot (1) 4/ro € momcnt for a chat?
J^cx; of course,eo ahcad. Now: a good time.
^NGEL^, There (2) iJ/z'e (3) d' /rdme impon nt work thtt wc need to do ove! the next few months
It should be (4) atr/Jd6r interestingjob, and I thinl you re the best (5) petrd, / peopleto do x
]rck Oh, rcaly?
.\NcEn, Yes.W.n, (6) a'la piece ofempty ldd hd come onto the rErket on ihe other side of town
J^cr.: Uh,huh...
^NGEI.., And, ar yoo knova qe basen\ gor A nafy /n/., sP&e at our present site.Wel, we think it's
(8) d, /ro,rr ideal dPPortunity ro expand.
J cK: Yeah.We don'r haE much room here.
mcra, well. rere tbirking rbout building compleiely new offces.Wed like you to do (9) a /sone
resedch on the whole ida, and t]ten wite (10) a /sdne report on whether to go ahead or
not.AE you intelEsrcd?
J^cr WeI,I h2Ent got (11) rk /nany experience of tltis kind of rhing. I ...
ANGELA, I know' but theE r€aly isn'i mprc eke h@ who is suitable.

NGtu, ADd we need to tuke (12) a pbg6s lttogBs on this m quickly a posible. we'E takins on
fifteen nev people iD Malch.
Um, ri8ht, but there (13) tr / e(14) naty/dlot of lt') infomdtiorlinfomatians to colllect.I -
Nctu We[, with thn new rcspomibili.y we might cor-sido reviewing you salary.
t ci well, OK, it sound! like (16) drl, inteBting chalenge- I'[ do it.
 ronouns

A Indefinite pronouns
a Wotdslikeereryone,anythlng, pronolns.Ihey
etc,arecalledindefinite r€ferro people,
rhings
of pla(eswithoutsaying
exactly
who.whatorwheretheyarc.
People: soneonelsomebodyanyonelanybodyeveryane/everybady
na one/nabody
Ihings: somethiog anything evertthing

anytine (allthetime)
a The€is no difference the-ore formsandthe -bodyforms.
between
pronouns
O lrideflnite arefollowedbya singularvelb, butwe relerbackto themin a sentence
with theylthenltheiL
Someonei5 wailng fot you in rcceptian.I toltl them you wauldn\ be bng
well, I supposethateveryoneis readyfot theit cofleebrcaknow?

B Someone I anyone, el<

O Wordswithsone-andany-followtherulesgivenin lnit 30.In morcdeta:
AfFIAMATIVC 5EI{TENC'S
some"isverycommonin affirmativesenten<es:
Therc'ssomeonewaitingin rcceptbn.
Any-isalsocommon,particularly
whenwewanrro showthatthereisno timitio ihe possbitiies:
Youcanfly anyyvhereyou want fron here,
DetpneAnazor\ letlsdlto .onh'e|t ot theBestBsy Epott,theoreany\ execatites hate tdid
thef ft,ndir opetto ponne\hipswin' othelletaileE.'We'll talk uith anrone,,'aidWolM Je ton,
A dzor\ chiefi"arcial onier,tw eeebraro. Wan SrGerJournal website)
Compare wth'some':
Wecan bringit to your officesometimetomorow (wedon't knowyei, burwe tet you)
Wecanbringit to teur office anytine tonorrow (theresno imit yo! decide)
4ny-iscommonin sentenes wilh lf
lf thereis anything you want to know just ask.

Ary- jsverycommonin questions:

Doesanyone understandthe newsofhtuare?
sorre-is commonwith offe6 andfequests:
CanI giveyou a lift somewherc/anwvherc?
Compa€dry andsome. Any-emphasises thatrhercis no imiito the possibitities:
ls theretomething I cando to help? (a nomaloffef)
ls thereanything I cando to help? (t'll do whateverI can)
 31 PRONOUNS t31

N E G A T i V ES E N T E N C E S
Not... any-is verycommonand meansthe sameasro':
Therc isn't anybody here with that nane- = Ihere is nobody herewith that nane.
Not... iome' is rareand hasa difi€renimeaninglo not... any'. Studythe exampl€si
He isn't someone I feel comlodable talking ta. (= He isn't a pe6on I fe€l ...)
Thatisn't somethingtd thoughtaboutbeforc. (= Ihat snl a thins 'd thought...)

c Everyonelno one, el<

a Wordswitheverymeanallthepeople, th ngsor placesin a group.
A big thanktou' to everyone.Youall did a wondenuljob.
we handleeyerfthing for you, frcm designto delivery.
a fyeryone(withtwowodt hasa different meaning.lt means oneandis usedto
edc/,stngle
giveemphasis. In pronunciation,
bothwods hdveequdlstess.
Every one of our dientsis impottant.eventhe smallestcompanies.
a Wordswith/lo- meanno people, thrngsor places.
Nobodyphonedwhileyou wercaut.
Medmthilc,Allidn.tli.d to brit? D sdna toJlthctuith HI/B, ii ohnhAllinE alsohdsd lary.
ltdkt. l'1itid4y,th. i.lca oe nouhq. he.dtst HVB l,odtdke' l,ct! oppasedit. (B$inesl?eek
Online website)
Doublenegatlves are noi used.
Thercis nothing vr'ecan do. oR Theteisn't anything we can do.
(NOT+h€€i5n{-6€tltn,a+d€.)

D Reflexivepronouns
a The ref exive pronounsate: nyself, youRelf, hinself, heBelf, itself,ouRelves,youselves,
themse/ves. Notethat lhere is a plural'you' lorm

a We usea reflexiveprcnounif the objectot the ve.bis th€ sam€asthe subject.

tn enjoying the trip. I'n enjoyingnyseff.

Jill introduced ne to her boss. ti intrcduced he6elf to ne.

a Someverbsmay be.eflexivein your language,but arc usualynot in English.Examples in.lrde:

changel.lothes), complain, de.ide dress,feel, hurry, n'eet, relax, rcn'e|r'bet, rcn, sit down,
stand up, wake up, wash, wandea wotry.
Notethat actionsthal we do to ourselvesdo not havea refexivepronoun.
when Igot hane twashed and changed quickly beforc going out again.

a We can r.rsea etFxive pronounlor emphasis. in pronunci.tlon,we nressse/for se/ves.

I mysell ha@n't seenthe new design,but I believeit s very gaod.
a f the meaningis 'without help'or 'alone we .an useby + reflexve pronoun.
Aretou doing all the rcsearch(by) you6elves? (without help)
I wanted to travel to the caference by nyseff. lalone)

I Comparethe.rie/ves and each othet/ane anather.

Andrew and lessnaenailed ea.h othe one another
(Andrewsentan emailto lessica.afd iessjcasentan emailto Andrew)
Andrew and lesska emailed thenselves.
(Andrewsentan emailto himself.and lessicasentan emailto hersef)
Not loig dro eoflpaniesuer Jollrg ow eaehothd tryiflg to 'dot toht' thenselres.AdiaNet
brane Broadast.totn-.. and Sn Mmsystens spenthtillions tryi\g to okvince a all that it uds
'thedoti, Aot.od,' uhdteretthot nedrc.Ah,butthasedafs a/egore. (money.convebsite)
132 31 PAOI|OUI{s

31 Practice

Exercise
l llI
Complete usingthemon appropriate
thesentences wordsfromihe lln below
anyoneanythinganythinqeveryoneeverythingno one nothing someone
5€,T€thingsomething

1 rtsjustnor ght..$..reJ.l!!:"3.isworryingmeabourthis.
2 Ihe officeisempVIhere3...---..............-.. hereexceptme.
3 l m sofry| dontthinkthere3..........--........... I candoto helpyou.
4 (thelelephone lineisdead)Hello?lsthere.......................
th€rc?
5 .......................
seems to bewrcngwiththe pdnterlts notworking.
6 ThereS to seeyou.Shall
....................... I askthemto wait?
7 hasa copyoftheagenda,
seethat..........,,,,,........ soletsbegin
8 (beforcrnoving on to thene( pointin a meetinolsthere......................
eise?
9 isgoingaccodin9
Good,....................... to plan.
10 No,l'vedecided. youcouldsaywouldmakemechangemyrnlnd.
.......................

Exercise 2 f I
Underline
thecorectwods.
1 Wecan'tblamearvonelnoonebutourselves for thismess.
2 Ihees anythingl nothingin the postforyou thismorning.
3 Ihe@lsn't anythingI hothlhgin the pon for youthismorning.
4 Anyonelsomeohe calledfor youearliei but I don't knowwho.
5 sn'tthercanwvha2lno!#preto go that3 openat thistimeof night?
6 CanI atkyouanythinglsonething?
7 Ihete'santone/someone on the phoneto speakto you.
8 vou car do anythinglsamefhlng youwant,it won't makeanyditference.
9 sorry | don't knowanlh ingI nothing aboolit.
10 No onelsomeoneknewwhat to do, so I usedmyown initiatve.

Exercise 3 f,
Complete
thesentences
witha wordfrcmthelistbelow,in a suitable pronoun.
forrn,anda r€flexive
d5k blame enjoy exprcsshelp hurt introducernake preparcteach
1 I keep.....4tki{-\4......
.-....r,1).r.df...-
whatIwoulddo in h s situ.tlon.
2 lr w.s a gre.rhohdayWereally..........
3l.mes..............................................Spanishbylisteningtocassetteswhiledrvn
4 Becareful! ltt veryheavyl Don't.......................
.....--....-...........
I
s Paula knows a lotof Frcnch, butshecanl.......---.............
.......................
veryeasiy.
6 Ladies andGentlemen, please .......................
...............
.......
to morecofiee.
7 t!4ary......................-
.......................
fora shock. l'mqoinqto resign.
8 Letme...--..---.............
-------................
. MynameisSusan Conway.
9 lr warnl yoJr l.ulr.Donl ......................
10 AnnandNick!G€attoseeyou.Comeinand............................................
 31 PRO|{OUNS 133

Exercise
4IIII
!!ods.
llnlledjle the coffector mo61appropriate
I Noone/ikeu@ to discoverhiddencosts,doe5hel!b-!!ey?
2 | feltlfek nyseffquiteneNousat the startof the presentation,
but aftera few minltes I rdaxedlrelaxed

3 We'lld€liv€ryourpirzasornetine, sonewherelanytimeanyvvhete.
4 | rcnenberlren@nbernteff when lfiBl shrted wo*ing here.ldways usedto worylw9rry nrself if
I wasdoingthedghtthing.
5 Thefigurcsin thissp€adsheet dont conespond to theoneson the invoic€s. We'€ goingto haveto
aheakeveryonelewryone.
6 Everyone haslhaveto meetin the lobbyat nineo'dockto colleclh6llhei conference registraton torms.
7 Romeisn'tsomewherel anywherenearMilan,
8 Romeisnt somewhere/anyulrere l'd liketo go for holidaysin August.lts too hot for methen.
9 Yourtwo colleagues introduc€dthe/tte/rcs/eachothe/ to meyesterday. Fir5tI met Peter,then ater
metsusan,
10 Yourtwo colleagues introducedthernse/veslearh otherto meyesterday, Petertold mea litt e about
whatSusan does,andSusan toldmea littleaboutPetet

Exercise5 I I
@37 complete withthewods frcmth€ litt below.
thedialogues

anyone anything anMere everyone everything ev€iANhee someofe

som€thing somewhere

I cant nnd my mobilcphone.I'vclook€d(1)...-e.W.n*lml9r... I rnus haveput it down

Ijust can'trcmcmbcrwherc.Oh, how annofng!It couldbe
(2).....................,but
(3)......................
h"spickedit up by mislakc?
Perh:ps(4)..................... (5)........... .. . .. in the companyha!
the srmetypc ofmobile phone. (6) .....................
could havepickcdit uP.
B
cuy Seleshl\€ droppedby 50%in Asiaove! the lrst 12 mon&s.
ruru, Thercmustbe (7).....................
we cando to increase sales.
(8) . I
But what?I'!€ tried .....................cant think of (9).....................
elsewc on do.

Exercise6 I
@38 vickyandherhusband chadesarestaying whatvickysaFby usingthev€rbsin
in a hotel.complete
bEcketswiih or withouta dflexivepronoun.
'charles, comeon,tryto 0) ...e41ey..)€ltrt-e.$.. (remember)you
Gnjoy)l(2)........Re1|94b.e..n...... reon
(3) (help)
holidaylLook,whydont you ..........................----....to anoiherd nk,90 on ... Goodness me,
rherc3DanielW€stlakeoverthere.Whaton earthis he doingherein Marrakech? Er,haveyoutlvo
(4)..................................
lrr,e0before?
Youknow, you'd havea lot in common wth DanieL.Whydon'1
(intrcduce)
you90 o!€rthereand(5).....--.....--.................... io him?Whileyoudo thatl'l go backio
(change)
the rcomand(6).....................-.----....... in timefor dinner.I don'tknowSometimes I
(7)............-.---....---........
{ask)whetheryou.anever(8)..................................
whenyou're
kelax) away
134

eterminers

A Determiners
a A determinerisa wod usedin frcntof a nounto showwhichthingyoumean,or to showthe
quantity
of something. Determine6 include: a/the my4out;this/that, all/nost/somelany,
nol none.nuchl nanyl a littlela few, each/ every,bothI either/ neither.
O Unils30,34 and35 alsodealwith deteminers:
someot any?nuch ot nany?lu1\ 30),a al
theT(units
34 and35).
o we do not usea determinerif we aretalkinggene|ally.
seeunits30 and35.
Ourlfhote/'ome computeEare expensive.(padicularcomputeB)
Compu|€'sarea paft of ereryone's life. (computeB in gene6l)

B AIl, most, many, some, a ftw

a Befopa pluralnoun w€ ca^usealllmostlmanylsonela few.Notethestructures:
Alllmost/nanylsomelafew employeashave25 days'paidholiday.
Alllmostlnanylsomelalew of the employeeshave25 days'paidholiday.
All the enployeet have25 dayspaidholiday.(NOTL4€sr+h€--ltr4eny+h€- . )
Wecanusemy,Jr'our, elc,in placeof the,andwe canusepronolnsi
Alllnon I nanyl sonela few of ou employeeshave25 days'paidholiday.
Alllnostlmanylsonela few of then have25 days'paidholiday.
se.aGolnir30 a Beforcan uncountable nounsimjlar arepossible.
5tructures WeUsemuc,rrI p)aceol many,
a ,h/e in placeof a feq and/l for thepronoun.
Alllmostlmudrlsomela little of the inlonnatlon in thisrcpad is usefuL
All/nrstlmudt/somela little of it E useful.
a Wlthsingular nounswe do notusethewordsabove,
exceptfor a fewspecial
express
ons.
aI day,all night

C A/ meaning 'ev€rything' or 'the only thing'

O Wecanusea//i subje.t+ velbto mean'everyrhing'
or 'theontyihing':
That'sall I knowabouth (all = everything)
A we needisa siqnaitrc.(all=theonlything)
a In modernEnglkhit isunusualto usea//asa single-word
subject
or objecr.nsread
we use
ewtything.
All the prcparationsarelEvetything is goingwel| (NOTA*+5-g€;ig-,*e+.)
t wantto hearall your newsleveryth,hg. (NOTt ,,€n*+€+€€+-a{.)
 32 DETERMINERSI35

D No, none
a We can lse no with a singularnoun,pllralnoln or uncountabenoun.
No employee hat norc than 25 days patd holiday.
No new ideat were put forwatd at the meeting-
Therc was no uteful inlonnation in the repod.

a We do noi useno ifthere is anothernegativeword.In this casewe useanl.

we haven't disnissed any emptoyees. (NoT t{€+a*i{-di5,.uls5ed-f,€+FfbFes.)

a We do not lse no ol lnn€ad.w€ use/roneofor noneon its own .s a prcnoun

None ol the employees have more than 25 days' paid holiday.
None hdve nore than 25 days pad hohda).
a Toemphasise the ideaof nore we can ure Noneat allot Not ane ot Not a:
A. Haw many people .ame?
B: None at all! / Not one! / Not a single pe6on!
Cnnny.\ Nekt MarktAll Shrt it'd.t dtoppetl btlou the 1,500 htdtkIt thefRt tihc y.ltetdnJ.
a
Not sinzle!o.k itt lt top 20 sto.lalnued r !ai,. (YahootsusiiessNews wcbsitc)

E Each, every
a Themea.n9 of eaclrande!€ryissinrar andofteneitherwod is possible
Theya€ both
folowedby a singular
noun.
a Weule eaci whenwe thinkof themembers oi a grcupasindrvidla
s, onebyone t s rnore
usualwth srnalergroups andcanmeanony two.
Makesue that eachparcelhasa label.
Saktt'r ad Cloheno$ L"ou Ey hdveto hi'c thehbftndprcfiLc. Maflarenct ?,rsrLtdnts
wilL
l'ut ir thce o tune5 vill detemtife hcthuhclc eohlpati$ar
.lcbatc.a.h .ftht\ statcgy,
'tucc'sJ"]in 4 hbtaslobdLize.l ,o'il. (asiaweek
website)
a Weuseeverywhen wethinkoi allthem€mbe6 andil susuawitha argernumber
tog€ther,
Salesha,"einqeasedevery year fot thelastflveyeats.
I belbveevery wod he says
a Wecanuseeachol blt we cannotuseeveryof
Eachof the par.els needsa label
a Eachcanbe Lrsed
atterthesubject,
or at the endoi . sentence.
The parcelseachneeda bbel.
Theparcelsneeda labeleach.

F Botlt eithe,' neither

a We usebott eith€rand reltherto referto two things.

a Sothmeans'the one and the othei. Notethe structures:

Both emails/both the emailslboth ot the enaik/hoth of them arc inportant.
The ennils ate both importana I ve rcad them both.
a Eithermeans'theone or the othef. Neltherrneans'not the one or the other'.
l,/bnday or Tuesday?Yes,either day/either of the days is fine.
Manday or Tuesday?I n sorry but neithet day/neithet of the days is convenient.
This i' a ne of a radble - ohe thdt nay Ff ofJot both, oke,at fleithet aJhe nN onpdnies.
(Fortune websire)
136 32 DE|ERMINERS

32 Practice

Exercise t g
Matchthe phrases
from the Jistbelowwith an approximat€
value.

F€n€-€t+hem monofthem a few ofthem manyofthem sonreof rh€m attof them

1 0%.tgt}.c..9l..tlt-g.r 4 50 750k
2 5-250h..... .......____...... 5 71950/a
3 2 5 - 5 0 4 /_0_ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . 6 r00%

Exercise2SHHEH
Undernethecorrect words.
1 Therewerenonel4em€ssages on theanswering machin€.
2 Thekeyaccount manageG eachleveryhavethekownlisrof clients.
3 NotorelNotno qu€stion hasbeenanswercd.
4 someoflsomeihe renauEnts havesetuiceincludedn the pice
5 Someoflsomerenautants havesetuice
included in the price.
6 Sorrybut I can't heareithetlneitherol you prcpetly.
7 Eachourcustoneslourcu5tome6 eacthavea separate fiteon thedatabase.
8 | can't comeat the weekend.l'mbusybothdap/everyday.
9 All oflEveryof the liles are(orruptedby rhe virus.
10 lcan'tseerolanysolution lo theproblem,l'm afraid.
11 Thef ight andhotelarebooked.AlllEvetythingis otgarised.
l2 We gavethe salesrepseacha nobile phonelanobile phaneeach.
13 Everyoption hasbeenlEvayoptiorshavebeenerylorcd.
14 OK,lihinkrhatcovers a///eve44hlng on thatpoini.shallwemoveon?

Exe.cise3HAnFF
Complete witha wordor phrase
thesentences fromthe listbelow
a (x2) any no i€l-€n€ none each(x2) every(x2) both ether(x2) nether
I WesentletteGto sirlycustomers, but .l9i-.''o..19
rcpliedl
2 | can'tgo.Thereareonlytwo flights,andthe.eare................. seatslelt on ................of them.
3lcan'tgo.Thereareonlynvofljghts,and.................ofthemhasanysearsteft.
I wanljs . bit of peace
4 ................. andquietto finishwriUngthisrcport.
5 l'v€phoned.................
storein theYellowPages andtheyare.................
outof siock
6 Wehavethreemodels, and................onehasitsownspecial fearurcs.
7lw.snervousatthestadofmytalk,butafterthatlenioyed.................flrnLrie.
8 l gotthreelette6,buttherewere..--............. foryou,t'mafraid.
9 l gotthreelette6,butthercweren't......---........ foryou.l'mafr.id.
10 TheTradeFairisimpod,ant. Weneed.---.............SueandMikeon thestand.
I I Bothroadsleadto thecitycentrc. Youcaniake.................
one.
12 You'vebeensixofthe bestirainees thdtwe'veeverhadon thiscours€. Theben of luckio............
ofyou in yourfutue cdrcers.
 12 DEIERMINERS 13'

Exercise
a llll!
Rewritelhe se<ondsentenceso it he a similarmeaningto th€ fir5t sentenc€
andconiainsthe wod in
brackets-somesentencesha!€lwo possibleans{/e6.
r We ont havea w€ekle{t. (all)
.-...4I..t*c..kr.,o-..lef
.t-..if-.....aweek.
will be sentan.agenda.(€v€ry)
2 All the participanrs
.........will besentan agenda.
3 Nobodyat all 6ked a que6tion. Gingleperson)
.........askeda question.
4 Thisideawont work,andthe otheronealsowon't wolk. (neither)
......wiltwo*.
5 Notall the audienceunderstoodhistalk. Gome)
.........'rnde6tand histalk.
5 Not oneof mycolleagues speaksGeman. (none)
....,,,,,speakGeman,
7 we onlywant a wEakerdollar (alD
.......,,a l^/€ak€ldott6r
8 NodocuftenBwerc insidethis parcel.(any)
There.........--.....-------....................
insidelhisparcel.
9 Thehotekwele bolh unsuitable. (neilher)
.........suitable.
10 Thetwo proposalsareintercning. Ooth)
,.,......inteEsting.
11 Theseitemsaren'texpensive,(none)
,........erp€rsry€.
12 l'msorrywehave none.(alD
absolutely
l'msorryv\€have

Exercise
s IIII
@ 39 Complet€thisartide by choosingth€ conE<tahernetive
A, B or C bel(M.

Boththem I Bolh ofthem c Everyof them

2 A c all of them
3 A Eitherof them I fleither of company c Neithercompany
allits I most its c muchits
5 A Eachtheyar€ I Both th€y ate c Theya€ both
6 A B allol c
B most ol c
A A B the only thing c
 bssessivesand compound nouns

A Possessive adjectives and pronouns

a My,touL ek, aE adjedivesandcomebeforea noun.
Thiswasnry/yodhe hislour/their suggesrion.
l'n lookingfor a street,but l.an't renemberia name.
M,ne youli,etc,arep.onouns andwe usethemon thei.own,
Thissuggestion wasnine/youtslhe6lhis/oun/thei6. (no'lts'fom)
a We canaddo!l/nto a posse5sive
adjectivefor emphasis.
W own viewis that weshould90 aheadwith the proied.

B 's (apostrophes)
O Weuse3 to showthatsomething belongsto a pe6onor organisation,
Manyotherlanguages
lse ofin thesecases,
Weadd3 evenif thenameendsin s.
TheCEO'Soffice Fotd's cars Charlesbaddrcss
Withplu.alnouns\re addlhe aponrcphe
only.
The Chin.s. gounn nt's NattonalArdit Ofr.e heldd ptes otfetcnceih De.ekbe/to qall
ot1ik wo* dkdauditors'i'uettlgdt,,8 in thealntryThe audito$aft anongthe .enrftl
axthoities' ost important w.aponrin theilefo s to cleatup ftalpndie by b,linestpeapledfld
olfrd;/r (Business
Beijing onliDe w.bsne)
Wecaf usethe 3 fom withouta followingnounif the meaning iscear
Ihe prajectwasa teameffoit, but the oiginal ideawasHelenS. (- Heen3 dea)
o A special home,a shopnameor a placename,
useof 3 isto refs to someone3
I'll be at ta*'s thisevening. (Jack3house)
I'n goingto Smithl. Doyou wantanything? (theshopcalledSmjth)
I nust go to the dlemis(s/do@t'sldenri5fs. (he placewhereth€ywo*)
lf thereis no possession,
we do noi usean apostroph€-
Epsonpintes on specialofferl (NOr Ef5€fi+rii*ef+)
Thereis no apostrophein possessiv€
adj€rtivesor prcnouns(sectionA).
(NOTgk€ir5-€€l€er)
Apostrophescanbe a shortfom of /s or ha5.
Es a bvdy day. (= ft is) ft's beena pleasuremeeting)€u. (= lt hat
 33 POSSESS|VES NOUNS r39
AND COMPTOUI{D

cof
i Weuseofto showthatonethingbeongstoor withanother th n9.
Theendof the steet. (NOT{h€4.e€+t-€nd)
Thetime of the meeting. (NoI th€-4€€{n94+Re)
he h! tvtopagesof the rcport (NOT+€r€F€d;.ld!r-F*€- €51
a Herearesomecommon ph€s€swithofandexamples of nounsthatfo owl
a chorteol (fliqhts) a meahodof (payment) rhestrenglhof (the E!ro)
an errorol (udqement) a nunber of llad.a'sJ a strokeol (luck)
a tood ol (compiaintr) the paceof (change) ihe successof (theproject)
a /ackof(fundt a p,e.eof(advice) thetimeaf (afti\a)
the/eyelof (commitment) a rdrgeof(colou6) d wa5kof (time)
a Section B saidthatwe use3 for people. Therearesomeexceptions to thisrule.We nomally
us€ofwith longphrdses.
Thisis the eftrailadtlrcssof the salesrcpftsentative who .ane yestday
(NOTThs is fte 5a/€5-€Fr€rm€ai€rj!€ €aff )
Andw€ canlse a... of... + possessive
formto showa conne<tion between people.
She'sa calleagueof mine. OR sne'srry colleaque.
Shes a frimd of Stephen's. OR 5he3Stephen3fr'end.
a Wecanuseofor apostrophe for places
andorganisations.
Thehistoticcente of Pragte OR Pragoe3historiccente
the futureof the company oR the company'sfuture

D Compoundnouns
a A compolnd noun is tlvo nounstogetherCornpolndnounsarc commonin Eng sh, and are
partcLrlarlycommonin businessafguage
't nn ako repa thdtmdmfa.lulnq- dc'pik nt. .-. .s.hdrge fttc -
rrcu,16t yut l,t 1.6 ptl
cit; ddnrJa.tu.is! ptodtttitit! ste by 1.4pctd ta d nanlactrrisg dpotu by I1.8pct
-
.cnt.' Chan.cuorConlor Blowf\ hudsetspee+. (The Tinres websue)

a Whenwe uset/vo nounstogether,the lilst noun s likean adjectiveand describes

the second

It was a management decistron.

fhese rcsearch rcsults a.e very interesting.
Haveyou seenthis sales rcport?
Ihc whale .ompany st.atew t5 wong
1]d$Iot'niis toditioial otdennr o dk/'ib'tiof {oesss itto e-@mnerce solxtions leddsto
sipifuart .ost redBetions. (Connecris website)
Thelirst noun is usuallysinqular:
retludions in .ostt cott rcductions
the law rclating to companies .ompany law

a We can usemorcthan two noL,nsTo understand the meaningnart at the end.

an exe.utive seard company (a companythat searchesfor executives)
a govemment taining cou6e (a courseof trainingprcvidedby the government)
a sto.k ma*et launch (a launch in the market for stocks)

a In certainfixedphrases
we cannotusea compoundnoun.We haveto useol
la.k of confidence lreedon of choice the price of success the cost of progrcss

a Somecompoundnounsarewitten as one word.

database tinescale salesman netvwrk workhop bookhop
140 33 PO55E5S|VE5
At{D COMPOUT{D
NOUirt

33 Practice

Exer<iset #
Underinethe correctwods.
1 Theyoffef reasonableprices,but Im not sure about tbei!/theirs quatily.
2 Excuseme, is this you./you6 seatT
3 Ex.6e me, is this searyou you5?
4 lsthis penyouls4ours or mine?
5 We do all oulse/veilourown designand p.inting.
6 We do allthe designand p ntingouselveslourown.
7 Theofflceat the end of the canidotit nylnine.
A My/ nine afl ce is aI \he end of the coffidor
9 lt's not teallyherlheA decision.
10 Thecommitteehad lal/t3 final meetingyen€day.

Exer<ise
2E E
Rew.ite
thesentences
withapostrophes
wher€necessary
1 Susansho!d knowthatitsMarFdecision,
norhe.s.
-<$taa..
the.$!C..!rlP.
}"-..i..fat-.
.itlt...M/..!:y.:r..
de.
sirie^,..
^et...krr,.......
2 Alic€!lfiendr.amesBill.Hesoneof Merilltynchstop analyns.

3 Toyotas
dealon itscompany
carsis betterthanour:.

4 lwent to mydoctors
andhescomputesedallthepatients
records.

5 ltsimpola.r to recognige -asrtsown parlicutar

thateverycomoany culiure,.owever...

6 My bo!!! PAreadsall the customers

lefiers.

7 Lookat thosetwo M€rcedes.

Onesourdlrectors
andtheothers. visito6.

Exercise
3U
l\,4ake
two compound nounsfromthenounsin eachgroup.
I protitscou6elraining.ompany .9err4^y..pr-o.fii5- .ir4i^i^{..S.p$n:e.
2 naff forecanmeetifgs.les
3 cad storecrcditdepartment
4 lnternet salesummer access
5 fiqurespriceinflation
range
5 survey m.rkethourrush
7 t€{hnology keyscarinfomation
8 assistantshopfailurcpower
9 shopiloor workingworkerlunch
10 inslranceoancontEctbank
11 te.turescostsproductionproduct
12 ma*et marketing budqetledder
 !3 PTOSSESS|VES
AND COMPOUI{D NOUNS r4l

Exercise4 ffi
Complete with ph€sesfrcmthelistb€low
thes€ntences

eriorof foodof lackof levelof m€thodof paceof peceof

rangeof strokeof *5t€-€f
l twentthere,buttheywer€closed.ltwas a complete t me.
.....f...ar.l9...o.:1.....
2 Theproductlaunchisa disaster There3 a complete .................
........... interest.
3 Youshouldn't havetoldthemthatinformation. judgement.
lt wasan .............................
4 O!r hoteloffe6a wide.............................
facilitiesfor thebusin€ss trav€ller
s We havea relatively unemployment
1ow.....-....................... in ourcountryjust4%.
6 heard inforrnat
a veryinterenin9....-........................ ontheotherday.
7 Wearrived justaitheiqhttime.whata.............................luckl
8 Theadvedisement hasb€€nverysuccessful. Thereb a ........................
....inquiries.
9 There5!ts mustbecorrect. We useda very reliable .............................
dataanalysi9.
10 Thingrarcmoving soquickly in thisfield.The.... ......................
dangeisveryfan.

Exercise5EEIU
Rewrite thesecondsentence soit hara similafmeaning to thefilstsentence
I l'll seeyouin the roomwe useJormeetings in ten minltes.
t'ttseeyou...i1...tk..r,^.e.9ti14...uee..x..
tntenm nutes.
2 Thispendoesn'tbeongto me.
Thi9isn't..............
3 Thispendoesn'tbelongto me.
Thispenisn't...............
4 These documents beongto James.
These are...........................
5 l\,4argaretmetoneoi hercolleagues at theconference.
Margaret .t lheconlerence.
meta .............,,.................................
6 what isyourbosscalled?
name?
what...........................................,....
7 Youshouldconsult an evpelin lawaboulcompanies.
Youshou1dconsu|t............................................
law.
8 Thisgraphshowsthefigu.esior sales fo.lastyear
for lastyear.
Thisgraph................................................
9 Ljustsentan emailtooneoi ourcustomers
ljLst sentanendilto d
l0 l'm qoingon a course tqt6'n managers.
l'm90ingon .......................................-.........ourse.

Exercise6 U
Crossouttheonewod in ea.hgrcupthal doesnot makea common nounwiihthefi6t word n
compound

1 sales for€cast/fiqlres/*ede/tarqet 6 produd manager/range/fe.tures/share

2 market forces/sector/check/sharc 7 advertising sogan/campagn/ line/agency
3 price offer/list/ran9e/ise 8 production market/in€/capaclty/target
4 brand irnage/leader/loyalty/process 9 working condiiions/tr€nd/ho!6/lunch
5 tax relief/benefitr/output/allowance 10 stock opton/d€cision/market/€xchange
 rticles 1

A Articles
a A/an is calledthe indefinite
drticle,
andwe useit to inrrcdu.enew nformation.
Ifie is.alledthedefinitearticle.
andwe useit whenthelistenerkiowswh ch person
or th n9
we aretalkingabout.
'Noarticle'isthenovnby itsellwithout
an anicte.Weureno anicbwhenwewanrto spe.k
generally.
a Compare:
I rcadan intercstingreport /astweek. ('epon is mentionedfor the I rsrt me)
Haveyou rcadthe tepott | gar€youT (thelistenerknowswh ch r€port)
Reporb aresentout fout timesa ,€ar (speaking generally)

B AIan
a Weusea/a, to intrcduce
newinfomation.
Thelistener
doesnorknowwhch person
or thtng
we areialkingabout.
a Weusea/anio referto something for thefirsrtime.
We nust havea meeling nextweek.
I havean ideaI'd liketo dbcuts.
a We -sea/anto referto oneof a Eoupol rhings
Gn you passne a papet dip frcn that boxbyyout side?
a Weusea/ar to descibesomeonesjob, but notareasof business.
Fionausedto be a teactrcL but now she'sin nanagenenttraining.
a Weusea/anto describe something.
It'san inbrening idea. Caircis a very Ug city. Thisis a betl€r ptodua.
a We usea/anin expressionsof measurement. Percanalsobe used.
tuvicea/ pernath 3,OOOuni6 an/per hout Wechargett OOan/ pethaur
a A/an mean 'one',
sowe cannotusea/a, with plurals
or uncountable
nouns.
Canyou givene sone infornatior? (NOTinin{e#i.ti€u)

CAoran?
a We usea in frontof a consonant
sound,anda, in frcntof a vowetsound.
consonantsounds: a nanaget,ajob, a univeBiry,
a one-waynreet,a Eurcpeantaw
an idea. an empbyer. an ho4 an MBA
O In a similarway,ihe is pronounced,S:/beforea consonantsoundand /61/ before. vowe
 34 ARTICLES
I 14!

D The
a Weuseihefor oldinformaton. it iscearwhch personor thingw€ aretalkingaboul.
Six hanl$dtenlpt\tedih bsti,lgd stakein Ped\ Bdn.olitino.m@ dteNo h Anei aa ba kt,
onei a ftajotSpdnkh nditutior,aftthu n E.uddoredk
andtheothun Pturidk.me sit harc
beetiftvikdrostu4,Irtina\ boalaat'dhid4 theendoIMdrr- (Business Nes Americd
website)
a Weoftenknowwhichonebecause we m€ntionedii before,usn9a/an.
Wenust havea meeting nextweek.The meetingshauklfa.us on the auditoB'repatt.
I went to an intercstingshow lastweek.lt wasthe Pais Spnng co e.tion.
a Sornetimes
we knowwhichonebecause it is.learfromthesituation,
or it s shared
knowedqe
fromthelivesof thespeaker
and stener.
Where'sthe newspapet? (weknowwhi.honef.omthesiuation)
Themeetingwillbeginat ter. (bothth€speak€f and stenerknowwhchmeetng)
Notethatin th s casewe canus€theto referto somethn9for thef rstt me.
a We useahewhenther€s ony oneoi som€thing.
lt ls clea.whichonew€ aretalkingabolt.
I ll speakta the bosswhenhe getsback.
a We usethewith nationalties andothergroups.
I reallyadnite the lblians far thensenseof design.
Thegovennent is tryingto do moreto helpthe poo|
seeunn37 a we uselhewlthsupenatv€s.
Thisis the bestqualitynaterialwe havein stock.

E No article
a Noadcleis usedwhenwe arelalkinggenerally.
The.lit't i"rc oJthcAsa'.y Mdgazine 'Health rnd saJeryat ulatk-
Iednoesan a e dtled
A qgtion of.o'B andbenejtr:'. (EuopeanAgencyfor Saaety .'d He.lth atwork websie)
. P T U i A L N O UI ' I S
Comparel
I sentthe emailsthk norn/h9. (weknowwhich€mails)
I usLallyrcplyto emailswthtn 24 houri. (emas in general)
a uNcouNtAaltNouNs
Comparel
Theintomation in thisrcpottgivesus the (weknowwhichinformatoiandpower)
power to tatgetaut adveftising.
lnformationispower (information
andpow€rn general)
The insu|ancebrsinets is dotngwell. (weknowwhichbusiness)
Rusinessis goingwellat thenoment. (busn€ssn qenera)
The negotiating wasa bt easierlasttime. (weknowwhichnegotat ng)
Negotiatingwith suppliegtakesa lot af tine. (negotiatingn geieral)
isto usefhewith pluralnounsandlncountable
a a commonmistake nounsusedn . genera

Smallconpanies oftengrow faner (NOTThe+m€+l-€€nF€F1€5)

Forne faotballis likelife. (NOTForme,+h€{€€{b€{Li5.lil€+h€ .)
seeunit35a We us€rio articefor mostcompanies,
countres,
statesandcities,
I wak lor HBSCin Hong Kong.
LosAngelesis in Califomia.
144 !4 ART|CLESt

34 Practice

Exer<ise
l AEg
Undeninethe correctwords.
1 Where3a&he fax theysentthis moming?| can'tfind it.
2 h.ve anlthe appointmentat a/ihe bank.
3 | had a/t e veryqood holidaJa
A/Ihe weatherwas maruellour.
4 l'vebeenworkingso hardthat I needa/the break.
5 Theyarea/the largestmanufacturer of light bulbsin a/fheworld.
6 A/Ihe pr€lentationwas a/tfie g€at success.
7 Can I glveyou a/dre lift to the station?
8 l thlnk I needa/the newpairof glasses.
9 We needto reachd/the decisionassoonas possibl€.
l0 The€ mustbe anlttp answerto a/the prcblem.
11 Mlkeis arlfie accountant.He workson anotherltheofter sideoftown.
l2 Hisofiic€ s a/the biggestone in a/the building.
1: Whereisa/the documentthat we were lookingar just now?
14 The PartugueselThePotll,gLesepeople aE very gaod negotiators.

Exe.<ise2HEFS
Puteithera/anor a dash(-) to 9howno adicle.
I ....;.....moneymakestheworldgo round.
2 Sheila drives .............
French car.
: Ritaworksin ............lnsuGnce agency in ........
. Llsbon.
4 ............
health isthemostimpo(ant thingin ............
life.
goodtirnefor ..........,,
5 Thi!s ............ sales o1newcars.
6 Thisisthe number to callfor ............
information.
7 I vegot....,.,.....
colleague whois.......,,... systems analyst,
8............productknowledgeisveryimportantfor............sal€srepresentatve.
9 Heis ............
engineer. Hestudied............ engineedng at universlty.
10 Weproduce ............
f!llsales €podfourtimes............ year.

Exercise3;FlHgH
o-t eilhe'a/a4 ttp or ; dash(-) to showno article.
] lle.. .talansl.aveqrveru5 4 lor ol ..:... buqrre5s
2 . . . . . . .m
. o s t p e o p l e t h o u q h t t hi a
t wt a s . . . . . . .v.e r y q o o dp r o d u . t .
3 | h f e L od - k glaso s l . . . . .w. r n e. r . . . € v e n r n g
4 l w i s h l c o u l ds p e a k . . . . . .E n g l i slhi k e . . . . . . E
. .n g l i s h .
5 As soonas ........Helengetr off ........plane,askher to g ve me ........call.
5 ........smokinqis fot pemitted in this area.
7 Thercs........visitof.t ........receptiondesk.
8 When | .fived at ........airport,I had ........drinkand waitedfor ........flight.
9 w . n t . . . . . . .a. c t i o nn, o t . . . . . . .w. o r d s .
1 0 . . . . . . .p. e 6 o nw i t h . . . . . . .M
. B Au s u a l lgye t s. . . . . . .g. o o dj o b .
11 l'll get you ........co{Jeeftom ........machine.
l2 Marlecomesfrcm ........France.
 l
34 ART|CLES 145

Exercise4ABCD
/ 40 C o m p l e tteh i sa r t c e w t h e t h e rd / a , , t h e o r a d a s h( - ) i o s h o wn o a d i c e

HOWCLEANISTHEIRMONEY?
'Money launderhg is ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . .!.e. .d. . e q u i v a l c n t who know very linle about cspcciallybecrusetlreywdnL
(1)...lh-e....
nane silen ro to about 47. of gros world each other. ( 13) .............. t o m n r i m i s c( l 7 ) . . . . . . - . . . . . . .
otrc of (2) ..............
world-s irremational paymenlsysled a m o u not f ( 1 8 ) . . . . . . . . . .t.a. .x.
biSgcn linacial prcblems: (?) ..............
probien has i s c r u c i a Lt o ( 1 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . they pat. h ihcse brnks
movinCmotreythathasbcc! grosn handin hand with stsbiliry of rhe wolld s r h e r ei s ( 1 9 ) . . . . . . . . . c. .u. .l .t u r e
obtained illegllly into ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . .g. .l o b a l i s a t i o n . iinancial markets, but i1 of don't lski don t tell .
( 3 ) - . . . . . . . . . . .f.o. r e i $ b a * and prriicularly with a h o p r o v i d e s( 1 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A n d ( 2 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . .b. .r g s e J r
accounLs $ thar(il ) .............. (9) ..............
lifiing of crpital orPonunnyfor cnminah ro p r o b l e nw i l h i n( 2 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pcoplc do nol kno! where c o n l r o l sa n d ( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . private blnking is offshor!
il has conrc tiom, Puinrg of(l I ) ..............
delelopn'ent Private bankilg is brnks. There arc around
( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . .v. .a. .l u eo n D r o n c y ( 1 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. e s t - k n o w n 5,000 ofllrhoE bdnks
l.uderirtg is oi cou6e !e'y systcnrs. These.lloN moncy hundering chrnnel. Clienls xbout$5 ldllion in
controlling
dillicull,hurrhc lnremarional t o b em o l c di n ( 1 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of thcsc brnks are wellthy assers,rnd sonle havc no
MonerdryFundcsrinr.lcrlrr secondsbctwccn balks in peoplewho wrnr thek lifairs physical prcsence!r rnY
i t i sh u g c- p c l r t s S l r . i l l i o n ditietentprns of rhe world hrndlcd wnh dis.rcrion.

ExercisesABCDE
tl41 Compelerhslntervewbelween.lour..n..dtheCEOolBotec.abiotechnoogycompanyU
a a . t t b a t a d a( ) o . o \ o , , '

( l u \ o u b . g i Db ! r c l l n , g' n r ( 1 ) . . 4 . . l t t l . r b o u t ( l ) t h e . f . . . , t d h . r g . s r r ( : r ). . - .

W.ll. .s vou kno\\r Ii{ !c,,r se Dldc (-r) .. ... .l..ii,o. to nble our .pcr.,t,ors ftr
( i ) . . . . . ( ) n r b r r l c . . b c . i u \ c i r \ \ t f r i n r p o r i . l t i b r ( 6 ) . . . . . b i o r c c h n o k , g.]o r D i n i e \ n ,
r c . r u i r ( 7 ) . . . . r . L r t r s r si ; o n r ( s ) . . . . . L r c { ! n n c r \ t , d . [ r , w . t . n r ( e ) .....vcry
.orrp(trtr.lob\ nnrltr h.r. n Clitrrbridge,iDd lYc mtiv.,tt our .trdoFe\ by on-:tins
r h e n (r l r l l . . . . . . . r r r r t r . t r t j r i r r t r \ r d d ( l .i ). . . . . x c c l l c . t N l n k m s . o r d l t i o n s . W e ! c
built up (ll) ......c\.cllcDt rer!.lrd (e;. doing sonrcrcry nnportDi a..rch rn
l l 3 ) . . . r i e l do f ( 1 t ) g e n et h c t u p \ l
Ma.\ peoplesr! dri. (15) . . .. bLote.hnolog pronlscs nrorc drit it dellves. k drrt

Thrr nrar be fue D gcneril. bur (16) .... .. bnnechnolog!ihrr $t do i\ aher.ly

p r o d u c n r s( 1 7 ). . . . . . . . r . s u l t sL. a s r\ t . r \ c m a d e( 1 8 ). . . .. . .r m n r r o f i t f o r ( 1 e ). . . .. . .
liff trne. rnd (?.)J......relenue is nicre$nig rapidlt A1\o,s€ \,e re.endv niade (21) .
di{riburlon dealNth (12) .. .....lfge phrnnceulical companlThe,vhrle dre nukerLng
slill\ rhar \Le lack.and (2il ........prrtnership6 $orkrng Nell for both stles.Our aln
ne\i \ er n to .n!er (1.+) .....Aneri.h nu*et, r \!tte coniiden! of(25) ......Ncces
 rticles 2

Unit34 9 vessorneb:ec rulesfor aa(icles.

This!n r givesadditrond
potnrs.

A Place names and no article

a ln general,no a.tkle s usedfor conlinents,coLrntres,
states,ii.nds, mounran5, akes,cles,
parks,roads,nreets,rqlares,pal.ces,caitle5,cathedras, !t.tons and airyorts.
Eurape/Asia Ftdn.e/China Glifomia/Lazta Crcte/Madei.a
Mant BlanctMaunt Eveten LakeLucerne/LakeMichigan Takya/Budapest
Centrcl Patk/HydePa* Fihh Avenue/Chutch Steet TtafajgarSquarelTines Squarc
Buckinghan Pala.e WindsorGstle Milan Cathedrcl Grcnd Centtatstation Otly Aipad

B Place names and the

a Notethat allthe folow ng lse rhe:
the Alps,the Sahanas,the Nethetlands
the RedSea.the Middle East,the WestEnd
(ButNOT i the pl.ce i! the nameof a coLrntry
or conrnenr trarce,

Phrasetwith 'of : the Hausesof Pa iament, the South of Ftance

Po ticalconsiirutions the hishRepubli..the unted Ktngdon(the uK), the us
Rversand can.lr: the Amazon,theLaie, the SuezCanal
Oceansand seas: the Pacific,the Atlantic,the Medteffanean
Roadswith nlmbelsr the M6 (nototuvay), the41
Ihearres.nd galleres: the Globe(fheatte),the Uflizi(Gallety)
Hotes: the Maffiot (Hotel)
the fiffel lawe, the TajMahat, the White Hause

c Special uses of the

Iniernatonalnslilutions: TheUniEd Nations,The World Bank,ThetMF

to refer|o a qroup
Adjectives Theunemployeddo notre.eiveehoughhelp.
the...of a/lhe : the endof an era,the staftof the prqect
Sornetime phrases: n the past,at the moment, in the futurc h0 at present),
the t960s(decades), tt€ 2tJt century(cent!ret
Poinlrof the compass: in the notth/east/south/west, ln the south"west
Payingrnstruments: I play the piano/guitar
lob titlesand off cialtitles: TheMatuetingDhe.tot,the pime Ministet,ao ...
(BLrtNOTtite+ n.rnerPrmeMinistetTanyBlatrsaid...)
Cit),Sndpnors:attu tlnt rtide.fot the L$ne$ tua,eleL(asia-incnaga,ine websile)
HWo Alpe-Adlia-Banh hd\ bee, hi h4, !rces'jt Crcatia a,er the pastJaw fea6.Arodi g
h Dt. Wolfgatg Kuhe@r th. Chaitnat oJ the Board, thit 'res is du to eorenrdtjng
lJ,sn1ets
a.tiritie!on theAbine-Adidti. ma*et d d dtoo'nryroadb"sinest pdnne6. (cebd
 35 AitnE 2 i4t

D specialusesof 'no article'

a We useno articlewith:
Comoanvnames: I wotkfot A..enturc'
Yea6,month5,days: in 2wt, in July, on Thu6day
Specialtimesof the year at Chdtanas/Eaner
Someparrsof the day: at nightlmidnightlsunset \BW thenoning, the afternaan)
ol tansporl (n gene?lJ
[,4eans by ca Exi/trainlbus on foot (BIJTon the t'drnb nome\
(in
Meals genetal): Dinner is at 7.30. lBUf Therew6sa dinnetat the
conference)
a Notethe useof 'prepostron + no adide'with certain wh€nthepumose
buildings, oi the
buildinq is moreimpodantthan theplaceitself.Compare:
I spentlwo daysin hosPital. (thespeaker in whlchone)
is notinterested
lvlycompany supplies equipnmt for dE hospital. (onespec f c hosp tal)
'p€positionandno articlear€i
Otherwordsof thistypewhichuse
in lto hosDttal
I pisonI bedlclasslcoun
atl towo* lschoollunive6tvlseaI hone
Notehowwe use'home':
be at hone, go hone (NOTge+e+€rie)

Gen€ral.nd specificmeanlngs
a whenwe usea plurelnounor an uncountable nounon itsown t hasa general meaning
whenwe put fte in frontit hasa spec'fic meaning.
Carsare nuch saferth6e daYs. fhe ca6 we makearebuilt to last,
I don't undeswd s eaclsheats. fhe sryeadshea'!for MarchandAprilate here.
Paople can be diffiarlt. The peoplein rnyofficearc allveryfiehdy
me flsh I had fot lunchwassuperb.
go
Money nakesthe worlcl rcuncl. llaeeW got the moneyI gaveyau?
fhe dodrlng buttnessis veryconpetitive.
Te'ir i" sirgdpoftateabttldantandrwnably pricd, buthad tofnd dunngnsh ho'ts' whaflit
nins a"d bealee 11pt cndnidnirht. Th. .arlJ Jmm th. *irytort to the ..ntql b'tstness
ditrrlet eostarcundt12. (asia-incm.gzine website)
144 35 ART|C|-ES 2

35 Practice

Exerciset I lIl
Underlinethecorectwods.
I Wewent to eEalrheP/iaandsawLeaningTower// e:49!j!gI9v9r.
2 CretelTheGete isverybeautifulat thistime of year.
3 My sonis in hosp,ta//thehoip,ta/andcan't go to school/theschoot.
4 Youcango frcm HeathrowltheHeathrowbyunderyrcundltheundergrcund.
5 tlelnut Kohlllhe Helnut KohlwasOancelkrl theCharcel/orwho heloedto rcunireGernanv/ the

6 We flew overAhslthe Alps andsawMont EbncltheMont thnc.

7 h nearfuturclthenearfururevideoconfeEnces will replacemanymeetings.
8 l'rntiredlThankgoodness it3timeto go homeltotome.
9 New Yo*llhe l.lewYo* is in UnitedStates/theUnitedStates.
I0 | lsuallyhave/u/,chlthe /unchat abootone.
ll I usedto work for Deu6<heEankltheDeu5cheBankin Cityof LondonltheCityof Lohdonal staft/the
nart of mycarcer
12 My sonwantsto 9o to univeEityhheunive6ityaftethis e'€ms.
1: Doyou knowtake WindemercltheLakeWindeftnere? n\in LakeDisttict/theLakeDbtict, in
nadl-westlthe nofth-r\/est of EnglandltheEngtand.
14 | boughtthissuitfromEondSteet/theEondStrcet.
15 TheGovernment shoulddo morero helpthepoorlthepoorpeople.
16 On our trip to U(/fhe UKw€ tou.edaroundsourh-east/the south-eaitandvisitedCanier.bury
Cathedral/ the Canterbury Gthednl.
17 Theywouldn'tpay,so we took themto cou.i/lhe coud,
18 JohnlThelohn is at wo*lthe wotk at homentt thenoment.
19 We t.avelledto /tarlthe ltaly by carlthe car.
20 DanubelTheDanubeis the mainrjverin Certla/Eu,.opeltheCentralEuroDe.

Exercise2 I
In eachpairof sentences, fill in onespace with theandtheotherspace witha dash(-) to showno arlicle.
I a) ..--j....profitsareincreasing acrcss everydivision
of the company.
profitswe madelastyearwer€up in comparison
b) ...!.i.'e.. to they€arbeforc.
2 a) ...........
information inyourreportwillbeveryusefuttous.
b) ......----.
infonationaboutthe Kazakh marketishardtofind.
3 a) ...........
visitors
shouldsignthei namein thebookat rcceprion.
b) ...........
visitors
fromGermanywill beanivingarrcn.
4 a) Thismaqazine articlegives...._......
advice aboutwhichnock to buv.
b) Thankyoufor........... adviceyougavemelanweek.
5 a) ........ bondsI havearealllonqtem investments.
b) ...........
bondsarea safeinvestment wheninterenratesarefalling.
6 a) ...........
French expoGto the ren of Europe areup4% thisyear.
b) ...........
French arcwo d leaders in theluxurygoodsmarkei.
7 a) ..--.--....
manasement isan art,not a s€ience.
b) .....---...
managementare blaming theunionsforthebrcakdown in neqoiiarions.
 15 af,flclEs 2 t49

Exercise3 ll I
Completethe second sentence to thefirstsentence.
so it hasa similarmeaning
1 TEceyisthe teamleader
ot ttre team.
rracey!.t-..1.19..!.e,4d9i--.
2 Yourgoodsareon a shipat the moment.
At themomentyour goodsare............--.-............
sea.
3 Ihe meeting hasended.
Thi5is...................-----....
meetrng.
4 Briqhtonis at the bottomof a mapof England
B ghtonis ............................
southoI England.
5 Doyou havethe Internetat yourhouseT
DoyouhavetheInternet..............-........,,,,,
home?
6 Wewalkedtothe nation.
foot.
Wewentto .,,.,,,,,,,,,.........,,....
7 Weemploy250 people atthe moment.
Weemploy250peop|e..............--............
present.
8 Danielisstillin hisoffice.
Daniel work.
isstill.........---................

Exercise4llllll
complete tertswitheithertheor e dash(-) to showno article.
thefollowing Thisexercise
includes
some
revition
of unit31.
150

djectives and adverbs

A Adiectives and adverbs

* An.djectivedescribes a noul].
Lastyeat we had a significant indease in prolits
Lastyeat prcfitt were much betle. than thisyear
If yat rdtl bir gdii6 ot ttu sta.knwk.t yot ittl o tory-rdrd /ie,'. (Thesheer.com

t An adverbeayshow (qulckly),when\tanoffow) at where(over.her€)somethn9 happens

G Adverbsca. comein dfferent poritions.'How' ddverbsuru. y comeafrerrhe verb
We planned evertrhing vety.arefu y
Ihe ercnony is g.owing slowly.
adverbs(!n t t) comealr€rbe afd .uxitiares,birt befor€orherverbs.
Frequency

She has nevet anlved late

she never goes thete
Olher'when' ddverbscan cornebeforeor aller u,e vero.
Lastyear ourprclits rose ghtly Aur profitsrcse slightlylastyear
It we havereveraladverbstogerher,the usuatword order s:
H O W- W H E R EW
, HEN
Our prcfits rcse tlightly in Getmany last yeat (NOT ta4yeer]€-€€+m.ay)
r As wellas describing vefbs,adverb!can a so descrbeadjectvesand otheradverbs.
It's rclatively expensive. (adverb+ adjective)
He affived extenely late. (adverb+ adverb)

a Adverbs.realsocoveredin units1,3,5 and 7 (tme expressions);39 (roo,erough);40 (rime

wotds likein/an/at, far/sin.e,by/untiD:unirs43 and 44 (tinkngwo.ds,which nctude
'lentence
adve.bs': ,hily actually,tn generat,clea y, anw1y): and t)ni| 49 fttends: satesgrcw
steadilyall lastyeat).

B Form of adverbs
t Many'how' adverbsareformedby addinq-t to an adjecrive.Atew add-y,-aly, ot -ity,
dependingon the spelllngof the originaladjective.
slov\t slawly slight Jtghtly caretul - .arcfull,
full fully dftnatic dranatically steady steadity
a som€adverbsand adjectiv€s havethe sameform. Examptesin.tude fast,had, early,tate,hiqh,
low rbht:, wrcng, dally/ weekly/ nanthly tquatterty
Thisis a fast nachine (adj.) rhis nachine soes very fast (adv)
tt's a had decision.(adt) Hes wo*ing veryhard at the manent. tadu.)
Notethat the adverbhdrdt is nor relatedro the meann9 oJiard.
tt\ so naky t .an hadly thlh*. ('hardly'= almosinoo

NoteLhdrgood ( ddjecliveano /e/, s an adverb

"n
Shes a good negotiatoL She negotiates we .
 36 ADJE<TTVEsAXD ADVEF'S I51

Gradableand non-gradableadiectives

hat, warn, nild, .ool, cold

large/big, snall, tiny

Adjectivesin th€ middleof the sequence are 'gradable. We can makethem strongeror weaker
w th word! ike very d bit, quite, reasonably,relatively,€xtrenely.
The weather was quite hotl.o/d (NOr qsi*e+€iliF94re€"iF9.)
The nealwas very gaodlbad (NOr Yeqf€t€e$e€tle*{C.)
'extreme'.with theseadjecuves
Adjectivesat the end of the sequence are 'non'graddbe' or we

The talk was absolutely excellentlaMul. \NOI v€ry-€i€ell€na.)

D Order of adiectives
a Whenwe havemo.ethan one adlectve we ure thE order:
Opinion wondeiul, lovely,nice, diffi.ult, inpoftant
Size Iarye, snall, lang, shatt
Otherqualities .heap, clean,quiet, fast
ase new old, secand'hand
Shape,pattern,colour cnculaaflat,stiped, rcd,black
origin,nationality Ften.h,)apanese,anerican,kandinavian
Mateial wooden,netal, plastic,steel
Type(whatkind?) thitd-geneQtian (phane),ecananic(palicy),safety(device),
investmenr
(bank),fa.e krean)
canbe nounsusedasadiedivet
a words n thefinaltwo calegories
a Herearesomeexamples:
a lo-page Ameri.an legal cantrad Giz€,nationality,iype)
a last new sportscar (quality,
age,rype)
an efii.ient wo dwide distribution netwotk (opinon, size,iype)
a.heap.ileaneneryysaurce (qLraty,quality,type)

E Adjectives ending -ing and -ed

endinq-i;9 d€sffibesomethingwe are readingto (oltside !t
a Adieclives
endirg -ed describeour leelingsand reactlons
Adiectives (insdeus)
Theneeing was very intercning. I was lnterested in your idea about outsourcing
Atio Onli'Ic peside,'t Ke"ifl Randolphsayshe doesnot ase tute o the tuub! qf crstonus
'I 4n irturcstet in qtdliry sa*etinr"
beedutehe k flot tullf intdst^d in n.ttt na*etn.a
P.itldolph!q$. 'We hdre 100,000alstoftett,tuhkhis ai intcftstin! unb!,bnt I an nat
,xanagins tha brci ess b^cd o' ,dr" (blsiness review veekly rvebsite)
Other pai6 like this .re: bored/boting, confusedlconfusing, ex.ited/exciting,
,"t ,n"ruuut.inallr,g. <utpisedtsu,pnsino, nrcdt ing
&A
Va-\ t touhdh ca.rrrens qrite s!ry sing t tudssutpised bl het€nnent.

W
'irc worcathanyouhlnk,
Itgo€Edownto he ktd foor."
52 36 ADJECTIVESAND ADVERES

36 Practice

Exercise 1 * #
Completeth€ secondsentence so it hasa similarmedningto the fi6t sentence.
1 Th€rewas a s ightfdllin profitsin Ap l.
. Apnlpro'rs....... fell ,li4[tlY
2 Therewas a dramdticimprovement in our sharep ce lastmonth.
L a <m
r o n l ho - s h d r ep r i ( p. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Therchdsbeena significantdrop in demandfof oil overthe an few months.
Demandfor oil ..... ........overthe tastfew monrhs
4 Let'shavea blef pausefor coffee.
L e t ' s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... f. o
. .r c o f f e e .
5 Ther€hasbeena steadyirnprovement in the inflationfigures.
T h e - f a r o nf r g . € s
6 Therewat a dow recoveryin consumerconfidencelastyear
Corjsumer
confidenc€........ .. .... tastyeaf.
7 Therehasbeena gradualrisein unemploym€nt.
unemp|oyne.t .................
8 Thee hasbeenconsiderable
growth in KoreanGDPoverrecentye.rs
O v e r e c e nyt e a r sf o r e a . lG O P ...............

Exercise2 S *
Undedinethecofiectadjective.
I coudn'tdo anymo.eworklasrnight.twasjusrsolhdltirtng.
2 I don'tthinktheaudiencelikedthetalk.Theytooked boted/baring.
3 | don'tthlfk theaudience
likedthetalk.tt wara bit borcd/boring.
4 Yournewmulrimedia project
sounds reallyexcltedlexciing
5 \or laok warnedlwotrying.ls anythingthe matte.?
5 Theirprofitslaslyearwe'e exlnemelylargelenotmous.
7 Ther profitslan yea.wereabsolutely /a.qelenolmous.
8 Thesilesfigu€slastmonthweteuerybadltenbte
9 Warsaw isabsolutely
cold/fre€zlngat thistimeol year

Exercise3 !fi
Compeiethesenlences
withonewordfromrhelistA andonewordfrom st B.
A: badly completelyeasilyextemely heavilyquire unexpectedty
rve{
B: delayeddesignedheipful iJleqaliate riide promotedrccoqnisabe
1 Thissutcaseisvery..............'.411..H4d..e.............
. ttwJ tastfor yearsandyears.
youseeihe adveris
2 Thenewprcductis being.............................................. ev€rywhere
3 Thiswebsiteisvery.................................
..........._
. I can,tfindtheinfomaUon I ne€d.
4 YoLr've
been.................................
............
. I really
appreciate it.
5 Ourofficesarc.....................................-.......lookoutforthe
argeftags.tthefront.
6 I'msorrymyflighthasb ...........l,llcattyouwhenlarrve.
7 Tdkng brjbesi!............. You'lloseyourjobif rheycatchyou.
8larivedatthepesentation..............................................dndmissedthefirstpan
 AND ADVERBS 153
36 ADjECTIVES

Exercise4 D
Puteachgroupol words nto the bestorder
I odjashioned € a r g em . c hn e c u t ln ! ^ l^raa old-{arhio^ed otti^a M^chr^e
2 woodensquareheo ca(ons
3 new packagean amazn9 sottlv:re
4 p e r o da t f : n s l o n t h r e em o n t hd f f i c ut
5 clrLps computerTawaneseh qh-q!: ty
6 d str.tegywe -panned nvenment
7 accesscheap nternethighipeed
8 a n e w r e v ou t o n . r yc o m p u l ehr a n d h e l d
9 a powderwashinqnew wondedul
l 0 a w f u p l a n c c h e a ps o u v e 1
n9

Exercise 5 A B
Competerhe sentences wih a word lrcm the n below At th€ end of eachsentence wr te rdl. (adlectve)
or adv (adverb)to show how the word n lhe gap s be ng used

good we lan ian hard hard h€rdy ate ate *€N+ht

'
!\p eqo q o oo-\eo Mo^Tnry a^\pLe Io. d 010,6' ....4dJ
2 ' , n rr o r r yy o u rg o o d sd r eq o i n gt o a r r v e . b o ! t a w e e k
I TharI iqhr 1m€ e too Halent you got anyth,ngeafler?
4 r."rr' I , r . e lpnQ4r'oioo19.D..
5 | wds 50 I redthat co! d keepmy eyesopen
5 T h eh o t e w a ! , b ! 1 w e d . t k e l h e i o o dr n t h er e n d u r a n t
d i
7 r ' sa c h o i c eb. u t t h n k C a r . B t l - r €
b e t t e rc a n dd a t e .
E had ro work very lo gel everything f nishedon i rn€
9 rn sorry, do. t lndeEland Yo! re talkr.gloo
I0 AF l..F o,..e" e ,l r,1S .-9o S^ong

Exercise 6 A B
42 R e a dt h s r e p o rar b o u tl h e c o . v e r q e n .oef m o b e p h o n € as n dh a . d h e dc o m p l t e r su n d e rn e e t h e rt h e
or adverbe.ch t me.
adlect,ve

TheNet:anywhere,
ll seems (1)54us/rtds.jy, but some
I I peoplee salking mud wilh a nobile

inthepalm
$on!', a handheld .omplter like a lall! t
pager, and even a n.tebook c.nputer sidr
a \2).artetrrionlkatndniannthlkeyboaidas
anytime,
well. Thesedigital devi.es are conlerging
\3)tupilhttidu, but hanltacturers are
ro w
ofyourhand
Io! $nting enails. (l2)aafrdJiry and (rl.irapl.,trry0, but srill
findin8 it dilfi.ult to get all the pa.h to 19)d!.u/ditr
inreSrare (4)rropalpDpajy. contenponry s€arlinEforanadd@bmkoEyorscolinE allow phone conpanies to nake a prolit.
nobile phon6lml (5)8mdludr,aF Flatiely throu8h a .ontact xir is (10)sl@rlo ry, nrhEsmnovhsver-e (14)qri t/qd.Uyh L\is
(6)B!odla.iJ at endhg short text n6eE6, alhough onc you find the 1@e you ce 6U ma, ad lie nmuiactureE who suc.eed in
blt don'r wort (7) gmdlu?ri as hedheld the pe@n (11)diatldi@try by jnsi torcning Settingoerythin8 (15)flghlryeily ae Soingio
conputers. They lack nemory, s)ncho6e theph@e nun$er oI olN the bi8 ise in the mke (16)I'rSr,rAdJy prcEts.
(8) l,adlladl] sith daklop PCs, and ae not tuh@ is Inieftt a(K - it needsto be fast,
A Comparatives and superlatives
a We usethe comparatveform of an.djectiv€to comparetwo sepaErethings.
Comparclve: Model C40Ais more poweiul than nodet C2AA.
MadelC2OOis less poweiul than madel C4OO
We usethe superlatveform to saythar ofe rhing in a grcup hasmoreor essof a quatitythdn

Supe ative: The most poweiul nadet that we nake is the C6AA.
The lezn powedul modet that we make is the C200.

B Form
tl Theto.m dependson the numberol syllabesin rhe word and the spe nq
Comparative Sup€rlative
Onesyllable cheap cheaper
nice nicer
One syllabeendlng biq bigger the btggest
vowel- consonant iot
One/two syllables rcky iskiel
ending-/ easy easiel
Twoor more noden mote/tessmoden the most/least nadem
syllablee expensive morc/less expensive the most/teastexpensive
A fid,.ltit"E .o,tn t is atu oI the longst ahdmostsophistieatell
tld ntucnot!uilLavetsitn.
(Ent.cprcne!rhnemrtion!llvcbsite)
a Notethatone-syllable endingin s ngt€vowet- sinqte
adjeclives consonant
doubte
thef nal
consonant,andlhal -y becornes
i
big - bigger flat - flafter wet - wettel
easy- Pasie. nosy - hoisiet happy- hoppiel
o Sometwo-syllable adj€ctives
.an Io.m n eirherway.Ex.npesirclrdecteve,cannan,nanow
palfte,quiet,sinple tied.
comman commonerlmorccommon the .onnanest /the l'i,ostcannon
I NotethaiIong.djectveshavebothnole/most.nd /ess//easr,
butshorradjecrives
ontyhave

o Notethefollowinorffegular
lorms:
good better rheber.
the wotst
tar fanhet/fulther

Jdpdi\ e.o"o"'), is @ah.intr. h' .l'r,e\ af reco'eryio'n the uo^t ttowdotuhsifte Watd Wot II
dt leui'ts sn'alletd t1rnaller crcry /dl (Yahoo tsusines NeNs lvebsire)
 3t coMPARll{GI 155

C Other points
a We uset,an to link the thingswe arc.ornparing
Thisyeafs profits wll be a little hlgher than lastWar's
It's a lat morc difficult than I thought at fi51.

seeunits35and37a Beforca superlativewe useaheor a possessive

form.
Thisk theloutlDigicon's nost pawerful madel

a adjectvescan be usedwithout a noun if the meanng is clearfrcm

comparativeand superldtive
the.ont€xt.
Thehlewl of seMiceis good, but ours is better
Digicamprcduces a rarge of nodels, but this one is the most poweiul
a The presentperfeciwith everis often usedwith sup€ atives
Thisis the mon powEtlul machine that vtP have ever prcclu.ed
Thisis one ol the best mealsI have evet eaten
Tlp Btdzilid,i !ry.ri'd'/]ct .l'di, Pno d. Alt@r ryatted d ltoit oI USS167 )ht tdst vcdr,the
ldrgst i! haseoetMd.. (Business NNs Americas$ebsite)

D Comparing equal things

a we can comparetlvo equalthinqswirh (/urt)a5... a5.We savthat two thingsarenot equa
with notas .. a5.Theadjectives do nol change.
The C600i is Aust) as powe.lul as the C5oo.
The C40o is not as powerlul as the C600.
'Ii?
k i" ailtncct irc ahout'ryply and doi|id io'dd,ie nk L Pally is as sinpte as nt.
(Gulf Busines Mag.,ine wcbsitc)
- j6t not aslood ds n $ed to tr( (Bustrlesswcek
h\ !iI\ zoodto bc knu oI ro/t totpotation

E Comparing actions
a wh€nwe compare action5 at theendoi thesentence.
we canuseanauxiliary
fhe C6OOrunsfastetthanthe C400. OR TheC600tur|Jfastetthanthe C400does
Yau",edone morcwotk thanme. OR Youvedonemote work thanI have
156 37 COMPAR|I{G
I

37 Practice

Exercise
l IltI
Underlinethecorrect words.
1 Thenewlineshouldbe50ptofrtableaslasJ|lgijabbjjrhe otd one.
2 Thishandsetis tlre mo5tprofrbuelthe n,orcprcfitablewe,veevermade.
3 ThisveGiofof the programme is the mostrecentlrecenfer.
4 fte guarantee isa yearlongerrharlrhatwithourotdermodets.
5 Nothingis wo6elworstthandsring a flight b€cause of traffic.
6 Thisprinteris oneof the benlbefer on the ma*et.
7 the meetingwasnt /ongas/as/onga5| thought.
8 Todaythe sha.ep ce is mo€ t€dlwoAe thanit wasyesrerday.
9 l'm soary,thejourneytook /orger fianlahe /ongestwe expected,
10 We'll be theE soon.lts not muchlar€flfur|fie..

Exercise2lIII
Complete thesentences witha comparative or superlativefom ofthe adjective in brackets.Include
ar,,
othernecessary wordsfikefhe,mote, less,asot than,
l coca-cola is ...!.1-e--.hf4395J... (big)sofrdrinksmanufactlrer in theword.
2 Thiskeyboard isquitediffi(ultto use.lt!.............................
Gmall)the onet,musedto.
3 Theconference wasa ljttledisappointing. tt was.............................
(intereninO texpected.
4 Yesterday (hot)daj6of theyear
wasoneof .............................
5 | thinkthissuggestion is ----..............-_--(good)theotherone.
5ltlimpossibletochoosebetw€enthesetwoproducts.Oneis............................{go
7 TheflEt foundof negotiations waseasy. Thenextwillbe.............................
(dfficut).
8 We?eonlya smallcompany. (targe)the
We?enot ............................. marketleaderin oursector.
9 Thisyearoursales (bad)tastyear.
figureare.................__..____....
(bad)caseof corruption
10 Thisis ...................-......... we,veseenfor yea15.

Exercise3lllll
Putale suitableword in eachspace.
1 Wearebigger....1.14!\....GNC,but Satcoare......!!9....biggest in themarket.
2 | c;n seeyoueitherday.Onedayis .............__._ good.................
theother
3 Nobody knowsmoreaboutelecvonics .................
Ti
4 Ofcouuel'llspeak to him.ltsthe.................
tcando afterallyourhetp.
5 solly,5% dis.ountismy.best ofter.tt3the ................_
| cando.
6 Heis oneof the.-...............
diflicultcustomers thaveeverdeattwith.
7 Everyone els€hadwo*eda lotlonger ontheproject .................t
.................
.
8 idonl thinkthatthismarket is-................
risky.................
itwas.
9 Ihe restaurantsarethesame. Thisoneis ......._.........
asexpensive .................
thatone.
10 Thisestaurani is betterfor us.tts ..___............
asexpensive .................
thatone.
 ' 7 C O M P A R I N G1 I57

E x e r c i s e 4 A BC D
Comp ete the secondsentenceso t hasa similarmeaninqto the fi6t sentence
1 D.v d s a beter technician lhan P.Lr
pa!l s nor 1]t-..ieed,.4 t?eh^ici1'.^ 4{......... Davd.
2 Nobodyat KBN s d better nvestment dnalynthan Caro.
caro s the . . . .. . . . a t K B N
3 l haven'tread.s manyseclons ot the repo.t.5 you

4 lexpectedthe rneelingto .n longer

pr -...
" e r . g d i d .a-
5 Olr tra n ng bLdgetisnt as b I asyours
' o u ' d , n i n gb - d o " .. ..
6 No present.ton ve givenB morermpo.tanlthan th s one

7 Thisspeakers more nlerenng lhan the .rt one

The an speakerwds not
8 late e$ ih.n Georqe
did
I d dn't
9 N o o n e n t h e t e a mh a eb e t t e cr o m m u
n.al on sk s tha.lane

10 hsverarelyme1a more nleresln9 person

Exercise 5 A B
?f43 C o m p l e lteh e n r a g a z naer t i c l e o tp t o n sw i t h t h e c o m p a r r t i voer e ! p e r a t ! el o r m so f t h e
abo!t nvestmen
adlect,ves in brack€ts

choices:riskandreward
lnvestment
lr this rFoo $e1F gornt ro ooh at l5e three mai. typeso' stocks. Funds that invest in developedecofomies are a
l i n r e : r n e l L s : c d c .t - b d i h a rc o u r l s Jb, o n d s( l o n g r e r m
loals ( 8 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(. s. -e. .n.s. .i b Lceh) o j c et o r m o s ip e o p l e ,
that glve a fxed rate of rctum) and stocks (equities).The as the markets have more liquidty and it s
\ L ) . . . . . . . . . . . . * . P : t . . . . . . . . . (. .s.a i e )i s c a s h ,a n d t h e f a c t t h a t ( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.e. .a. .s-y.f.)o r t h e f u n dm a n a g et o
r buy
this has less rlsk than the othefs meanslhat it also has a and sell. Blt iher€ are also emergngmarketfundsthat invest
( 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . .( .l .o.w . .).r.e. t u f n .l i y o u w a n t a in counties like China,Indiaor Turkey. Thesemarketsare only
( 3 ). . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . .(.g. .o. .o.d. .r)e t u r ny o u s h o ud . o n s i d e r r o . t h e ( 1 0 )- . . . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . .g. .g.r. e
( a . s s r vnev) e s r o ros r
bonds. These are fxed interesi investments,and are a a l l a s t h e y h a v e m u c h ( 1 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - (. .h-i.g. .l .r.)
( 4 ) . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(-a. -t .i .r .a c t i v eo) p u o n t h a n c a s h , volatillty.
padicu arly when interest .ates afe talling- The So wfar is Lie Ll2)...................................,Boo
( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . .(-r.l.s. k y ) f o r m o f i n v e s t m e n t solution?[4ostlinancialadvisorsrecomrnend a balance.In the
s stocks. They offer the chance of much middle oi your career you can afford to have a
. .r.e. .a. .tp) r o f i t so v e rt h e l o n gt e r r n , ( 1 3 ) . - . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . .( .l a
( 6 ) . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(. g . .r. g
. .e. .p) a n o i y o u r n v e s t m e n r s
but you might make a loss if the companydoes badly.The as slocks,pehaps 60-€0%,with somebondslor stabilltyand
' o r e r e r g e n c r eA s .( v o Jg e r( I 4 l , , , , , , , . ,. ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , . .
{ 7 ) . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . (. .b-a. .d. .)c. a s e s c e n a r i oi s t h a t i h e c a s l
companygoes bankrupt and you lose every'thing-You can (neai retkementyou shouldconsiderswitchingmost or your
reducethe risk by investlngin a tund ratherthan individual rnoneyio bonds,and increasing youravailablecasl_
A Large and small differences
. We can !s n9 adverbsof deg.ee(seeunit 39) to ralk abourdffercnces.
Product Product
A B
llsinomore... a,rrdn
5224 $200 Ais a bit/ a liftlebit/shghtlymoreexpensvethan B.
$300 $200 A is cansiderably/ nuch / a lorlfar moreexpensive
than B
U s i n gd 5 . . .a s
$120 $200 a is nor neart ar expensive
ds B.
$ 180 $200 A s,almanl nearly/ not quite as expensiveas B
$400 $200 A is nrlce ai erperslL€ as L
$450 $200 A is more r,ia?rlwlceas expensveas B
Forig cilnr!. r'd*.x dr.I ntorc nldtilc dtu| Mfrdktdhb than @ntoditi.s ndrkets.
(Afriqn Busnre$Dusrzine webs,te)

a We can lse ev€, to emphasise

the compdison.
lapd,t it a ftutry .fitl ..f lisribtto^, i/,oksnh^ dd othct,tid. eh?r. Ih. dislttdtia causad
by rht
htnt.t corl.lb( e"engtatet th.n ih th. US. (FT.conrvebsirc)

B Other stru(tures with comparatives

a Wecansaythatsometh i9 is increasing
or decre.s
ng by usingiwo comparattves
tinkedbyano.
ThepeRonalpensions
natket E grcwihgbigget and bigger
hvestoRarebeconng morc and morc sophistkated,
a Wecansaylhatonesituation depends on anotherby usingrheandonecornpararive fo owed
by theandanother comparative.
Thelonger the strikegoesan, the morc diffi.ult it wittbe to find a sotution.
TIr bilfet the.onpd y atu|thc latget i$ asu,the!rcatet hc oppota'1tyta ye ttuken.tors
.If.iri.irr @usine$weekodine website)
a Thesephrases arealsous€fulfor compaingthings:
exacfly/justlalnost/neay/vinuallylmoreor less/rcught rhe same... as...
exactlyljust
lvery/norc/ less/quite/a bit/a ltttte ke
conptetetytquite/slighttyd JferentIrcm

, .omparcdtoltn compatison with

Ohliae/etaik^ aith 30 d,tploytsharcto olletexaet| the'ane tervi.eas ttudingraflpdnk\oith
hna@l i'i bilions oI anos. (Connedis website)

C Phraseswith superlatives
I phrases
Theee arecornmon
wiih superlatives.
Oneoi the largest rctailing graups in Latin Anei.a .
Byfar the/Easilythe latgen retailinggrcup in LatinAneri.a.
The second/third/fourth /aryest retailing grcup in Latin Anerica
The rc.essianthatfallotnd tlp dolb oisn o.f 1994 vas one of the wotst in Me'i.dn httary
(Global BusinessMrgazine vebsite)
 2 159
r8 COMPARING

D Comparingadverbs
a In genelal, thesamerulesasadlectives.
lo ow exac(ly
adv€rbs
Onesyllable: hard,hardeLthe hatdest
Twosy abesending-)a early,earlieLthe earliest
Twoor moresyllables: effi.iently,mote/less efficiently,the most/least efficiently
o The adverb, wel/ and badly arc neq:r)ar
well, bettet the best batlly, vwrse, the wa6t

a We can usethe samestfirctur€s as adlectv€s.

ln the 1Tsectar peaple ate having to wak hader and hatder to get promotian
The qui*er we can sign the deal, the sooner vvecan staft prcductton
'nor
arfrnq ntat tlre US slotudow is dboutto end alftost as soonds it begdnnis\ thepai,t
ardrlY (Businesweek*bsite)
a We often needcomparative and superativeadverbswhen the verbhasthe form oi a prcsent
partc pe (do,nq)or a pastparticiple(done).
Karea is one af the most rapidly developing counties in the vvo d
Thisproduct is morc atttactively designed and mote solidly built
'lL.
D.t Dei\th. tsdrkill be bettetplacedto tr i^ sttolg.otlranteEktia$hipt to hen.ftJNtk
th. t?stnmni'Ka d v&A booktdik"tly happetinr44osjEurl. (BusinesWcet websrte)

E Comparing nouns
saeuni!r0 a Wecompare nolnsusrngthewordsbeow
'''
Countabe norns (prcducte, people, customels,bankt
morc,fewe, the most,the fewest, (nat)as nany ... as
we havefat morc peoplewo*ing fot usnaw than tuo yeas ago
we don't haveas many produds on themaket as tua yeatsaqo
Uncountable nouns (t me,money, Iniomation, progress)
more,less,the most, the least,(not)as much as
I n watkingasa freelancetnow andt eamconsidetably iessmoney
I dan't havenearlyas mu.h time fot readingas twould like

lltt tAnehslhKetftflr tErE

ULLY!1MkKet
hLWMMne - Buf|7 ltftKEs
1ftEA'0 MUul
150 3a COMPAR|I{G
2

38 Practice

E x e r c i sleF F $ i g G
Undeiinethecorrect worcis.
1 Thenew designis considetably note lightlljg\@trhan rheold one
2 Therca€ nearly twiceasmanypeoplewo*ing he€ aslthanlasty€ar
3 Th€soonertheydecide,it's betterlthebetterlot ut all.
4 Ihees eachtine nore/morc andnore invesrmefiin Chinaeveryyear.
5 We havethe nearlylargenltheiecord /a4genmd*et sharcin Tlrkey.
6 Ths modelmight be bettetfot yo,r.lr's
slightlylquite
lessexpensive.
7 Thisisourtuterlfanenselling prcduct.
8 Ev€rythings gettingmoreandnote expslsivetexpeniver and expensiver.
9 lf needed,couldthis prodl]dionlinego nore quickly/morequicker?
l0 lt'sa littlemoreexpensi!€, butthequalityismuchbefterlmorc befter.
11 Oursales thisyeararevirtually
thesameasliheequa/ot bn yeal
12 Thisis oneof fhe besf/thev!e//o4anisedconferences l'veeverbeento.

Exercise 2 d ;
Wite a word or phrasefrom the listnextto a similarwod or phrasebetow

YrcNilly a bit roughly exadly much

nearly/...vift!44!!y.... a tittte/........................ tat/.....................-.

To e or less/................ )us\l
Nowcompletethesesentences byw tingthe pairsofwords/phrases ln thespace,
1 Theytesimlaf.They'€....I9,rXh1y.1-!,.PI3...?1...\e11....p same.
2 They're
verysimilarThey ..............
thesame.
3 They're
identical.
They?e .........
thesame.
4 X costs
$580andY costs t600.X is....................................................
cheaper
5 X costs
$400andY cosls $600. X is....................................................
cheaper

Exercise3 m
Rewrite
eachsentence witha present
usinga supe.lative parricipte(ddrg)or a pasrpadicipte(done).
I Fewc.editcadsareaccepted aswidelyasVisa.
visa s probauy........ih9...r.o..!..!..*j.d9ly...4slepJ#-........
(edit card.
2 Nomarketisgrowingasfan asChina.
Chlna is.....................................................................
market.
3 Fewwatches on themarketaredesigned asclevey asthe newSeiko.
Then€wSeiko h oneof .... ......................
watches onrhemarker.
4 F€wof olf products aresellinq
aswellasthis.
Thisisoneof our............. prcducts.
............
5 Fewf.ctsaboutOracle arclessknownthanthis.
Thisisoneof _.................___ .....lacBabourorace.
6 Noareaof business ischanginganything likeas|apidlyasbiotechnotogy.
Byfar ..................-... . of business is biot€chnology.
 2 161
38 COMPARING

E x e r < i s e 4 A E : cE
A companywantsto movepremises
and ther€ares€veraloptions.Readthe deta s in the table

Possible new premises size (square rent per .unning .osts distance from
metres) square metre per year city centre (km)
Dockldnds 2a5 5500 $120,000 4
(.onverted warehouse)
CityView BusinestPark 300 $350 $125,000 12
NelvtownIndustrialAre. 310 $200 $105.000 30

wilh the phrasesfrom the n below

Now completethe sentences

5l€htt not nea.ly by iar y the sdme

a lot mo.ethan tlvice roLrqh
slightyle55 conrrderably
ess a moslas much almostas mdny

1 The threeoprons are allaboul the sarnesze, but N€Mown 6 tl'{htly .. arqer
2 l h e r u n nn 9 c o s t sa t D o ( k l a n dasn dC i l yV r e wa r e. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 The runnng costsat NeMown are than the olherlwo pacei
4 There'5 ......... . . . . . . . . . .s.q l a r em e l r e sd t D o c k a n d s . sa l C t y V e w
5 Theres .. . . . . . . . . . . .s. p
. .a c ea t D o c k l a n dassa t C t y V i e w
6 Therent at Nev!,town . ......than at ih€ othertwo places.
7 T h er e n ta r D o c k l a n dsr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .e. r. e n ia t N e M o w n
8 Docklands is .. ih€ c osertto the c ty centre.
9 n terrnsof accessto the centre,NeMown is ..... as C ty vew.
as convenrent
1 0 Y o ud h a v ei o t r a v e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i.u. .r t h e rt o g e tt o N e M o w n

ExercisesABCDE
a' 44 -ao. ct the ldble en co'nol.rer'e p'ese^tot,o e\racl w tr ohra-es1on t e li-t belo^

iF-€6+apa+is€€-r'.iih hryce as much tw ce .s m.ny a lot a little

ditlerenl limil.f by f.r contiderabymore roughlylhe same

sales $ mil. % .hange Profit ! mil. % chanse

Ch€won 50.000 42 5,000 150
Texaco 52,000 43 3,000 116
Exxonl/obil 210,000 29 16,000 102

'if we look atthe igur€sforthe oilseciorlaslyear.you can5€ethat the threelarg€stuS companies alldid
verywell (1) .!l..S9Yp4dtel...t'{-t.1. ttre previousyear
Letssta|t by comparingchevronand Texa.o.Thensabswere(2)..................................
, athouqh
chewon rnade(3) ................-................. profit.Lookingat the year-on-year trcndyou can seethai the
percentage changein saleswas very(a) . ............ .........betlveenthe two companies,wh€reasthe
changeln profitswas quite(5) ............. .. . . ln fact,Chewon3p.ofitsqrew
( 6 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i.a. s. .t.e. .-r- -1 5 0 o /coo . n p a r et d
o I167o.
Now lerSlook at Eson Mobil,the mafkelleader.The tableshowsthat Exxonis (7)
the largestcompany, with morethan (8) ...... . ......--...........
s.lesas ch€won and Texacocombined,
and exacily(9) .................................. pmfit. ln termsof percentage 9rowth,Exxon's
figuresw€re
( 1 0 ) . . - . - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l.o. w
. . .e. r.t .h.a. ni t st w o . o m p e t i t o 6 . '
A Adverbs of degree
, Adve65of degreeshowhow big or lmponantsomethingis Theymdkethe meanng weaker
(smalldegree)or stronger(largedegree).

quite fairly,prev rathecrcannably,relatively

Larqedegree: ertrenely,reay, very absolutely,
completeiy
Mdr( Fdliet k noteda' d sl@tly t@,nn Lat ali rery Aonate ,1dtk!t ipst.r (^six it).
Dr.gazinewebsite)
a Lookat thes€examples
W th adtectves: tt was a litlle expensive/ Bthe. strcngetvery prafessionat.
Wrth adverbs: tt was done a bit tate/ quik quicktylvery prafessionaly
With verbe |rca y tlisagree. fhey ve increasedthelr affer a lit{e.
Wirh comparatives: ft s a bit/slightty/contiderabty/nuchl a tot cheapet

B loo, enough, not enough

a Ioo means'moreth.n it necessary
or good'.A/orenoughmeanstessthanis necessary
or
good'.Enoughrneansasmuchas6 necessary'or 3uflicient.
Thesalaryis too low. Thesalaryisn't high enough.
Advefbs: l'n mtry it goes too slowly In sa1y,it isn\ fastenough
Therc'stoo mu.h work Thereisn't enough time
a Notethe potitrons:bo comesbeforeadjecrives,
adverbsand nouns;erough comesafrer
adtectvesand adverbs,but beforenouns
a We 6e too many/few+ puralnouns.nd roo muchl/1ft/e+ uncolntabt€nouns
fhete ate too many people intolved in the proje<t.
I think we speht too much money on the (onsukants.
a We can eaveolt the noun if the meann9 is de.r
Just a liftle nilk, please Not too mu.h
Thercare six.hai6.ls that enough?

C Other structurer with too and enough

After too and enoug, we can l]sea phrasewfth for.
TheirdelieErytim?s are too bng lor us.
Hare we gat enough .hans for everyone?

Aiter too and erough we can lse a ro infnitive.

Salesarc too slaw to make nuch profit.
We dan't have enough tirr,eto do evetfihins
Srntlt pfi, n,Ja/Dtatiat is jt{l nor n"patatlt douth o itt otut1to geretatea rjtdinetl
te.lutoLog'
r.o/.rr. (FT.con s€bstre)
 OF DEGREE 163
39 ADVERBS

D So and st|ctl
t We usero andru.h for emphasis.
50 with adjectives
andadverbs: The neeting finished so qui.kly.
Sucha with ddjec(ive
+ singuldr
noun: tt was su.h a qui.k meeting.
Su.h/Sonary/So few with pluralnouns: You have such fiendly.olhagues.
We sold so nany policies last nanth!
Suchlso nuch/So little with uncountabe nolns: tt was su.lt good advi.e.
I have so much wotk to do.
'S$h a big nerfd h6 htry .ohpetittueihrylietions,' saysd seniot Cirhan
bdikih! etuttiE.
(Busine$rffeek onrine websire)

t Solsuchand too aredifferent.solsuchexpress

an opinionwhichcan be eitherpostve or
negative.Ioo suggests
a dfficulty.thal somethingcannotbe done.
Thercare so nany people involvedin the project (its just my opinion)
Thercare too nany people invohed in the prcject. (w€ need to reducethe number)
solsuchcan be usedwilh that to express a result.Ioo cannotbe usedwith that.
The neeting finishedso quickly that t was hone by 5.30. (NOT r€€€!i€kt+ha{)

Quite, fairly, p,ew or rathen

a Quite.tairlyandptettynean'amedium amount.
'Likt htottbrtilctstt, trt'ft .dttiott dborttIMt ktitht onE in thc $t .ary1caf :la.a$,
fairly
y bktse oI'lk Alii" srndrtor.'(busnress revicwlveeklywebsirc)
"'ar
a In AmercanEnglish prettyis a common wayol sayingvery'.
a Wecanchange ih€ meaning of gulrein British
Englishbystress
n9the adjectve
in speech.
fhe
meaning changes to'very'.Thisiscalledund€Etatement.
Thercstaurant
v,lasWjE good. (normal meaning: it wasOK)
Thercstaurantwasqule g99g!.(unde6tat€ment: it wasverygood)
a natherakome;ns'amedium amount',but it oftensuggeststhatsomethig s bad,surprsng
of unusu;|.lt ismoreformal.
royv (lt3alinetoolar€,'m.frad)
Its rathetlateto do anything
Therestaurcntwasrathet good. (l enjoyedt, surprs ngly)
a W th a comparative
we canonlyuse/aiher,notqu,te.
Theneenngbok nther longer thanI expeded.(NOTqsir€-l€ng€r)
quttemeans
r Withsomeadjectives 'absolute
y' o. 'complete
y'. These
incllde:absurd
.ertara
different,hopeless,
inpossible,ndicubustighL sure,ttue, wrcng.
I'n quir€certainaboutthis. (= absolur€lycertain)
Areyousurcthats qrite rtghf? (= complet€ly
fght)

'ntlJq d, *. h4t dd y' y4 4t P e raL ^q4

r '64 14 'e44.ofia 4n'4t t.4.'
164 39 ADVERBS
OF DEGAEE

39 Practice

Exercise
l XHH
Matcheachphrasel+ withtheph€seaFh)withtheclosenmeaning.
Becareful-some
arcsimar.
E a) lt3 comparatively
slow
2 lt'squiteslow- n b) lt'sslightlyslow
3lt'sEtherslow tr c) lt3 fairly s ow.
! d) lt! a littletoo slow' m afrad.

5ltssodow tr e) lwant it to be evenslower

! f) Theresa problem. lwant it to befaster
u 9) lt really
isveryjow
8 lts notdow enough. ! h) OK.Thatsasslowasit needs
to be.

Exer<ise2ll!g
lJnderline
thecorrectwords,
1 Thesalarytheyaresuggening sounds sogoodliooooodtobetruel
2 Thercwereso fewlsoftde customers thatlwent homeea y.
3 Wecan'tpulloutnow Thete\too ,r,u.hltoonany moneynvolved
4 lt wassuchlsoa boringmeeting thatI neartfellasleep.
5 Themeeting wassuchl5oboringthatI nearly fellasleep.
6 I hadto say'no'- thecoslwassonuchl toonuch lor thebudgetl wasg ven.
7 \Nehadso nuchlso nany new business that we neededextrastatf.
I I hadso nuchlso nany rcportsto w te that I put the answefingmachineon.
9 We haveJo fewlro rftle infomatioathat we can't makea decision,
10 Themeetingwasso shoriltoo shortto coverall the pointsproperly.
11 Canyouhelpme?l'm notenoughEllltallenough ta reachtheiop shelf.
12 Theresn't eroughmorey/ noney enoughir,Ihe budgettor youridea.

Exercise3tr[n
Completethe sentences with oneof thesewords:too, erot"gh,sq such,much,many,little,few.
I lsyourcoffee.....-t99....hot?Wouldyoulikea littlemoremilk?
2 | had.................
.................
troublefindingsomewhe€ to parkthatI affivedate.
3 | had................. problems
................. finding somewhere to parkthatI arrivedate.
4 Therewere.................
........-....---.
replies to the lastmailingthatwewon'tdo anoih€r.
5lhad..........---.---....--.-----..:..cashonmethatlcouldn'ievenbuyasandwich.
6 Thepriceof thejrshar€s is.................
highto buyanymorerightnow
7 Weternaking progr€ss
-................ thatwe shouldfinisha w€ekea y.
8 Weteexpecting a lot of people. Thisroomwon'tbe large..................
9lcouldn'tdoanyworkonthetrain.lwas.................ti€dthatlfellasleep.
quicklyfor
10 5hespeaks..............-.- meto undernand.
11 Theypay.................
latethatwe won't.eceive the moneyuntillune.
12 Thats..........--...--
a goodidea.lt'lls3ve usthousands of dollars.
 39 ADVERBSOF DEGREE 165

Exercise4 !E
usingeitherso..- that... or such... that... .
Lookat the tablebelow,then combinethe sentences,

1 a) Ther€w.s a big drop in theirsharepice. + Investo6b€camev€rynervous.

b) Thedrop in therrsharepricewas verybig.
2 a) Theadvertising by 25% per month
campaiqnwasveryslccessful. + Salesincrcased
campaignwas a success.
b) Theadvertising

3 a) Ouroder processing
systemworksverywell. + Mostgoodsaredispatched
wirhin48 hours
'
b\ we dved verygoodorderprocesing
ryilem.
4 a) Thatcompanyhasverylargebankdebts. + Iheres a isk twll haveio cos€ down.
b) Ihat compdnysbankdebtsarc verylarge.

5 a) The Internetconne.tionisveryfd5t. + Web pagesappeafalmostinstanly

b) Thereis a veryfast Intemetconnecton.

1 a)rhere investors veryneruous.

becam€
wast$s..h..4..F14..C1-.9r..il...lherf..tkle..rIisg..lh4.i.
b) Thedropin theirlharepricewas.................tq
hi4...tl*t.................investo6 became verynervous.
2 a) Theadvedisingcampaign .
was........................... sales ifcreased by2s%perrnonlh
b) Theadvertising
campaig ................sal€sncreased by 25%permonih.
3 a) Ou.oder process ng synemworks........ mostgoodsare
..........
dkpatchedw thin48 ho'r6.
b) we have........................ ......mostgoods arcdispatch€d wthin48 houB.
4 a) Thatcompany has.... there!a riskit w haveto closedown
...........
b) Thatcompanys bankdebts theres a riski w have
are..........................................................
to closedown.
5 a) Thelnlemet connection is................................ Webpages
......................... appear instantly
alrnost
b) There ..........
is ...................... web pages
....................... appeaf aLmon instantly.

Exercise
5mm
Cornpletethe secondsentenceso il hasa similarmeaninqto the fi6t sentenceand contansthe word in
brackets.
1 | d dnl buy that laptopbecausethe screenwas too small.(eiough)
lddllbt,ylhal aplop oecdue th4 4raan v'^'^'t'' lar4e e^ough
2 The prcblemwas so difficultlhat I rcferredit to my Lnem.naqer.Gud)
I t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .t.h a t I e f e r r e di t t o r n yl i n em a n a g e r .
3 Thereweren'tenolgh copiesof ihe agenda.(lew)
There.....................................................................ofthe49enda.
4 The€l not enoughspaceon this spreadsheel fo. all the results.(little)
T h e r c s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t h s s p r e a d s h ef o
e ri a l lt h e r e s u l t s .
5 i was sucha good presentation thatthey gaveus the contraciimmediately. Go)
The................-......................................-.-.-........ih.ttheygav€!sthecontractimmed
6 | sod too few unitslan monthto get a bonus.(enough)
. . o. .n. .t.ht o g e t a b o n u s .
| . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l.a. .s. .tm
7 l'vegot su.h a busyschedulethat I can't m€etyou uniil ne( T!e!day.($)
M y s c h e de
! ...-.................. . . . .t h a t l c a n ' tm e e ty o u u n t i ln e x t T u e s d a y
8 We'vesentout lots of brcchurcsand we' needto printsomemorc.(many)
W e ' v es e n to u t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .w. e ' l ln € e dt o p i n t s o r n em o r e .
9 I haven'tgot enoughtlme to prepareforthe m€eting. (too)
''vegot-.....................--..................-.....................topr€parcforthemeetinq
 ime adverbs

A tn. on, at, no preposition

the noning /.tuneI the sunnet / the thnd quadet/ 1998/the sixties/
the twentteth century
oti Fri.laylfriiay noning/the 2nd of Aprlllthe seend/Chtistnas Day
.t thrcefifteenltheweekend/theend af the week,nonth, ei../night/
EasteaChristnas, e\c./ breakfast, lun.h, dinnel
no preposilion this morninglyestetday afternoon/last night/the day befote yestetdayta few
daysago/ last week/ tamanow narning / the day after tanarrow / next week

Thewod nbht hassomespecialiorms:

t vvakeup three times in the nighr (= during rhe n ghl)
tt happenedon ftiday night l= one panrcularnrShl)
Thehatelis quitenoisyat night (= in generawhen it is n Sht)

t We can use/, fo. the t me t takesto complelesomelhing

Thisproductian line can uoduce 8A vehi.lesin a day.
We can a so usein to ta k about 'timefiom now'
Thenew afflces will be rcady in two montht/in two months' tine.

B On time oJ in time?
t O/r time.neansat the rightiime' /n tlm€ meafs 'with enoughtime'
fhe planetaak off exa.tlyon lirne. (notlaleandnoteary)
We affivedat the aipad in time to havea meal. (earlyenolgh to do somerhng)
ttsnnr.q prt lt at dkpakh.tlon ti'ne it tu siut)lat taskJ;tr\ a y L,.ttis*tanpa y
(ConDcctr \Lcbsltc)

C Foh since, during, aEo

seeahounn5 a We lse lor and slncewith the presentpe.fectto talk aboutsonrething
conrinuinqup to ihe
presentwe usefor to ra L aboui the periodof I me and shce to saywhen t staded.
t've lived here tor six nonths. (per od of lime)
tve livedhercsin.e tanuary. Foint in time when t narted)
We can a so usefor with othertenses,and sornetrneswe c.n leaveI o!t.
I m staying in the UK fot a year
The training peiod laned (for) sixmonths.

t We.an ule dur;49to talk about perodsof time. OurlnganeweBthe question'When?'For

answeBthe question'How long,
I didn t feel neNous dunng rry prere,tation. (when?)
Shetalked for about thifty minutes. (how long?)

t Ago rneans'beforcthe present'.ltis usedwith the pan sjmpe.

tcane hete six nonths ago. (NOT 5in€€+*-rF€€{ha)

t To refer to . time before another t me we use beforc (that) at pteviausly.

I came here six manthsaqa. Before that/Previously, I lived in Rone
 40 TIMEADVERBS 167

D During oJ while?
. Duni?gis a preposition and comesbeforea nounph'ase Whiteis a nkinqword and cones
beforea causeGubject+ verb).
t naved into the na*eting area duing my time at Bacardi.
I naved inta the na*eting arca while I was wotking at Ba.ardi.

E By or unfin
a Symeans'onor beiore'.Untilmeans'upto'.
t need your repott by Friday. (on or befor€ Friday- perh.ps Thu6day)
She'llbe awayuntil kiday. (allthe time up to F day)
If hihg' haatrt clnnted dnft'dtiuly bf 2006, then Cenhal Euape . udte laadbyeta a ldrye
pdrt o.fits drti-food b6i'tc$. (BusinessCenrml Iurcpe website)
Whenwe lse by we look back.Whenwe useunnTwe ook forwdrd.
By ten I had deaft with all ny e...'ails.
lwaited until ten and thenlleft.

F fhen, afterwardt after, Iater

a Thenandafterwatds arc\,erysimial lhen s usedlike,next,n a sequence
Afterwards
s used
like al a late.iime'or 'aftersomethingekehashappened, andcancomeal theendof a

FiEtwe discussed lastnonths' sales,and then theadvettisingcanpaign.

We discussed theproblem,andaftetwatds evertthingwasOK
It wasa long neetingand we went fot a dink afretwads.
Cooglcw6 gouirr vcry,ucryIast at lrc tin'e.W. rcalizetl.w rcededa lot oJdkkspda,an.lla tul
wrt ott drd botghtI 20 hatddiat $iry all oI ow oedit&d' rnd awTic ds'oedit.aftl!.Ptcuy
tao" aJt.tuadr, M rot souepnrdrci vestntutts thtotqhStdilod Uti,cttity. (tsusiness
We€k

a After s uslallyfolowedby anobject.

After the meetingI needto speakto you.
Wediscussed theproblen, andafter that everythidgwasOK.
a tatermeans'aftersometime'.
SatahJanesisn't hereat the nonent. Canyou cone backlaAr?

G Calendar references
I ln the UK peoplesaythe tenth of )une at Junethe renihand wite Day/Month/year 1A/6/03.
a ln the USApeoplEsayJuneren and write Month/Day/\ear 6/1A/A3
16A 4(' TIME ADVERBS

40 Practice

Exercise1ff

1 . . . . . i 1 . . . .+ p a r i !o f d d y( t h ee v e n j n g ) 9 . . . . . . . . . . .+ y e d r s( 1 9 9 s )
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . l.o n g e r e l i s i o uhso l i d a y(sE a n e d rc ...............+dayslMandah
3 ...... . ... + me.l times(dlnner) jj . .......+ ddr€s(5 May)
4 ................+speci.ldays\mybinhday) t2 . . . . + r n o n r hC
s 4ug!5t)
s .................
+ ong periodsfthe finereerrh cenrud B ................theweekend
6 ............... + clocktimes(four fi,lay) 14 ...... ... thenoment
7 ....... + day+ pad ol day lMondaynorning) j5 ....... . ..... thatday
8 ... ..... + s e a s o n( sd , ew i n l e r ) 16 ............ theendoftheyeal

Exercise2 m
It is nowWedn€sday aflernoon. Putrhesephrases intoorder.wiih 1 dsrh€rnondistanr tf ihe past,and
l4 asth€ mondistantin rhefururc.
1 . 4 . . . 2 . . . . 3 . . . 4 . . . . . . 5 . . . . . . 6 . . .N. .O
. W 7 . . . .8. . . . . 9 . . . . .1. 0 . . . . 1 1. . . . .1. 2. . . 1 3. . . . .t.4
a/ a rewoaysago h) nexiweek
b) tonight i) rhs evenn9
c) in a fewweeks'time D thismornn9
d) in a forlnight k) thedaybeloreyenerday
e/ n an houf l) tomorrow eveniig
t) tastnight m) yesterday
morniig
g) tastweek n) thedayaftertomorrow

Exercise3tsHryqEFS
Underlinethecoffectwords.
I Sorry| wasor.rtof the offi.e tLi:Bltjtg/in thisnorning.
2 'll glveyo! a callrexih7e€klat nextweek.
3 8ye.l'llseeyouthedayaftettamonowlthe nextday.
4 W€ havea secuityguardio lookafterthep€mises at thenbh at night
5 lt3 veryimporiant to .rriveat meerings o, tiDelrr r/r)re
in rhiscouniry
6 I yor ani\ean tinetih tirr,ewecanlatka titttebeforcrhemeetng staa(s.
7 Thejointvenlurehasbeenoperating successfutty
for/duing \hrceyearc.
8 We hadoneor tlvo problemsforlduting rhe sunmer.bul thtnqsareOKnow
9 I startedworkingherestnte twn yea5tt yoyear5ago.
l0 Themarketcrashed. Lu.kiiythadsoldmyshares a few monthsagolbelore.
11 During/WhileIhe meeringI madea lot of notes.
12 During/ WhileshewastalkingI madea lot of nores.
13 lt happened during/whiledot comshaEswer€boomingin 2000.
14 t happenedduringI Mile the dor-.omboomof 2000.
1s We hav€to finishthisprcj€cr bylurtl theendof rh€month.
16 llavetowoAlalerttbFhereunrl/byeighr t-5 evF^19
17 Wercviewed thetrainingplans, anda/?erlrhe, tatkedabourthe cost.
18 We hadlunch,andafterwardrla/rer I showed themroundthefactory
19 Afte\/ardslAfter lun h I showedthem roundth€ facrory
20 | cant talknow.I ll c.li youlaErlafteMardstoday.
 /TI'TIMEADVERBS 169

Exercise4 S
Makequestons Horv/org andthe present
r.rsing perfect. Makeanswefusingfor or sirce
I O (Howlonq/yoL/work'e'e), Hob lo^{ Mw yor' }]CfKeg l'gl-4L
A: (abour t trx...'.r"tk,........
sixmonths)....................F-"r.4!e!
2 Q: (Howlonq/you/have in Portuqal?)
a rubsidiary ...
A 0998)..........
3 Q: (Howlong/Peter Middelhoff/becEO?) ............
r l L Fs l . 4 o f a s _y e a , . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . .
A
4 Q: (How ong/yourcompany/hdve the sameLogo?)..........
a r t w e n t yv e d r 5. ). . . . . . . . . . .
5 Q: (How ong/youlown yourIelekomshares?)
A /privati,ation)
6 Q : ( H o wl o n g / y o/uk n o wA l e xs c o t t ? ) . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . .
A: {aoTtrer
7 Q : ( H o wl o n g / y o u / l l vi n
e t h i st o w n ? ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. ( l w a sb o ' n ). . . .

Exercise5kQfE
Vdr 45 complete rhe d alogue w,th one ot these wods.loL since dunlg, while, aga, befote, aftet, afteNvards.

rNiErivrE\rnlwcll, perhapsyou could bcgin by telling us a lide bn about your careerhntory?And

*e'[ tnovc on ro your cu.renrjob.
0) ...6-f.-19ry6.':C1..
ALEss^NDRo Yes,ofcourse.Well,l g..tdurtedfroln Bocconi Univcfsity in Milan five years
( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .I . w
. . .r s a t B o c c o n i( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. .b. o
. .u. ts i x y e . ! s ,i n d
(a) ........................... rhat period I worked brieny asan analystin nly unclet cons!ltlncy
firh.
rNrr'rv,rwE,!,Uh, huh.ADd did you tuanagero 6nd.job e.sily (s) ........................... yo! lcft univcrsiry?
^ L $ s ^ N D R oW e I , e v e n r u a l lIyw " s o f r e r e d , j o b i n a n l t a l i a nb a n k ,b u t ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t h a t I h a d
beenlooking for wo'k O ....-.......-....-....-.... qone a long tirne.It wasnt easyfindingjobs
in lt3ly 3t rhar rime.you know,but luckily ihe si arion hasgot much better
( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .e. n
. ..
Yes.likehere.So how loDg did you work at the bank?
rNrERvrEvER
rr-*sam,xo, well,I worked there (9) ...........................
about rwo ye,s.
rNrERvrEmrTwo )€irs ... and why did you lelve?
{Es^Mrc, I enjoyedmy rine $ere e lot.And (10) ... .. ... ..-..-.. ..-.. ... .. . I wasthereI learnra lot of
rechniqus for financial an:lysis,,nd imporrDt ski s like te.mwork. )ou know But I
wanted dre c}"nce to do somedmg not chalenging in an international enEomenr. ...
Uh. hDh-
rNrERvrEVER,
k had been my drcanrto wo* in an internationalcompany(11) .............. .... - .
leaving s.hool.
nnrvrwrn, Wel. you've applied ro the risht place. So what did you do ihen?
icsmrc, well,I decided to tele a risk and rnore to London.That srr abour nvo ye$
( 1 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rwRuEMR, Did you have a job to go to h London?
I leli lr.ly I sentmy CV ro a lot ofdifferenr lsencies,but I
No. (13) ....-......................
^LEssANDRo,
thought that rr mdd be eatierto find ajob (1a) ..-....-....-.............. I ws actuallytiving
in LoDdon-Hah. I only realised(15) ...................-......-
how much competitionthere wasl
rMERqEvR, Well, yes.
r6s.Nrc, Anyaq. eventualy,(16) ...........................
somemonthr. I found aJob at a bank iD the
Ciry That's where I'm vorkins now
170

A Linking words
a We usesomellnkingwordstojoin pd.$ of sentences.
Theygiv€d strucrureto rhe sentence.
E x a m p e s i n c l l d e a r d , b u t , b e . a u i e 5 0 . U n i t s 4 t a n d 4 2 d e a t w t h r h s k i n dnokfi n gw o r d .
a We ule other linkingwods and ph..sesto makea tink acrosssentenceeand pardgraphs. They
9 ve a srructur€
ro our whole argumeft.Exampesinctlde Firstty,
tn genetat,
Actuay, tn other
words.Units43 and 44 ded/with rhis k nd of tinkingword or phrase.

B Addition: and. both. too, also. etc

a W€ useand to join wordsor part! ol senrences. To€mphasse the iacr rhar iherearc two th nqs
w € c a nu r eD o t h . . a
. n d . . ..
I need to cal Andy and find out vr'henhe's frce to have a rr,eeting.
t need ta call hoth Andy and Helen
a We usetao, aswel, as v"ell.r and d/5oro add dnotherfacr or saythar sornethinghappensar
the lame trme.Notethe positions.
I need to call Andy, Kateand Helen too/as wett.
I need to call Andy and Kateat well as Helen.
I need to cal Andy, Kateand also Helen.

C Cont.ast: but, yet and although

a Weusebut anda/though to makea contrast.
A/rho{/gh istypicatof morccareluor foma
speecn o. wfilng.
ln theoryit seenslikea goodidea,but I don t thinkt,I watk in ptactice.
h thearyit seenslikea gaod idea,although tdon,t thinkit willwotk in practice.
a Tre clause wrtha/though canconear tre beg,r..9.
Although it seenslikea good idea,I dan t thinkit wil warkin p?ctice.
Althocah tl'c hihi ry iasistedthckJant lDrld stillla ahead,it k r"ctedrwhatshap.th.f tri
rafte.(FT.conwebiire)
a We canemphasilebut a^d althaughw lh stittandanryay.
I wasnt feelingverywel, but l.still went ta wo*.
1wasn'tfeelingverywel, but I wentta wotk anway
I still went to wa*, although I wasn'tfeetingverywe .
Although I wasn'tfeelingverywell,I went ta wo* anway.
a Wecanuse/et in placeof'but'in wdting.

D Contrast: though and even though

a We.an lse thoug,in informalspeech
andwitinq tikeairhough
Thoughh seens{ikea goodldea,ldan t thinkit wo* in practice.
Thorehheoutned d 10peftnt udkqhk pntqs outvotedhin andunseated
hint'on theboa .
(tuia.Inc.{ebsire)
Withthougiw€ oiienuserwoseparate sentences .nd put fhoughar rheend.
It seenslike a goodklea.I dan't thinkh tt workin practice,though.
a We canuseeye,rthoug, likea/thoughro givea nrcnq€rcontrast.
Eventhough I wasn1feelingverywell,I still wentto wotk.
 41 L|NK|NGWORDSt 171

E Contrast: vvher€as
I We can usewl,erearin formalspeech.nd wit n9 to comp.rctwo fdclsand emphdsise
the
dilferencebetweenthem.The clausewith wfiereascan comeat the beqinnng or end
tndonesiahas a lot of natu6l resources,whercas Singaparehasnone.
Whereas lndonesiahas a lot of natutal resources,Singaparehas none.

F Atthough or whereas?
t A/thoughin a sentenceslggestssurprise.But the clausewith a/thoughdoesnot alwayscontaI
the sr rp sing information- usuallyit is the clausethat comessecondthat seernssurprsing.
We had a rcasonableyear in Asia,although sales fell a litfle in tapan
Although salesfel a liftle in )apan, we had a rcasonable year in the rcst of Asia.
Whereas
simplycomparestwo factr.lt makesa strongcontran,bLrtthere s esssuggenionof

We had a reasonableyeat in Asia, whereas salesin Eurcpe wete quite disappointing

6 We can use wh,/e like althaugh at whercas.
while there are still sone issuesto rcsolve,I think we should go ahead. (l ke although')
lnflation rose by 3o/olast yeac while house pticeswent up 6ok. 'where.s')
I ke
while sow.tuetantt wrkos ti jtuit.ttokt i.b tojob, tohryafik\ likc tBM .rtd Sllt Mi.tosNu5
I,,. tunt to han d rct. oI.dr@ist' n, I'toril( .onntuity. (Tlosnresswcck
Onlinc wel,sire)

G Contrast despitelin spite of

$ Desplfe andh spiteota€ likea/though, blt theya€ fo owedbya nounor nounphrase
Although I was ill, I went to wotk. = ln splte ol my illness,I went to work.
Although salesin(eased, ptofitsfell. = Despitethe indeasein sales,profitsfell.
Despitelcst tcdt\ Intdret bBiflBs sloalotn, oryontiont todayMttt ttill '?a,!hiv:tlk
lnqn RIk al ddottit\< .-lrttrt.s ptu$tcta t$luolo$t.r.(e-business adviso!wcbsitc)
Remember thata gerund(verbwith-,ng)canactasa noun.
ln spite o DespiF feelingill, I went to wotk. (NOTE€5pii€-1-fu1$l|.|+ieF++€-,ir,€rk.)

,Z.--\
l - t t l
t-l lt6l
|'it I u,l
l' ;. p tal 4:.;' 1
i=W:ri

'Andasyourdepartment representative,
letmejustsaythatI ambothproud
andhonouredtobetakingcredit
foryouraccomplishments."
172 4't UNKtitG WORDS1

41 Practice

E x e r c i sIeg D H H H
Undeinethecorrect words.
1 Althouohlqut I likethis@mpany, t probablywon'two* herelong.
2 In spiteaflAlthoughrheirsharcs are sing,thenfururcisnill uncerrain.
3 Kategavea good prcsenrarion, althoDhldespitehavingverytittletime to prepare.
4 Thisyearourearnings arecloseto $8m,!rf,7elstl// lasty€artheywer€jusi$6m.
5 Whereaslln spiteoflhesecandidates allhavean MBA,theseotheronesdon,t.
5 | readthe bookyousuggested. I didn't enjoyit, a/rhoughlthough.
7 | didn'thavemuchtimp.butlwhereas I managed ro visitthewhotesite.
8 Nowadays we haveveryfew strikes,bullwhereasten yea6agowe hada loi.
9 Weweren'tsu.ewhetherto go aheadwiththe laun.h,bu\we didit still/anyway.
1A Althaughltnspi@ofrhedelay, we stillarivedon tirne
11 | didn'trnanage to closeth€deal,a/fhorghlwherea5 | rcatly
tried.
12 Aqhough lwhercasrheirsharepriceisfallingat the moment, thecompanys 5ti[a good ongtem

Exercise2 g
Rewrte eachgentence
in two wayssoit hasa simila.meaning
to thefifstsentence
eachtime,Usethe
wo(Vs n brackets,
1 Paulavisited
boththelvtadrid
officeandtheEarcetonaoffie
a){too)
.......P..ar.414..yiti19d....t.k..^.4*.drid..ef-fiss..4^d...thg-..46r.-
fls.e-,..tec
...
b) (aswellas)....................
2 Wecanhandle thetransport arrangements
andthe insurance,

3 | wantthesales figures for OctoberandNovemDer.

a) (aswell).................
..
b) (aswdl as)....................
4 We?eset ng up officesin PeruandEcuador.

Exercise3[![l!
Completethe sentences with 9n€of thesewordsor ph.ases: although,anywljl but, in spiteof, stitt,though,
whereas.Useeachword or ohraseonceonlv
1 carc didn't€cosniseMarrLarner, ...*ltln-u4h.. sh€hadmethimb€forc.
2ldon'tlikekaraokebars,.--..--................lwentwithmylapanesecli€nrsanyway.
3lotreredmybesiprice,butthey.......................djdn.tseemintercsred.
4 l th nkwe'llhaveto change oursuppliers. tts a pity,
5 .............--........
theearlyproblemtthe p.ojecthasbeena qreatsuccess.
6 Spainisa maturema*et _....................__ in Ponugatthere isnil roomfor growth.
7 We haven't gotallthefacts,but its worthdisrussinq it........................
 4t UNK|NGWORDSI 173

Exercise4CDEFG
Rewrte eachpa r of sentences
usng the wordsgiven There.retwo wayse:ch time.
1 I was rainifg.We got hereon tlme
:, Ahh^.. it w^, _^i^iM, we 4a+ he.z 6 +twe.
n, n.<nra the .^i^. \ ^ , e4 o L h e r e o ^ t i M e .
2 had a headache eti went io the meelng.

ol . . . . ., D U r. .
3 Some and yns think rh.t siocks will{a rn value Othe6 dsaqree.

b\ ^'hoLg'
Therewered fficLrtes In the negoliations.
We won the contract
a1 Do.pi,o
b\ h"n 'o.qh .....
O pricerroseelrghtyian year Thl9yeartheyhavegonedown
a) nLrq"d
or ,arnougn...
I v e w r i t l e nt w i c e r s t h a v e n t r e c e v € d d r e p l y

b DP Pr"
7 H e d , d nt u s ea n yn o t e sH eg a v e . . e x c ee . l p r e s e n b t o n
d Arhougq.
b) .. He ... .. , though

ExercisesBCEFG
iAa6 C o m p l e rreh ea . t c e a b o u tF o r m u
a O n ew l h . s l i t a b l ew o r dt r o mt h e n b e l o w

b o t h ( r r ) d s w e ( x l ) a r w e l l a s ( x l ) a h o ( x l ) y e l ( x l ) a l t h o L r s( h
x 4 ) w h e r e a(sx l ) d e s pt e ( x 2 )

JofmUla One,
rerrarx an
Frhe Emwth of lomula on€ over th€
.|. lal ten yed ha been exrr.ordin.ry. BeGult are imporrnr (5).-------, , only letl @und t000 .aF a yeai Th€
W h 400 million peopl€ watchinE e.h (6).......,..,..,........
FeFdi d<l M.Lrren" ptoblem b that they !!e not dirctly
race it b pelhaF the world'6 nmber one Meede hav€ h!E. spo@Fhip deals, a.ociated with a na$ volune c.r
spo4 (1)*L-t-bg}x[foo$ano)....................Iendi's spocoF indld€ Malborc, liat prcducer, (10)......................
all the othei
make6 thir .laio, Iomll. One is the i.l€al dd Sh.ll, (7).-..-..-......,.......
M.Laren- te@3 de. In rcality Ferari tu conboUe.l by
ma&eiing tool for .ompani€6, 6 shoM by M€rced$ nav. M.rc.iles, Mobil and Fiat,6!t {fl)...........---- b.ing the nain
the la.t that sposos for lagua! like loi4 Cooputet Asso.iate6. Th6e two lop owner liat get! little publicity when
PAG and IISBC are v€ry hrppy - teatu ea.h haYe a bualget of over Fe(an witu, Many y€ars ago Gianni
(3) ..............,..,,,,,th€ lact thnt Jatld id not $300 iillioo dd money .ones in fmm Agnelli, the Fiat boss, wat€d to rdame
actuauy very suc.essful on the ha& direct sposoFhip and tnde support the cs Fiat lerdi (12) ....,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, he
Most yeffi th€ sport' b dominated by (3) .,,,.,,,..,,,,,,,-,- ndhddidn& TV rights tiie4 he failed, A me ..I€d EEo Fetui,
two teams, lenui dd M.Len-Mered6, a leg€nd in lalt stood in htu wa]. Ee died
(4) ....,...,...,,....,,..
oth€r teams like BAR lemi have d mNal pmblen Their in 1989 nd Agneli ftspecls his wish6,
qonda, BMW Witliams dd Benetton bmd nde is very fdo$ dd the t€d but things may chdae ir the tuture,
A Reasoni because, at since
S We us€ becduse d5 .nd sincewhen we
want to explainthe reasonfor somethjng.4, and rr." a e more Lo,r.non - 'o l d, \pperh d d
wrnrng
1n calling ta complain be.ause the goods arc danaged
I am returning the gaods as/since they were danaged an affivaL

I As and snce can comeat ihe beginningof rhe sentence.Normatty

we do not beginsentences
with because,but this is possblein infom.lspeech.
As/since the gnods were danased an affiva|, tan rcturning them
Be.ause yau?e a first-time custameaI need to seeyaur bank refercnces.

B Result so
t We useso io express a reslh. Notethe relationbetwe€nbecauseand jo:
l'm calling to conplain be.ause the goods are danaged. (teaeon)
Thegoods are damaged,so l'n calling ta complain kesutt)

c Purpose;to and for

o Weutethe to infrniiveto exp.ess purpose,
to saywhywe do rhings
Hewent to the aipart to meet Mr ri NOt {€r+€-s€er)
I n ca ing to talk abautthe sales@nfercncenext week.
M Zh taid / (;awt,m., t'otltl ait to rttto"c Chin\ , Mtlttyt|c t i wat@ ryltdu dtrt
to tpccdtp rc.fornol thcldbolr ,rdrlcr. (Austr.liin FnNrciil Rcvicw wcbsire)
a We can useil4orde.io orso ar to in placeof to. Theyare moreforrna.
The CEAcalleda presscanferen.e in odet to explainthe neryet
We can lse the negative/h onlet nat to ot so as not to We c.nnot useroi to on its own
I ll call a taxi so as not to missny fliqht. INAI gke+e+ix1-n€F{€-,*h5-iqy4i9h*.)
a We can ule fol followedby a nounto saywhy we do som€thing
He ' tent to the airpott for a meeting with l\/lt Li. (= to hav€a m-cetng)
ShallwE go aut lor some lun.h) (= to hav€somelunch)

D Purpose:so t rat
. We canusero (that)to expresspurpose.Afterjo fihar)we usesubjecr+ verb.
I grc$ tu qrcstiottL hotudoyor dewloplout.ortpdry so that it .ar euatftin ttpo,lte ta
.l&ryi'E tstoh'.t expe.tdtio'rr(e-businesadvisorwebsire)
a Fora preseni pufpose we usethe p.esent simpe, wil/or can.
t'tt sendit by couiet so (that) it gea/ft'll get to yau on tine.
t'n catlingyou so (that) | can che* you lastarder
a Fora pastpurpose we lse the pansimple, wouldor could.
I sentit by couier yestetdayso (that) it gotli(d get to you an time
I left wak earlyso (that) t could go thedoctorc.
 42 L|NX|NGWORDS2 175

r f the subjectof ihe fnsl pdl1of th€ sentenceand the subjectof th€
different, we can't use to. W€ haveto useso fthat).
l'm calling to talk about the salesrcnferen.e.
l'n caling so (that) we (an talk about the sales@nfercnce.
She caled a prcss.onfercnce to explain the neryer
She called a .onfercnce so (that) joumalists could ask quesrions. (dtfereitsubjecr)

Manner: at as if and like

a W€canusea5or/itebeforeacause(subleCt+verb)tomean'inth€waythdt'.n thiscase
rherels no diffe€ncein meann9,butdsismoreformal.
Herunsthe rcnpany as/like hisfatherusedto.
Well havefou peoplevrorkinson thestand,as/like we did lastyeat
As Cektftl EMp. lookJotstovh, ft .o dl.d d lotton @utniesLikeLrcland,
Pofttrdl, Sprrl
nndCr.rc.A afth.n stat.d of tJEnEU dluA fN poot/ thar tu EU avcras?,
irst as Centtul
Eutup.ti do. (BusinessCentnl Europe website)
a Wecanuseaslfor rte beforea cl.useto sayhowgorneone ng feels,ooks,sounds
or sorneth

I havea bit of a tenpetature lteel as if/like lshouldgo hone.

It looksas iI/like weTegoingto recoverour costsby the endof theyeat
Fotttro de.dd.s,I:ricdelNcrbcrrat thegianrCcnnansaviks!bo W$|LB ds if it t ?rc n tf
thelorrr'flcrt. (Business Weekvebsitc)
a Wecanlse asand/i*ebeforea nounor nounphrase. In this(asea5means'something is
something, and/ke means'something s sirnilar
lo somelhing'
Shevwtksas a financtalcontrol/e/: Gheis one)
Shethinkslikea financlal conuol/er: (sheth nksin a s m ar wayto one)
Werc usingtheEstonianna*et as a test (it s a test)
fhe Estonianmalketis like a testfot Finnishnarket. (it s not a test.but is it s m ar to one)

W4 Ho:tia, lauie goitg lo da itjut

btaa,Ik t llingla" "ot
todo it Y.ri. going ta
'
do it brru. t.L b.lia. ia it
176 rt:|U (It{G WORDS 2

42 Practice

Exerciset Eg
Compiete
these@ndsentence
soit hdsa similafmeaning
to thefiut sent€nce
andconrains
thewordir

1 lt wasinconvenient
for e!€ryone,so the meetingwaspostpon€d.(as)
astlr9...Yg.eJ!.Y..t"-.4t-..ilsgl-Y-e.'^i'.4.lrl..f-"J..-e.y-e.!..)€!!9...!J..gr-..p..
.
2 | sentKarena copyof theminutes because shemjssed the meeting(so)
Karcnmissed theneeting,.
3 I hada lot of papeMorkto do, so I finishedwo* late.(because)
I finished wo* iate............
4 l ll callyouback.I haveto go nowbecause I hav€a meeting.Go)
l'll callyouback.I havea meeting,
....................
5 Hedoesn'tknow sol'll asksomeone else.(since)

Exercise2 f E
L,nderlinethecorectword_
1 Wele not in thisbusiness justb&lkl fot to nake sho(-termprofit.
in motedetailjolfhat ourobiectives
2 l'll explain areclear
3 | wrctethe datejn mydiaryso tharlrolwouldotforgetthemeeting thismofning.
4 Hercsignedin ordettol fol spendmoretime with hisfamily.
5 iackcameto mein otdertolfor aduice.
6 we'll agrceto yourofferso that we canlcouldctosethe deat.
7 We agreedto theirofferso that we @n/couldctosethe deat.
8 Sherechecked thefigure5sothattheauditors won,t/ylouldr,tfindanvefioBwhenthevcame.
9 l'l rccheck thefigures
!o thattheaudjtoElron,t/hr'ouldn,t
findanyerrorswhenthevcom€.
10 t\,4anyvisitors
comehereto see/forto seeourautomated productionline,

Exercise3 I X
l\,4atch
the beginnings
of eachsentence
1-16withan endinga)of b).
1 | went to Barcelona
to E a) the TladeFair
2 lwentto Barcelona for E
3 l'rnherefor n a) a m€eting
with ManuelLopez.
n !l
5 lthinkit3 timeto n a)
6 | thinkit3 timefor n havea shortcoffeebr€ak

7 lt3 worthshoppinq
aroundfor n a)
8 lt3worihshoppingaroundto tr 9) a betterp ce.
9 | left wolk early so that I n a) cango the deniist.
10 l'll haveio leavework earlyso thar I n (ould go to the dentist.

I1 | kept his businesscad so that I n a) wouldrernemberhisname.

'12
l'llkeep his business
cardsso that I n b) 'llremember
hisname.
13 l ll dealwithrt personally
sothartherc ! a)aren'tanyprobems.
l4 | dealtWth it llv so that the.e !
 42 LINKINGWORDS2 177

Exercise4 p f
Areth€sesentences in English possible
or impossible.
WritePorl
I l speakloudersothat everyone canhear. tr
2 l'll spe.klouderin orderto everyone(an heaf. n
3 sorryl'll explainmyprcposal againto avoidanyconfusion. n
4 sorryI'llexplain myprcposal againsoavoidanyconfusion. n
s sorryl'll explainmyprcposal againsowe avoidanyconfusion. n
6 Wernailourclients€gula y notto losecontactwiththem. n
7 Wemailourclients regulafly
soasnotto losecontactwiththem. !
8 l ll takean umbrella sol won'tgetw€t. tr
9 ltakean umbrella so|wouldn'tgetwet tr
10 I' takean umbrclla soI don'tg€twet n

Exe.cise 5 I
Completethe sentences with ai or ,l€, or put asl/ikeif bothate possibe.
1 Whilelwasat university | sometimes worked........--4t.........
a waiter
2 lhe negotiations are goang verys|ow|y,.......................
I expeded.
3 Anna's sofunnyl5he3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.......,
a comedian.
4 We'll9endtheoder in two consignments, .....................,.
we agreed in the meeting,
5 Thiscaisis
is not ............-.-........
the lastone.lts wo6el
6 I'm lucky.I havea smallroomat homethatI use....................... mystudy.
7 Youlookjust.......................
yourbrother
I Ina sltuationIikethis,youshoulddo exactly .......................
it sal6in the book.

Exercise6fllfl
@ ot wo(ysin thrsdialogue.
Uodrrli* ,n" .o,rcc-t
J cx: Oh, hi, Pamcla.Coutd you give me some advicc?
PAM!L{, Y.ah. surc.
JcK Itt about my laptop.I usc it a lot when I'm our ofrhe ofiice, (1) & /l;&e I wantedto talk to
you about sving my f'16 ... I, er, donl w"nt to lose e!"eryrhing ifrhele's a ploblen.
p.Mrr.^: Hm. Do you b^ckrp yov cs Q) Jor / to make suE your work is safe?
JAc& Oh yes.I h.ve a sm. stonge device that plugs into the USB port - nt (3) drli*e a porribte
hard disk.And so ifanyonc srole my laprop it wouldn't be such a dis.lter (4) 6e.,!Jelr/ I
would sril have aI my files.
P,\MEL^, We , thatt OK rhen.
J^c(i The problem i! I often keep this device h the sameplace as my laptop (s)rrlJo ,'d, it's
esy for me ro find.And thari wh worries me.

J c(; WeI, yes. lt's edy for me io 6nd, (6) ro /ro ,r.t irt east,for rhe thief too.
prM!1 , Ah, hah.It soun& O) a/6 iryour geninB.litde bir pamnoid,Jack.
r cK So,is rheE somekind ofsolurion (8)r'lto people (9) drllik? ne ... who are worried?
eNEL^, Do you Ee )our laptop (10) /o /rr acces the Inrerner?
t cK: Ofcou6e.
p ME^, WeI, (11) e/ td @rry /so a not to roiy.bottlosng },our file. how about uitrg on lirc stomge?
l^cKi Um, wlhtt tlbr?
preu, It work (12) arldr,fa b"d dislq03) 6,/rle pur ponable device,but irt d Internersire-
r^cKi Oh.
pAGu, You cD upload files ro rhe sire whenewr yo! wt 174)to that/lihe rhey.re therc ro
doqrload on Dother occasion. Ir .ould be with aorher compurei I use ir a[ the rime
(15) ro tnarlro keep copis ofmy mosr importat fles.
t cx: An,I see.Tha.som& (16) a/,1. a tealy sood idea.Wel. th"nk a 1or.I'I do dEr.
 eveloping an argument 1

A Words meaning and. but and sa

a Units41 and 42 gav€wo.ds iikeard, butand so to join parrsof sentencesWe cdn lse onger
wordsand phrases with the samemeanng to link borhacrosssentences and with n more
comPlexsentences
a d: ]n addition, Eesides,Morcovet, Fullhernore
brl: Howevec Neveftheless,On the othet hand
so: fherctorc, Consequently,As a result
Theseword! and phrasesaretypicalofformal5peech (for ex.mpe present.tons)andwrt ng
TheyLrsuallycomeat the startof a sentenceand hdvea commaafreMdrds,but can comeafter
a comrnai. the middleol d sentence.
SuppherA is cheaper,and then defiverytines are gaod. HoweveL supptierB has better qualty
products and they have a gaad reputatian in the narket.
Thisnew processprcduces lesswaste, and as a result it's nuch beftet for the environnent
Orr sta.ksdre ovn\ in a dou.mnftlsspitul,thercJore theF.d t$t an i, ct.!t t tc: h l,nastotjt
.oilidott.Tlot, at lcdlt,is th. tl@ry nuokr nos'!^ lh Qpk. (FortJcs.com wcbslre)

B Exampfes: for example, for instance, such as

a We.an usefor example
ot for instanceNotelhepossibie positions
Ourcastshaveganeup. Fot exanple, the costaf steelhasneartydaubted.
Ourcastshavegoneup. Thecostof steel,for e,,mple, hasneartydaubled.
. Weuseiuclrasin themiddleof. rentence to giveexamples
lt isthesameas ttke'.Suchasrs
fo owedby a nounphrase, nota wholeclause.
Sone delays,suchas strlkesat badweathe,arcbeyondou contrct.
Somedelatsarebeyondaur cantrcl,suchas sttikesot badweather

c Additionaf/real information: in fact, act ratly

a We useln fact,Actuallyot As a nafter of fa.t \a adda pi€ceof informationto whai we jlst
sad. The lecondpieceof infomationgivesmorcdet. s.
We haveplenty in stock. ln fa.tlAs a matbt ol fad we coutd delvet tanorrow
We a so usethesewordr to emphasise what the rcalsiruarionis.Th s is surprisngo. differenrto
what peopleimagine.
I thaught we had somein stocla but in fact/actually we don't.

D sequence: first ol all, as wetl as this, linally

a WecanuseFist, Finly, Fitstofal/to beq n a serie!ofponh n a lormatargument.Forother
nlmberedpo nrswe saysecord,secondly,er..
Toadd a poini without nlmbeinq we cans.y 45 w€l/as this, Besides thisar tn additian.
At the end we ..n say F,ndl/y.
Why choosethe C2e(hRepublic?Well, fiRt of a , it haslawet labaur cast-lthan ather
neighbouing counties, and secondly, it hasa nable tuffency. As wett as this, it hasa tftined
warkfofte wtth gaad labaur relatiant and finally, it hasa tuang tocatnarket
 ZII DEVELOPING
AN ARGUMENTI I79

a To finish one point we can .ay Overallot Takingeverythinginta @nsideration.

Ornll, a tuo 67% oJthe aduhloprktion is eflplayedar Laokinrfot uork, nahq be.tu\e
_fe tdlepa i.ipation in the lalrotfotu hdsjunpcd ouetthe b6t two dtudet. (BusinessWeek

Io f nisha formalspeechwe.an saytn conclusbn.

ln .ondusion, l'.1just like to thank you aI very much fot coning, and I laak fotuvardta seeing
you agnin at our next meeting on 31 septenber

E Generafising: in general, on the whole

a Thercaremanywordsand phrases we canuseto talk gene?lly:ln genenl, On the whale
As a rule,TwicalLtAll in aI, Easkaly,ovetall,qrcadlyspeaking.
Orydnkatiors tfpi.ally hd,efw 'Mto et' rclatioithips:cwtonca,b,sinssp tnes,supplie\,
drd shdteloldeo.(€-businesadftor website)
c'flploycas,
a lf w-.wantto makea balanced argument we oftenuteoneof thesephrases followedby a
contrastingideawitha wordlikebd (seesection A .nd unit41).
ln genetal thelapaneseeconomyhasnot beenverydynanicoverrccentyeaR.However,
sometechnology and telecomconpaniesategrcwingveryfast.
On the wltole lthink touie ight, although ldisagrcewith yau abaut thelevelof risk.

F Summarising:so, to sum up, in summary

a We canuse5q /n shod Toput it sinply,Tosumup and/n summaryto rlrnmadse
5o, to sum up the ,iain pointsof my presentationso faa vw area trulyintenatianalcanpany
ofturinga full nngE of seNicesto corpotateandprivateclimn'in the arcasol finance,banking
andtnsurance.
Top"t it sirtply,Joodtto.cssosuill losctotnpetitiftft!' d' d dirtt rc t o.fEU hu ,$hip.
(BusinesCentnl Eurcpewebsite)

G Either ... or ,,., inshad of except for

a We usee,therto begina listof possibilities.
Wedo not begn w th or.Theotherpossibil
t esaf€
intfoduced
witho/.
Eitherwe couldcanceltheprodud launch,or ponpaneit (NOTe*r€+€dd-€aF€e+)
Butin speechwe canbeginwitho/to complete
theothefpersonb
idea.
A:'We couldjun cancelthelaunch.'
Bt 'Ot perhapspost@neit.'
a Weuse/hneadfo, to mean'inthe placeof something else'.Atthe endot a sent€nce,
hstead
is usedwithoutot
Canwe havethe neeting on Fridayinsbad of Thu6day?
thusday is no good?OK,canvle haveit on Fiday ins.€ad?
a We useeycept,etceptfor or aparffromto mean'not incuding'.
I havecontacledeveryoneexcept(for) Margarct.
180 43 DEVELOPII{G
AI{ ARGUMENT'I

43 Pra<tice

E x e r < i sIeI E C E E
Underlinethecor€ctwords.
1 Jfresistered
mailis too slow,we couldusea @urieri!@gllinnead of.
2 Thefallin sharepiceshdsmadeinvestoE neruous. Onthe others,lrelhan4 it'san ex<€llent
buying
opportunityif yout€ p€pared to takea risk.
3 Asa rulellherpfore I don'tnomallyhavea biglunch,butl'llcomewithyouto the restaur.nt today.
4 All commodirypricesroselastweek,a/ioley.eptgold.
5 We canettherlo/wait for a train,or go by taxi
6 | knowMadridverywell.A6a natterof factlon theevholelworkedtherefor a shortt memanyyeafs
ago.
7 As a nattet of fadlon the rvholestocksarc riskierthan bonds,but stockscang ve a b€tterreturnin
the longterm.
8 lt'sconvenient for meto cometo wolk by car On ihe othet handI Eesides,Ihe lrain wouldprcbablybe

9 lt! convenientfor meto cometo work by car On tie otherhandlBes,ijes,

the companypayrfof the
paRrng.
10 Investment in areaslor erample/such
ai biotechnology canbe isky.
I 1 lnvestmentin someareas,br exanplelsuchas biol€chnology, canbe risky,
12 Canwe sendan emailexceptlorlinsteadof a laxl

E x e r c i s2el l l l l l l
Complete witha wod or phrase
eachsentence fromthe listbelow.

eec€llt aswell asthis either except inslead suchas the€fore

neverthelessso in generai
1 People thinkit3 expensive, Out.........1St14'l1y.........
overthe longterm t isn't.
2 Therestaurant isopen€veryday.,...........,...,,,,,,,,.,.......
[,4onday,
3 She3 outofthecountry and............,,,.....,,,,,,,,.,.,..
unable to attendthemeeting,
4 lwas9oin9on Tuesday, butnowl'm going on Monday...............,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.
.
5 ..................................
lthinkthe meetin9 wentverywell,although we didn'tmanage io agreeon the
composition of the newteam.
6 Somea.eas, ............................-.....
recruitment,areoutsourced to othercompanies,
7l'msorry...................---.-..........youacceptthisprice,orwecan'tdobuslness.
8lt'sreliable,safeandeasytouse..........---.....,,,,,...........-,it3excellentvalueformo
9lt'sreliable,safeandeasitouse.....................,.............,themaintenancecostsca
10 ...-.....-...............----.-...,
in short,its reliable,safeandeasytouse.

Exercise
3 !!!
Plt fourcommas
in thisshortparagEph.
ln geneftltakingan MBAis a good ideafor an anbitiousteung prcfessianal
howewtyau do haveto nake
sone tacifices. You,'iss out on lwo WE valuauework expeiencefar exanpleandit canbe vety
 43 DEVELOPINGAN ARGUMENT I 181

Exercise4 A B C D E F G
'8 o" R e a dt h r a c e a b o u t t r a n s p opdo l i c yi n c t y c e n t r e sC. o m p e t e t h ed . t d e b y c h o o s n gt h e c o r r e c t
a ternatvefiom A, B, C or D below Thisexercseinc ldes revision
oi !n t 41.

Wanfto enter/the city?

dorry, ttoaff hauo[o1ay,
Tmf6c congestio. in cily centres is a big
problcm for borh busine$es and residents.
Policy makersare bein8 forced lo lhink of
soludonr based on public trtrsp.n, rcad
pricing and rcsl.icled use of onc kind or
anorher(l)....C..... unlidited accc$ ror ca6
al all dmes. Wtal aE rhc Easors fo! lhis?
(2) ............
. cas cau* noiseandpolludonin
reas where people walk. shop or so
sights&i,re,and (3)............rhh rhey are oi
coursequire ddBerous. (4)............. cas
causetrafficjds dd (5)............
mdr hou(
of work iime m lon. (6)............. people
necd inccniives b€foE they chanee their
habilsmd ahemativcsro cars arc olten not
availabl€or of pmr qualily.Thc fi6r thirg is
lhar publ,c tanspon nrusr become more
eliabh and more comionable.(7).............
bicyclerw shouldbeen.ourrged.(8)............ pleasanttlace io work rDd li!e.
by hnvin,qmore cycle lanes. Somc l.rge
.ilies, (S),.,.........Ansrerdm- a€ alreadt
organisedin rhis q.y. Bur tbe most ndical
measureis rord pncing.Asking notorisls to
pay ro enrercirycenrresis co.hlersirl, bu1
is an incre$ingly common solLrtiod.So,
( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . ... .p. e c r n s e er h i d r g i n a r , v e
dd som€linesunpopul.r measurcswill be
neededlo makc the citt ccnlrr a nrort

2 A aewel C ln lact
B Ako D Ercept
B However C And
5 A -oirher I both C .s. reslrlt
C50

c act!ally

1 0 A l h n dy c nstead

Exercise5ACDEG
td)ae CornpLeleth s speechmadeby the eaderol a Koreaniradedeegarionat the end of a trip ro Wal€swith
the wordsand phrasesfrornthe [sl beow
fi|{f€fill in conclueion in addilion lherefore nneadol :r a rLre however n fa.t
'could lllst ray a few words?rh.nk you. well, (1) ..{irtt pf +!l 'd ke ro rhankeveryoneheredi
GNKior organising today3visit.We haveenjoyedmeetinqall the staff,seeng yoLrrnew pfoductsand
l o o k i n g. o u n dy o ! r f . c t o r y( 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. .l.w. .o. .L. r l dl i k e1 ot h a n kt h e l o c a c h a m b eor f C o m m e r c e
who rnadethe wholetdp porrible.As you know,we seethe Europeanmarketasveryimportantfor our
c o m p a n y( 3. ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , i t i sc e n t r at lo o u ' f u t u r ep a n s .( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ,. r n e u r et h a t
we can look forwardto evenclosercoope.ationbetv/eenouf two .ompanes in the lutue.
( 5 ) . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 itth' si b
nek t t e tro k e e pt h e . e r € m o n i es sh o r to n o c c d s o n sk e t h s ,
(6) ...... .....................
, I wouldjust ke to t.ke this oppoilunityto ledveyou wirh somerhingto
remembe.olrvisit, and so havegrcatpleasurc in pres€nting ihis bookwih photographs of Koreato
yo. d e.lo..! \Ar'rn o_9.(7r L
. . . . . . . I o o et h . t w e n d y " o o l " . v e' h e p l e d " -e o _
wecomingsomeo1yo! to our countryrn the fuiure. Perhaps ihe nen iirne w€ meet t will b€ n Seou
( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .c. .a r dJ fI o n . e a g a i nt,h a n k y o ua v e r ym u c h '
 eveloping an argument 2

A Personal comment
a The.eare mafywords and shortphrasesthar corneat th€ beginningof d sentenceand he p us
to mak€a pe.sonalcomment.
Givingyourown ideas From ny point af view ln ny opinianlview Pesanally
lnformationyou havehe.rd Apparcntly, lt seens that
Mon peopleknow this Cleatly,Of cou,i,e,Obviously
Luckily Fanunately,Happily 'adly, Unfotturately, Unhappity
Tobe hanestffrank,A.lually, ftankly
Fo unatry,ltcrcm pkntyotsA$ lnt Merkohtdy.litdlly hdu.tedttlada rcu t.ucl.:fpothndt
d d @ oh'i t'andry. (GlobalBusine$Magrzinervebsirc)
'Frath\,,I nidn\ knou'!,lnt I ws
lon]ljb da,'snys
Pdrkabo'tstdrtinrq hisbdrk.,tjust
Id,t.i to ftplkak lk !cni..t of.lin$ h h. U.S.I rus hhknq pdty rood onq dt Meftill
Lynlt dn.]I tlto*ht I.o l dk. Ltft on y aM.' (AsiaIrc On Linewebsire)
Otherwods usedto makea personalcommentrcude: adniftedty,coincidenta\y, cutiously,
incredibly,interestingl)t
ianically,natuely, paradoxicatty,
prcdictablysigniticantly,
surptEingly,
unbelievably, understandably,
unexpectedly.
It youwantto qiveyourideasfrornoneparticu ar pointot vew youcanusea phraseke:
(speaking),
Technically kientifically(speaking),
fton a financiat/technical
paint of iet!, elc

B Other linking words and phrases

e Studyihi! listof commonlink ng wo.dsand phrasesused n speech.
Givingth€ monrmportant example
or situation Especially,ln pafti.ulat Abave all
Correctingyou6elf
supportinga previous
statement
Changing the5ublect
finformal) 8y the way, Sa,Anyway
Changlng (morctormal)
thesubiect h telation ta, As rcqatds, l"llovingan to,
Asfaras. is concerned
Dismisling
somethlnq/Preparing
to finish AnWay

C Structures to focus on important information

d W€ c.n lotus on importdntinformatonwth the srructuelhe + noun+ 6 Thesecondpart of
ihe sentenceis usualyd 'that' clauleor a wh- quenro. (which,what, when,how erc)
The thing is (that) the whole idea is just too risky.
The thing is, how nud money witl all this cost?
Nouns usedwith this structwe in lrde: answeafa.t, point, probtem, question, solutian, thing,

The question is, what are we going to da abaut it?

The trouble is (tha it s qoing to be vert e^pentve

N We can {ocuson importantinfomation uringa cdlse that beg nswith whai:

What we need is a few dars to think abaut this in nore detait.
What rm going to do is call aur warehouseand seehow nany we have in stack.
What wonies me is the tine they'rc taking to nake a decisian.
 44 DEVELOPING
AN ARGUMENT
2 183

D At the end, in the end, at last

O The phrases
at the erd,ln the end and atlasrdo nor havethe samemeanifg:
Atthe end refe6to a point ntime
I spokefot 20 ninutes, but there wete a lat of questiorEat the end
ln the end means'aftera lotoftime or'€ventually
I waited until ten, and in the erd I /eft. (+ pdst tense)
makesa commentthat we are ple3sednow because a long wa t hasended
At |ast l've finished this rcportl (+ pesent tense e9: pres€nrperf€ct)
Beat i'dtkets dte d ndtndl ua of stocks,n' tu sdnetuoytlut fu.s dr. a na\ndl .farceih the Iorests.
Enk thotlrh it\ ta rh to u'otch,tlt 'rd',et is r|hu lrcohhi.t h the dd. 0trall Sr.eerJoumal

E tt untess, otherwise
a Conditionalswith /f(units l7 and l8) are importantior developing
an argument
'if
The linkingwordsurlessand otherwlsehavethe meanlng not Lookat the nextthre€
exampeswhich all havethe samerneaning:
lf we donl pay the invoke naw they ll cut back aur crcdit.
Unless we pay the inwice now they ll cut backou credit.
We should pay the invoice now othetwise they ll cut back ou ctedit.
Wtdt pd ftB.ar I'c lrrdo Stuk Ex.ltut1*clcath out to?A ti!1tp uith Iiankfiltt ptubably
ohl happc',,Mlets d ndiully dtcE typaaJptupoldl ca, b. p tatcllu. (accolrnrincy rgc

Abbreviations in written English

a Notelhe following abbreviatio.s
whichae commonn writtenEnglish:
ie = thatisto say(fromtheLatin'id en')
eg = for example (fiomtheLatin'erempllgratia')
NB = note(fiomtheLatin'notabene')
Miak'i-lJarddobal B2Bfaod cx.hdileFoodttudu.+(k !'o naft l1t 1al,of g,uth a Ccn al
Aktn.o\ USS3TSbnlood tarhe!h..o,i'rckdo iflah2001.OJlt.ldnou t, Foodthderhatles
to .dpturc10D%,i. soh'cUStJ7t,r. (busine$newsanericaswebsite)

g b, tl)euay drtw I1o1'.

ary tu"2r2 ttin W end nr ary,"an?? Do
td b,tu ^nJoar@b b^ ant nnq? Will tt r snd tu aar nonaJr
rA4 44 DEVELOPING
AN ARGUi/IET2

44 Practice

Exercise
1trtrLqEiH
Underline thecorrect words.
l l likeall the marketingideas,hut in oatticularlinpafttculartthe frce sarnples.
2 Framourpoint of iewltn ourpoint of viewrharwouldnot be a goodsolLrton.
3 h seenslApparently, rhe Boardis goingto appointa newCEO.
4 lt seems thatIApparently the Boardisgoingto appointa newCEO.
a,haa
5 Fonunatelylwith Soodfoftuneshewasn'tlinen;ng.
6 A.tuallylTruly,l've nevetreallytrustedhim.
7 MovingonlMovingon b the question offinance,we'llne€dro r.iseabout$2m.
8 WetriedaBuingwith them,butat theendl,intheendwejustgave!p.
9 Frankieb managed to get ajobat lastlintheendl
19 Unlesslotherwise we decidewithin the nextfew weeksit'll be loo ate.
I I lt'll be too lateunless/otherw,sewe decidewithin the nexrfew weeks.
12 We mustdecidewithin the nextfew weeks,unless/othena,lse it'll be too laie.
13 Somecountries in Elrope,ielegSpainandkeland, aregrowingstlongty.
14 ELrropeb threebiggest economies, lelegGermany, France andthe uK,areallgrowng strongy.

Exercise2 H E
Complete
thereplies
to thecomments
belowbyfollowing
theinstructions
tn brackets
andusingthewods
andphfases
fromthelistbelow
p€.s€€19 anyway of couBe by the way aboveall appareftly
Eftefall or rather unfortunatelyto befrank

1 'Weshouldhavethe prototype rcadybylune.

(giveyourideas) .....Pft9..^411y.... , t thinkaugustrsmorerearrstrc.
2 'Theinsurance on thissystem doesn'tlooktoo expensive.'
(mostpeopleknowthis).........................-.--,it needs ro be renewed everyyear
3 'l'vegot Wo spareticketsfor the operatoniqht.Areyouinterested?'
(youwouldliketo go bui can't).............................
, l'vegota previous comrnltment.
4 'Soat theendof thedaylthinkwe didquitewell.'
(change thesubj€ct) , whatdidMatthewsayaboutparis?
....---......................
5'The jointventuEwithOptikaisrunningintoallsortsof problems.'
(behofen)..-........................
, w€ shouldneverhaveentered inrojt in rh€firstptace.
'l
6 thinkit mightbetimeto setup an officein Estonia.'
(suppoftthe previous naiament) .............................
, we akeady operai€n Fintand.
7 'Whydidnt Robedqetthe newsales job?'
(giveinformation youhavehearo............................. , hisintervlewwas a disaner
8'Everythinqseemsverywell prepared- fhereshouldn't beanyp.obems.,
(prepare tofinish)....................----.....
, we cantalkaboutit againfearerrhetime.
9 'Carmenreallydeserv€d to get the newsalesjob.'
{givethe monimportant reason) ..--.................--......
. b€cause of herexpertence.
10'l thinkweshouldtarqetournextlineof .lothesat a youngefmarket.,
Itsa goodidea, (corectyourselfl...... ---- ....itcouldbeagoodideaifwedon,ttoseour
existingcustomeE by doingso-
 1I4DEVELOPING 2
AN ARGUMENT 185

Exercise3 A B D unit43
,-r 50 Underne lhe corrcctwordsIn th|spresentation
.bout roboticsThisexercise
lncludessomerevieion
of unit 43.

\1) Firstof alllAftet a , t'd ke to thank K€ikolshidafor her kind wods of introduction,and for nviting
'
me hereto speakto you thls mornrng.Thetitle of my ta k is 'TheAge of the Robof, and be talkinq
todayabout rcbotics,and (2)anywaylinpanicularrhet comrner.i. €xploitauon.
(3) Espe.ially/clea
y rherc'shugeinterestin the subject,ascan be seenby the nurnberof peoplein the
audlencetoday and this it not surprisingas we predictthat overthe nextdecad€roboticss goir'lglo be
one of th€ wodd! fanen growingindustries@)Togivean exampie/However, we predidtthal heath-care
r c b o t si n l a p a na l o n ew b e a $ I b i l l i o n m a r k e t b y 2 0 1 0 . T h e y l l b e p r e s e n t i n h o s p i t a h a n d n u r s i n q
homes,remindlnqpatientsto tak€ mediciner,d€livering food t|ays.ceaninq,supponingpatientswho
haveproblemswalkinq,and doingalmostevery4hing €ke \s) exceptfot/instea.lof peellngthe qrapesl
16)As far as rhe general public is lconcening
cancerned the ?enerclpublic, SonyCalporat on th nks thal
the bestplaceto launchthe rcbot rcvolutionis homeente(a nment,becaus€s ng ng and dancnq robots
don't do an!,thingelsentialand t3 oK if they mak€a mistakesometimes. (7) Erpe./ally/Furthernore,
homeenlertainment is lkely to be rhe brggeslmarket(8)ev€ntua/t/at/a5t,with som,6househodshavnq
tlvo or thrce iust likethey havePCstoday.(9)As a nafter of fact/fLlovingon all the leadingp ayers
robots.
\1q suchaslfat exanpleMatsushita. NECand Omronare fvest ng lens ot m llionsol do a6 in lhe
dev€lopment of personalrobats.(11)lneanlAs a rcsuhprogress hasbeenrapd, and scientstsnow
undelstandthe technologynecessary fof (omplex actionslikewalkingon two feet without lallingover
\12) An the othet hand/At the er4 ii! c ear that the developmentof 'robo sapiens'with somethng that
apprcximates humanintelligence will lake longer,(13)espe.ially/otEthet a otlorcet.
114)Newftheless /ln generclits clearihat In termsof competitionbetweencountriesJapanleadsin
roboiicsat the momeft, (l5) although/apanfrcn \he Arnercans aretry ng hardto catchup. And lapan
doesurcentlyneeda whole new areaof productsto sellto the world as profit margin5in oth€rareasof
consumerelectronics getssmaller
So,\16t ln factlta sun up, t'vetriedto showyou how I be evewe?e ent€ing a new age.the age oi the
robot,and t! an aqe that3 full of business
opportuniti€s

Exercise4 A B D unit43
checkthe answeElo exercse3 beloreyo! do thiser€rcse Thenfind wordsand phrasesfrom the correcl
below
anrwersthat ares m ar to the expressrons
r Tobesn wlrh Fit:t+ Pt..All 9 Nowever
2 n iact 10 n short
3 As regarde
12 despitell-rela.t that
5 O n t h ew h o e
6 Obviously
l5 especially
146

repositions of place

..'t X

A rnaf with a scariaroundh s neckis ,n a tih He is teaningagainrtthe wa of the tift.

Thelitt is comingup from th€ nreet be/ow.
h a mornenlthe manwill walk rrrough the fr doo6 and hto the office.He will put h s jacket
o/r the coatsrandwhich is b//rear the tift.
3 Thereis a man!.vaitingfor the lilt. He haspressedthe button to go dorrn
An the ather side of the lilr doo6 rslane. She is wa k n9 at\tay frcn rhe tif\ aqass the rco'Yl,
pastthe photocopierrowdrdra meetingroorn.
Jackis besbelnexrto the photocopie(Aboyethe photocopiers a shetf Ne s mov ng the boxes
ol paperoff the sheJ orto the floor
5!e and Ma* a.e siningaftheir desksoppojireeachorher Ther compurers arein front of
lhem on thei. desks.Sehreenthernis a wane-paperbin and the photocopiers behlrd Sue.
1 Malk haspLrthiscoat overthe backof hischan S!e5 bag is underh€r chair.
8 SLreis puninga etier /nJlde.n envelopeand Ma* s tak ng somethn9 ort of hisdrawer.

A At or in?
q We useatto ta k aboutthe positionof som€thing,or.bour the place
wheresomethng
happens4fshows a generalocation.
Meet ne at my otfice. There'ssomeoneat the door (posirion)
I ll seeyau at the meeting. (wheresomethlnqhappens)
,t, Weuse/ir withihe nameof a conrainer,placeor.re. to showrharsorneone
or lornethinq
nsideit.
There'splenn/of papetin the photocopier
she'sin the third rcom on theleft.
Ou headofficeis in France/thenotth/paris.
s stLrdythese for pub c buildings:
ex.mples
I'llseeyau at the airpott. (the p acein qeneral)
I I seeyouin theaipan turmlnal(insrde
rhebuitdinq)
t hada hatddayat theoffice. (pefiapsI spenlsometimeoutot rhebu ding)
t bebackin theafficeat thre€ (ifsidethe buildrns)
 45 PREPO9TPNSOF PLACE 147

B Expressionswith at in and on
a Note these fixed exprcssionswith at
at the frantlback at the toplbotton at the beginninglend
at tle ieaede at the stationlaipott at hanelwo*/schaol
I Notethesefixedexp€ssions with in:
in the middle in my hand in a queue/linelraw
in the corner in the country in a book/nagaanelnewspaper
in the nkrar in the photo/picture in hospitallprison
(=
ir the chat in chargeofthe meeting)

a Noteih€sefixedexp€ssions wirh on:

on the left/ right on teleision lthe radio on the phone/ the computer
on the scrcen on the pagelnap on the M6 (motorwaysand .oads)
on the first floot on the plaXornlpavenent on the Rhinekivea)
on the plane/busltrain(but in a carltaxibecauseyou are containedn a smdllerspacewher€
you cant standup)

a Wthaddresses,weuseinforthestrcetnameandatwhenwe5aythestreetnurnberasw
Americans useon for streets.
Out offices are in Piccadilly.
Out offlces are at 14 High Street.
I went shopping on fifth Avenue.

c AboveI below over I under

a Above/bebwmean'higher/lower than'.Theycanbe usedwiihoutan objeci.
The lloor above/below usE occuptedby an t^sutah.e<ompany
Fron the mountainlcould seethe lakebelow
a Ovet/undet mean'diec.ly above/below'.
Theybothneedan object.
Weflew dght ovet WindsorCastleon ou wayinto Heathrcw
fhere'sstll a lot of oil under the sea.
Overcanalsobe usedfor movemenl. In thiscaseit rslike'across'.
Wehaveto go over/acrossto the othetsideof the strcet.
O€lcan ;l5ome.n'covering'.
Theyveput a plasticsheetover the hole in thercoL
a All 'oJr wo.os<anbeLsedtor posrtrons
In a managementhr€rarcny
Aboveme b the gles DircrTorUnderme thetearc faur sabsstaff.

D Opposite, next tolbeside, nearlby

a Opposiremeans'exactlyon the othersideof a space.
we satowosiE eachother in theneefing.
O Nextro andbesidemean'exactlyat the sldeof. Sesdecanbe rnoreforrna.
.tohnshouldsit nert tolbeside lreneat the neeting.
O lvearmeans 'closeio' 8y medns 'at thesideof .
Iherc areoneot tvtogood restaurants near herc.
can we havea tableby the window?
Wehada halidaynearthe sea. (closeto the sea- a few ki om€tresaway)
Wehada halidayhy the sea. (westayedon the beachmostof th€ time)
laa 45 PREPOS|T|OI{S
OFPTACE

45 Practice

E x e r c i s1eg # 9 r y
Underline the coffectword.
1 Lookin theAppendix e/by the endof th€report.
. 2 When I got iDlo, the planesomeone wassittingin myseat.
3 Whata fantnic view!Theskyaborclo!€r andthe seabetowtunder.
4 Nextwe€kl'll beatl,h Hungary for a fewdays-
5 TurnintoWenernAvenue andyou'llseeourofficesonlatyourl€ft.
6 Yo! canl missit- The€staurant isexa(lybyloppogre thecinerna.
7 | oftenworkinlat homein theevening.
8 | boughtthistie irlat Madison Avenue.
9 she'llbe helein a few minutes - 5he3jun arlonthe phoneat thernoment.
l0 Thepowersocketisoverthere,bylaathedoor.
I I Thisgraphisnt labelled propey.W te theunit5bylnento theX axis.
12 lwent to visitmysonin/af hospital yesreday.
'I3 Puta
sheetabor€/oyer themachine to stopit gettingduny.
14 SienaisquitenearlbyFlorence.
15 l'll seeyoutomorrowat ten thirt!, lnlby myofiice.
I 6 lt! a largeblock.Ouroffices areatlo, thefifteenthfloor
17 I sawSimonatl/h thestationwhileI waswahingfor a train.
. 18 I musthavebeenstanding inlafthe queuefor hatfan hour
-
19 You'llseeouroffices theylebylneala llrnirue storc.(thenextbtock)
20 You'llsee ouroffices - they'rebylneara furoiture store.(thenextbulding)

Exercise2 [ f
Complete thesentences with in,at or on.
I I live....il\....ManorRoad,...4!-...number 295.
2 Youshouldn't reallypark............the pavement_
3 | hada lovelymeal.......-.... theplane.
4 l'd liketo live.......--...
thecountrywhenI rerire.
5 Goto theendof theroad,andyou'llseethe bank...........the righi.
6 l'll be .rriving............
youroffices............ Barcelona at three.
7 Lisbon is............
themiddle of Poftugal, ............
thecoan.
8 i meetyou............ thefrontof thebuilding in ten minutes.
9 | wonderwhars...........rFlevnion rhisevening.
10 Thesizeofthe text............ thescreen isverysmall.Coutdnlit bebtgq€r7
I1 | lve ............
a smallvillage -...........
theroadto Dover
l2 ............
ih€ beginning of myca€erlworkedin marketing.
13 lt wasa verywell-run meetjnq. Erikawas._.......... thechair
14 | wasn'tlooking............ the mirrorandI neaiyhadan accident.
15 Shework.. ........Seville, ............
the Universiiy.
16 Thesalesfigures? Yes,lhavethem righthere.....__._......
myhand.
l7 lwaltedpatiently ..-.-.......
the backof the queue.
18 I thinkI lefi myb efcase .........-..
thechair............the restaur.nt.
l9 l'm off sickat thernoment, but I shouldbeback.. ........wofknextweek.
-he
20 ldn Fhan.eN4nFrer,sslill .....prison.
 45 PREPOS|T|O|TIS
OF PLACE r89

E x e r c i s3e! ! ! !
Completethis emailbychoosingthe correctpreposition
fiom the listbelow.
towads over pasr thrcugh in front of by in +€- at (x2) on (x2)

H€re ar€ the dlrectrons(1)..-...1P..-... ou.t'".0 om*.

Tak€ rh€ A3 from oxiord and thenjoin the M4 (2)..................London notwar€sr)- com€ offrh€ M4 (3)..................
junction 12 .nd contrnuesrElghl ahead. Conilnu€ (4) -.....--.....--...
rhe nen tuo rcundabouts,so (5) .....-......-.....
a BP
ga€96 (6)......-....-......your nghtand yo! ll@m6 to 3om€ tEfic rrqhts-You are now {7),......,.........-R€sdins. Go strarghr
(3),..,...._....._...
th€ rrafiic rrghGand (9).._.....,.........
rha nBn s€r of rishrs,rum d9ht. Henry strsot is the srh road
(1o) ......-.....-.....
rh€ l€fi, Folld the oad to the €nd and th€ offi€ i6 (11) .,,...,,,...,,,...
your lhsr6 is E rong driv6
lh€ slde of the ofrce - you @n park lh€c-
(12) ......-.....-.....
lf you h€v6 any p@bl€msglve m€ a €ll. but lt! v€ry e€ey E€llyl

Exercise4IIlI
Complete thisemailbyputting9!e suitable
wordin eachspa(e.Aswellasthewordsin sections
A, B,C and
D it isalsoposgible
to useio,

lhanks for s€.dins m€ the artwork ro. rh6 masdin€ adv€rt. I h€v€ a r6w @mm€nts about the layout (1) ..,..,,pt\,,,,..th€
page. The photosraph (2) ..,..........._... rh6 rop r@ks sood, bur insr€.d of being (3) ....,....,,.....,,
th6 mtddrs I thlnk lt 6hourd
bs (4) .................-
th6 r€fr,(5).,......-....--...
ro rh6 t€xr- Th6n (6).-.....-.....-....
rh6 orhd @merwe courd have the @mpany

Old you know there's going to b6 an arricl€ aboutour@mpany (7).........--.....-. th6 sam6 magazing? I hope lr willb€
( A ). . . , , , . . , , . , . . t. h
. .e. p a s s d i € c t l y ( 9 ) . . . - . . . . . . . . . .,. .b. u
. t t h a t i s n t { 1 0 ) . . - . . . . . - . . . . .m
. . y. . h a n d s .
Can you also give the artwork (11) ...-.....-......-. Steve for hls @mments? He should b6 back (12) ..-......-......-. work on
190

A Verb + preposition
* H€reis a n of verbsand ihe prepositonsnorma y usedwth them:

rcnpete againsl fo.us on

tue apptiedfor a newjob. Can you take .arc of the affi.e while l'n autT
Drtot.ar no.k Mt ddnn(,l.d l,t lho . .ohtttuies nnldn\g Noj.id a d Ei.tsat thot oill
b.,ejtJron rnn\g\ahs al moL,ilc
]rhrra thdt&h ddts t f trr,.r. (Bloombcre.con vctsite)
r1t Rr @ro,\, k Jocrtedon knovlcdrcdkd tthh.l.g. (Thc Srrrishtslirncs Lrtcra*ive

ror ro wl\tand rk uccdfar hank:to neryLa d dor't tftn obje.t to tl(:. hrya.
Rc.qnlaror
.l.dk (BusnrcsWcck Ncbsitc)

Someof the verbsabovecan be usedwithout preposiiion

+ oblect
I hape/knaw/insist. lt depends
Othe6 musthavea prepoeiion+ object.
Thepro.ess consistsof tour main sljges. lt belongs to me
I n rclying on you fot yout suppon. Thisvrrl leadto a lot ol ptoblens
seeunt 16 4 In questionsthe prepostionusuallygoesat the end
Whodoesthisbelangto? Whatdaesit @nsistof? Whaarcyou waitingfot?

B Verb + objed + preposition

a Wth romeverbslh€ obj€ctcomesbeforethe preposiiion.
Hereafe somecommonexampes:
explainsonethingto sharcsonethingwith
ask soneane about/fol inform soneoneabout/of spendsanethingon
insurc sonethin9 agai ntt split sanething into
boftow sanethinq lrcn supply saneone with
conparc sanethinq widl/to invite soneone to
@ngntulate saneone on prcte.t soneone frcm
divide sonething into prcvent soneonefrcm tantlate saneth ing into
can theyinsurc usagainn frc sk? We've tpent $2m on advenising this year.
,Nol,odl tr R!si. 6 tretdrcd to irrst tto!t..t ifl ptudr.ior. (Le Mand. DipLanatiqre
"absite)
O cle dnn nr lrry Elli'a" his ofarcd r sol io, to fuhathe e6 ds tvli tosoJt\flanapoly:'Th.l
lntld srlit thc cootp y iato tuD drd h [Mntu\oJtpptidetu] Stfle Ballw mn aneNnpaty auj
lct Bill Cat.s f,tt theothex' (Wned nngrne rvebnte)
Wirh remjndthe€ is a d tferencein meaninqb€tweenabourandof.
Gillianrcninded ne about the aryointnenL (= she told me nor to forSeo
Gillianrcninds ne of ny sister (= sheis fe my sister)
 46 VERB+ PREmSITION 191

c verb + different prepositions

,! Someverbscan 90 with severadifferentprepositons
agreeio/with/about Theyagreed to give us beftet terns af paynent.
OK, 1agrce with you about the need far .utting casts.
lnust apalagiseto susanfor ny aMul behaiou last niqht.
Shall we askfot the bill?
Ask the waiter about the dish af the day.
l'm goinq ta complain to the nanaget about the serui.e in hete.
I heard about the nev\/sfron a calleagueof mlne
l've never heaftl of that company they'rc nat very well-known.
llearnt a lot about nsurancefrcm my lanjob

Canyou help ne - In laaklng for meeting raan 3

Thisproblem results frcn bad planninq, and h wil .esult in chaos.
1need ta talk to yau about the new constructianprcject
What did yau thnk ol the neeting?
What are yau thinking about?
They'vewtiften to us ta complain about our poor setvEe.

D Uses of different prepositions

$ Someprepositionsare usedlo ntroducepartculark ndsof inforrnaton Knowingthis can he p
you to understand
someof the diiiefencesin sectionC
abolr oiten ntrodlcesrhe Do yau know about EUrcgulatians in thisarcd?
We re thinking ahout changing ou advettisingslogan
at otten ehowsdirection 1n looking at yau otder detaih on the sc.eenright now.
I hate it when ny bassthouts at ne
for often showspurposeor t nust apologise lor being late.
Ive asked the waitet fot the bil
fron often lhows the origin I haven t head frcm then fot a lang tine.
fhis prablem results lrcm bad planninq.
on often showsconfidence Can we agrce on a discount af 5ok7
we're depending on yau ta fin3h the jab by ftiday.
ro often rclels to a pe6on Coutdyau explain thls clauseto ne, please?
l don'tthink he was listening to ne
'l herebyempowery@, Adbro* T,wllLln!, to
wlter ny plntrt!. And l.t'3 h€ar no rcre t.lk
about hor I n.v.r deleg.te authority,''
192 1l5 VEnOr PREPiOSI'ION

46 Practice

Exercise 1 X
Completethe sentences
with a word from lin A anda word ffom lilt B.

A: apprcve depend know lead believe sufier syFpar+$sewait

B: about for from in of on to vfrh
I | €ally-tyr4P4tli5-e...wi-tl. yourproblem, butthe€l nota lot I cando.
2 Positive is
thinking so important. You really
have youlsef.
to .............................
3 fii youout5ide
4 What you?e saying onepossible
canonly............................. conclusion.
5 Ofcoutse theprice.
thesizeof ourorderwi11.............................
6 Yo!rCVi! n.on9in mostareas, butwhatdoyou.............................
marketingT
7 lmports always.............................
theef{ectsof a nrongdollar
8 lawayshavetolookrmad-myboss doesn'i.............................
inforrna clothes.

Exercise2 E
Underline thecorrectword.
I I thinkwe shouldaskthem&/aboutlw,th moreinformation.
2 Canyo! supplyusforlaboutlwith enoughpa.tsfor 5,000vehicles?
3 You'er d meabourloflforsoreoneI l.now
4 lf I foEet,remindmeabourlollforit againai theendof themeeting.
5 Themanagement blamedrhe unionagairstlfronlforcausing thestdk€.
5 l'm writingto informyoulot / aboutl on ov newG ge ot prcducts,
7 We mighthaveto splitthe otdetfotlinlintoNvoseparate shipments.
8 CanyouthankL4rMateusaboutlfotl with all hishelp?
9 l'd liketo congratulate
Particiaohlforlaboutwinning Employee of the Month.
10 Thissafetyfeaturepreventstheoperative agairsrlfromllv/t,
suffefing anyinjury
11 Thisyearwe'llbe investingmo.ethanf4m onl,loltoplantandnewmachinery
12 Thisyearwe'llbe spending morethan€4monl,loltoplantafd newmachinery

Exercise3 I D
Completethesesent€neswith prepositions. Choosefrom:about,at, fot, frcn, ln, to, of at with.
1l'mwritinq......t9......attourcustomers...4he!|t..offersthismonthonseecledmodel
2 WhowasGeorye talking .................
? Andwhatexactly washeta k ng .................
?
3 Naveyouheafdanythinq .................
HeadOffi.e?Theysaidthey'ddecide thisweek.
4 Who3Giuseppe saponi? l'veneverhead.---............. hlm.
5 Doyoulikethe newdesign? Whatdo youthink................. it?
6 Doyouagree ..........-......
me........--.......
this?
7 Theimp.oved sales fiqures.esult -................
alltheinvestments we madean yeaf.
8 Tre rrvenrnenB we remdftnqnowshouldresuh.......... ......oenersal.s^exryea
9 | munapologise ..................
not contaciing youe.rlieribut l'vebeenverybusJr
l0 l'd likeio complain..........-.---..
themanager ........-.........
thefood.
11 Makesureyoulook................. thesmallprint beforeyousignan),thing.
12 Unesstheifqualityimproves, we'llhaveto look-.-...............
a newsupplier
 46 VERB + PREPOSITIOI{ 193

Exercise4l$ffigU
Complete withonewordfromlistA andonewordfromlistB.
thesentences
A: agrced apologisedapply belong comply explainheard hoping nsist listen pay
qualit ey remind
B: about on on from with with to to to {€+ lor for for for
1 Youcan...........e411..............&t...thegoodsintwelvemonthyinnaments.
2 Excuse me,butdoesthisumbrella .............................. you?
.............
3 Thefirrtthings to .........................--..
.............
theclient to I ndouttheirneeds.
4 I asked mylawyer to .................-...........
thecontract .............
me
5 Ev€rybody .............................
.............
thedecision. lt wasunanimous.
6 Therc'sa newjobin R&D. lwonder if Chrir6 goingto...... ...........
.............
t.
7 iillisa good te.mmember Youcanalways .............................
...........
herln a crisis.
8 They've ... . .. ..................
........
....ihedelay andsdidthatthe temsarcin thepost.
9 I'm certain to foeet. it nedrcrthetime.
10 lt'sbeena dlsappointing yearWe're ........................................b€tterresutssoon.
1l Have yo! . ...........................
.............
Jacke r€cennyT 5hehasn'twrtten forages.
12 Does thisproduci....... ................................Eutopeansafetynand.rds?
l3 No,no,1............... ...........paying.
............ Yo!'remyguest.
14 lf we buildthefactoryin thatareawe l .............
a regional aidgrant.

Exercise5Age'E
Complete withthecor.ectprepositions.
theemails Thes€cond
numberin eachbrackeishowsthenumberof

Iv6 jusr be€n lookins (1-2) ....-..41......your weusite ano companns yo!r on-tin€ bankhs raciritr€6(2-4) ,................. your
c o m p o t i t o r sT.h € r e s a f 6 w r h i n g s I d l i k 6 r o $ t y o u ( 3 - 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . .
a) lt I want to boiiow mon6y (4-.4)..........-....... you, how much will I pay (g!3) .-................ lh6loan? | .$!m€ rhat your
ch€aper operatlng ests will rosult (6-2) ...........,.....,
a lower int6Est rale than a normal bank.
b) | see thal ll I open an ac@unt this monrh I quarlt (7-3) ...,....,......... a credil cErd wilh sp€cial payment terms. oo you
otr6r In6uEnca (3-a .................. ontine fraud with rhis €rd ro prclect €rd-hotde6 (9,4) .................. hacke6 who mtght

you. Thank you.

I look loNard to headng (1O-4).-................

Thank you (i1-3) ..................

,oor re€nt 6mail a.d I apologis6(12-3) ..-...-...........
takinq e long lo reply,
Here is the informalionyou requaat€d.
a) You en r6ly (132) ..................lh€ fact lhat our intor€sl ralos ar€ v6ry 6mpatiliv6,lrut lcannol glve exact fiqu€s 63 ll
depends (14-2)..........-.......lheamounl you w6nt to bomw linvit6 you {1t2) ..................ch€ck lhe table on ourwebsit6
forthis infomalion.l €n assueyou that w6 d6alwith tha pr@ss v€ry quickly afrer applyhg (16 3).................the loan
youshouldnthav6rowaitmorethanafedat€b6for€hganng(17-")............. us
b) Yes,6s soon as yo! tnfom !s (1&5) ..........-..-...- any posibl€ fraud asecialed with yolr €rd we take €re
(19-2).-.......-........everythingand retund any mon6ythatyou hav6lost.In relationto our@n cunomerac@unls, w€ do
everythingnecessry to pr€venl hack€E (20-4)....-............. edenng fi€ syst€m, and hav€ invest€dh€avily
(21 2) ..................
this sr€a ov€
I hope this ansers your qu.srions. Pl€se do not h*itate io @ntact us again if you lhink (22-4 -...-...-.........
anylhing else.
 djective + preposition

A Adjective + preposition
I S o r n ea d j e c t v ecsa nh a v ea p r e p o s l i oanf t e r t h e mT h e p r e p o s t i o n m a y b e f o l o w e d b y a n o u n

We re al disappointed with the paar figures.

I n rcsponsible for a salestean of eight people that caves the south of the cauntty.
Whenfollowedby a verb,the 'ing lorm mun be used.
We might be intetested in placing nore ordes in the futurc

a An adlecrive can a so be followedby a to infint ve. lf we needto menton. person,we usefor

betweenthe adjecliv€and the infintve
It's inpoftant to follow the safen/procedurcs
It's inpottant for us to move quckly in thesenegotiatians.
h\ goodJor childrct to ndhe thln ouat.lqi.6.TooMrh u.Ll iM,nU lihunliyr ttdhs thnt it\
hddo.fat n' ta \ct ban.lrti.\.tdr ,rcrr. (cu..di.n rvcbsite)

B Feelings
a Manyerampesof adj€clive+ prepostonareconnectedwilh leelings
fed !p with

l'n rcally excibd about staninq ny new iab.

l'n not very keen on fied faad, to be honest
Six b k at int.restedin lityillq ai 86yo 'tnkeii Por\ Bd a lati a. (Busncs Ncws
Am$ic"s wcbsnc)

. Forbehaviourlowafdsanotherperronwe useadjeciv€+ to Exampleencludegood to, krrd ro,

nice ta pahte ta, tude to.
When ny nothet was iI ffty @lleaqueswerc a very kind to rr,e.
I thaoght he was ftthet rude to the waitress.

l , t
l l
f , . ' Ir n r t , l

i\ i'
1 * [
l
_t.

'N,, re. H@ota&wi'w

med,!\ pltf'ryut
 47 ADJEqflVEr PREPOSITION195

C Other adjectives
a Herearesomeothercom.non
examples + preposition.
of adjective

itfor

gu ry or

usedto (= a(customedto)

lackingin

My opinionsarc verydilfercnt frcm you6.

Au .onpany is famousall averthe wo d fot thequalityaf itsengineeing.
5hewasfull of enthusiasnwhenI expbineoou Eea.
We'reusedto the delayson the netrc. Theyhappenall the tine.

D Adie€tive + choi.e of preposition

a Someadjectivescanbefollowedbydiffe€ntpreposltons wth a smattdiflerence
in meann9.
Oftenoneprepositionis usedtorthings.ndanother for people.
'Weae eocl'ftsponsibl. a paxnutu ptnal arca.'- Efpatt Serui.et
Jor r.ot Advnq Gebd

I n veryangry about thedelay

I n veryangry with themfot causingthisdelay
Hewasannoyed about what thejourhatistwrote
Hewasannoyed with thejaurnalist.
good/badat (abI ly) Ive nevetbeenverygood at dealingwith .onflict.
A newpetsanat the top wauldbe good fot the(onpany.
5he3verygood with diffiult cunones
Areyau happy with ny suggestion?
Cangfttulations! I n veryhappy fot yau bath.
I'n rcsponsiblelor all thetranspotlandbgistics_
TheFinanceDitectoris directlyrcsponsibleto the CEA.
I n sotry about all the troublel've caused
.
sorryior (+ inq) I n sotry for cauting so nuch ttouble.
lfelt sotry for Georgewhenhe didn't get thepronotion.
196 47 ADJECIIVE+ PREPOsITIOI{

47 Practice

Exercise
l Ett
Completeeachsentence1-10 with an endingaH)

I Areyou inter€sted g a) at motivating people.

2 Thismodelis difierent ! b) with usforsending thewronggoods.
3 Arcyouaware tr c) for anotherd nk?
4 Theywerereallyannoyedn youarccreating?
d) oithe difficulties
5 He3become verykeen n e) aboutthis,but I don'tth nk it'sgoingto work.
6 good
laneisreally n 0 bythenumberofInt€rnet caf6sin thistown.
7 I'msotired.l'm
notused E in
9) anyother items fromthe catalogue7
8 areyouready ! h) fromtheoldonein someimportant ways.
9 lwasquitesurprised n i) to thetimedifference yet.
lo lcouldbewrcng n j) on keeping tit rccently.

Exercise2 ! |
Complete
thesentences
withonewod fromlistAandonewod trom stB.
A: attached tired dependentpepcler involved sale suitable serious
Br about for from in of on to *ith

1 Thisfundisvery...r9e4!+t:.........*i11....investors lookingfor long"term groMh.

2 Thefirewallshould makethenetwork..--....-.............. .................
attackby hackers.
3 Forfudherdetaik,seethecopyofthecontract........................................thslette
4 Staftingsalaryis....................... previous
................. experience.
5 I don'tthinkthey?e.......................
.................
thE theyhaven'tbeenin touchfor weeks.
5 Wete ,,............,,,,,,,,, everystigeof theprocess,
,,,,..........,,, fromdesign to production.
7 | needa change. l'm.......................
.................
doingthesame thing€very day.
8 Hedge furdsarcveryiskyTheyrenot ................... .......... thep vateinvesto..

Exercise3 I
Undeinethecoffectword-
1 I m 'eallyangryaboutl)ufu themfor not lettingusknowsooner.
2 l'vespoken io Robertandl'm reasonably happywtrlfolall the a(angemenrs.
3 l'm reallyhappywithlfor t\,laggie,shedeserved to get prcmoted.
4 l'm a bit annoyedaboutlwthallthisrcnfusion withthewronqinvoices.
5 l'm a bit annoyedaboutlw,ththemfor sending thewronginvoices.
6 I'm sotryaboutlforvthat happened yesterday.
7 )'m sotryaboutlfor a i\ing so late- I got delayedin trafiic.
8 I feelverysorryaboutlfor Frances. shedidn't deserveto betreatedlikeihat.
9 Lowinflationis goodatltorleyfh everysectorof the economy.
10 She'dbe ercellentin HumanResources, shesreallygoodatlforlwith people.
11 Richard, canyouhelpuswiththistranslation? Youe goodatlforlwithFrcnh.
12 lf you ne€dto rcferthe decisionupwadr who areyou responsible forlto?
I 3 A$headof depatment,how manynaff arcyou responsible forlro?
14 Whoisresponsible forlto the Scandinavian market?
 47 ADjECT|VE+ PnEFOSITION197

E x e r c i s4eR R m
Complete thesecond sentence soit hasa similarmeaning to thefirstsenr€nce.
1 Consumers findtheoldmodels a bit boring.
consumels area bir bored................ry.i.t.t'r...t1e,..-"ld..l.eC''s!a..................
.
2 JLrlia
lsAdrianswife.
J, a isnamed... ...............
3 l'm notaccultomed to drivinqon the left.
Irf nolu5ed
4 | needto getth€ roompreparcd for themeeting.
I eedlo gelrhe'oomready ......
5 Doyoufindarchaeology interesting?
Areyou.. ............................
. ..............................
7
6 Whathe saidhasmademeangry
l'n angry.. ...........
7 Mathematics wasalways mybestsubject.
I wa<. walsve-y9oo0
8 Theadvenising campaign wasa disanerYousaidit wouldbe.
Youwer€rght............... .............
. lt wasa dsaner
9 Therewe'elorso, peopLe In rheconference r..
Thecor'ercnce La wasfull..
10 I don'trcallylikeheridea.
l'n rct 'eay veryleen.. ........

Exercise5Enig
Complete
thesequenc€ol ernalswitha wod fromthe n below
a,i€r€ attachedcapablecompariblecovereddependentinvoved lackng are opposed
preparedright similar useful

Arc you (1) ......4W.41e....,, of the articreabout customor R€tationshtpManasem€nt (cRM) in ths rare$ Business
W € 6 k ?l ' v e s c a n n € di t a n d ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . .i .r .l .o. .l h i s E m a i t .
Basicallt it says that in the past @mpanies were (3) ..-......-.............. on lheir brend nam€, but in the tutur6 weI hav€ to
b€ (4) ......................., for 6ustome6 changing s!pplier mo.6 ofi€n.
To give betters€ruic€ w6ll need CRM soit .re (5) ........................ of inte€ralingcusrom€r hlomaton across rn€ saBs
ror€, call @ntre 6nd w6bsiie That infomalion also be@mes (6) ......... .............for mark€tinq thtngs tike
understandlngbuyingb€haviourrrememberyousayingsomelhing(7).......................tothisinameetingtastyeaiand
as you are (3)........................
in tT purchasingdecisions tlhoughtyou shoutd see lhe artict6.

Re: Cusromgr RetationshipManag6m6nt

Thanks forthe email. Yout€ absorutery(9) .......................about th6 importan@ ofCRM, and if you remen,ue|
proposed at that meeting thar w€ inv66r in new CRM soltwa@. Most p€opte @re (1O) ._......_...............
to lhe idea, parly
becaus€ofrh6dlflrcultyinfindingsofi\rar€(11)..._................wiltrourorhertTsystems.tsaidarthetimethatthey
wereabit(12)..................._..invision,burir's.orbo(13)....................._forusto$an.f[puttog6rh6rashortreporr
based on th6 id€as (14) ...-...........-.....-..
in rh6 arrict€and circulate it. Thanks again.
194

oun + preposition

A Noun + preposition
a Here s a listof nounsand ihe prcpositions
normallyus€dwith them:
abililyin

ditficultywith

B Noun + preposition (from unit 46)

a Manyoi the verbsin unit 46 haverelat€dnount wlh the s.me pr€position.
Hereare
someexamoles:
a9reementw th/about

C Noun + preposition (from unit 47)

a Manyof theadjectives nounswirhthesamepreposton.Hereare
in unir47 h.verelated

suitabty for

D Rise, fall + oflin

a Words.efedng io inc.eases and dercares(liker,!e, laL etc)can be fo owed by of or rn.
Of rcfersto an amount./, referslo the thing thai hasincreased or decreased.
Therehas beenan increase/riselreduction/fall in aaeratino Drofit of 3a/o.
 48 NOUN + PREPOSITION 199

E Connection, relationship + withlbetween

a One thing hasa link with another.
Ihete is a link between tyo things.
Wordsthat can be folowed by eltherpr€posiUon
include:connectian,link,relatianship,
conttast" differen e
Thereis a cannection/relatianshiplcontun with what happened last year.
Thereis a canne<:tionlrelatianshiplcont?st between bst Wat and thisyear

F Need, wish, ,equest + for

a Nounsmeaning'need'or tequest' hdvefor aft€rthem. Examples nc Lrd€applicationfo,
demand fac need foc oder faa preferencefor, rcquest for.

G Prepositionalphrases
a Hereis a listof commonpreposilional phrares(peposition+ noun phrase):
at shortnotice,at costprice,at a good pnceiat a proft/loss,at first sight
I ve had ta call this neeting at short notice becauseaf the urgencyof the situation.
It's tliffi.ult to sellat a rcasonableprcfit when labou castsare so high.
by accident,by carlbus/taxr,by chance,by creditcad, by hand,by law, by rnstake,
by posi/cou.ierby rcium {of post)
We net in the streetby chance. lt was quite unexpected.
Pleaselet us knaw you decisionby rctun as fw+ker delay will result in hlghet casts.
tor a change,for lunch,for pleasu.e.
for sale
Wauldyou like to lain us for lunch?
We always eat pizza. Tonight let'sgo to a Thaircstauant fot a .hange.
in advance.in bulk,in cash,in chargeof, in connectionwirh, in debt,in the end,in lavourof,
in general,in. hurry in the markel(companiet,in my op nion,in rtock,in fnancialtems,
in the pipe ne, in touch,in trouble,in otherwords,in wrt n9
We need25o/oof the total pice in advance, with the balancean receipt ol the gaads.
|'n sotry vtE don't have that nodel in sto*. We re expeclng sane mare next week.
'Iruesto6
Ttst boughtuhateuelsta.kr wta avaiLdbLh lk b.lieI tl&t uorc lositire ew ea! in the
pipeline,'an ondlytsoid. (ShanghiiD.ily ivebsite)
on the basisof. on busness,on foot, on hand,on hoLd,on hoiday,on the Internet,on the
otherllfe, on loan,on the market(productt,on order,on ih€ phone,on p!rpose,on sae,
on strike,on television,
on tack, on a trip, on rhe whoe
I think we (an nave forwatd on the hasis of what we ve discussed
We don t have any in sto.k ight now but there are 20 ikms on otder
n ldr CaLd,nan.Ct,hdn ap tuna, w^ on hand,a da
ra A.hl.itdct.at , xp.,i.ttll dpdl'ndt
thej"dftidl cngn'eeitg (Busines Week website)
The uonot'y tM on ha.h lot rcauery,Mr sakai:'d irt'sted. Theretwuld, he said,bagrowth d nng
tE dtent qua ex (FT.corn websire)
out of date,out of order,out of business
Vetsian6? Yaursoftu/are is a bit out of daE isn't it? Theyre seling veEian 8 now.
Sorry the lift is out ol otder. Youll have ta use the nairs.
up ro oare,up Io you
I useve\ian 8 of this sottware - it's the nost up to da€.
I dan't nind which renaurant we go to. lt s up to you.
2|X, 4a OUI{ + PREPatSlTlOttl

48 Practice

ExerciseI tIIl
with a prcpositionfrcm the list below.
Completethe sentences
between betw€€n {or tor in in cf of te to with with

1 Haveyourcceiv€d theemailyousentyesteday?
a reply......l9---...
2 ]he demand.................
microchips isverycyclical.
3 lhe esultsthi5yeararein nrongcontrast.................
thoseof theyearbefore.
4 Thereisa strongcofiast -..............--
theseresults
andthoseof the!€arbefor€,
5 What5thematter.................
vourPC?Hasit dashed?
5 Lastyeartherewasa fall...-.....,,,,....
unemployment .................O,5o/o,
7lsthereanydifference...,...,,,,......thesetwoboxes?lheybothlookthesame,
I Atthe momentlcanlthink of anyro|ution.................theproblem.
profitswa5disappointing.
9 Theincrcase................. Therewasa ise.................
only47o.
10 l'd liketo placean order.................
fortycases
of singlemaltwhisky.

Exercise2 f ![
Completethe sentences
with a word flom lin A anda word from lin B.
A: .advantagefocus involvementobjection payment price suitability tFecbh
B: of of for tor in on to *ith

1 We're9oin9to change suppliels. we haveso much....1!'...r14h!-e-....

tilh.. rhem.
2 The.......................
...........
oil has gonedown by$2 a baffelsinceJanuary.
3 The..................................usingasmall@mpanyisthithey'teu5!allycheapel
4 We'rewastingtime,wene€dto.....,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,...,,,,,,,,,.themainissue.
5 We haven't r€ceived ..,,,,,,,,............,
,,,,,,,,,,,
the lastinvoiceyet.
5 Doesanyone haveany..........,,,,,,,,..... thatpropos.l?
.......,,,, OK,it3 aqreed,
7 Therearerumours ot theh,..........,,,,,,,,...,
.......,...
illegalarm5
dea15.
8 lt!aviolentfilm.l'mnotsurcabouti6.......,,,,,,,.............,,,,,,,avounoaudience,

Exercise
3 tr
underlinethe corect words,
'I
4lrn filst siglt it lookslikea gooddeal,but w€ needmoredetaikatltb a hurry
2 A: Shallw€ try usinga differentsuppli€rbyllor a change?
B: tt3 uplout to you.
3 Arc you payingbylin ca:hot bylin opdit cad?
4 Thehousenextdooris torlat sale.ltS be€norlir the ma*et for ages.
5 Veryfew Eoardmembersarcatl,ir favourof the merge.,n/O, the whole,theythink it will createmo€
prcblemsthan it sohies-
6 We needto keep,iDlontoudr with the situationas it develops.
7 Are],ouhereonlfor business or onlfor de6ure?
8 A: Didyou do it bylon purpose?
B: No,ot courseno! | did it bylon m,istake.
9 Byl/n financialt€rmsthqy'renot doingwell.rhefre $ t0m inlout of debt.
I 0 A: *tick, irs PaulBrockJrcmTycoatlon th€ phone.
B: Canyouput himatlo, holdwhilellook for hisfile?OK,l'veJound it- l'lltakeltat/on theother
line.
 4a I||OUll + PnEPOSltlOltl 20i

Exer<ise4 E
Studythe underlinedprepositional phrases.Writethe entence letteraFl) containingeachphrasenextto a
similarphrase l-l2 below
a) l'm sony,I think we weretalkingat crossoumoe' Letme makemyselfclear
b) Forthetimebeinolthinkw€ shouldwait Weran makea decision later
c) lt3 to our advantage to wo* togetheron this.We'rcall in the sameboat.
d) lr wasfantasiticnews And it (amecompleGtyout ot the blue.
e) Ther€3two newproductsin the pio€line.They'llbe launchedlaterthisyear,
f) Youhaveto be reallyon the ball.Theshuationchangesall the tim€.
g) l'm speakingqfflhC_Egadof course,but the companyis closeto bankruptcy.
h) As youcan5eeits quitecomplicated. Bul i!_a_lgblhellwe mun act soon.
i) We?eadhidEg here.lf theytake usto courtwe'll prcbablylose.
j) l m afraidthenewCEOisout of hisdeothwiththislatestcrisis.
k) Sorry,its a!ftthe-qlr$iao. We couldneverag€e to that.
l) h the lonorun sharesarea betterinvestment thanbonds.
1 aboutdiffeEntthingswithoutrealisingE 7 unexpectedty !
2 quick-thinking andquick-acting 8 beingplanned andprepared n
3 to sayit biefly andclea y
=
L--l 9 overa lonotimeDeiod n
4 in thesameunpleasant situation n to for a shon-penod
of trme n
5 ln a situationthatistoo diffcultfor him n tt nol possrble n
6 in a situationthatmightcause trouble n t2 unoff'crally n
Exercise5llll
Complete
thesequence prepositions,
of emaibwiththecorrect Thes€rondnumberin eachbracket
shows
the number
of lettersin th€word.

Th. IntBrurBG ior rh€ post of lt manager aE happ€nlnq n6n ssk. €nd PeEonnet have just s6nt m6 hrorm6ton
(1r5) Aig'al. .ll the @ndldatos, I thoughr re should q6r logorher to diqse the CVs and th6 quoq ons wB are sohs rc
tocus on in th€ lnt€ryi€ws.
H6b Er€ ny ihouqht6,(2,2)...--....--.myoprnron rh6E rsa n6€d (3-3).......,,...som6on6 wlrh a good knowt€ds6
(4-2)............Bystem8lnreg€tion, b6eus6 rh6 ddn@ly (5-a) --...-......ourdcnr tT sy6t6m ts thata[ thB parls work
soparEtely -!u. w€bait6, th6 bact-ffi@ p|b@slng. blllhg, our supply chain 6tc, I hop6 re @n find s endidato who
has shown.u@56 (6-2)...---.....-deallng with alr th@ pro@ss in rh€ir pEvloG lob. but Personnerhav€ €r@ady
wamed me thst ih€€.6 lack (7-2) ......,.....Earry 3ton9 €ndrdates.
Arao, a lot or our lT jnfra.lructurc 16qult€ (&3) ..........--of daie and @rl h€v6 to mak6 a bis inv€sh€nt (+2) ,,,...,,,,..
n€w hardwa@sn. w6 n*d som@n6 whoS (lo-2).....-...... touch wnh whars (113) ...._....._sate (12-2) ,,...,,,....the
mark€l and €n take €.ponsibiliry (133) ..--.....--.th6 whol6 pumha.lng prc(:es-
What do you think? lf3 (14-2) -....-....-- to you - l'm f.€€ for a reoting mGt momings n6x w€6k.

Yes, w€ should have a me€ttng. lt will be good to disos ttE€ rfiin$ (1+2) ....,.......adwn@ (16-3) ...-........a chang€.
Usuallyth6 int€Nlews are (17-2) .---....---.
such shon noti@ that w dont g€t a.ian@ to calty took at lh6 CVs togglher
the kind of qu€tions @ c going to.sk. Next Tu*day mominq woutd be good for
and msk€ d€cbions (1a-5) ..----...--.
202

nds, graphs and figures

A craphs and figures

a Hercaresomecomrnon
typesof graph:

tlhtr@ffi
Nlmbe6 can be writtenar symbols(10)or words(ten) nforma wlt ns r.rse
symbosfor tarqe
else(ordnas likesecond,two numbe6loqether,esrimates,
amountsand wods for everything
etc) Seeexercse4 on pag€205

Nolethe fo owing waysto tay numbers:

f6 15 sixpaunds fifteen

Notethai a decrna point is writtenas a dof. not a cornrna ke in some anguages.

O25 noughtlzeropaint turaf/ve (NOTp€+F++,*/eF{y+rfe)
Largenumbers:
Acomma can be usedto separaterhous.ndsfrom hundrcdsNoticethe useof ,and inBrrish
English.
6,244 sixthousandt a hund.ed (in BrEand ArnE)
6,284 sixthousandttuohundrcdand eighty(in UE, hut ArnEhasno,and,here)
2m two nillion (NOTFdli€F5)
2.5n two point five/two and a half nillion

B Trends
ditfeenlrerds (= rendenc
a Studytheseverbslhatdescribe es).

Etr::L f-
|
| . . .
t--'-
---

r_L_
t---.-
t - \
l \
 49 TRENDS,GRAPHSAND FIGUNES 203

a Note ako: to doublq to triple, to halve.

a Notetheseiregularvel1)foms:
90 - went - gone grow - gtew - grown
ise-rcse-risen fal-fe - falen

O Notethesenouns:
a ise, growth, an inprcvenent, a fall, a drcp, a peak,a rccovery a half, a doubting
ManuId.tulnsindbtry adeR inJdrsdryrose 1|.1%ton the sonepenodd fenr ea ier,Nnparcd
uith faM^ of an 11.2% ti'e. (wan SrreetJoulnalwebsite)
seerho uni 43 a Nore_hp'ollowinqplepoiilions:
salesincreasedflon 55.4mto r5.8rn. (nan and linishfigures)
salesincreasedby $0.4m. (diffepncebetweenstdftdnd finishfgures)
Therewas an increasein salesot S0.4m. (aiter a noun or noun phras€)
Therewasa 3'k inctease in sales. (b€forcthe thing that is changing)
T1r slnrc of U.S. copitals|tndks de@tcdb nfonotio,l teelhololl hG norc thai tiplcd lihd
1960,frod 10% to 35%. Fieldstlrh a: biotctholog dtebooni'9. (B$ine$Weck website)

C verbs and obie<ts

to usevedsin theight way.Studythesethrcegroups.
unit25 a lt s important
seear5o
velbsarealways
Transitive fo owedby anobiecti
We'llBise/lowe .ut/maintain hissalary (with an object)
(BUTNOTH*.*l€ry+vilkahe4€s€r aii€in.)
verbsareneverfolowedby anobject:
Intransitive
lnflationwill ise/fall/grodgo up. (withoutan obj€d)
(BUTNOT@)
verbscanbe usedwithor wilholt anobiecl:
Transtive/lntr.nsitive
We'llinoease/de$ease/imprcve/rc<ovetou maket share.(withan object)
ANDOu natket sharewI increase/deqease/improvelre@ver (wthoutan object)

D Adverbsand adiectives
a Wecanuseadverbs to givemorcdetails
aDdadjectives aboutvefbsandnouns.
sleed
quicklylquick rapid change significantlylsgnificant atge change
grcdualy/gradual const.nt,regularchange sharylylsharp suddenchange
steadily/steady slow,st€p-by-stepchange slightly/dight smach.nge
Salesqrcw steadily. Therewas a sbady growth in sales.
SoJdr, 6.25 billion USD hs poeBd itto Ronatia ow lE l6t dtude, with 16t y't\ fir"Es
shawinga slight itd^e at 1998, otdi^! to lazst Tiade Regittry datd. (BLlcharestBusiness
Week website)

E Linking words and phrases

a Linkingwordsa€ usefulfordescibinqtlends.Theycanjoln p.rts of a sentenc€or link across
see units41 -44. Herca.ejust a few exampesl
sentences.
addition and, in addition
contrast b./t a/though (+ subject + verb), in splte of(+ noun phrase),however
be.ause (+ subject + verb), becauseotdue ro (+ noun phfale)
result so, thetefore
204 49 TRENDS,GNAPHSAiID FIGUNES

49 Practice

Exercise1 n
Wrte in wordshowyouwooldsaythe numbers in brackets,
if British
Engtsh.
Thereisan exarnp
e in
secrion onebelo',ro helpyou.
A andanother
r (4s6,780) .f.eoj:..hrardred..*ad..fiftJ.tjx therr.'adr..t.'e.v.e^...hl,|^d..ced...a^d
2 \1,84)
3 02,300)
4 (12,030)
5 (12,330)
6 fi20,300)
7 (r23,000)
8 (12:,330)
9 (1,230,000)

Exercise
2 f !!
Llnderline
thecorrect wordi
1 IleE wasa slightly/rtgbtsein profitslast month.
2 We roserhcreased our profirss/tghttlsr?ht lastmonth.
3 Thefewasa sharpfall,iolofoursales lastquarter
4 Oursales fellbylof6% lastquarter
5 we felllrecovercdov marketsharelastquarter.
6 Oursha€ priceh/t/beata lowldown la* monIh,6ut jt hassincerecuperat_.d/recoyeled
and now
standsatJin13.18.
7 Ou shatepticercached/meta toplpeakin May,but itl fallenbacksin(ethen.
8 lnflationis inc.easings/owBlor,ry'yat the moment,/h/ by aboul1% a yeat.
9 lhete is a slow/ slowlyinc.easein the rateof inflation,of I by about1oka yea(
10 Operating profitswentfrcmt2-S.r.to/untilf3.1n.
11 Dividends paidto sharehold€rs raisedlroseby6%. Lanyeartheyfu///cut
12 Thkyearwe ralsedlrose dividends to shareholdels. Lastyearwe lel//cutthem.

Exercise3 !
Completethesentences witha wordor phEsefromthe listbelowLookca€fuilyat the punctuatiof
to see
I thewordsjoinpartsof sentences
or linkaffosssentences.
becausebecause
of so although in spiteof ln-€dditisu however iher€for€
I saesareup sx. ....1t!...4C.Ci!i9t.. , marketsharcis up 2%.
2 5.lesareup5%..............................
, ma*etshare isdown2%.
3 5alesare!p 5%,............................-
market shareisdown2%.
4 Salesareup 50,6.........---..................
a dropin ma*et sharcof 2076.
5 Salesareup 5%. ............--..---..........
, we shouldgeta bonusat rheendof ihe y€ar
6 sal€sareup 5%, ....................... well allgeta bonusat rh€endof th-.y€ar
7 Saes.fe up 5% ......................--.....
the newadvertising camp.ign.
8 Sales.re up 5% ........................---..
the newadvertising .ampaiqn hassrad€d.
 49 TRENDS,GRAPHSAND FIGURES ZO5

Exercise4 E
Matchihe rulesfor formalwriting15 withtheexamples
aFO.

1 s for datesandla.geamounls
Usesyrnbo
;t a) We ll needtwentyfourpeEon teams.
2 (fi61,Jecond)
Usewordsfor ordinals n b) Twelvepeopletook part in the meetng.
3 Usewordsfor two numbe6together n c ) $ 1 0 0w i l l b ep a d o n 2 8 A u S U s t .
4 Usewods at thebeginning oi. s€ntence n d) Thercarethr€emainrecommendations.
5 Usewordsfor estimates n e)We haveabouttwo hundredemployees.
6 Usewordsfor numbe6belowten ! fl Thisir ouf th rd annualrcport.

Exercise5 g
Wrte the phrases
from the i5t belowon the appropriat€lines1-6.

considerably morethan 50% arcund50% a littleovet 500,6 exactly50olo a most50%

a ittl€ lnder 50% muchlessthan 50% about 50% prccisely 50olo slightlyrnorethan 50%

404/d L......
4AVd 2 a . . . . . - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ./. . . . . . . . . . . .
48-521o 3 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5oo/o 4 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52lo 5 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6ao/o 6 ............

Exercise6IIIII
@', Complete theconveBation between a financialconsultant,
AndrewCutting (AC), anda sales director, Wood(CWJ,
Chris
by und€dinin! thecorrect words.
^c, Right. B€forewe decideon the condicionsfor rhe
loan,we needto havca caretullook at yourbusiness.
I ve got rhe saler(1)lratqt/gaphic tot l2srye2rttg}jr
here.UD. canyoujusr go through the figlres for me?
cw, of couFe.Ar you cansee,sal€sat the stafi of the ye:r
wer. gtire (2)fat / le'el,(3) so/ althoryhr\at\ nor
srtptis;ng(4) beerce/d/e to we alwys have a quiet pedod after ChrisrMs.
^c, OK, but iherc Mnt 6nch of ^ (5) ttuwr / ttu ery over the spring period, was there? From your
gnph I see rhat ar rhe (6) pe,l/r&,' in June you were onty Q) ketu'ed /up
(8) by / with l'ro (9) hi ion / ni iors (L0) pornds/ oI potnds (11) sina/ o4 t[e J^nttary fisure. whai
happened?
N, We[.it... itwsa dificult tmding period for us - our nein comperitor(12) ,r,4e,l their Plices
(r3') sisnij&rt / sis"6antly. \14, HoM / In spiteoIi tt\e se.ond (1s) hdf / halre of the yed things
starte.l to lmProve.
r, Um. How did that happen?
c\r, WeI. we launched a senes of new producis onto the market, and you'[ see that sales
(16) ised / nse (17) st'dtp/ sha"t over rhe aurDm.

cw, In fact the ff went (18) rolatltl a tirde (19) rrtr / overifeen nilli'on$ the end ofthe l€ar'
Nov, we wele very happy with those resDlrs.And we er"ecr the increse (20) o/tr salesto
continue this leat Ou salesforeca*s m looking very good.
e Um, we[. that does look pomising. ] tbinL Ne can - -.
205

unctuation

A Capital letters
a captalletteE (al5ocalleduppeKaseleners)..e lsedl
to beqin a 5entence Thankyau lar you leftet of 28 iuly.
ior namesof people Jin, Helen, Mr Armstrang, Mts lones
for namesof ofganlsatons EurapeanCamnunity,Ministtyaf Finance
for titlee of books, etc As lin Tuckersaid in 'Managing Change',...
for n.mes of places Pais, FBn.e, Europe
for calendarinfo.m.ton Monday,March,New YearcDay
a I n b o o k a n d f r m t r t e s , r n r awl o . d t k ea n d ,a / t h €a n dp r c p o s i t i o dn os n o r u s u a l lhya v €
capitals,unlessthey are at the beginning
His latest filn is (alled ln the Heat of the Night .
a Somewods can be writtenwith capitak,or n lowercare.Theseare:

the Ntnettes,the ninetles

Sheis a gnatl salesdnecbr (generaluse),sa/€i Dlrecrcr (ob t t e)
compdsspo nls the eastof Scot/and(description),
the far Easr(pac€ ndme)

B Full stop (.)

a Fullnopsareusedat theendof sentences
a Fullnopsaresometimesusedin abbrevatons
to showthatlettersn . wordaremissng.ln
modernBritish
English
theyarenot usedsooften.
prcr.ETaytotMp eg te et<

C Comma (,)
. A comrnain wiling represenls a briefpausein speech.Wh€na sentencehasseveraclauses,
commasare placedbebreen1hemio makethe sentencee.ser to read
We da a lot af businesswlh Asla,and its an npanant matketfar us.
We da a lot af buslnesswith Asia,which is an inpanant narket far us.
But we lse a tull nop, noi a comma,to separatecompletesentences.
We do a lat of businesswith Asia.lt s an inpaftant narket far us.
(NOr@.)
a A commais usedin lists,excepifor the lan nvo temswherewe useand.
Thlsproduct is safe,hygienic,practicaland.heap
We can lse a commabeforeard il the lasttwo temsin rhe listare long.
Thisproduct E safe,easyto naintain, and kind to the envirannent.

a Linknq wordsat ihe beqlnninqof a senrencearc fo owed by . comma.

ln fact, the Poftuguesemaket is gtowinq fan.
Linkingwods n the middleof a sentencehdvecommasbeJoreand afr€r
The Pattuguesenarket, on the other hand, is qrowing fast.

seeunn23 a Commasareusedwith non deflningrel.tiveclauses.

Thisptodu.L which is the tap of our range, retailsat t250
a A commacan ntrodrcedirectquotes
A Llay.ls agentsaid,'fhis will nean sone very larye claims.'
 50 PUNCTUATION207

a Whenwriting directspeechwe usea commabeforethe actua wordsspoken.In report€d

speechcommasare not Lrsed. Compare:
Your salesdirecbr said, Yes,that might be possible.'
Your salesdire.tot sakl it night be possible.

I Siudywhe€ we put a commawith largenumbe6:

260 1,569 18,500 127,000 4,65A,000
Notethat in sorneotherlanguages a decmal
a dot is usedher€.A dot in Englishrepresents
point.

D Semi.colon C)
a Wecanjointwo sente.ceswLthrelated m$ningsusinga semi-(olon.
We needbetbr technology;beftette.hnologycostsnoney.
a A semi-colon is alsousedto sepaGtelongtemsin a n. Noticethe useof commas and
semicolons in thisexamPlel
lnstlutionalinvesto' include^lonura,thelapanesesecuitieshouse;GECof the us; and
Aatterhouse,the UKinvestnentbank.

E colon (:)
a A colonintrcducesitemsin a list.
Theinput sele<torhasfourpositions:CD DVD,tunerandauxiliary
a A coloncanintroduc€an explanation oi theprevious partoi thesentence.
Chinais booming:outputis up, profis areup, confidenceis high.
a A coloni9alsous€dto introdlceexampLes.
weJe enteing a lot of new rarke6, egl the Balt, states.

F speechmarks (' ') (" ")

a speech marks(alsocalledquotation markt ar€usedwhenwe writetheaciualwordsthat
someone says.Punctuaiion goesinside.Th€ycanbesingleor double
"rhisshateissuewill supplythecapitalwe need,'satdAlanJonesof MSD.
AlanJonesoI MSDsaid,'fhis shateissuewill supplythecapltalweneed.'
put nsides nge speech
a Titlesof book, €ports,films,etc,aresometimes aid we put
marks,
pun.tuation in thiscase.
outside
1strcnglyrcconmendJin Iucker'snew book ManagingChange'.
Bookiilles,etc.canalsobe put in itaicsratherthan
speech
marks.

G Question mark (?) and eiclamation mark (l)

a Quenionmark onlyoccurafterthequestion.
He asked,what are thenost inportant issuesfacingaur company?'
marksareusedin inform.lwriting,bui arenotconsidercd
a Exclamation in fomal
appropri.te
witing.Theyshowsurpise,pleasure, etc.
Guesswhat'shappened!I vejust got engagedf
2OA 50 PI'NCTUATIOiI

50 Practice

Exercise I !
Rewriteeachsentence,puttingin anynecessary
capitallette6.
1 we?emeetingprcfessorthomason tuesdaye\,€ningat eiqht.
....Were..x+1r.lx
.F.-e.f.e.r..;.er
..fb.*..p-+..IwCry...cyet\rA4..4J..sit!1:...
2 lastfebruary
i metmarycaryenter
for thefi6t time.

3 timworksin the nofthof france,about50 kilometres

frompais.

4 myfavourite filmis 'stranqeE

hitchcock on a train.

5 carolworksa5an officemanagerin a marketing(onsultancy.

6 i'vejustrcceived
the rcportpublished
lastmaybythewo d t€de organization.

7 on ch stma9
daywe ll 90 to myparents'
housenearbrightofin russex,

8 thinkjeanisgojnqto be interviewing
thedeputyfinanceminister
nextweek.

Exercise2IlIlll
Tick(/) theone5entence in ea(hgroupaFc)whichispunctuated correctly.
1 a) 'What3the bestwayto contrclour costs,sheasked?' nfv
b) 'Whatbthe bestwayto controlour costs?'sheasked. L
c) 'Whatl the bestwayto controlour costs,'sheasked? n
2 a) Weallagreed, thatprotectionism,wasnottheanswer !
b) Weallagrced thatprotectionism, wasnottheanswer n
c) we all ag€edthat protectionism wasnot the answer tr
3 a) Helenwho is a veryexperienced in\,€stment analy5t,agreed. n
b) Helen,who i5a veryexperienced in\,€stment analyst,agrced, n
c) Helen, who isa veryexperienced invertment analysl ag€ed. n
4 a) Hetoldmenotto waitandsaid, 'l'llsee youlater.' n
b) Hetoldme,notto waitandsaid'l'lls€eyou later.' n
c) Hetoldmenotto waitandsaidl'll seeyoulater. n
5 a) Thep.oblemissimple, the€stoo littleinvestment, andtoo muchwaste. n
b) Theproblemis simple;there3too little inve$mentjandroo muchwane. n
c) Theprcblem is simple:thereStoo littleinvesimentandtoo muchwane. n
6 a)Thefiqures are:inflation 4%, unemploymeni 5.4%andinterest n
rales80/6.
b) Thefigures are:inflation,4%, unemploymenl 5.4%,interestEt€s,8%. !
c) Thefigures areinflation 4%, unemployment 5.4%,andinterenrates8%. n
7 a) Annexplained thatnobodyhadmadea decision yet. n
b) Ann explained, that nobodyhadmadea decisionyet. n
c) Annexplained that,nobodyhadmadea decision yet. n
8 a) Sales hn yearwere$4s00000 jun
whilepofitswere 9620000. n
b) Saleslastyearwere$4,500000,whileprofitsv/€rejust $620,000. !
c) Saleslastyearwere$4,s00,000,whileprotitswercjust $620,000. n
 50 PUNCTUATION 209

Exercise3!E*H#A
Rewfte eachg.oupof wordsso that it containsthe punctuationlistedin br.ckets.
1 Fi6t of.ll is therea demandin the ma*et askedsue \one fuI nap, ane rcnna, one queniannark,

1Fi!:t.t..91..A,11, A..1.1W,!d i^ the M4rket ?' Arked <ue-.

i.1...r.19..
2 l'm sorryKimhesaidthegoodswouldariveon timebuttheydidn't lonefu stop,twoconnas)

3 lacksaidthatwe shouldtearup the plantfoEetabouiit andstartagain \onefuI nap, tuvaconnas)

4 When saw my bossI went up to him and eid Can I hdveFrid.yofi p ease lone questiannark, three
canna, speechmarks)

firmcouldn'twe saidF€neois(onefullstap,twocanna'
5 Ontheotherhandwe couldusea different
oneouestionmark,soeechma(s)

6 Helo AlansaidTinahow wasthe meetingyeneday \anelull stop,thteeconna, onequestbnna*,

tu\/apaiBof speeah
nark' onecapitalbttel

lookat themanLJaagan (onefullstop,wo connas)

T lf l werevo! l'd askfor somehelpor perhaps

8 OilsharcsdidwelllastweekStandadOilwasup 2% Exxon group

wasup I 8ol"andth€Ango-Dutch
Shellgained2.3% \onetullstop,t/to connas,onecobn)

Exercise4XSEE
Rewrte thisemail,addinganynecessary capitalletters andpunctuation. alsoncud€susing
Theexercise
aoos$oohes for contractedverblorms(/'ve,/ rt, etc).

It was grear to h€ar fbm you and hanks lor th6 photo ot everyone on the MBAcouE6 il brinqs back happy m6mories
and im suro youl agr6€ rhat we were lucky te have such inter€stingpepts h ouryear
im glad lh.tyou w€r6.u@esstulin your s€arch fora job in plblic €larions iv6.ot been so lucky so far im afraid i
applied forajob atthe beginningol lh6 month in theinan6 dapanm€nt of a large swiss owned pharmaeutical
company id ba very well qlalified for lhs iob but i slill havsnt haard an,'thing if i dont get an answer soon illlry wriling
ag.in actually ifidonr ho.ranythlng iwont be too dleppoint€d ba€us6 it s€6ms their@mpany isnl doing loo wellat
th6 momgnr and idonr rhink thered b6 many opportunlllestor pomolion
ivs t16€nm66ning to 6mailyou fo. ages aboutsomelhinq else do you by any chan@ have alison andjimR,ddress im
planning on vbiting lh6ir cily in the autumn and id like to €llin and s* thom wiat about you do you hav6.nv plans lo
6me h€r€ it would b€ wonderful to se6 you again a.d you knd you.6 w€t@m.lo stay whenever you want
w€ll lhats all for now im going away iomow aor a iew days to visn my parents and ive got to pack and get readv
rhanks again forthe phob and n was 5o ni@ to hear rbm you again
210

Test 1 Verb tenses: present (units 1-2)

Exercise 1
Cornpeiethesentences by puttingeachv€lbintothe presentsimple or prcsentcontnuous.use
(/
.ontractjons m inne.d of I an, da't inneadof do not, etc)wherepossible.
(youdo)?
1 A: what .........C..9..)Pi.a..C9..........
B: 'm an engineet
2 A: what .....^f.e...)P!a...d9.i1!......(youdo)?
B: l'm lookingfor a file.
(notunderstand)
3 canyouhelpme?| ........................................ spanish.
4 CanI callyouback?! .... ....- - (talk)witha client.
(notsell)
5 ThispDduct........................................ aswellaswe hoped.
(know)
6 l'l getin touchwithyouassoonas| ........................................ theresults.
(stay)
7 | ........................................
at thetvlariottHotel.tllbethereuntilFrday.
(youofier)anyspecial
8 ..........................--............ dealsoverthesummerT
9 o!r company ................... ........(make)
partsfortheautomobile indlstry
(you
10 When........................................
usuallyarive)at wo in themoming?
(come) to wolkwithusontheNBCprcject
11 Jack........................................ fora fewweeks.
(come) f.omLeeds
12 Jack........................................ in thenorthof England.

Exercise2
Decide
if usesaFh)areusually
associated simple(P9or present
withlhe present (PO
continuous
a) factsandpermanent situations e) habtsandrcutines n
E
b) actiofsandeventsin prcgressnow Ll 0 temporary stuations n
c) arrangements forthefuture g) fixedtimetables tr
=
d) verbsof thinkinqandfeelinq Ll h) currenttrendsandchanges
n
l,,4atch
sentences 1-8 belowwith usesaFh).
1 Shestalfingon anotherlinenghtnow,canI askherto callyoubacl? E
2 Weofiera net!orkingsolution thatiscustomised,
rcliable
andsecure.Ll
3 We relea5e figuresfor total salesandnet eamingse!€ryquarter. n
4 lm arriving in Munich at 10.30. n
5 Theplanearrives in Munichat 10.30. n
5 l'm workingin ourcustomer servicesdepartment
thismonth. !
7 Interneifraudandqberc meisincreasing allove.thewo d. n
8 OK,lunderstand whattheproblem is now- n

Exercise3
Putthetimeexpressions
ftomthe listbelowintotwo categories:
thoseusuallyusedwth the present
simple,
usedwiththepFsentcontinuous-
andthoseusually Wfitetheexpression
in thecorrect
colurnn.
aiier,always,assoonas,before,curently,everyday,hardlyever,never,at the moment,mostof th€
time,nexi time,normally,now,nowada)'s,occasionally,
often, |a|ely,sometimes,
thesedays,twicea
year,until,usually,
when
Present
simple Presentcontinlous
^++.er
 TEST' VERBTENSES 21

Exercise4
Putthewordsintoihe correct
orderThefirn wordisgivenea.htim€.
1 | at dboui one o clockhaveusuallylunch. I
justa sandwich
2 Lunch oftenis. Lunch
3 lfiom time to time visitin PadsHeadOffice. I
4 everhardlyam late in ihe moming. I
5 everhadly takethe trainto work. I
6 | prcparconcea montha salesreport. I
7 | mits a Eoardmeetingnever I
8 | am ate for a Boardmeetingnever. I

Exercise 5
Someof thefollowing sentencesareight andsomearewrcng.Puta ri<k(/) nextto the rght ones,and
co.rectthewrongones.
1 I'm supplying youwitheverything on yourlastorder.
2 fr+g{€eing with youcompletely. . | ^{e?......
3 Ou.chocolates arecontainingonlythefinenifgedienrs.
4 Ourchocolates ar€winningprizesalloverthewortd.
5 We'e settng up subsidiaries in PeruandBolivia.
6 We'reowningsubsidiaries in PeruandBolivia.
7 'm th nkingtheywill makea decition thisweek.
8 I'm thinkingaboutwhattheywilldecidethisweek.
9 At firstsight.itSseemingto bea sensiblesuggestion.
l0 At iirstsighr,hel makinga sensiblesuggestion
l1 We'rchavng a lol o'troublewithoursuppliers
12 In thesecircumstances we'€ havingno alternative.

Exercise6
Competethesentences by puttingeachverbintoa formof lhe present simpeor present continuous. In
eachsentence theverbsmaybe in thesameor differenr renses.
I Every iimeinflation (qoup),people
.................................. (demand)higher
.................................. wages.
2 Inflaiion (fall)
quitequickly,
.................................. (mean)rhat
which.................................. ih€
government cankeeprnterest rateslow
3................................iyou/wait)forVictoriachambers?t................................. betong.
4 Whatexactly (ourcustome6/wanr)?
.................................. Nobody arcund her

s carlodoesn't havemuch-experience of thissituation. (hope)

| ..................................
he
(know)
.......... .................... (do).
whalhe ..................................
6 Whaiexacrly...................-
. (you/mean)? (nor/understand).
| ..................................
7 Whatexacty...--.............................(you/say)?..........,......................(you/wa

.....(yourchicken/tane)
8 ........................... oK?Thefoodhereis usually
veryqood,butof.oulseit atl
.. _-. (depend) on whichparticularchef .. . ....(work)in the ktchenon
Test 2 Verb tenses: past (units3-4)

Exercise I
Wfitethe pastsimpleformof theseirregular
verbs-
'I become....................... 8 fall....................... 15 meet.......................
2 begin....................... 9 find.................. 16 pay.............
........
3 break....................... 10 foryet...........-........... 17 send.......................
4 bring....................... 11 grow...................-..- 18 shui.......................
5 buy....................-.. 12 keep....................... 19 spend.......................
6 choose..............--....... 13 lead....................... 20 undeEtand..................
7 e a t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 14 lend

Exercise2
Underline
thecofiectwords.
1 WhenI gatlwasgettiaghome,I heardl washeaing yourphonemessage.
2 WhenI wasat NorcomI usedto dainlwas clainingall mytravelexpenses.
3 Whenthe compltercrashedlwas crashingI pinted outlwasprintingoul lastmonth'sf gurcs.
4 while the planefook offl wastakingoff, I stattedlwas sia,'tingto feel unwell.
5 We wantedlwere wantinga reliablefirm, 50we chose/ werechoosingPhillips.
6 We usedto havelwerehavlngan officein Latviaand Lithuania,but ihen we combined/werccombihirg
at ourEstonia
allour Balti(operations office.
7 WhenI afiivedlwasahving at the officeJanwaitedlwaswaitingfat tr],e.
8 Thedoorwasopenso I knockedlwaskno<kingandcanelwascomingin.
9 Iheyarguedlwerc aeuingaboutthe merger whenhesuddenly /osflwas/oslnghistemper
10 Whenlwaslusedto be in London lastsummer lylsttedlwas visiting
a difte?ntnlseumeveryday

Exercise 3
Complete thesecond sentence soit hasa similarmeaning to thefiBi sentence thewordin
andcontains
Thisexercise
brackets. practises the pastperfectandusedto.
1 Michael madesomenotesandstarted witing. (had)
After...........111i!kql..ll*d...&*ds..........
somenotes,hestarted writinq.
2 ThisInternet connection isslowerthanbelo€. (didn't)
ThisInternet connection .... ...........
to besodow
3 | wassurethedi5kwasin thisboxl (forgonen)
I wassure................---.................-.-.................
thediskl
4 In the past,the factoryptoduced4,000unitseverymonth.(used)
Thefactory ...--...........--------..............---..---........
4,000unitsevery month.
5 | thoughtthearticleseemed lamiliar(had)
I thought .........................-...-...........................
thearticle before.
6 Franzleft beforemy arival. (akeady)
BytherimeI arrived, Franz.
7 whenI wasyoungerI wentskiinga lot.(used)
1.....-----....................-----.................--....alotwhenlwasyounger
8 Themeeting finished latesowe wentstraightbackto ihe hoiel.(had)
Wewentstlaightbacktothehotelbecaule................................._....................
 TEST2 VERETENSES 213

Exercise4
frcm th€ l5t below
Compete edchsentencewith a suilablelime expression

at on in wh€n while/when

1 The computercrashed...v.!hilC1.Yr\e^..I was loadingup the new software.

2 . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . .d. .i.dy o uf i 6 t n o t i c et h €f a u l t ?
3 We sentyou the lnvoi.e.........................the end of lastmonth.
4 c entralEuropewas changingveryIapidly .................... the nineties.
the fifteenth.Haven'tyou rccelvedthem yet?
5 we lent th€ goods ........................
6 ............................ they raisedinterestratesihe eurorccovercdaganstthe dolldr.
. a sc h e c k i ntgh e i n v o i c essh, en o i i c e d
7 . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s. h. .e.w a sma mistake.
8 T h et l v o c o m p a n i emse l g e d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 9 . .9. .8.
9 w e m e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e. .i.q. .h. tf o r a b u s i n e sbsr e a k f a s t .
1 0 W h a tw e r ey o ! d o i . g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I.c. .a l l e d y o ut h i sm o r nn 9 ?
1 l W e c h a n g eodu r a d v e n i s i ncga m p a i g.n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h . .e. .b. e gn n i n go f t h e y e a r .
l 2 l ' l l c h € c km y f i l e sa n dc a l l y o u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h e m o r n i n g

Exercise 5
by puttingoneverbin the pansimpleandonein th€ pasiperfect.
Competethesentences
1 whenthefilmsrarted
| ...............rca1i1e4. (reali!e)
.......... ..Gee)t
| ...............hAd..r.el!\.........

2 Bythetirne| .......... ... .................. (geoto thephone it .... ..................... ................ Giop)
nn9rng.
3 H o w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( y o u / f.n. .d. o
. .u. .t .).t.h. .a.t.y. .o. u
. ........... . ( g o 0 t h e j o
4 Before | ......................... ..(oin)ABNL............................................. (work) asan
Investment anayst.
5 | ............................................. (send) heranemailjun to seehowth ngsweregoing. Meanwh e, my
boss .............................................. (akeady/spoke) to her boss.
5 | .............................................. (always/suspect) thattheconiract ....................
(not/be)legal.

Exercise 6
Complete thesent€nces by puttingtheverbin brackets intoeitherthepanperfect or pastp€rfecicontinuous.
1 By an christmas L..........h4.d-..deSjded......... (d€cide) t wastimeto changernyjob.
2 | .....ha.d..be.a^..Jh.1Bi13.... {think) aboutdansing myjob forsometimebeforefin.llydecided.
(wait) foroveranhourbythet mehearrived.
: | ..............................................
y, (already
4 Actua | .....................:........................hear) thenewsb€fore shetoldme.
5 Thelrshare p ce........... ..... (rise)
.... '........ steadily b€forc themerqer wasannounced.
give
6 lcouldn't hjma liftbecause 1 (notfinsh)work.
............................................
7 Theyqetonverywell,bltthey..............................................(nevermeet)untilt
8 Myeyeswere hu'tinq be.ause 1......................... (look)atthe
................ screena day.
(see) thenewdesign
9 AftefI .............................................. I realisedit wasgongto bea greatsuccess
10 Theyclosed downthefactory because it ................ . .....(lose)
moneytor yeau.
Test 3 Verb tenses: past and present (units5-6)

Exercise 1
Underlife
thecoffector mostappropriate answe6.
1 t'n waitingll'vebeenwailrc herefor ages.
2 Themarketsha!€ hadlhada sharpfall lastweek.
3 Themarkets ha€ hadlhada sharpfallthisweek.
4 Waita moment, /'ve/efal//eftthe innructionmanualin theoth€rroom.
5 /'ve/eftl//eftthe instructionmanualnen to the PCwhenI wasusingit earllel
6 Howlong are you vwkitg/have W beenworkinghe'€?
7 Hurryupl Howlongare yougoinglhave tou bealgoingto be?
8 Wecan'tsupplythe goods because theyhavent paidldidn\ pay\he deposl.
9 We couldn'tsupplythe goodsbecause theyha!€n'tpaidldidn'tpay lhe deposil.
10 l'm waitingfor Sue.Whenhaveyou lastseen/didyou bn seehet?
11 l'm waitingfo. Sue.Haveyouseenher?lDid W seehet?

Exercise2
Crogsout themistake in eachentenceandwritethecorrection at theend,
1shei5sendingemailsallvveekbuthasn'tplacedanod"ry"t.............14t...b1q1.
2 Wehavestaftedthiscou6eth€e weelsago.
3 A: 'Whathaveyoubeendoingallmorning?'
B: 'l'vebeenw ttenlettels.'
4 Whenhaveyouarrived in thiscity?
5 Youhaveeverbeento India?
6 Paulahasbeenorganised a press conference.
7 saleshavebeenrigingsincethreemonths.
8 I livein thiscitysincelwasborn.
9 I waitherea longtime.wherehaveyoubeen?
10 Ldidnt givaa presentation before,so l m a bit nervous,
1l L'mwatingfof their€ply to our letterfor threeweeks.
12 Howlongdo youworkin thiscompany?

Exercise3
Completethe witha suitable
sentences timeexpression
fromthe listbelow
yet for €iF€e often ever never alrcady sofar jun always
'I 'velivedin mycity-centre flat---t!.^Sg... 1998.lloveit there.
2 Thanks forthe present! wanteda goldRolex!
l've...........--...
3 l don'tthink l should drinkany more. tve--.-............
hadfourwhiskies.
4 Haveyou................ beenself-employed?
5 I ve ................
headthatwe'vewonthecontEctlCongratulations everybodyl
6 Huffyupl Haven't youfinished ................
?
7 Ninahasworkedin thiscompany overfiv€yearsnow
................
8 l've-...............
beenwhite-waler Eftingbefore. lts an interesting
experiencel
9l've.-..............passedthisbuilding,butthisisthefi6ttimel'vebeeninside.
l0 We'vebeenverybusyon thestandthismoming................. we'vegiv€nawayover200brochr.res.
 TEST3 VEiE TENSES 2T5

Exercise4
complete the second sentence soit hasa similarmeaning to th€firslsentence. Youmayneeda newverb,
or a t meexpresslon likethosein ex€rcis€ 3. Usecontractions where possible.
1 lan€doesn't workat thiscompany now
thiscompany.
Ja"e.....................h4r,..!9.t1....................
2 Thiss thefirsttimel'vebeento ihe Unitedstai€s.
| ............--.----........ to theUnited
............................-...... States before.
3 Thai3sttangelMywallet jsn'there!
That3 nrangel ................... .. disappeared.
4 | sawa friendof you6a few moments ago.
a rrenooryours.
.......................
5 l'mstillwrUngthis report.
l. ...........................................................th|sreporiyet.
6 Westarted workingherethrceyeaEago.
Wev€be€n...... ......................
.....three years.
7 lsthisyourfilstvisit10Latinamerica?
Have you........................................
...................
betor€?
8 lt3 a longtimesinceI spoketo Giorglo.
| ................
................
.............................
lo GioEiofora longtim€
9 lsAnnastilloutof theoffice?
Has.......,,,,.................. backyet?
.................................
10 l'm sorrybut Rachel Dawlonisn'there.
l'msorybutRachelDaw5on has..................
.....................
.................
out.
11 | lastsawDavidin 1996.
1.................................,,,,,,,......................since1996,
12 | ctsme to liveh€rcthreemonthsago.
l'vebeen.......... ,,......
thr€emonths.
13 Hownupidof mel My laptopisstillin thecar
Howstupid oi mel| .......... ...........
mylaptop in thecar.
14 l'm stillreading thisreport.
| ................................................................
rcading lhisreport yet.
15 Paulleftthebllding a momentago.
.............
Paulhas................................................lhebuilding.
16 Haveyoub€€nto Scandinavia at anytime?
Have you................................................................
to Scandinav a?
17 l'vehadEnglish l€ssons in mycompany sinceJanlary
l'vebeen......................,......... ......... Erglshsince January
I 8 lt3 agessincewe lan hadan orderfromCWP.
We..............-..................... anord€rfromCWPlorages.
19 Thisisthefirsttimel'veeatensnails.
l've...-...........................................................
snails before.
20 | nartedplaying tennisaboutsixmonihsago.
aboutsixmonths.
l'vebeen................................................................
2l I don'tfemember Helen\phonenumber
HelenS phone
l've..--.....................-......................................
number.
22 sheh.s a different opinionnow
5he.......................-........................................
herm nd.
23 Thelasttim€ls.w M.rgarctwasMonday.
I haven'1.............-....................-.............................
Monday.
216

Test4 Verb tenses: future (units7-8)

Exercise 1
llnderlinethe cofiectanswers.
1 W aiI Iat me. ALbel l'l havebeen r€ady in a moment.
2 We'd better wait he€ until the rain itopilnil/ siop.
3 That looks very heavy.Wil/ //5ha// / help you?
4 We finish the cou6e tomor@w so we're g)ing out/we go out fot a dink.
5 l've just head the weathet lo.ecatr, and i6/it's going to be sunny tomorrow
6 A: Do you want me to phonethem?
B: No, it3 all .ight, iT doli m dol149
it.'
7 Pleasedon't leaveuntil I cone back/wil .one back.
8 Juliewon't be here next 'week.$e'll wo*lshe'll be ,rorking at our other office.
9 Theflight attendanti5callingus. I think we wll//v!€re 9oin9 io boad the plane.
10 fhey'I proba ylhey obabt wiil cut backthe traaningbudgetnextyear

Exercise2
Cross
out themistake in eachsentenre andwritethecorrection
at theend.
1 tg€+€fhr lenn6on Sarurday. Wouldyouhke1ocome? l'i...lgtY.. t"...pl+y...
2 Thevisitors fromiapanwill hereat 9.30.
3 Justinewill probablyto getthesalesjob.
4 Sueis going lendmehercopyof the repon.
5 Byefor now I seeyoulaterthisevening.
6 sorryl'mnotseeyoutomollowI haveto goto London. .................,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,......,,,,,,,
7 Whatyougoingto discuss at thenextmeeting?
8 Theflightprcbablywillbe delayed.

Exercise3
Decidelf usesaFh)areusually associatedwith evl4e|o,l?gto, ihe present (/m dolngr),
continLrous theflrture
coniinuous(/7 be dolhd or the futureperfect(/? l)avedone).

a) luturefacs.................!*i!!.................
or f ),edf Jturearrangements................................
c) nstantdecisions ...........
d ) f J r u r ep l d n sd n d i n l e n l i o n s . . . . . . . . . . .
e) p€d ctionswithpresentevidence .............
0 generalopinions aboutthi futu.e
q) lookingbackfromthefuture
in prcgrcss
h) activiiies in thefuturc
Matchsentences 1-8 belowwith usesaFh).
'I wete goingto launchthe newmodelat the Bologna show d
2 sorryaboutthisconfusion. l ll tookintoit ightawayandI'llcallyouback. n
3 l'm meetinq mybankmanaqer on Thulsday. We'rehavinglunchtoqether L l
4 |ihinkwe llprobably makea smalllossthis year. Ll
5 Nextyearwill be the renthanniveEary of our companv. !!
6 Duringrry pFs.ntarion lllbe describing th. keybenefitsofour rewseace. Ll
/ Judgrng byrhesengutes, we'regorngro makFa smdlllossrhisyear n
8 . lt3 nota difficuhjob.
We'llhavefinished bylunchtim". tr
 TESI4 VERBTENsEs 217

Exercise4
Complete thes€cond sentence soit hasa similar meaning ro thefirstsentence.
Th€answers
inctude
these
totms:will,wan't,shall,prcsent simple, present continuous andfutu€ contnuous.
1 | promise to phoneyouwhenlget back.
you.
whenr set back,.........|.i!1..p19t:-e........
2 Wo! d youlikemeto closethewindow?
..................................
I close
thewindow?
3 After the conference we cantrar,€lbacktogether.
Whenthe ..........-.......................
we cantravelbacktogethe.
4 They€fuseto lowertheir pdce.
They........-....-....................
lowertheirprice.
5 Whatjobwillyouhaveaft€rthe company reorganisarion?
What......................,...........doingaftefthecompanyreoEanisation?
6 l'll waithereuntilit nopsraining-
Whenit stops rajnin9 .............--...................
leave.
7 Howabouthavinga drinkafterwo ?
....--....................-.-...
we havea d nkafterwork?
8 Ale youfreetomorrowevening?
A€...-.........................,,,,,
anythinq tomorrow evening?

Exercise 5
Rewriteeachsentencewiih will, shallot goir,gto, $ing the velb unde ined.
I Sarahdoesn'tplan to get involvedin any researdyet.
..J*f*h..i:nl!-..1q!.Y..1e...4-. invotved in anyresearch
yet.
2 Howabouth.vinoa gameof tennisat theweekend?
a gameof tennis
,..................,,,,,,,,.........., at theweekend?
3 l'vedecided to !llJ!! Arabicin Caa.o.
. Arabicin Cato.
4 | prcmise to be backbeforcmidday.
.. beforemidday.
5 | haveanappointment to seethedoctor, solcan'tcome.
. thedoctor,soI can'tcome.
6 | promisenot to i9I9g!.

7 l planto dq my MBA in F6nce.

my MBAin Fran...
8 Wouldyou likeme to beb you with thosebags?
with thosebags?
9 lt! possible
for us to qooe backlaterif you like
. backlaterif you like.
10 intendto lsk my bossaboutopportunities for promotion.
- my bossaboutopportunities
for promotion.
1l I want to hale the salmon
Lhesalmon,pl.asF.
12 l'vedecidedto hayethe salmon.
. . . . . - . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h
. .e. .s.a. .l.m
. . o. .n .
2ia

Test 5 Passives (units F10)

Exerrise 1
Crossout the mi5takein eachsentence andwrite the conectionat the end.
1 NilshiE+€€a€#€ra newFb in Brazil.
2 Yourparcelwasbeenposted'€sterday,
3 A newjndustdalsitei5 be developed out5idethe town.
4 All the food at the receotionwasate.
5 Goldis nill producein largequantitiesin SouthAfrica.
6 Nothingwill beingdecidedbeforenextwe€k.
7 Theprerentationis givingat the HotelIntercootinentat.
8 l'vejust heardthat Cadai5beenpromotedto Ma*eting Dir€ctor
9 Theintroductionto the reportwasw ting by the CEO.
10 lManycustomeEarelosingthroughpoorafter-sale5 s€rvice.

Exercise2
Rewte eachsentence with a fEssiveve6, without mentioningwho did the action.
1 Theauthoritieshaveclosedthe casino.
.........119...sn'j*"-..f
sr-..*-4.^..ietd.|.......
2 Someone
brokeintoourhous€last!\,eek.

3 Peopleall overlhe worldspeakEnglish.

4 Thelocalauthodtieshavefinallyopenedthe new motolwata

5 Someoneleft this umbrellain receotion.

5 Thecity councilwill banall raffic from the cjty centre.

7 Fi6t w€ mb(the two liquidt th€nw€ lea\€themlor 24 hours.

8 TheorganiseEa€ postsoningthe meeting.

Exercise 3
Completeth6 secondsentencasoit hasa similarmeaningto the firn senienceandcontainsthe wod in

1 Theyhavejun servi(edall our machines.

(had)
--
w" .................h+ygjl.'l...kd_..+!1..9!f.{:..}+li!^ot,c.ui."d.
, .o..,,*"o.y","*f"*n;;;.d,J--
Tomorow| .,.............._-...,,,
3 Theypdnt€dlome business cardswith the n€w togo.(had)
We-.-.......................-.........
4 Theyarecomingto deanthe carpettomorow. (having)
We...................-................
5 ]hey havejun ref(6edmy requenfor oedit (hao
 TEsri PASSTVES
219

Ex€rcise4
a4 52 underllne
the cor€ctwordsin thisarticl€.
v,

A Race Against Time

,- olemmrs acos Euopee ateady
lJtrt sraaugrleur sta .d to norry.
wlly? B€aurc low bi.th .ales combined
with loreq Iife expelarc' (2)acdrlary
hea|t thar the conlinent wil soor have
fewer peoplewotkins md few{ People
payine 1ae9 As a rcsull, a whole mep
of measurcsmu$ 13)rakelbe raken ro
deal with the problens thar rhis chage
in demognphics(4) v'ill brinelvill be
At the rccenlAnnual World Economic
Forun iD Dav@, Swilzerltud, a ession
called 'Refomirg Pcnsion Systcms'
(s) took plo.etws taken ptace. 'rne
spesker,dircctd of the populationdivision
of the UnitedNatiom,(6) ,igli/t8rt d/rar
,tgrliBrred that ihis is a global problen,
norjusl a EnrcFd one.Ho{ever thetuctr
cmor (7) is,orclr" is,ord: tbe situation
in Eurcpeis psticulely snous. tsk di
fte findinss of a recent Europ.a.
Conni.sion study: Iralys popllation
(8) expecktis exp..ted lo drop fron
58 rnillionto 48 milion by 2050,Spain\
\9) \'ill Joltt t il bela .a fton 40 nillio
ro 35 million, and Ccmlny s from
82 milion to 76 nillion. Swcdcnis oneof
lhe few comtries wberc the popllation
will prcb^bly (10) iacreoseI be increased.
And as the population8 eel sndler,
they e also getting oldei F om 2007
onedds d enomous pdl of Eurcpe\
Wpttati,o (11)Nilt sta t*ill be staledro
ctir. solutionswiu hale ( 12)mrrdlr, ,.
lound to deat vhh the problems that
tttis Nitt (13) createt h. crcat.4. Cen^inly
gove.nmenh must (14) .ftowd8e I be
encoltuged prieate persion plms, and
old"fashioncd tax and social security
moA.k must (r5) took dtlbe loak.d dt i^
d completely new Pay, r

Exercise5
soil hasa sirnlarme.nng to ih€ lrsi sentence.
Competethese.ondsentence who didth€
Donot mention

1 Someone checked thesefigu€stor melastweek.

L !+d..tt'e1.e-..!jA4l.-et
.S!!ejl-e-d. ...... .... astweek.
2 Theygrowmuchlesscoffeen Coombiathesedays.
-hese
d4s
3 someon€ de vefedthisp.ck.gelhismorn.9.
T's p.craqe
4 Thecitycouncil is redevelopingtheod dockands area.
T'e ojddo.kl.-ds a,ea
5 They've pui !p inlereet raiesaqarn
nLeen .let
6 We discuss yolr ide. in ihe meeing tomotrov'.
You ided
7 Thetechnician innalled somenewsoftwarc on myPCyesteday
Yesterday | ......... on myPc
....................
8 Tokyois myplaceof birrh.
| ................................ ........................
n Tokyo.
9 Whenisyourdateof birth?
Whenexactly. ....... .. .......................
.....born?
10 Someon€ sioe Petersc.r hn w€€k.
'loe lc'lwe"l
11 D d anyonetell Alexaboutlhe meeiing?
abort'lhemeetnq?
,,;";";,;;";;;"";;;;;;;;;;,i;;
220

Test 5 Modals (unitsi.t-14)

Exercise l
Undedine thecoffectword/s.
1 ThatlookslikeCartoroverthere,but it qaatlmun t be HeSin G€rm.ny.
2 Marieisnt at heroffice,soshecanlmustbe on herwayhere.
3 | think youne€dtolha!€ ,e.esray ro get someadvicefromyourco eagues.
4 lsyourcardoordamaged? Someone mun fiedlhaverr'atto bre.kin.
5 ltb gettingverylate.I rhinkwe d bettert we w)utd payrhe biil and teave.
6 | night/canbe ableto hetpyou,but t,mnotsure.
7 Yes,its a goodidea,we should/musr consukmo€ (tosety withthe unions.
8 lt! absolutelynecessary wesho{r/d/mujr conslltmorectos€ty withtheunions.
9 LlCy.an'tharclnusthaveh€adthe badnews.Shetookssohappy.
10 Satry, I musttolhaveto qo now.tdont wantro oe Er.
11 Younight notldon,tneedro comero themeeting if youtebusy.
l2 Thi!invoice can'rlmu5fnt beright.It saysf550 to repai.rhephorocopierl

Exercise2
Complete
eachsenience
wirha wordor ph€sefiomthe tisrbelow
haveto hadto d€irt+arc+e didnl havero musl mustn,t rnlst have
mighthave should coutd
1we'retryinganewdresscoae.we..denli..|4v.g..t9..wearfomalctothesonFridays.
2 You..................................
touchthatbuttont Thewhoteproduction tin€wt stopl
3 l'mnot9ure. butlthink| ,,,..............,.........,......
rnade a mistake,
4 Before wea9ree, we'll..--.-........,,.........,,,...
sluoyihecont|act rnmoredetail.
5 Sorry I can'tstayanylonger| rcatty ..............
..................
9o nowor t, rniss mytrain.
6 lf youneeded thegoodsu.qentlla we ........ ....... ... .......speedup theoder
7 Sorry l',mlate,but| .......
..........................
golo rnedocror.s.
8 lt .................................
b€enembarrassing foryouto torgethisname
9 lth nkwe ......... ........................
a(cept theirofferlt3thebestwe,ltget.
10 Luckly,L.......................
.......attendthe meeiing y€sterday, soJmanaged to finisha nrypaperwolk

Exercise3
Matchthe usesof would.)-g)wirhthesentences
i-7 betow
a)ofieflfghetp b)ofieringthinqs c) potitercquestd) tnvitations
e)repodrng wharsomeone said 0 imaginary futorewith ,if, g) pasrrefusai
I Wouldyoumindca ingbackt.ter? C
2 Whatwouldyoudo if th€yrefused ro neqoti.te? n
3 Wou/dyoulikesomemiikin yourcoffee? I
4 WouldyoLrlikerojojnusfor dinnertomorrowevening?n
s Theywouldntreduc€ rheprtceunderanycircumstances.
ll
5 Wouldyo! likemeto openthewindow? n
7 Hesaidhewouldcal ba.klater n
 TEST6 MODALS 22'I

Exercise4
Complete
thesecond
sentence
sothatit hasa slmibrmeaning Usea wordor phrase
asthefirsts€ntence.

can't miqht should hdveto don'thaveto €cgh{-i€ can'tbe miqhtbe

m'.rst
be shouldb-"
1 lt wouldbea goodideato bing in a fim of consulrants.
we ........9$|J...1-o-.......
b ng in a firmof consultants.
2 lt'snot necessaryfor you to leavea deposit.
leave
You..................................
a deposit
3 I m surethatisnt John.b€cause hesin Pans.
That..................................
John,because he'sin Pas.
4 ann isalmostceftainly witha custom€r
Ann..................................
witha customer.
5 expect the meeting will be finishedbyten.
Therneeting ..................................
finshedbyten.

1.,,,..............................
taIe.
7 Wearcnotallowed to dispose of waslein thatway.
of wasteinthatway.
We. ................................
dispose
8 Perhaps l'll seeyouon Thu6day evening.
......seeYouon Trru6day evening
9 ts therulethatwecheckallbankrefercnces.
We . .....................
.......
checkallbankreferences.
10 You'dbetterspeakto herassoonaspossible.
speakto herassoonaspossib
You........,,,,.,,,,,,,.............. e.

Exer<ise 5
Competethesecond
sentenc€
sothatit hasa similarmeaning Usea phrase
asthefirstsentence. lromthe
listbelow

f,€h*e€ can'thave couldhave shouldhave(x2) mt]nhave shoudn't have mightnot have

I Perhaps Davidmadea mistake.
David......x!41''t...hav.e......
madea mistake.
2 'm surethatsheworkedveryhardon thisprol€ct.
worked veryhardonth s prcject.
She..................................
3 L'msurethewarranty hasn't expned akeady.
..............
Thewarranty................... expned akeady.
4 lr woLrldhavebeena good ideafor you to tellme.
You..................................ro|d
me.
you
5 Perhaps didnt seethe inewe launched at rheMunichFair
You..................................
seenthelinewe launched at theMunich
Fail
5 lwdsexpeciinq themto call by now
..........
Th€y....................... called
bynow
7 i wasa badldeafor usto drop prices
our sornLrch
We................................
dropped ourp cessomucn.
8 ll wasposslblefor usto seethis problem coming.
we ....................
......seenrhiroroblem Loning
 Test 7 Questions (units 1F15)

Exercise I
Whenwe makequestionsin spok€nEnglish,w€ often teawout the auxiliaryverbandthe subjectpronoun.
Forexampfe.inneadof saying,Doyou |ikeit7' we say,Ukeir?,.Wdtefult questionsusingthe lldediled

I Finished
yet?We'reallwaiting! Have-..ye$...{i.^itk-d-..
y.el3
2 see you tomonow?Areyouburyall day?
3 YouIookrela€d. !o4e a nicetime?
4 Paulsa bit difiicult.(!eW what I mean?
5 Hi,Tim.Coming out for a ddnklat€r?
6 Eeenwaitinglong?sorrytor the delay.
7 Intereningconferencqisnl it. Eniovinoyoulself?
8 tlea&lthe laten?babelis takingeart retircmemr

Exercise3
Matchthe beginnings
of the phr6s€s
with thehendings.
I Doyoumindif 1... a) closingrhewindow?
2 Wouldyoumindif | ... b) closedthe window?
3 Wouldyoumind..- c) .losethewindow?
Somebody asksvlbuld.youmird ff I cl6ed ttrc window2yol wantthe windowclosed.Tick(/) the answers
youcouldgive.
4 Yes,lwould. !
5 ruq ol coure not. E
6 Goahead. !
7 Please do. n
 tEltt 7 QUE5IIONS 223

Exercise 4
W te shortans e6 for ead question,beginningasshown.Usecontractions (dont insieadof do no0.
1 DoyoulikeBrazil? Yes,...........!...d..e..........
. No,........1..-d9!\::
........
2 DoesKaren likeSrazil? Yes, .,,,,,,,,........--.-..-.....
. No,,,,,,,,,,,,,....,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,
3 Have youwo*edherelong? Yes,...,,........................
- No,,,,,,,,,,,,,.......,,,,,,,,,,,
4 Areyoucoming wlthustonigln Yes,........................-.....No,.............................
.
5 lsKaren coming withustoniglt? Yes, -..-..........................
No,...................-..........
6 Canyoucomeon Friday? Yes. -...........................
. No,.................-...........
.
7 Wll yoube heretomonow? Ye5,.............................
. No,...-.........................
.
8 Didyouhave to paya lot? Yes,..............................No,---........................
9 lsthatyourcoat? Yes,.........,,,,,,...............No;........,,,,,,,,,..,.....,,,,
.

Exercise5
Completeeachs€ntence,usingthe vetb in brackebwherenecessary,
1 A: ,...-y.g*4...h4!e..4p-t-.. (havego0 the fit€, haven,tyou?,
B: 'Yes, of cou6e.'
2 A: They'llbebackby4.00,..................................
?'
B:'lexpectso.'
3 A: 'You,,,,.,.,,...........,,,,,,,...,...
(eave)no /, areyou?'
B: 'Sorry, I reallyhaveto 9o.'
4 A: 'They've beenherebefore,.,,,,.,,..........,.,,,,,,.,......
?'
8: 'Yes,lthinkso.'
5 Ai'Youcanm€d Madoleine et th€station,,..........,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,....
?'
8: 'Yet of course.'
6 Ar'You...............-----.........(forget)thesamplet didyou?'
Br 'No, of cours€not.'
7 Ar '..................................
(be)hereyesreday, wee you?'
B: 'No, I wasnl
I A: 'Youdont happen to knowthetime,..................................
?'
B: '59rry | don'f
9 A: 'LetShavea brcaknow,..................................
?'
B: 'O( goodidea.'
10 A:'Youhadthesamethingfor lunchyEterday, ..................................?'
B: Yes.'

Exercise 5
Putthe wordsin the con€ctoiderto m6kequestions.
1 takevEadoyouf ....De-..ye*...+*t+e..Y.rf.+.?
2 pleas€ lcans€€themenu?.....................................
I excus€ mehereanyoneissitting?...........................
4 tromwhidrcountrydo @meyou? ...........................
5 towhoyouwereiunnowlalking?......... .....
6 \ivhatmeando youer€ctlyby dtal? ........................
7 a littl€morespecificyoucould
b€7 .........................
8 'ivhattimethenextbainto Brussels
is? ..........
9 youcanrellmev,/hattimeisthenexttraintoBruss€ts?....................................
l0 thisbriefcasetowhodoesbelong? ......................
1l couldI tromherea phonecallmake?
12 do thinkyou I couldmakelrom herea phonecall?
Test 8 Conditionals (units 17-18)

Exercise 1
Undernethecorrect words.
1 lf we sentthe goodsby sea,ihe transportcostsw'i{/ueqd be much owef.
2 lf thetprcnotelpranotedthebrandbetter,they'llgainrnarket share.
3 ll youleft/ had left ealier,you mighthavegot thereon t me.
4 lf anyonefrom HeadOfficevisits,theyalwaysnaylwil/ stay n a fivestarhote.
5 lf I weleyou,/ d/i 7 callthenTechnicalsupportnumber.
6 lf l hayeliadmoretime,l'd beabletocomeup witha solutlon.
I lf it breakdownlwillbreak doM, ittakesddysfor theserviceengin€erto arrive.
8lfyouneededrhemoneyDryenIly,Icouldphone/couldha!€phoredAccountsnowtot

9lfyouenterthedateinthewrcngfomat,thecornputerdoesn'r/d/drtrecognisetheinfo
1a ft wed beenlwewercmorccareful, we wouldnt havelostsomuchmoney.
ll lf I hadboughtmo€ sharct,I wouldbeconelwould havebe<orne rich!
'12 lf yoursecond goes/ev,//
interview 90 well,l'msurethey'llofferyou
thejob.
13 ll youvwuldhavebackeduplba.ted up yourfilesmo'e of\en,yauwauldnl iskldidn't risk asingall

14 ll youhadn'tlwouldh'thavea(ed soquickly,
w€dbelwearein b 9 trouble.
I
15 | needto contactHeadOffice. wishI mymobilephonewith me.
haL€lhad
16 lwish ir 6/rvasF.idayl

Exercise 2
Complete usingtheverbin brackets
eachsentence, in oneoi thesetorms:wil/do, wouldda, wauldhave

1lfwegotavirusonthenetwork,we.............rdl1.rld...l9r9.............(ose)allourdata
2 li mytrarn (be)in Parisai
isn'tate,1.............................................. sx.
3liyourtalkhadbeenshorter,lthinkthey.............................................(a
a I'youte mewhdlyouwart.| {get)ir fo' youarI.e a 'po'r.
...............
(get)morcinqurries
5 We.............................................. if weadv€rii5ed moreoften.
6 lf we hadn'tleftsoearly, (miss)
......... thetran.
7 lf wo*edabr@d, (notsee) myfarny sooften.
| ..............................................
8liyouhaven'tgotanychange.1..............................................(eav€)the
(sortoui)theproblem
9 We.................-.......................--.. muchsooner l we hadhadih€manual.
10 li youwerein hissituaUon, what--................................
.. (you/do)?

Exercise 3
Completeeachsentenceusingif ot unless.
1 Theirofficesareverynear.We'll walk therc,.................
itb ralning.
2 We would probablyget the contract.................
we dopped our pricea little.
. . e. . h u r r yw e ' l lm i s st h e p l a n e .
3 C o m eo n ! . . . . . . . . . . . .w
4 ............ you haveany quenions,pleasefeelfreeio call.
5 Whatwould you do...........-..... they refusedto negoiiaie?
6 l d o n ' t f e e al b l e t o t a k e ad e c i s i o n . . . . . . . . . . .l.h. .a. .v.e a ltlh e f i g u r e s .
 TEST8 CONDTTIONALS225

Exer<ise4
Completethe sentence {or eachsituation.
1 Emmadidnl leaveearly,andsoshemissed herflight.
f fnmd kd le{+ e^r!y . she 4q4!dt:!...kyg...yi.ted hett ishl
2 Hedidn'tmakemorecopies, sowe don'thaveenoughfof everyone.
lf he....................-''''''.
. .......................
enouqh forev€ryone.
3 l fo.gotto bing yourmap,sol wenttothe wrongbuilding.
lf | ..............................................
, | ..........--...............-..................
to thewrongbuildinq.
4 Theydidn'rinvestin newt€chnology, sotheydidn'tsurvivethe recession.
lf they.................-.....................--.................
, they..............
.........................
therccession.
5 Youdidnl wait,sothishashappened.
lf you.............. .........
this...................................
.
you
6 | didnt realise we€ sobusywhenI asked to helpme. you
lf L...........................................-....................---.
, 1....... .........
to helpme.
7 TheGovernment didnl collapse. sotherewasnla c sis.
lf theGovernment .............................
......,,,, , there..................................
a crisis.
8 Theydidn'tbringouttheirnewmodelon time,sotheylosimarketshare.
|ithey....................-........... ............,
they..................................
market

Exercise 5
Choose thecorrectcontinuationfor eachs€ntence.
1 I wasnltakingnotes,andnowI can'trememberwhal shesaid. E
a)| wishI tooknotes.b) lwish l'd takennotes
2 Thisisa veryunusual situation. n
a)| wishl'd knownwhatto do. b) | wishI knewwhatto do.
3 Ouroffices arcin thecitycent€andthe rentisveryhigh. tr
a)| wishwewereoutside thecentre.b) lwishwe areoutside thecentre.
4 Theygavethejob to anexternal candidate, but oowtheyregretit. tr
a)Iheywishtheyhadn'tdoneit b)lhey wishtheydidn'tdo it.
5 | can'tenterthesystem because I don'thavethe password, !
;) lf onlylwouldhavethe password- b) lf onlyI hadthepassword.
6 Therearetoo manysimila.models on themarketnow. n
a)lf onlywelaunched ourveGion ea ier b) lt onlywe hadlaunched ourversion
earlier
7 l'm wodedaboutthe meetinq nextFdday. Weneedto reachan ;qreemeft. n
a)lwishwe succeed. b)| hopewe succeed.

Exercise 6
completeeachsentence usingtheverbin brackets.
I We'renotthe marketleader, but lwishwe .........!Ygl_e..........(be).
2 Hemadea messof allmyphotocopyinq. lwish| ....-... ........(do)it myself.
3lpressedthewronqkeyonthecomputerlfonly1.. ........---......(notdo)it.
4 lcanl undedandanythinq Mariesa),s. l wish| ....................----.....
{speak)French.
5 Youdessen (order)that
look good-lwish1............................. too.
6 They?e meeting atthemoment.lwish (be)a flyonthewall.
1...-.................--...-..
7 Thisinformationisimpodant.lwish (give)itto mebeforc.
you......-......................
8 LooklThere3 . s3leat Haffods. (have)
lf only| ............................. myVisacardwith me.
Test 9 Verbs + -ing or infinitive (units 19-20)

Exercise 1
U!ds[!g the coffectwords.
1 | realycanl affordlqrailealrhg in suchan expensive restaurant.
g
2 Do you mindto comelcont backin haffan hour?
3 Doyouwant to comelconingbackin halfan hour?
4 Katedeniedb givelgiing the officekey5to anyoneelse.
5 Headmitted to ma*e/nd*inga s€rious mistak€.
6 Remind / RenembermeIo callSyMathisafternoon.
7 we havebeenting to enterlenter;,,9ihe Chinesema*et for sometime.
8 | hopeto belbe,]ogat the nextmeeting,but l'm not sureif I canmakeit.
9 | expectto belbe,hgat the no( meeting. I thinkI canmakeit-
10 lf sheisn'tin the offi(e when you call,keep to lrylt4l,ing.
ll I considered everypossible option.I evenimagined b resignlresigning.
12 I refuseto be/le!€/be/leving that we can't do it. We haveto try hardet
13 ladmitfo belbe,ing a littlecareless lan time,but lwon't do it again.
14 I cant stand people to lnterruptlintetrupting allthetime.lt! sorude.
15 Whercdo youfanq to golgoing fot lunchtoday?
I 6 l'vearrangedlo mee|/rneetirgthemat theirhotel.
l7 We guaranteeto der!€rldelt€lng the qoodsby the endot lune.
l8 lmagine to wrl4lw/hnh9 the lotteryl
19 ThemanagerFfusedto seelseet9 me.
20 | realisedI hadfoeotten to packlpactinganysparebatteries.
21 lf lmissmyconnection, it means b aftivelativing in Bonnaftermldnight.
i\,
22 | ttied to liftllifting but it was too heaw
23 | etioy b qrt awaylgetingawayto the coastat the weekend.
24 I'd loveto getawaylgEftingawayto the coan thiswe€kend.
25 | iied to peEuadehim, but he rcfus€db rnenl/istert g to me.
26 | '€allyenjoyedto visitlv,i5it/ng yout factoryThankyouverym!ch.
'lhey
27 decidedto otderlorder,inqI ,000 units.
28 Heofferedio meetlmeethgmeat the airport.

Exercise 2
Compleie
thesentences eitherthe-ingformor fo + infintive.
with a verbfrcmthe lin bebw.Choose
get getthrough give raake ise unpackwat
causecome compromise
I Headmitted a minakeon the invoice.
..........k4fri4........
2 Doyoufancy.................--.----.....
with usfot a drink?
3 wages fasterthan
tend..-......................--.. inflation.
4 l .anr m.n.ge.............. ......whenl call.l keep ............. -one.
.. . ane'gaged
5 Doyoumind................--.---.......
fora couple of minuteswhile lwritethisemail?
usthirtymoredaysto paytheinvoice.
5 Theyagreed................-.-..........
7 Thetransportcompany dpny.....---....................-
thedamage.
8 Theirneqotiatingpositionwasv€ryiqid. Theyrefused .............................
.
9lsawhim...-.............-----.......thpgoods,andtherewasnodamagevisible.
 227

Test 10 Reported speech (units 21-22)

Exercise 1
Complete€achquenionin directspeed, endingasshown.
1 JackaskedmewhetherI wasgoingout for lunch.
..........'..Arc..g..fitl...e!+1..ftr..ltnsl?1.............
rackasked me.
2 CarolaskedAnn what sh€haddonethe daybefor€.
........,Ann?'aik€dCarot.
3 Johnaskedus if we oftenw€m to Germanyfor meetingis.
........?, Johneskedus.
4 Kateaskedme how manyintervieu/s l'd donethat day.
........?, Katea5kedme.
5 GeorgeaskedSueif 5hewas9oin9to changejobs.
,,,,,,,., Sue?,askedG€orge.
6 Aliceaskedmewho I hadtalkedto at the conterence.
........?' Aliceaskedme.
7 Thetechnicianaskedme if I wouldbe therethe nextday.
?' thetechnicianask€dme,
8 l\,4ary
askedmewhereoul newoffi(es!\€F,
?' Maryaskedme.
9 Heaskedmeif l'd seenSillre@ntly.
?' heaskedme.
10 Heaskedmeif l'd be s€eingEillat the conference.
?' heaskedme.

Exercise2
Rewriteeachsentencein reportedspee.h,using6 verbfrcm the lin below

advised apologised
for congratulated
on invjted offered Freni5ed
rcfused suggen€d

1 'l'll meetyouat the airpo( sue,'saidMike.

Mike.......d:g!ait:gd...t9..X-e-e.i..5149....... at theairport.
2 'Would you liketo cometo the productlaunch,.,ean?'askedChds.
chris.................-----.-..''. .. . ._____--...theproductlaunch.
3 | wouldnt signthe contractif I wereyou, Dave,'saidPatsy.
Patsy ..............................:.........,.............-....,,,,,,........
theconfact,
4 'Howaboutgettingan alternati€quote?'said Nick.
Nick..................____.._.....................................___.....
an alt€mative quote.
5 'l'm teniblysorryfor arrivingso late,'saidSerena.
serena...---..-......................
6 'ShallI giveyoua lift?'saidMa*.
Ma* -----,.,,,,.,,,,,,.----------...................-.................---
mea lifl
7'Well done,you'vewonthe Emplo)€e of theY€araward!'hesaid.
He...........--.---.-..............-
her-..........-.-....................-
Employ€€ of theYearawad.
8 'No, I can'tacceptanytunher delays,'saidPat.
Pat..................--.....................--.-......................,.
anyfurtherdetays.
22|l

Test 11 Phrasal verbs (units23-24)

Exercise 1
lvatchthe beginnings 1-12 with theirendinqsaFl).
of sentences
'I I;I
n myjob ldeal a) afterthewholesale
sde.
2 TheGovemment istryingto €ut tr in thefied.
b) up withdeveopments
3 Herettheapplication form.Canyoufill tr c) withallthep.perwork
rclated
to
4 | dealwiththerctailsideof the business,
and
tr withouthimon thenegotiating
team.
5 | hopelohn qetsbettersoon.we can't do tr e)
6 Thanks foryourcall,andlloot n culurcand
i) in withthecornpany
of ou|company,
7 Fi|stl lltalkaboutthe history theotherpeoplein thedepartm€nt.
n 9) oownon oureaucracy.
yoLr
8 Before switchoff the PC,make srre you on io ourprcductrangeandmarkets,
back n t overin thenextfewyears,
9 Someof thesmaller in the
compaaies market t foMardto meetingyouonthetenth.
will prcbably
betaken n throughthecatalogue andseewhat
l0 We needsomenewofficechails.l'll look n can lind.
1l These daysyouneedto do a lot of €adingto in bothsidesands9n it at ihe bottom
keep n
12 lt'simportantto finda candidate
whofits n
Exercise 2
Rewrite byreplacing
eachsentence wordswilh a phrasal
the underlined verbfromthe st below

comeac.ossdealwith go on go over l66k{eA/erd*€ pickup putbackto

runoutof sortout takeup

1 Lth]!! l'm SerSlg_edq th€ woekendverymuch.

I k r@k'rM +otu ^rd tP. . trr weeleldverymu(h.
2 Themachine !l!C!aboutfoursquare metres of tloorspace.
Themachine ......................,...,,,,,,,..,.,
,,,..............-- abouttoursquare of floorspa(e.
metres
3 thinkwe'llhaveto dclEjr the meeting untilnextweek.
thinkwe'11have...............-....................-.....................nextweek.
4 They.re not an easycompanyto dorbljrnelsrdUl.
Tl'ey.re noraneasy company ...........................................
......
5 Canyou!q!!Edmefromtheairportin vourcar?
Canyou........................-.....,,,................--.......
lromtheairport?
6 sorry l'm rcallybusy,I haveto continuewritingthesereports.
Sorryl'm reallybusy,I have theserepots.
...............
7 Therc!a smallproblem. wele justtryingto plt it dqbtnow
Therc!a small problem. We?ejusttrying..............-......
8 Before we finish,l'd justliketo summalise the mainpoinisagain.
Before we finish,l'd justlike the mainpointsagain.
-.--....:......
9 l've lostmy pen-Letmeknowif you lj!!! it bylhalle.
l'veronmypen.Leimeknowil .................
10 We'llhaveto continue the me€ting tomonow.Wehaveno morctimelgfr.
W€'ll haveto continuethe m€€tingtomorow. We have.
 IEST 1 I PHR]|TSAL
VERBS 229

Exercise3
Complete
thesentenc€s
witha word{rcmthe lin below
away back by down into off €€ over out through up
1 Ho|d......-o......a moment, that3not exactly whatI said.
2 Ciarewilltake...............-- myjobwhenI change department nextmonth.
3 l hateitwtrentheyputyouon hotdandyoucant 9e1................. .
4 Thetotalbillforfournightsworks.........___..... at f380.
5 Thefactorywillclose....__...__...... nextyearTheyre movingprcduction to China.
6 itt goingto be difficultto get.................
withsLrch a smattbudget.
7 Paolagrew................. in a littlevillage
outside Venice.
8 l'lldropyou.................atthestation on mywayhome.
9 l'll look........ ......theproblem andget .................
to youtornorow
l0 No,I don'thaveit anymore. I rhrewit .............
.. .

Exercise4
Complete
thesentences
with a phtasal
verbfrcmthe tistbetow
catchup with cut downon d€pifi-€a faceup to get backto
get on with get roundto lookforwardto moveon to run out of

1 Willwe havetimeto ...C1-_9t...i4..9!!... Gunterwhitewe,rein Be in?

2 lf you'veall helped yourselfto coftee,I thinkwe should.............................
th€ meeiing
3 Thereponsayswe can.............,,,,,...........
a lot of wastein thefactory
4 lvetriedeveMhing andt'vecompletety ................_............
newideas.
5 Sorryit!taken 50longto.................-...........
answering youremait.
6 Afeyougoingoutfora drinkrightnow?thavea fewthingsto do hercin theoffice,but t,ll
.............................
youlater.
7 Please feelfreeto contactmeif youhaveanyfunherquenions. | .............................
hearing fromyou

8ltlnotgoin9tobeeary,butyouhaveto.............................yourresponsibt/tes.
9 Nowl'd liketo.................___.____....
thenextstidewhich 5hows oursatesbyreglon.
10 Ineedsometime to lookintothis.Cant.............................
youlater?

Exercise5
Matchthe beginnings
of sentences
1-12withtheirendings
aH).
1 My pa€niswerequitest ct andbroughtme tr a) it backto Friday?
2 Whenareyouarriving? W;uldyoulikemeto pjck n b) it forwardto Wednesday?
3 Whenareyouleaving? Wouldyoulikemeto drop ! c) up In a verytraditional
way.
4 PeterTAnycomments? Wouldyouliketo come n d) ofi ihe lghtswhenyouleave?
s Wouldyoumakesur€youturn n e) up smoking.
6 | can'tmakethemeeting on lhursday.
Canwe bring n
7 l can'tmakethe meeting on rhursday.
Canwe put n g) youup?
8 Yes,it is a strangeword-Haveyoutried looking n h) off whenwe entered
a tunnel.
9 l hopethe con of our raw materiats
witt .ome n i) in here?
lO I lltry andlindher canyouhold n
1l HelJo? Areyouthere?| thinkw€ werecut n k) it up in a dictionary?
12 Mydo{torsalslshoutdgive n
230

fest 12 Makeldolgetlhave (unit 27)

Exercise I
llatch the usesofgetin sentences
1J with rheirdictionarydefinitions
aFh)
(sth.= something,sb. = somebody)

I I didnl get homeunrileightlastnight. E a) obtairvbuy

2 I'm qettifga dnectflighttoDussetdod. n
3 Weteonlygettinga 4% payrisethisyear n
4 My nam€s Hugh,H-UG,H.Didyougetthar? tr
5 lts no good.Well nevergetthemto agree. n e) br ng sth.to a place/felch
6 l'm gettinglired.Shallwecontinve tomorrow? n i) undeEtand
7 | shouldgetsornething for mywtfeat tre airporr.n g) peEuade sb.to do sth.
8 l'll getlastyeat figurcs.
lustwaita moment. tr h) travelby/carch(transpon)
Nowmatchthesesenrences withsomeoithe definitions
aFh)above.
9 l'm sorry| d dn t quitegettharlan point. n
10 Don'tworryyou'llsoongetusedto it. n
ll I'rngettfg a bit oi a headache frcmtookingat thescreen
iortoo tong. !
I 2 lsthatyournewcar?Whendidyougei it? n
l3 Canlget youa coffeewhileyoutewairing? n
14 got herebytaxi. n
Exercise2
Complete thesentenceswith makqdoot have.you mayhaveto change thefom.
I Whatafeyou....q-ollt....ar theweekend?
2 l'm.... ............ se.ious doubts aboutthewholelhing.
3 OK,sha||we.................. a start?
4 Could you...,,.......... . mea favou.?
5 Can| ............... a suggestionT Whydon'twe............... a m€eting to discuss wharto ............... .
5lthinkweneedto...............moretesrsbeforewe...............afnatdecision.
7 Th€company.............,,,, a loiof money lastyear, butlhisyearwe,re not..,............ sowell,We
rnightevenhaveto .................. some peopie redunda.t.
8 lt..................meeattymadwhenpeoptec.n,t.................thei.jobspropert
in ................anyplanswhenthesituaiion isio conrueng.
9 Goonl .................. a gottt doesn't matter if you........,,,....... a m6take.
10 Thehelplgotf.ommyemployer......_........... it possibte forme1o.................. anN4BA.
l 1 l ' m . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . m y b e s t b u t l r c a l l y G n ' t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s e n s € o f t h e s e toi tgoul r € s . t ,
troubleseeinq whattheyallefer to.
12 Themenulooksreallygood.l'm goingto .................. French onionsoupasa startef, andthenthe sreaK
with b6arnaise sauce. Buitthinkt'll .............._... withoutdessert. t,m.................. a bit of anefiortro
loseweight.
 TEST'I3 RELATIVECLAUSES 2!'I

Test 13 Relative clauses(units28-29)

Exercise 1
Undeiinethecorectwords.In number10choose the mostcommonusage.
1 Thestationerywhotuahqlyou o'deredhasarriv€d.
2 the speaketv,thichlwhose presentationI heardbeforelunchwasverygood.
3 Everyone evhrthlthat I metin the Milanofficeaskedhowyouwere.
4 lhe pe6or ol whkhlwhoie newspaper I borrowedhasdisappeared.
5 the petsotit/tholwhon is relponsiblefor ihis isAntonioPlatini.
6 Thisproduct, wl,lchlwhose featu€saredescibedin theleaflet,sellsveryw€ll.
7 lhis Wadud,whichlwhose6 our bestseller,is avaihblein four colours.
8 Theperson whoselahat bookthisiswantsit back.
9 Theperson whoselthat lentmethisbookwantsit back.
10 Johnis someonewrh whon I useto worklwho I usedto work with.

Exercise 2
Decide pronoun
if youcanmissout the relative (who,whtct that) It youcan,put a bracket
rcundit. f you
can't,und€dine it.
1 Thereisan attachment (that)youcanu5eto linkto a Pc.
2 Theattachmenl, lhal comes freewiththeproduct, is usedto nkto a PC.
3 Thepe6onwho I toldyouaboutisstanding ovff there.
4 Themea, whichwasnothingspecial, costusmorethanf50 a head.
5 Themeathatwe hadlastnightwasn'tverygood.
6 ThefirstthingthatyourcustomeE will noticeisthe price.
7 Theinformation, whichis strictly
confideniial,comesfroma verygoodsource.
8 | cannotprovide the informationthatyouwanl.

Exercise 3
eachpairof sentences
Rewflte asonesentence usingthewordin bracket!.
I Ranishowed mea magazine (which)
article.lt wasrcallyinteresting.
R"",....t1P.led..x9-..4.. aJ^tiflg..*hish.
l.rja?!.r.e- .p.a{....
realyInreresnns.
2 Somelapanese cameyesteday.
visirors Theygavemethisgift.(who)
TheJapanese visitors......... thisgift,
..,....,,.,............,,,.,,,,,,,,.,,,,.
3 Thisis a gift.TheJapanese gaveit to me.(that)
who cameyesteday
visitors
Ihisisthegift.................... gaveme.
..............................
4 I boftowed a fiiendslaptop-Hewanlsit b.ck.(whose)
Thefrend.......................... ........................
back.
5 A marketing manager wo*s in mydepartment. SheSleaving the companytomoffow (who)
Themarketing manager.... ... isleaving
the
company tomorrow-
6 Wewent to a presentation yeneday-lt wasveryintereninq.(that)
Thepresentation ..........----- ...................................
veryintercnlng.
7 | met a woman.Hersisterwork for A8N.(whose)
I met...,,,,,,,,,,,,............,...... ...,............
ABN.
8 A rnaniswaitingin reception. Hewantsto seeyou.(who)
Th€man............................ seeyou.
......................
232

Test14 Nouns,pronounsand articles(units30-35)

Exercise 1
crossout the mistakein eachlineand wite the correctionat the efd.
1 | spente{se talkingto Jack,and then I went home. ''Ye..a.tr.\.e
2 Ka 3 sister is doctor
3 It this umbrcllayour or mine?
4 Theysaythat the wine is good for you in smallamounts.
5 Wite down the .eferencenumberall the time you sellsomething.
6 Canyou giveme an advice?
7 Ilr sorrywe hdvelwo hflsbut eitherone is in setuice.
8 | needsomeinfomation5aboutaccommodation in London.
9 We iied io qet the machineworkingaqainbut no one of us coulddo it.
10 walkingwilltaketoo long- lets90 withthetaxi.
l 1 sorryI m late,ihe trafficwereverybusy.
12 Ourmarketing director shehassomuchgoodideas.
isexcellent,
'13 A: Howmanypeople visitedyourstandthisaftemoon?
B: Noat al.
14 Haveyouevermetihe colleague of.,ane?
15 Therc3coffeeandthere!tea.Youcanhaveboth.
16 Thercistoo fewinformation to makea decision,
17 We havetwo paymentoptions- everyonehasdifterentfeaturcs,
18 Naveyouseenthe inflation predictioosin the Ministrys
reportT
19 Wehaven't got chai6enoughfot themeeting.
20 Therearenonespa€partsin stockat themoment.
21 Thenew5areon in a few minutes.
22 at the report3end.
You'llfindallthestatistics
23 We'€ a leading playerin eitherthefilmandmusicinduslries.
24 Thereareenoughfreesamples lor oneevery
25 Alisonkeeps talkingaboutthatideaof hels.
26 Couldyougivemean information, please?
27 Canyouspeakup?| can'thearnothing.
28 we lookedat two sitesbuteitherof themw€retoo smalL.
29 At theendof mypresentation, therewasnonesinglequestion.
30 Please comebacktomorrcw. Thereisn'tno oneto seeyoutoday.
31 Please putthemanualback in it3 properplacewhen youfinish.
17 He! onlygorrle job betause he3lhe bossson.

Exercise 2
Eachpairof wordscontains
onecountable noun.Putthewordsintothecoffect
nounandoneuncountable
columnandw te a/anor somebeforethe wod.

desk/fumiturebaq/luqqagework/job iravel/tip
accommodation/flat
chance/luckwine/litre equipment/machine
trouble/problem dollar/money
f.ctlinfomation
email/corr€spondence advice/suqgestion
hour/time

countablenouns u!ca!d&le_!9tJ!5
a Oat tore ^ccoMModatio^
 ETI 14 TIIOUI{S.
PRONOUNS
AND ARTICLES 233

Exercise 3
Complete
thes€.ondsentence
sotharit hasa similar
meaning
ro thefirstsentence
andcontains
theword

(someihing)
I Theboxisnl empty.
............4ere3...*-u+!.|li19...i1..............
treuox.
2 Let me tellyou what I thinkyou shoulddo. (advice)
L e rm e 9 v e y o u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 We travelledthercon the t€in. (by)
We ravelledrrere
4 | feelworied. (something)

5 Everymominglwalk to the office.(foot)

E v F rny o r n i n gI L o r e t o t h eo f r , ( e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 Matin s a iriendoi rny boss.(one)
valin 5
7 Chrs advsespeopleabouttheirrax.(adviser)
Ch'sis...
......................................
betterthan anyone.(knowt
8 t\,lanlelaknowsthi5 business
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. .e. .n. .e.ft h a nM a n u e l a .
got
9 | haven't anythingto do. (got)
Ive ..... . . . . . d. o .
10 We areall tea drinkeGhere. (everybody)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , t, e
. .a. ... .
1I Peoplewho are unemployed needbette.trainingprogrammes. {the)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b prcgrammes.
. .e. .t.t.e. trr a i n i n g
12 The prototypeneedsto be changeda lot. (redesigning)
Tl^eprctotypeneeds..
13 We can't do anything.(nothing)
T h e r e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d
. .o. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'14
What did that pieceof machinery cost?(how)
. that pieceof machinery
cost?
15 Thereis littlerravelin my job. (much)
T h e r e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . t r a v eiln m y j o b .
l6 Claradoespeoplesaccountslor her living.(accountant)
Clara s
17 No one was on t me yesteday.(late)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .y. .e. .s.t.e. r d a y .
18 Therewas nothingI coulddo about it. (couldn't)
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. b. _o_u.ti.t... . . . . . . . . . . . .
19 Nobodyat all was available to seeme-(single)
.....---.................. available
to seeme.
",/as
20 Thereisn'tany €asonto worry (no)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r. e
. .a. .s. .o tno w o r r y
2l The €pod did not containthe informationlwanted. (in)
T h ei f f o r m a t i o lnw a n t € d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .e.r. e
. porr.
22 Thiscopybelongsto the customer.(copy)
TL5i-
23 ]here'snothingin theposrthismorning. (anything)
...--.............-.--...-
intheponihismorning.
Test 15 Adjectives and adverbs (units36-40)

Exercise 1
Crossout the mistakein eachlineandwritethecorFction at th€end.
1 l'm reay in+er€.*ingin forcigntravel. .............i*ef.91t9.4
2 They'llhaveflnished the newshopping centeunti theendol theyea.
3 P€terhasbeenworkingveryhardlyrccently.
4 l boughta bluelovelysilktie.
5 We hada grcatumeon holiday. Thepeoplewereioo f endly.
6 Thismagazine articleisextemelyexcellent-
7 | thoughtthe meeting wentverygood.
8 UsingmyPCfor a longtimemakesmyeyesteeltiring.
9 Wegivediscounts neveron theseplodocts.
10 Arcyouinterening in extending the gua€ntee)
11 Thereistoomuchnewequipmentthatwe'restilllearninghowtouset.............
12 lt wassoa riskyprojectthatwe decid€d to cancel
I
13 n myopinlontheirmanagement teamis notenoughexp€ienced.
14 Theircompany islargerasours.
15 Theircompany isjun asbrgethanouts.
16 lt! thebetrerpriceI canotfer
17 l'vebeenworkingin thiscompany sincethreemonths.
18 Thenegotiation wassuchtensewe hadto calla shofibreak.
19 WhenI willgetback,l'll giveyoua rinq.
20 | haveto plckup myticketuntilthetravelagency closes.
21 Youworkmuchhardera5| do.
22 Thepresentation wasenolghlong,andsothealdiencegot bored,
23 Themeetino wasn'tvelvuseful.ltwas muchlittleusefllihanlastweekl.
24 Golfisn'tasgoodforyourhealththanswimming.
25 ' Lwalthe.eby six,sotry andbe herebythen.

Exercise2
Complete eachsentence withoneof thefollowing wordsiChoose fromlo on,at far,sin.e,duing,ago,
after\/vatds,
aftet,later.
1 Shallwe allgo out for a med--........o.^'.........
mybirthday?
2 Henadedworfinqhere'ouryears .......................
.
L
3 | wonr ohone m nowl'll phone him.......................
.
4 | haven'theadfromth€m........--............. thfeeweek.
5 | haven't heard lastweek.
fromthem.......................
6 Thisbarcloses .--....................
midniqht.
7 Luckily I arrlved just.----..................
timetocatch thetrain.
8 L€i3trytostartthemeeting........-.............. time.
9 My p€sentation willfinishat mid-day, sowe (ouldmeetfor lunch.......................
.
mypresentation
10 ...--.................. l'll betalkingaboutthreemalnareas.
yourpresentation
11 Don'tworry...-................... you'llbe .bleto rel.x.
l2 l'vebeenwaiting moreth.nan hour
....--.................
13 Dontwaitforme,lhave somethings to finishhere.l'llseeyoua||......-...--...........
.
14 We haveth€e shituin ihefactoryincluding night.
onethatworks.........--............
 TEsT'5 ADJECNVESAND ADVEIISS 2:'5

Exercise 3
Completethe s€condsentence andcontainsthe word/s
sothat it ha5a similarmeaningto the filsi sentence
in btackets.
I Yourspeechwasreallye(cellent(spoke)
tDake .e llv kell
2 we $aned workingon the proiectin lanuary.(wo*ing/since)
...
We,,..............................
3 Retailbankingisn'tasprofitablea5invenmentbanking.(more)
Invesvnent bankin9...........
4 She!a verycarefulworker(works)
She...............
5 I haven'tseenworseseruice thanthis. (ever)
Thi5is.........................---.
5 Monicaleft Pa s in July.(slayed
Monica.....,,,...........,,,,,--- Jlrly,
..........,,...........,,,,,,,,....,,,,,,,,
7 Doyoufind operaint€rening?
Are,,,,,,,,,.,........................,
8 Theme€tinqhada positivefinish.finished)
Themeeting .
9 Thishesbeenhardwo* for you. (wo*eo
You..............,,,,,,,,,.,..........
10 Frankis a goodMiter (writes)
Frank............................--.
11 Kateis ill.{well)
Kate,.....,,,,,,.....,,,,,......,,,,,..
12 could you not talk so fest,please?(slowt)
Could you.........................
13 lhe chines€marketi5biggs thantfie Indianmarket.(at
Thelndianma*et .........,,,,
14 Alansellsthesamenumber of products (us0
asRichard.
Alanse1|s...........................
15 Theoiher membeEof the t€amaremoreexp€rienc€d than Romy.(ban)
Romy.....................
...........
16 l'll s€eyou in a few houB.{later)
f ......................................
17 | shrted thisjob in 1998.(doin9/since)

18 Dianeis on holiday.she! bad nextweek-(awayon holiday)

Dianeis .....................-........ nextwe€k.
...........................................
19 ThetEin arived exactlywhenit w6 supposedto- (time)
Therain adved................
(time)
20 Hisinterventionw6stoo lateto savethe negotiations.
Hedidn'tintervene ............
21 | \,!onl anivether€lat€rrhanrwo. (get/by)
t .........................................
22 Weli€d hardbut finalv we garc up. (end)
Wetnedhad but.............. .....................
.
23 lrs tw€l!€ andl've beenwaitingfor you sinceten. (two)
. l'vebe€nwaitingfor you hours
--...-...........--..
Test 15 Prepositions (units45-48)

Exer<ise1
Compete e.ch sentence with a prepositionof place.Choosefrcmat in, on, ovet ta, under.
1 Mybrotherwok ......4i--...- theairport.
2 canyoucallmeback? l'm.........-.......
themiddle of a meeting.
3 Thetaxidrcppedmeoff ................. myhotel..... ..........
the citycentr€.
4 Wef]ew...............the newsportsnadiumaswewerelanding.
5 Hehada suitcase onehand,dndhisguitar..............
................. ..theother.
6 Godownthecorrldor andmyofliceis .................
theright.
7 There3 a fireescape .................
thebackof the building.
8 5hewasn'r feeling wdlandherdocior senthef.................
hosptal.
9 Wehada lovelyl'ohday............. .. lhe country.
l0 Hehada portraitof himself hanging.................
thewall.
I I Theauthor3namei5................. the bottomof lhe page.
12 Before thetunnelwasbuilt,youhadto drive................. theAlps.
13 lhavetixjunior manage6 workin9.......,..,.,,,,,
me,
14 l'll beworking.................
homefor mostof tomorrow
15 Hello. ThisisUkike speaking. l'm.................
Pas,................. iheHotelVeEailles.
16 Susanna's justr!n9.Shes................. therestaurant.
17 Susanna'sjust run9.Shes................. thebusstop.
18 I m gavemea lift. ...............thestation .................
hiscar
.. thebusyesterday.
19 I metKati..............
20 Stratford is.................
the riverThames.

Exercise2
fromthe listbelowgoeswlth eachverb.
whichprcposilion
Decide

abolt (x2) againstfor (x3) ffom in into of(x2) on (x3) to (x2) wth(x2)
1 | mustapologise .....fpl.....beinqlate.
2 l'd justliketo addsomelhing .......--........
whatJawad justsaid.
3 lsthefactory insured .....-...........
fire?
4 Thecost? Well,it depends wh.t you're
..........---.... looking.................
.
5 Thewholepackage consists the mainunitplls allth€seaccessories.
.............-...
6 l'vedivided mypresentation..---............ threemainparts.
7 Weneedto d versitto prevent us.................
becoming too dependent on oneprodud.
8 Please. letmepay................. this.
9 Wecansupplyyou................. a full ranqeof sizes.
10 Wespecialise .................
commercial caterinq equipment.
11 Doyouknowanyahing ....-..--........
the Portuguese market?
12 Hecongratulated gettingthecontJact.
us---..............
13 Llsbon reminds mea bit ..---.---........SanFrancisco.
14 | agree you,,..............-
................. that.
15 Doesthisbagbelong................- anyonehere?
l6 Inthe net!meeting lthinkwe shouldfocus............-.-.. ihe planning schedule.
 TEST16 PnEPTOS|T|ONS
237

Exercise3
Und€dinethe corec( word in theseadjectiv€+ preposition
combinatons.
I Ar€ you cerran tolabolt/fro.n that?
2 l hoperh€ydon't 9o on strike.We?edependentollonlbythem for our 5!pp €s.
3 Thisline is verypopularforltolwith customersookingfor va ue for money.
4 Our countryis lackng ,n/oflfor enercyrcsources w€ haveto impo( allour o .
5 Ate yor awatetalbylof jun how seiou5this probem is?
6 Are you nterested
l' /forlof long-termgroMh for you. savinqs?
7 I n rcspansibletar / to / by a tedm of eight consultanls.
8 li anylhinggoeswrofg, l'm di€ctly responsible forlaolbyih€ CEO.
9 Let me Lrsea calculatorl'm not verygoodarlforlby maths
10 lt would be goodatlforlby yourcarc€rif you workedabrcadfor a few y€ars
11 'm annayedwithlfarl abourtherrlackof ilexibility
12 m arrcyed with I far/ about them with / fot /abaut beinq so inflexib e

Exerci5e4
Competethe sentences
with a nounfrom listA and a preposition
frornlist B.

A: advanlage advice inv€slment lack matter pe55rni9miR€e reason repy soltion

subslitute trouble
B .bout for for in sl of of on to to wth with

1 A1the momentthe Pl--isg.9{.........oil is abour$25 a bafie.

2 Canyoute methe........ . . . . . . . . . . . . .t h e d ea y 7W e ' v eb e e nw a t i n ga l o n gr i m e .
3 T h er n an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . .p. ...o p o s aI i st h a ti t s m u c hc h e a p e r
4 T h e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . . p r o p o s aA i st h a ti t s v € r ye x p e n s i v e
5 W h a t St h e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l .i l. l ?s h el o o k sr a t h e u
r pset
6 H a v et h e ys e n ta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .y o ! r l a n € m a i l ?
7 Thereba . expei€nceat the lop o{ the company
8 l ' m s u r ew e c a nl n d a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .i sp r o b l e mb,u r t m a yr a k es o m et r n e
9 C l e v ear d v e . t i s i fi gs n o . . . . g o o dq L r a l i ai yt a r e a s o n a bper c e .
1 0 T h i t y € a r w e ' r e m a k i la] gm a j o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .n. e. .w t e c h n o o g y .
11 Canyou g ve me some ......the ben way ro nven rnysavlnqs?
1 2 E v € r y o n ewso r r i e dT. h e r e !a l o t o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . ... t h e f u t ! r eo l t h e e c o n o m y

Exercise5
thetexlwiih ihe prepositions
Compete of placefromthelistbelow
acrossat(x3) down nslde near nextto off on (x3) oppositero

Lizlejlearlytogotohe.jobinterview-shegot(1).......''o.....rhebus,paidherfareandwe
(2)..............-..
. Shesatdown(3)............. . a woman.Theysta.tedtalkinganddiscovered theywere
(4)
bothgoing ....-............ thesamestop.'l'vegot an intetuiew a placecalledMurcort
i5) ...._.__.........
House.'said Liz.'lsii (6).................
thebusstop?''Yes, it3notfar Youwalk(7)-................
thepark.
(8)................. (9)
forbesRoad,andit3 ............-.--- (10)
the riqht, .................
theend,'thewoman
replied.'ln fact,llive (11)...........-...--
theoth€rsldeof thercad, just(12).................
, sol canshowyou
theway.'whentheyaffived (13).................
th€rrnop theygot{14)......-.-........
toqether
Appendix 1 Regular verbs: all forms
Presentsimple (unitl)
Atfirmative: l/youlwe/theywork.She/he/itworks.
Question: lrork? Doesshe/he/itwork?
Do l/you/we/th€y
Negative: l/you/we/theydon,twork.Sh€/he/itdoesntwork.

Presentcontinuous (unitl)
Affirmative: lam helping.You/we/they are helping.she/he/it
is helping.
Question: Am t helping?Are you/lve/theyhelping?15
she/he/ithelpingT
Negative: l'm not helping.You/we/theyaren'thelping.she/he/itisnt helping.

P.st simple: rc9ul6t (unit3)

affrmative: l/you/she/he/itlwe/theysiarled.
Question: Didl/you/she/he/itlwe/theystart?
Negatlve: l/you/she/he/it/we/theydidn'tstart.

Pastsimpl€: iri€gular {unit3)

affimative: l/you/she/he/it/we^heywent.
Qlestlon: Did l/you/she/he/it/we/theygo?
Negatve: l/you/she/he/it/we/theydidntgo.

P.n continuou3(unit3)
Afinmauve: l/she/he/it$rarhelping.You/we/they w€re helping.
Qlestionr Wasl/she/he/ithelping?were you/we/theyh€lping?
Negativer l/she/he/itwasn'thelping.You/we/they
w6r€n1holping.

P.3t perfect (unit4)

Affirmative: l/youlshe/he/itlwe/iheyhadleft.
Qlesiion: Hadl/you/she/he/it/we/lheyleft?
Negative: l/youlshe/he/it/we/theyhadn'tleft.

s5ed to (unit4)
Affirmaiive: l/youlshe/he/it/we/theyu$dtowork.
Question: useto work?
Didl/youlshe/he/itlwe/they
Negative: didnl useto work.
l/you/she/he/it/we/they

Present p.rf€ct (unit 5)

Aff rmativei l/you/we/they
haveleft.She/he/'thasleft.
Queniof: Havel/you/w€/they
left?Hasshe/he/itleft?
Negative: haven'tleft.She/he/ithasnl l€ft.
l/you/we/they

Pres€nt p€rf€<t continuoui (unit6)

Affirmative: l/you/we/ihey havebeenwaiting.She/he/ithasbeenwaiting.
QuesUon: Havel/you/we/they beenwaiting?Harshe/he/iibe€nwaRing?
Neqatve: haven'tbeenwaiting.she/he/ithasn'tbeenwaiting.
l/you/we/they
 APPENDIX1 REGULAR
VERES 2'9

wir,luniti)
Afiirmatve: 'll (= wlrj)+ verb.
l/youlshe/he/it/we/they
Question: Willl/you/she/he/it/we/they+verb?
Negatve: won\ (= wil not)+ vetb.
l/you/she/he/it/we/th€y

gotng to (unir7)
Affirmative: l m/youte/she's/he5/it's/we rc/theytegoingto help.
Question: Am i/Areyou/lsshe/lshe/15 itlArcwe/Aretheygoingro hetp?
Negative: l'm not/Youaren't/sheisnl, etcgoingto help.

Future perfect (unit8)

Affirmative: l/you/she/he/itlwe/theywillhavefinish€d.
Question: willl/you/she/he/it/we/theyhavefinished?
Negative: l/you/she/he/itlwe/theywon,t havefinished.

Passive{unit9)
Adle err5]le
shehelps. shei5 h€lped.
Shes heping. Sheis beinghelped
Sheheped Shewas helped.
Shewasheping. Shewas b€inghelp€d.
shehadhelped. Shehad b€€nhelped.
Sheha5helped. Shehasbeenhelped.
Shewill help. Shewill be help€d.
Shewill haveheped. Shewlll haveb€enh€lp€d.
Reponcd spe€ch(!nit 2l)
Acrualwodsspoken Eepad
' always workthere' Hesaid(that)hework€dthe.e.
'l'mworkingthe.e.' Hesaid(thaohewai workingthere.
'ltook it. Hesaid(thaohetook rtlhadtaken t.
'l wasreadn9 it.' Hesaid(that)hehad beenreadingit.
'l hadleftbythen.' Hesaid(that)hehad left bythen.
'l'veforgottenit.' Hesaid(that)he hadforgottenit.
"ve beenreading' Hesaid(that)hehad be€nreading.
'l canhelp.' Hesaid(that)hecouldhelp.
'l will help.' Hesaid(that)hewould hetp.
'l mayhelp. . Hesaid(that)hemight hetp.
'l could/'rould/rnight
go.' Hesaid(that)hecould/would/mightgo.
'l rnlsvshould Hesaid(that)he must/shouldgo.
9o.'
Infinitives
Present: to like
Present passive: to be liked
Past: to haveliked
Pastpassive: b havebeenJiked
Appendix 2 |rregular verbs
verb Past simple Past participle

oegrn began begun

bent

bind
bit binen/bh
bleed bled bled

bnn9 brou9ht bro0ght

build built built

bought borJght
catch caught caught

deah dealt
drg dug dus
do did

ddnk

fall fell
teed fed fed
felt felt
fight fought lought
{ld ned
fly

ioqet forgot

get sor 90t

give 9iven
9o gone
gnnd

hang hung hung

had
had hidden
hit hit
held
hud

lav laad laid

led

left
 APPEITDIX2 IRiEGULAR VENES 241

Verb Past simple PaJt participle

lent
let
lain
light lvlight€d lit/lighH

paid
p(.n put

ride dden
dng rang run9
rire
said
sought sought
sotd

shaken
thoot shot

shut shut shut

sing sng sung
sit
rlept
sllde slid slid

speed
5peI spelt/rpelled sp€h/spell€d
5pend sp€nI
spill 5pilt/spilled spilt/spilled
spin
spit spat spat
split split split
spoilUspoiled spoilt/spoiled
spring spran9 sprung
steal
sting strn9 nun9

tau9ht iaught
tell
think tnought thought
Appendix 3 Spelling
Pr€sentsimple
ve.bendsin -r. Blt verbsendingin o, r ch,sh,x add-es.
a p€senrsimple
ln thethid pe6onsingular.
Hegoes He misses Shewatches t{e wishes Sherelaxes
whena verbendsconsonant
+y. the/ changesto -ie5.Butwe do notchange
the-y after. vowe.
hutty - hunies .opy copies BUT rtay - fayr enJoy- enpyg
Pr€sent continuous (and adding -ttg generally)
We leaveout ewhenwe add-tngto a velb.Butwekeepa doubleee.
decide- de.iding wite - writing BUT5e€ seeing agree agreeing
le to -y'ng.Butydoesnotchange.
whena verbendsin'te,we change
die - dying lie lying BUI huny-hu ying
Sometimeswe Thishappens
doublea finalconsonant. vowel-consonant'.
whena verbendsln'consonant
plan- planning stop - stowing BUTmeet- me€ting vn* - wotking
verbsareregularButif thefinalsyllable
Mosttovo+yllable isnressed
we doubleihe lan consonant.
na*et ma*eting BUI bqin - beginning discuss- discussing
Past simpl€ (and adding -€d g€n€rally)
y to -ie.
+ y, we change
Whena verbendsin consonant
tty - tried deny-deniel1 hu y-huried copy- copied
we doublea finalconsonant.
Sometimes whena verbendsin 'consonant-vowel-consonani
Thishappens
plan- planned regrEt- regretted stop - stopped BUT meet- meeting

Nounsadds to makea plural.8ut after <h, -sfi,-ss,-x we add-er.

natd' - natches wish- wishes glass- glasses box- boxes
lvloslnounsendingin o add-s.8ut a few have-e5.
kibs photos pbnos snJdios BUI herces potatoes tonEtaes
Whena nounendsin consonant + y, we changeyto-/bJ.Bulwe do not.hangeyaftef. vowel.
pdny Darties sloty sloties BUI day - days puney - totheys
Adverbs
we fom manyadverbsfrcm an adjective+ /y. Ona few occasions
we leaveout e.
safe- safely strange- strangely BUI ttue - truly whole wholly
whenanadjective +y, we.hangey to'it.
endsin consonant
easy easily angry- argrily
WhenanadjecUve + /e we dangee to -y.
endsin consonant
prcbable- prcbably sensiUe sensibly
Whenanadjective endsin -,c we add-alt. Thereisoneexception.
autonatic- automatically ronantic- ronanl.ally BUI publk publicly
 APPEI{DIX
3 SPELIING243

Thesuffix-fulhasonlyoneI When,ryisaddedfor adverbs,

a doubte
/ isformed.
su..essful successtuIy

Thereisa usefulrule:i beforee exceptaftercwhenthesoundis,tl

field believe scienceGoundis not n:, .ecer,r€(soundisr:,
Exceptions
to this rulea€ theit weighandwelght
gandu
The ettef g is alwaysfollowedby u.
question reguire qualitl
Silent lett€E
ManywordsconiainletteEwhich do norobviously
folm a sound.These
a€ sornetimes
ca ed 3ibnr ten€rs,.
Thesilentlet1e6areunderlined.
bt douOt ps psychotogypsy(hiatist
nb plunbu kumb sc s<bn.e desserd
gn sign foreign wh wha why
kn Lnow knife w gong viE
Samesoun4 differ€nt sp€lling
Thesamesoundin Engiish
isoftenspeltusingdiffe€nttettefs.
Ineachgroupbetowthe soundundertined
s
thesame.
vowels consonants
canpany trAlble ubbish blq4,d relatbn Sbarc swe contsious deticiaus
ead nest hgne thalJgh Cheap funiturc waEh
eafth fafthet wtd shltt pbone ljnish tauEh
wait geat late wE-ight
new lqld dgwn faund
SameprcnunciatioD dlfferent sp€lling and meaning
wods arecalled'homophones'.
These Common examptes
are:
allawedlaloud couttlGught farellair findlfined knewlnew no/know
saw/sore ttivokoo waitlweight warntwDn wastetwain writelright
Words with a syllable whi.h is not prcnounced
Somewordsarespoken
withfewersyllables
thantheylook.Thisoftenteads
io spetting
prcbtems.

tibnry people Wednesday (spokenwith 2 sy|abes,not 3)

temperature vegetableintercnlng comfortable (spokenwith 3 sylabtes,not 4)
l{ouns and verbs with . and s
advke prc.tice lrouns) advise wctise (\e-bs)
244

Appendix 4 Diagram of the English verb system

No'€s to the diagAm
tensetstem in a simplfied
isa wayofshowingthewholeEnqlish
Thediagram has
forrn Usingthe diagram

. lt canhelpto studythe individual if youseeat thesametimehowtheyare.ll rclat€d

tenses
. lt showsthatthee isa patternandlogicto English
verbs.
. Somepeoplelikea visualpicture and eam.
to helpthemto unde6tand

Readthroughthesenotesandrcferto thediagram
at thesametim€:

I Thefirsttimelineshowsthe pastsimpleasa completed thepresent

action^ituation. sirnpeas
that90 allalongthetimeline
rcf€ringto actionvsituations (facts,
habiB,etc),andthe wil/futur€
fact
asa future or gene€l beliet.

2 Theseco.dtimelineshowsthethreecontinuous whicha haveth€ m€aning

tenses, oi an acton In
(thereisalsoan associated
progress meaningthatth€actionhasa limiteddutation)

3 Thethirdtimelineshovlsthethreeperfect whichall havethemeanng of looki.gbackThe

tenses,
perfectlooksbackfromthe present,
pastpedectlooksbackfiomthe past,theptesent andthe
futurepedectlooksbackfromthefulure.
4 Thefourthtimelineshowsthethreeperfectcontinuous whichallhavethemeaning
tenses, of
lookingbackat an adionin progress. of themeanngsoi the
Notethaithisisa combination
prevousNvolrnes.

5 Theiith timelinethowslhe two waysto usegolhgto,whichbothhavea m€aning

of ooking

UnG ]J of thebookhavea muchfullerexplanation

of alltheseverbtenses.

verbsthata diagram
Thereafesomeusesof Enqlish cannotshow.Manyof lheseotherusescanbe
by
explained on€ 'the
ldear pan' in English
canrefe. anddistantprcbabllitlaswe asib
to soc/:ldinance
moreobvious meaningof dkbnceintme. so.
. Knowing
thatwe canusethe pastto showsocialdistance whyCould/ ? is more
helpsto understand
polite
formalor thanCan/...?
. Knowng thatwe canusethe pastto showdistantprcbability whywe uset fol
helpsto understand
UfI were theFinance
or unlkelysituations
imaginary Ministet,
rd ...).
 AI?EXDTX 4 DIAGBAM OF TIIE EIIGLISHVERBsYsIEM 245

PastSimple simple wirl future

I s',r'rd thisjob I usudvte.w arouncl730. I'll befony nextyear
dlr.,9-wB ago. lnflationw l probably

Pastcorfinuoui R€6ent Fututecontinuous

<^^.^.> <-^.^>
WhileI wE tMtdng at We'ft I'll bc wo*lng at our
ABCI rnovedfton Sdes producFat
to Ma*eting.

Pagtperfect perte.t Futurepeded

b
."'' { 2.'t I
Thehergethadahady jobtor E the endof theWt sales
hepperrdvhenI joined mr€er,tlrrs w l he€ lntoved.

Pastperfect Perfect Futureperfe<t

(ontinuous contl uouS <ontinuouS

2--'J --t I
<."v"> .@
l4h'd beenseling the thisretrort lf I retirewhenI'm sixtt l'll
saneprodu1forwE aI |ro/''ing. have been wo*ing herc
beforewe dEnged the bt norc thantr/entyWE.

t was gping to

Sony I was going 6 a

you,but I coarpletely
torgot.
---\
going to future

l'n going b askny bossfor a pay rise.

fhafs going b be diffrcult.
Appendix 5 British and American English
Mostdifierencesbetween &itishEnglishandAmericanEnglisharemalteEof pronunciation,
vocabulary and
spellinq.
Ihesearenotcovered hee. In termsof grammar,
thercarefewdifferences
in formal,written
English. spokenEnglish
Butin infonnal, thercaresomediffer€nces.
Thefollowingarcthe mostimportant.
,rave and ,Eve got
ln BrEha!€got ismorecommon.
InAmEha!€is mo€ common.
Butbothcountries
usebothforms.
Britilh English Ame can English
Haveyou gat anychildren? Do you haveany.hildten?
rve got two children. I have two childrcn.
I haven't qot any.hildrcn. I don't have anychildren.
Present perfect and p.n rimple
n BlEthe present
perfectisusedlorthe present
resultof a pasractionandlifeexperienceupto now(unit5).
n AmEthe pastslmpleis morecommon,especiallywith lust, aheady,yet,everard never.
You tai hasjust arrived. Yaurtun justanived.
I've aheadyspokento heraboutiL I alreadytpoke ta hetabout it.
Haveyou finished the repoftyet? Did you finith the rcpodyet?
Haveyou everea'€n sushi? Did you evereat sushiT
It's neverdone thatbefore. lt neverdid that befote.
goftE

In AmEgoltenk usually
usedar thepastparticipie
of theverbget.
It'sgot quite late.Maybeweshouldgio. lt's gotten quitelate.Maybeweshouldgo.
He'sgot a newjab. HeSgotten a newhb.
shal and srrorrrd tor suggGitlons
InAmEshouldisusedin suggestions
wheresha//ismorecommonin BrE.
Sha we breakfor lunchnow? Shouldwe breakfar lunchnow?
Quostioh tagj
tags(unit16)ae muchlesscommonin AmE.
Question
YaucanspeakFtench,<an'tyott? VoucanspeakFrench,ight?
tI cal a tati, sha t? l'llcalla taxi,oK?

IninformalAmE the-/yending
to adverbs
isoftenleftout.Ako,in infomalAmEan adj€ctive
issometimes
usedn place
of an adverb.
It'sworkingrcally slowly at themonent. lt s wotkingrcal slow at thenonent
It s workingrcally well at the non$t. lt s wotkingrcal good at thenonent.

ln BlEcan'tisusedto saythaisomething
islogically (seeunit13).InAmEmush'tis akoused.
impossible
I calledbut theres no anflver I caledbut theres no ansvrcr
Theycan't be at home. fhey can't/mustn't be hane-
 APPENDIX
5 BR|T|SH
ANDAMERICAn|
ENGLISH247

Prepositions
NotethefolTowing in the useof p€positions.
difierences
aritish English Ameri€n Engtish
What did you do at the wpekend? Whatdidyou do on the weekend?
Patis in the teamnow Patis on the tean now_
16 ten ninutespast three- ft's ten ninutes past/afEr three.
It'stuventyto three. It s twentyto/of three.
We'rcopenfron Mondayto.lti satufliay. Were openfrcn Mandaythrough Saturday.
I lookedout of the window. I lookedout the window
I stayedat homeon hturday. I stayedhomeSatutday.
Hewroteto meabouthisvisit. tle wroE ne about hisviit.
yestuJay.
t 'iet an old colleague I net with an old colleague
yesterday.
I lookedroundlarcund the nuseun. I l@kedarcund the museun.
Shewalkedaowads/roward /r,e. Shewalkedtoward ne.
I haven'tseenhin for severalweell. I haven'tseenhim in serEtalweeks.
Go a''d ...
n AmEtheword'and'isoftenleftout of thisnructure.
I'll 90 and speakto Mary t ll go speakto l\4ary.
Emphatic do
In BlEdo canbe usedwilh an imperative
foremphasis.
Ths is ra€ in AmE.
Do havesonenore coffee- Havesomemarecoffee.
sornerrrte c end sorreprace
ln informalAmEioreplaaq anyplaceandno phcecanbe usedaswell a9somew/terc,
anryhere ard

Lets find somewherc to eat Let'sfind sonewherc/soneorace to eat

me
Notethisdlfference
for theword'hospital'.
My nothet is in hospital. My motheris in the hospital.

two hundredand fitly tA/ohundredflftt ORtwo hundrcdand fifty

On the telephone
HeIo,is that Paul? Helb,is dtis Paul?
 249

Answer key 3 happ€n€d/cll€d ng/interupred5 wereinvestiqalinq/rcsgne

4 wasexplain
6 Jinished/qM7 w3swaiting/@lled
3 wasceanig/d@pped
9lound/waslookinq 10ariEd^old
Unit 1 Presenttime I
Unit 4 Pasttime 2
2 don'tknow 3 doyouknow 4d@5n1wo{ 5 Y6, I do 5 shercdc
7'mwlnq SlheyrenolEpynq 9 shappennq 10A.etou enjotlnq
1 1S h e s! p e a k n q1 2 Y 6 ,s h e i j 2 usedto/was 3 hadboughvnaned 4 ued lo hde/changed
5 eid/hadnl anired 6 hadlocked/was 7 uie! io be/usedto wa k
3 renl back/iound/hadiaken 9 saw/knew/hadmet
10wasl@king/turned/w/had grcwn

2 Ms sure/had l linshed 4 hadspoken/rea

*t 3 caled^tillhadn sed
5 hadgi@nreh 6be@me/hadaEadywo.ked 7 hadn'lFen/put
2 is 3 knos 4'm 5 doyoudo 5wo 7 make 3don'tmake 9inrclwr
a hadro/hadrunou ol t hadsiopped/gotoui ot l0was/hadaFadyleil
l 0 i s n t l l s u p p i e r1 2 ' F 13 d oy o uo l l e n. o m € 1 4 h a r 1 5 d o s 1 l a k €

ddpaigned 3did$eDanesejed 4wathad been

2 @mpaigned/had
5 waslhadben 6 perfomed/had
perfomed Thadtaen 3@re/hadbeen
9 t@sed/hadfdued r0made ll feaEd 12wanred
4 a begnning/bexpedaions
5 a Gapp@ach n9lb marketshae
6 a 5 attracting/b attention 2 hadban ldidyouget 4lnifiad{ofhadiinished)5@ni
6 hadnrdecided7@c 3&slooknq 9 gave l0 d alreadytaken
1r complered12ent 13inleryiewed14lelr l5(hanged l5went
1 7w : sW t i n q I a w a s b * o d n ! ( o r h a d b < o m el )9 d d n ' 1 h a v e2 0 h a d

Unit 2 Presenttime 2 2 u*n lo 3 ued ro/rculd 4 u*d ro

2 a . ey o ud o i n gI a . e y o u w o { i n g4 d o } ! ! h * 5l.one 6l'mcom'ng
Unit 5 Prcsentand past 1
7 I m d e ai n gw i l h 3 l d e a l w i l h9 a . ey o ug o i n q l 0 d o y o u g o

2lootal 3d6niwo 4 B n t w o d i n g S l h l n [ 6 ' m r h i n k i n g7 B n . y i n g 2 @.evers.en 3 haven ned 4've a €adyspenl 5 flave$ey Ep Ed

r compla
3 s t a y s9 r a k e l 0 a r c r a k n g l l a G 1 2 a r e b e L n g 5 [*n1 gor 7 ha3goie up I 3iun efi t haF lallen 10Na@you der laken

3 don'tbeliaeI 4/ 5r' 6ldon't undeEtand7.onl.ins 3/ 3a 4b 5a 6b 7b 3a 9b !0a

2 ieed 3ooyouknN 4!rc*nq 5think6@* Torganie 2iun 3tu 4n*r 5 y€t 6 aLways7 since 3ryer
3',e expeclnqt have 109i€ I 1 areyourvisiro6rbyinq12don'rknw
135 dealing14donlwod/ d notwoding U hd b€en 3 harlalle^ 4 haveperfomed 5havecul 6tuvelaun(hed
7 haswirhdrawn 3 ha5had t has5pent 10haslaken
2 is movinq I i5 @kinglor 4 provde5 I E ie5 6 s rryingio
7 Ginve{igating 3 wants 2 D - b € € n l A - l o r 4 c - j u n 5 B - a l r e a d y6 D y e t 7 B - q o n e
AA-rolar 9C-&er 10D-nmr

Unit 3 Pasttime 1
Unit 6 Presentand past 2
2 didyoulee/told 3 tel/rd d 4didn'tsee/qot
2 havewo*ed her€ 3 hasiunadved 4 havemade 5 | saw 6 went
2 Did/h.ve 3 Did/make4werc 5made Sddn'ttke 7Didn1/lke Thasb€€nawa 9left l0has eli
3 w a s n i 9 s o l d l o M E n t 1 1 w a s 1 2 d i d ^ h i n k1 3 d l d n l h a v e1 4 b o u g h t
come 4Hawyouseen/et(
2 a€rare/hareetup 3 d@sn'tlook/have
2 went 3 @e pofrot nq/dopped 4w6@*idg s called/eid 5 harejusrmevDoyou kn@ 6 haven@r spoken^pok€
7 @rt/haveb€€n/Do youlread
youknow 3 havewo*edlwant/Have

2had 3qave 4cme 5 supplied5 beqan Tbuilt ajoined 9t@k 2 v. b€€nphoninq/!qone3 Haveyousen/'w b*n @kinqtoNatd
1 0 r c n 1 1 b { a m e 1 2 € n 1 3 s o l d1 4 c u l l 5 m e a n t 1 6 t u m e d 4 he youben pndu.nq/'v€invened
17changedl3made 19grs 20 bought
 Z5O AF'ER TF'

2hentbeen s veb€en 4 tpfr s@ud 6 iatked 73b€er r,/ 4ltir€€h.ki* 5/ 6t+€m

3 venwefdone 9lmagined10Hav€you*r ben
(of oftenth nk) 12had t3'reknM
r |ve oftenrhouqhr 14,rehad 3 Tnisfinewas@aled byoneol ou b6l youngd€siqneu
l5 haveb€one 16'vea readydone17pul la didn,tqd t9 hareyu ptn
4In etry.lhat6nt b€done

6 ThBrearmoE itun a mi liondollaEit beinqspenlon adren: n9./ Morethana

2 began 3 have(ashed 4 announced 5 haspeak€d 6 fett 7 was mil ion do la6 is b€ingspenlon ad@nisingrhisy€ar
3 dropped 9 rel€aFd 10 hde dsen I I hasgained 12 hs managed 7 Tnit Fyment maynot b€authoried by$e r'{.ounts Depanmenr.
13hasoothil 14bought l5havebe.ome

Unit7 Futuret 2 c'epd I ndn"buled . d?,.-. b.cl 5 Loffpr.o 6 . ana'j"d

2 willbeneeded3 arebeingordeEd 4aEbeingprinled5 shoutd

beI nished

2 W e r c g o i n g i o o p e3ni t l l p o b ab t ys u c . e e d4 t t s F t o u t h € n
5 wharae yougonglo do? 6 Arcyoudoinqanrrhing
Unit l0 Passive
2
2 a mm e e t n 93 i 5 9 o i n 9 b b e 4 w i l b e 5 i s g o i n g t o h e
6 wil p@babyrepa.e 7 a@9oln9to t6r/ae€stn9 3 amgonq 9 @nt be

2 l e 3 a r c 9 o n q b b a 4 ? e 9 o n g b r e l t l u d u r e5 i si l g o i n gr oh a p p € n 2log@ 3wasbom 4cleaned5 haEdemanded5 asembted

6wIbe 7wiIprcbabydisppear3 e qoingto ha@(orte having)9, ter 7 @e you bo.n I lo bel@king
1 0? e9 on sr o o l l e r 1 1 , t h a w 1 2 w I b e 1 3 w i t i h e n v j o b i n r c t @
14 rc goingro expand15'lbe t6 tmea. lT Une€d
2lw6 qi€n 3 weE pomied deliEry 4Thslabicwasfiade SWemfe5enl
l3wont be(orrenotgongb be) t9'm goinglovkit (or,mvisiling)
2 0W l l r o uh a v e 2 1 ' l i g i v e

3 hd beenbbught 4 harb€enencouraged 5hasplvat5ed

2 I adve 3 w lbe 4'E Eeing 5 l p.obabyilke 6 are.,rdoing 7,thaw
6 ha@arb rnvgled 7 hasb*n mded (orhasdded) 3 havebeen5otEd
I t e n a y i n g9 ' m 9 0 n g 1 0 1 g i v e

2 i5sid to be 3 aF knoM to be lookingat 4 I betded lo bedse oping

uhit 8 Future2 5 h eportedro ha€ 5p€nt 6 is lhoughl ro be/ s thoughllo ha@ben
7 is u.de6t@d lo h:E negoliated
2 w l l b em d l n g 3 w i l l h a v e m @ e4dd 6 r l o $ a n 5youteave
6 @'vercceEd Twillhav€cpaid 3 they'e I w6 goinglo wile lOthope 2 6 beihgd€ahwirh 3wilbedetEre! a hasbeenincluded
{ori5 n(uded)
r l d u e r o a t r v el 2 t h o p e t w o n , tt 3 t d o n l t h t n k t , l t a B t 5 s h a t@ 5 @nbe opMed 6 areonlygu.Enteed

Unit 11 Modalsand relatedverbsI

2d 3a 4c 5l 5h 7q 3e

2 l 6 n c o n € 3 b € a b l e t o4 l . o u l d n 1 5 w a s n l a b t e t o6 w i l y o u
2 leaw/atrr 3 wl l beeeng 4witthav€finished5 wjl b€ptainq 6 hsr 7 6n E do 3 lo beable 9 | muslspeak10| manag€d 1o 11 I coud
7 wrI have{aned 3 wil youhavelearnl 9 Wityoubeusing lO R

2B-expe.l 3D-wilfal 4B-w pbbabv 5a-abouilo 6c isdueb 2 b€.blaro 3 coutdnl 4 coutd 5 canlb.ab. to 6 can/can
r
7 A - w l l h a v e b e g u n3 B w t t b €t i q h n n q9 D k p t a n n i n
i oq 7 can'l/b"ablelo a b€abtetol6nt 9coutdn,tl0(oud

2 @re goinqro be 3wittbe.oteding 4, hawp@duced
5'llbedrusnq 6wil haveaq@d 7 happ€B S come 9gets lOmeel
rrwil havel n k h e d 1 2 w t t b € f t n d ^ g1 3 h f t t 4 w a s g o j n g l o h e
Ljnit 9 Passive1
2d 3g 4. 5f 6e 7a ah
2 l'll pu!youlhouqh r ca^t helpyou 4 aoutdyouiet me 5 t lu{ qo
6 Couldyouhold 7 r'llwail a can'ta 9 t'Uneed 10Cantca tyou
ll.ouldyouspeak 12Canyouhear13Coutdyourepeal 14t,] beon
15l'llqel backto you t5canyouqnd lTt,ttputone

2 isseen 3 w ll not be linished ahavebeen.@d 5aEbeing@€wEd 2 h 3 e 4 . s d 6 b 7 a a I 9 t l o m 1 1 i l 2 k 1 3 1t 4 n

6 cannotbe sh pped
 ANSWERKEY 25I

Unit 12 Modalsand relatedverbs2 [Jnit15 Questions

1

2d 3b 4a 5h 6l 7e 3g 9 1 0 k 1 lj t 2 i 2 say 3Y5,ldo 4 d6 thii machine m* 5setupMicrosoft

6 did Mi@eft ei up 7 i€lephonedme 3 did youtelephone
1 nun 2 haveto 3 haveto 4 musr 5 haw to 5 mun
2Doyouwo*from home?r canyouundeEland GemanT
2D 3r 4r 55 6t 7D at 9r 105 11t 12r130 14l 4 Hawyouak€ady hadlunch? twil youbeba.kntimelorlunch?
6 Areyouenjoyinqth€.ontercnce? 7 Did,ou aE€ewilh her?
3 Haw )ou @r lpokento P€r€?
2 c a n 3 h a w t o 4 5 h o u d 5 c a ^ 6 6 n 1 T s h o u dS d o n t h a @ t o
t hav€ro 10$ouldnt rr should 12@n
2 hN youinvnei 3are)ougoing 4didyoupal( 5ae)ouherc

2 h a d t o 3 . o u d n ' i 4 h a d r o 5 . o ! d n , l 6 $ o ! l d h a w 7 s h o u l dr nh a v e
3 d dn'thavato 9shouldn'tha€ 10ddn1havelo
2 vlhat haw youdone? I where d d ,ou pul the rcpo.t?
4 Whydo you slayh€F? 5 H@ reE youtee nq yeneday?
Unit 13 Modalsand relatedverbs3 6 wheE areyouslaying? 7 Whodo your€ponb?
a WnE is lhis b.q/Whoe bagis th s?

2 < a n lb e 3 m u sbt e 4 m i g h t b e5 m a y n o t b e6 o n ' t b e 7 m u nb e

S r h o u d b € 9 < o u l d b e1 0 @ n ' l l l c o u l d
be 12munbe 2 w€r doyoudo? 3 H@ onqha€ F! been@* nqrhere'
4 wrt did you do beloe ihar2 5 Doe5you iob inrclvemuchl.avel n97
5l! ihi5yo( li6t vi5itto Lron? 7 Whend d Jouariva?
2d 3b 4a 5i 69 7e a Hd onq aE you srayingfor? 9 Wherca€ younaying? 10 Whals il ike?

2 m i g h t3 c a n t 4 m u n 5 m i g h l 6 @ n 7 ( a n l S m u r t
2 8 @ t u r y 3 h w d u c h 4 h @ i 4 5 h o w l o n g6 w h a r T w h o s e
a howolren 9whid 10whar ll shch
2a 3d 4c 5c 6b 7a 3d

Unit'15Qu€stions
2
2wrldefiniiey 3miqht 4ls almostcenainro s ru^liketto

2 doi'r you 3 ddnlyou 4haveyou 5 hashe 6willyou 7 5 he

2 hghlhave 3 6n1 have 4mighl 5 cn't 6munhaw sdidn'r@ 9aGn1r loihallwe

2 enr theiar, didnlyou 3 5n1MrPete6,i5 1 4 s Mf PeleE,3nl r

Unit 14Modalsand relatedverbs4 5 hava@Eded thenoder h*n t they 6 ha€nlcan.eedthenodet havet,rey

2 Wouldyou 3 Wouldyoulike 4 M.y | 5lalking 6 Shalll 7 L€lme 2 lhedad€tng emina. e 3@6h 4you lelt 5l(ould
S C o u d 9 y o u s h o u d1 0 c o u d r c u 1 1 c o u l d 1 2 o p e n1 3o p e n e d
2 who didrougertheintomalonirom? 3 wh (h lundsdoyouin@srin7
4 whai wasrhe weatef lik€in sreden7 (of whar was$e ealher in sw€i€n

2 1 3 h 4 a 3 . 5 e 7 h 3 i 9 q 1 0 1l l k 1 2 m 1 3 J 2 shal!w 3wn1he 4shouldnlhe 5 wasn'lit 6 ha@n'tthey

Twuldn'til aisn'ril t harelhey l0 doesn't
il
2 W o u l d y o u l i k3e d o n l m n d 4 D o y o u m i n d5 O i @ u e n o l
6 wouldyoulikeme1o 7l'd apF*iate$at ash.llwe 9 wduldyoumind
l 0 r s h o u l dr r w 6 u l dy o ui k e r o 1 2 o f c o u e
Unit 17 Conditional5
1
Line3 CouldyouspeI that lor me,ple&?
Une5 Woud youm nd ednq you pa$pod?
Une6 Doyouthinkyoucouldbookm€anedy momingcdllT 2 take/@,||ani@ 3 wo*ed/we'dger 4goetis s don'lhwy/re' be
Llne3 lmnder il youcouldiell melvhenbrcaHanis? 6chanqe/qi@ me Tdick/t@nr aoderend 9lend/wi yourelurn
L ie l0 Wouldyoumind1l lefta messgelor a coleague?
L ne 11 Wouldyou ikemeto lendyoua pen?
3 hN/,|ldel 4 banned/Muldn't
be 5knew/'dtel 6l€ve/'ll(aLh
7 Mit/'llgi€ 3 had/'dlm
 252 ANSWEB KEY

2 to take 3 hearing4to rctuh 5torsk 6 buinq 7 duming

a b a c . € p t 9 t a k i n gl 0 t o c o p y r r b e n g 1 2 t o b i n q l 3 t h t n k i n q
2 r c n t 3 d o n t 4 w i t 5 s 6 u n t 6 s 7 i s g o t n q t o b €B b e 9 U n t 6 14behavingI5 to tran 161odea
l0rcnt 1r@ud t2woutdnil3didnl 14wutd
Unit 2l Reportedspee(h1
2 dolwi 9w 3 mrked/wouldnibe 4 @uld happen/@ored
5 ms/don l5em 6lan.y/give
2lle'llb€ backaflerlun.h 3 SheS9on9to conta.irhefi nt€E
4lwanl lo makea phone.a 5 rm meering thebankmanaqerar e ev€n
Unit 18 Conditionals
2 6 l loundout aboultheprcblema longtme ago
7 lhave1obebackin theollic€bylh.eeth.q 3 l,tttelyouknM
2look/mighll€e 3 hadInen€d/wo!dn'rhavemade
4 @'d found/w€d havemoved 5 k€pt/mighr
preent 2 $eelme 3 theyd/our/before45h€rqht$e^
5Id known/mudn'1havedone 7 hadbeen/coutdha€ suc(H{
2 (lhat)hed .eadthe '.pon and(rha0hed dn'i undeErand 5<tion 4
3 helinished h s presenralon
hewargoingro havea d nk
2 n c a s e3 a 5 o n g a s 4 u n € s 5 a s l o i ! a s 6 i n c a r e 7 w h e ^ S o n e s 4 {lhal)+e waspepadngtheiquE bui (rhal)she Mu dn'lberons
5 ($a0 sh€ ikedplayingrennisbul (1tur)5hed dnl do r veryonen
2 had 3 .ou d stly 4 enioy 5 hadtaken 6 knew 7 coutdtype 6 (ha9 shewa59oin9to visitrheI Po$ 5ub5idiarybul ($ar) shewasnr sm when
s d d n ' i i n r e n u ptlh a d r o h a v e l l o u r d d o 1 2h a d n b. ro u g h l
7P|IC 3PISI 4P|IC 5 6ptIC 7plla 8t 9p/tT tOp/',tc
2 G n 3 A 5 o n g a s 4 ' d h a v e 5 ' d S w o u t d nht & 7 d a@utd/have
9 i n c a s e1 0 u n e $ 1 1 1 2u n l e $ 2 h i s 3 h e ' d s e m4 $ e d a y b e t o e 5 l h e 6 $ e y v e 7 m e 3 l h e r c 9 w a s
lob€toe ]l hadlone 12wasl3that t4me
2a 3d 4c 59 6h 7e 3l
Ljnit 22 Reported spee(h 2
Unit 19 Verb+ -irg or infinitive 1
2 e y 3 l e i l 4 i a d S r o d / e i d 6 s i d ^ a d T s a d / t o l dS e i d r o ^ e l
2 g o l n g 3 1 0 u s e4 s p e n d i n5gt o c l o s e d @ n6 t o d e t E f 7 @ t t n 9
3 l o s i n g9 l o p E p a e 1 0 1 0 b e l l w a i t i n gl 2 t o s i g n 1 3p d t p o n i n q 2e 3b 4a 5d 6k 7i 3i 9g 1 0 11 t h 1 2 1

2 to e(ognie 3 ldvertsn9 41okdve 5 wrti^9 6 to rpeak 7 dak nq 2 whar$e lene6'URLmeant

3 l h n k i n g 9 l o f y 1 0t o h e l p 3 d/whelherI hadprepared
theliquE

5 illwherher hehadrehembercn(or he,emenbefed)b b!.k up rhe ii e

2 peBuade
h m lo 3 rcmindmelo 4 hep youlo 5 expe.therto
6 whyI hadluhed off theaif.ondtoninq
6 encouraged
melo 7 iorcedusio
7 illwhe$erI ipokerralia^
3 h @ m u . hh ?h a dp a i d ( o r hpea i d ) l o f h h c r
2 losing 3 ro (ash 4 io do 5 to lix 6 to.ome 7 cating a io wait
9iodo l0askng ll roiype
2 ruqqded Sprcpoed 4aEeed 5 decided

2laking 3lopay 4 worrying5robe 6 pretendinq7 Glertng 3103hd

2 l o l d l h € m3 t o l i s l e n4 s i d 5 l h d d 6lake Tsringup 3nortosay
9lochaif l05hould@pon 11rcmlnd€d rhemthal 12tomk'

Unit 20 Verb+ -ing or iniinitive 2

unit 23 Phrasalverbs 1
2iomeei 3 meting 4benq slomake 6tospeak 7saynq abop€n
9 o p e n i n g l 0 q v i n q 1 1r o l o o k a t l 2 t o a i n o u n c e l 3 q u i n n 9 t 4 e f l i n q 2b 3d 4a 5b 6d

2 hord(or hans)o. 3 rill;n 4 go (or G[y) on 5 g)ueup 6 dea with

7 pi.kup 3 9o (or.ome)bacl 9lakeup l0tmkaier

2belng 310be 4iobe 5being 6betng 2l@k uplhe inlomaton/lookthenfomarionup/tookir up

3 kep dM our cosE/kep ou. .ostsdowd/keeprhen doM
4 dowithoutmymobiephone/do wilhout1
2lobook 3to{an 4tocome 5toqo 6d$ing 710give 3 rclking
5 tumeddM lhe id€/lurnedthe deadownnuhedit d@n
9tohave l0iolon rr@*n9 1 2 q € n n 9 ( o r 1 o g e l ) 1 3 m i s s i nogL , r
6 en oul thepmblem/en$e prcblem od/son ir oul
14 to have l5being r6Lft9 17 Jinkhtnq(or rolinish)
 ANSWERKEY 25!

2 dropoff 3 ru.n !p 4 checkingLn 5 qei by 6 ed olt 7 drawup 2 meeting3 shoppinq4 inlerening

/coilusn9 5wearnq/laning
3l@kingrhrough9cal on t0ringup ll kep dNn 12lindour 6mr@ming 7 oninq ad nq
l3 breaking
down l4printoul l5backup
2 me€r 3t3ke 4$kn9 5 working 6mrk
2 back 3 off 4 doM 5 ihouqh 6 on 7 oul 3 @r
2 of beinq 3 by lakinqover 4 Beforcqo n9 5 nsreadol usinq
Unit 24 Phrasalverbs2

2 sA€+ S lhir+ 4v**

2 back10 3 dowi on 4 out of 5 on to 6 in wilh 7 up wfth 3 up lo

3 hopingrhalthemarker MUld qo up
4 trol b€rngan exp€iencedn€gotiaror
5 Arsuminq3herculdn'r fr,nd
2 up 3 off 4behnd 5 of 5 b3.k Twirh 3on 9on r0ihough 6 nol kneinq il wouldcearc $ manyproblems
11ro 12out 13 n r4wilh

Unit 27 make /do,/9et/have

2 g e t $ r o u g h3 c l / b a c k 4 h o d o n 5 g o a h s d 6 € n g / u p 7 t @ k i n l o
3 g e t b a c k t o9 $ e a k u p l 0 b e a k i n g u pt t c u t o i i t 2 s n / o d 1 3 q o d e r
2 did 3 make 4dohake 5 do 5do/ma[e 7 make 3 made/do
9did/mEde lOdid/made 1l make/do 12do
Unit 25 Verbsand oblects
2a 3t 4b 5e 6.7h 39
2/ 3t 4,/ 9X 6t 7/ Ar 9/ tOji

3/ 4t 5X 6,/ 7X g,/ 9,/ 1At 11/ 12'l 13t 14/

2 a)r 2b)I / fte ma.ker

nqdepartment

2holday 3lun.h 4.han.e/look Slime SaltematveTbreak

8 appontde.l 9thetish l0doubt ll dill(uly 12headache/day
ofi
5 a) 5b)J/ myfamyandlriends
l3 @rd l4go 15@nveElion

2 g e t 3 d o i n g a m a k e 5 n a d e 6 d o i n g 7 9 o r S m a d e9 d o n e l 0 m a k e
l l d o 1 2 q o t 1 3 m l d e 1 4 q o r r 5 m a d e1 6 d o 1 7 d o 1 3 g o t 1 9 m a d e

2 5u99estlothem 3p@miFdm€ 4etpainedloihem 5 cau5ing uspoblem5

6 lhe chclenro you 7 theLulr ro ther4hnician8oldthem [rnit 28 Relativeclauses1
9 lhewhoe sitlalon to$em l0tod me ll introduce youio Joephte

2ND3ND4O 5D 6ND

2le la.kelheanideaboulma*elinq
2lhal 3 wtro 4whde 5who 6who 7 whose athai 9who 10who
3 ent $em an ema yesieday
! erta^ erailro.Fei lusoFer\ea A depafrrl yrn.ddy
5 od h m $e dGplay modelthartb*n in lhe window
6 bd lhe dGplaymodeltoa rcmdn who.amen rhismoming r (which)4/ 5 (hat) 6/ 7/ 3 (who) 9/ 10(rhal)
7 gav€hermy rcport$G morning
3 gavemyrcponb hers{@taryrh5 morning 2 hav€b€n waitnglor rnayedal 4 usuaydea w$
5.h(lalhe emplerlbm 6 am responsible
for
21ohat 31otl1o 4tollot sl.tlra 6 rolfor 7 to/for 31o/ror
5P 7t 3P 9Lr0P]]P 12P
Unit 26 The -,rg form

2a 3. 4b 5g 5l 7e ah
 254 ATIiWER TEY

Unit29 Relative
clauses
z
2 nothing3 anr{hinq45on6ne 5 anrvhere6 Fmelhinq Tson@ne
2 who ou d be a us€lutcontacrlor tbu 3 antlhing 9 anylhingtoNoone
3 wh6e CVison youfdesk
4 who s.omingnexlweek 2 enjoyed
ouel6 3 taughrhimsef/isrea.hing
himFtf 4hunyouEeff
5 expEi heEff 6 helprcuetvE 7prepa€youett a inroducehyseff
6 wh6e preentaiionI head 9 blan€you6eJ 10maketouetvs
7 iharlwai €llnq youabout
3 wherctheyreloinq 1obui d the newla.rory 2 fell/elared I anylim€,
anywtleE4 @member/Mrry5weryUre
6 havthen 7 anylnere a iomewherc9lhemelres tO€chorhe.
3J 4n St6ey 6ir 7/ ail
2 Fmewhere 3 anywhere 4 somene 5 Everylne 6 Anyone 7 smelhing
zwh6e 3who 4whom 5 rhat Srhar Twhar aihal 9 whee to$at a everylhing 9 anythinq

3/ 4who 5whal 6whi.h 7/ awhch 9/ I helpyouelf 4 met s inircnuce

you6ett 6.hange 7 askmFetf srctar
t o l a / h a l1 l l 12whar

2 wh ch wa5rhe iargeslluxuryg@ds@mpanyin rhe rcdd Unit32 Determiners

3 whichwoulddecdeihe fulureof rhe ndunry

2 a t s o l r h e h 3 b @ o f t h e m 4 m a i y o t l h e m5 h o s r o i l h e m
5 who wasthe chleiiinanciaofiicer
6 wh chwasm€antlo bea me$agetor Ahaulr
7 whichrcpresented34%of Gucd!totatnock
3 whoGuccihad b€enlooknqror z s<h 3 Notone 4 Someof 5 Some 6 enher 7 OurcuromeEe..n
9whowastheheadof a non-lood rclatgmup(a tedppR a bo$ dals 9Attot t0any ll Ereryrhinqt2amobiephoneeach
l0whlchwasa42%stakein Guc. 13 Ereryodion ha5be€n 14*erylh n9

2 ncr'e,lh3
enr ei$e.4At 5e€ry/al6each7Mry Bnonegany
lJnit 30 Countableand uncountablenouns
r0 borh 11ei$er 12each

2AB/maiy 3Ghlch 4H@much 5a€ 6a.e 7 equrpm€n Sim a d i n s 2 Ew.ypani(lpanr3Nolasingepe6on 4 Nenher

idea/Neithe.
oi theideas
9 a pieceoi equpmenl l0a machine1t some/wast2 mu.h t3tr/se 5 Soheof $e audien(e
didnr 6Noneotmycoteague7Alwewa is
8weren'tanyddumenB9Nerherhotelwas/Netherotlheholes@re
ro Sorhrhepropoekael8orhotthepropoekae
2 fme 3 much 4 many 5an 6 bfie 7 many B much gmuch 10m.ny rr Noieol rhe* rrems
ae t2ioneatall

2 A - aachode 3 C - Nelhercodpany 4 A - a I ts 5 C _ftey arcbolh

2a)G 2b)s 3.) s 3b)c 4a)t 4b)c 6 C-ery 7 3-mo5tot 3 c-Mrrlhing

Unit 33 Possegsives
and compoundnouns
l@d:Theretbmet Therc,s
crothesrhaven'tqothanyjTnere arcomej lieyre
rcrk: I havent got much;TheFGsomejfteEk 2you 3youE 4you6 SourM 6 o u & t v e sT m n e B M y g h e r 1 0 r
job:I hawnt sol a; rhereraj t|s a
money: I haven t got much;TheEGsomejfteEk 2 Ajicet l andsname! 8ill. HegoneoJMedl LFchStop anaysE.
d o a " . l h a \ e nl g o n a l y ,- F q . a r f 1 a , 1 e / r I Tolot t d.al on is .ompany@6 k benerthan ou6.
expenses: haven tgoi maiyrTherc ae omqlteyte 4 | @nt to my do<roAandhe3compurerse! al the palienir,recodr
idea:lharen'tqolmu.hjI hawnl qoi an;Th€Fisan; ts an 5 ll! imponantio Kognie that wery ompany h.s is own panrcubf.u e,

6 My bo$s PAreadsall rh€ cBroders bneu

7 L@kat thoe trm Mercd6. ones our dnetloG andlhe orhel3a visitol!.

5 p e 6 o n5 a 7 m u . h 3 a n 9 b m e l O a t j m u c h
7 ndfl neun9/!t6,o@r 1 ( Fd( Lcm/d"pa.rnffsoF
14a oi ol rs infomauo^ 16an
4 iiternara.G/summerlle 5 inflaionligures/pnce ranqe
6 ma*et suNey/rushhour 7 inlomaion te.hnotoqry/.ar
keys
Unit3l Pronouns 3 3hopasistanvpow. laitu€ 9 shopftoorrcrker/@rking tun.h
10iNUGdc6nl,?cr/banktoadj1 pmduclteatures/p@ducron.oss
T2ma*et l@derlmarkelinqbudgel
2 no one 3 anylhinq 4 anyone 5 Something6 emede 7 ftrrone
sanrihing 9 *ryth nq lONothing
2 Jad<ol 3 ercr ol 4 6i9€ of 5 t* of 6 pi<e ol 7 n@keoi B i@d ot
 A SWER I(EY 255

2fryp€n 3mine 4iama!dftumenis 5 colleaque ol he6 6islo(bo$3 2 two squaEwden Gnons

7 an expertin company 3 shos lhe el6 figu6 9 cunomerof 0!6 3 an am-ing ne efiwaE package
4 a difiicult $@eno^th transition peiod
5 hiqh-qualily Taiwane compder chips
2 €he€&3€** 4F€€ 5 €r$c{ 6shR 7li* 3R.*€r 9d 6 a mllplanned inv6hent nEteqy
7 deap hiqhjp€€d htehet acc6
3 a r@lulionary ne handh€ld.ompubf
9 a @nd€rful ns w.shinq pordef
Unit 34 Articles1 l0 alvlulch€p planjcFmnns

2 a n l l h e 3 a l T h e 4 a 5 t h e n h e5 l h € / a 7 a a a 9 a l 0 a n n h e 2 late - adv 3 a€ adj 4 wel ad. 5 ha'dly adv 6 good adj

11anlth€orher 12$e^he 13rhe 14lhe Porruque 7 ha.d - adj 3 had a& 9lan adc r0 iast adj.

2a 3 anl 4 -l- 5 al- 6- 1 ala a la 9 arl 10ala 2 @nwntion.l 3 rapidly 4 pbp€ y 5 qood 69@d 7we 3bady 9easy
l 0 d @ l l d r e c t t 1 2 € t y 1 3 . h € a p 1 4 q u i c k l yl 5 f q h t 16huge
2-/a 3at-h6e 4 /lhe 5 ^h€/a 5- Ta^he 3 rh€/anh€ 9-l-
1 0 A / a n l ar r a ^ h e r 2 Unit37 Comparing
I

2 r h e 3 - 4 - 5 a 5 a T T h e3 9 $ e l 0 r h e l l 12 13rle
l 4 t h e 1 5 a n l 5 r h e l 7 r h e r 3 - r 9 a 2 0 i h e2 r - 2 $e n6l pDlitable 3 Renl 4lhan 5 rcEe 6 best 7 as ongas 3 wo6e

4 a 5 - 6 - 7 a f t e 9 a 1 0 - 1 l - 1 2 a n 1 3 t h e1 4 - 1 5 -
1 6 1 h er 7 - 1 8 a 1 9 f t e 2 0 2 1 a 2 2 a 2 3 r h a2 4 r h e2 5 - 2 sm.llerrhan I ls inreetng thadnorasinrresing as 4 $e honen
5 b€ne.ftan 6 a59@da5 7 mo€ ditl(ur 3 ai largeas 9 wo& rhan

Unit 35 Articles2
2 a5/a53 than/des 4least 5 ben 6most T rhan/hadSatas 9lun/as
2 Crcle 3 h6pira/<hool 4 Healhrcw/underg.ound
5 HemutKoh^he Chance orlcemany
6thealpyMonrSlanc71henediutu@3 home
9 NeYo*/lheUnited ttates r0lunch 3 mores.<1ions
ol lhe €pod rhanme
11Deu$che SanklheCilyof London/$esian 12un{eaiv 4 a5longasle4e<ted/arlong4 r'derpecled
13takewndehere^heL.keDi5tria.^he nonh-@3r/Enqlandr4 Bondsr@r
151hep@f 16ftelJK^hesourh-easr/CanieduryCathedGl r?c@n 6 mon imponai!preni.tioh I haveeEf gi€n
13lohn/rcrk/thefrome 19lraly/cr 20TheDanube/Cen|a €urcpe

2a)The 2b)- 3a)- 3b) Ine 4a), 4b) lhe 5a)rne 5b) 9 $e ben communi@ton5ki15
6a) 6b)Ihe 7a)- 7b)lhe l0 $e m6l inlercitingpeple I havee€r met

2 a t 3 t h e e n d o t l h e4 n l h e 5 a t 6 r h e s u t o n d 7 a l 3 a l 2lorer 3 better 4doEattE live 5 tukiest 6 Eeater 7 wo6r

a morcensible 9 eaier l0mosraggre$Lwll hiqhef 12b61
2th€ 3rhe 4fte 5$e 6 7 3 glhe 10- 11 12 13
1 4 - 1 5 r h e l 5 r h e r 7 $ e 1 3 1 9 t h e 2 0 r h e 2 1 ( o r r h € )2 2 l h e
2 3 t h e 2 4 i h e 2 5 - ( o r r h e )2 6 $ e 2 7 f t e 2 3 t h e 2 9 3 0 . 3 r l n e Unit38 Comparing
2
32the 33ihe 34rhe 35 rhe 16rhe 37 33the 39lhe 4!

2a I rhebener 4moreandmorc5lhewondlarc.n 6 dighlly 7la*ei

unit 36 Adiectivesand adverbs a moF andmoreexpensive
9morequickt 10muchbeiter 11lhesamea5

2 mprdeddramatcaly3 hasd@pped signifi@ndy4 pauFbrielt 5he

imp@edsteadly 5 rc.overeds@ly 7 hasnFn gradually a littk/abn b./mu.h morcorls/buqhly lun/eecty
2 nea.lylvntually3 just/esart 4 a ltile/a bh 5 farlmuch

2 bored 3borng 4eKiling smded 6larqe 7 enomoG a bad 2 thefane* g@ing 3lhemosi.ftryd€sqned 4bslseling
5 rhele6r kn@n 6 themosrrapidt.hanging

2 hed t pomoted r badlyd6lgied 4 exiremevhelplol 2 roughly

th€eme lrliqhtyls 4aLm6tasmaiy 5alm6rdmu.h
s east rc.osniebre 5 undpecredlydelayed 7 completetillesal 6 rcnsiderabt
l6s 7 moElhanl'ri.e sbyfar 9 nornea,ly l0a ol
3 qute ate
256 ANSWER XEY

2oughlylheeme i consde6b/y more 4 similar5 dilfe€nt 6alot 2bLt 3 still 4lhough 5hspiteof 6wher€5 7 anyway
T b y f a f 3 t w i . € a r m a n y9 i w c e a s m u c h1 0 a i f t l e
2a)Intpiteof myheadache I slil @nt to $e meeiig /h 5p1eof havnqa
Unit 39 Adverbsof degree headachestillmnt to rhe merinq.
2b) | hada h€da.he, but I nil rent to lhe meelinq.
la) someanabdsrhinkihar siq* wil lal in vaue,whereasolhe6 d egree
2c 3d 4a 59 6l 7h 3e 3b)Allhouqh$me analtdlslh nk thar ntrks w ll ia I in value,othe6 d 5a9@.
rta)D6pile lhe dilfituhie in rhe negoraions, re won the contac.
250iew 3loohuch 4such 5e 6loomu.h 7omlch 3emany 4b) Enn thoughrhee @re diffituhi6 in ihe negolations,we won the .ontraar.
9 solillle 101@shon ll tallenoughl2enouqhmoney 5a)Whereasoilpl.6 rcFdlhlylanyear, thi5ye rheyhaveqonedown.
5b)Oilpd@soe sllqhlyal year,ahhough thi5ye rheyhaveqonedown.
2 somu.h 3 somany 4sofs 5 b linle 6t@ Tsuch 3 enough9e 6a)Ive win€n tvvi.e,yel lslil havent recd€d a eply.
6b) Despnewritingtwic, I nill havent receiv€d a rcply.(or Despitehavn9 wr fien
lwi(e Inillhawnl rcc€iEda rcply.)
7a)Ahhouqh hedidn'iu* anynoles,hegryeanex.eenl presenlalon.
2a)50su(ce$ru that 2b)su.ha succesrhar
7b)H€d dnl ue anynor6 Hegaveanexcellent preEnration,lhough
3a)50@llhat 3b)su.ha goodode. pMes ngt,slemthat
4a)suchalqebankdehs$at 4b)soraEethal
5a)iofasithal 5b)5ucha fan niemelconnedonrhat 2 a l $ 3 d e s p i l e4 a l l h o u q h5 . s w e l 6 B o t h T w h e . e a 3
sasmllas
9)d l0athough 11despite12Althouqh

2 wa5sucha dnicullp6bem 3ft€t@lewopies 4i@Inb5pa.€

5 p r e s e n t a iwoans$ q o o d 6 d d n ' r s e l e n o u g h u nTi tk5s b u s y Unit42 Linkingwords2
8so manybr*hurcsrhal9 ioo nrlerme

2 s ol * h e r a . o p y otlh e m l n u t e s .
Unit 40 Timeadverbs 3 b<auseIhada lol oi papeM lo fnhh.

s hed@5n1kn@,llarkbmeoneehe.
2at 3at 4on 5 n 6ar 7on 3in 9in 10on 11on 12in 13at

2b 3so that 4 n oderlo 5 tor 6 can 7 could 8@udn1 9woi1

2a 3k 4m 5f 6i 7e 8i 9b l0l ll n 12h13d14c

3 a 4 b t b 6 a 7 a 3 b 9 b 1 0 a I l a l 2 b 1 3 a1 4 b
2 neNtwee[ 3 $e dayaftertomori@ 4 at n]ght 5on time 5in time 7 tor
S d u r n q 9 n l o y e a u a q o l 0 b e l o . eI l D u f n q r 2 w h l l e l 3 w l i l e
1 4 d u r n 9 l 5 b y l 6 u n t l T t h e n 1 3a f t e d a d s 1 9 A f t e r2 0 l a l e r 2t 3P 4t 5P 6r 7P 8P 9r 10P

2 Q:Nowlonghawyouhada subsdiaryin Ponuqal?

Ai Sn(e 1998. 2 aglike 3 like 4 as,,l
ke 5 like 6 !s 7lke A atl ke
3 Q: NowlonghasPeterMidd€lhoffbeenCEO?A Sincethe 5radol the y?ar
4Q: fowlong hasyourconpanyhadrheem€ loqoTA Fortenryysr 2 t o 3 l k e 4 b e c a u s5 e t h a ! 6 b 7 a s I 3 i o r 9 [ e 1 0 t o
5 Q: fowlonq ha€ youowiedyourTeekom shaB?A:slncepdatstioi. l 1 $ . s n o r l o M r r y r 2 a 5 1 3 l i k e 1 4 s o t h a rr 5 t o 1 6 i k e
6 Q: Fowlongha€ youknen A exSonTA: Fofa onqrime.
7 Q:NM onghaverou lvedin this!M7 A: Sncelwasbom.
unit 43 Developing
an argument1
2 ago 3 tor 4duing 5 afier 5 belore 7 for Ssince 9 for r0$hile
l l 5 n ( e 1 2 a g o 1 3 B e l o r e1 4 w h i . 1 5a t l e t u a d s1 6a f t e r 2 h a n d 3 A s a t u l e 4 e x ( e p l5 e r t h e r6 A s a m a t t e r o f l a cTl O i t h e w h o e
a Onft€ olher hand 9 36ides 10suchas 1l lor example 12 nsleadol

ljnit 4l Linkingwords I
2 *ept 3 therclorc4innead 5 n qene.al6su.has TElher
3 As@llas $is 9 Nmrihd6 10So
2 Although 3despte 4whie 5 Whe€a 6ihouqh 7bll a{heEas
9 a n y l v a y1 0 r n 5 p € o f l l a r h o u q h 1 2 a r h o u q h Inqenera!,
taknqanM&Aisa goodid€ tor anambt ousyoungpEle$onal,
hl]wr youdo haw to makesomeldifice' Youmksout on lvvoyea6
b) odlt v Fd rh" Mad"d o'file re d5 LpBdl"lon"o!fi p valuablem|t axpe ence,for *mde and t cn be veryexpeisve.
"!
2a)We.an hande lhe tEnspon arangemenisand ako the insuEn@.
2b) We can hand€ bolh the lransponaraigementsand the insuranc. 23 Fi6toa
l ll 3A-aswelas 4D-Secondl5 y C asaresult
3a) want ihe eles lisu6 lor octoberand N@nber as@ll. 6A H@rer 7B Inaddnion 3 D - l o r e x a m p e9 A - s u c h a s
3b) | want the sa es I sures lor o.rober as @ll as N@mber
4a) we?e setting up ofiices in Peruand alo (in) E.uador
4b) we'E setting up ofi @s in Peruand (in) Ecuadort@.
 ATIISWER
KEY 257

Unit 47 Adjective+ preposition

2 l n a d d l o n 3 h f a . r 4 l h e r e l o E5 r i a r u t e 6 h @ m r 7 l n c o n d u s i o n

2h 3d 4b 5j 5a 7i ac 9i lOe

Unit 44 Developingan argument2

2 sfelron 3 atiached
to 4 dependent
on 5eriousabout 5 nrctved
in

2fiomourpontolvs 3 Appaeddy4 trFms rhat 5 tonunaret 6&tuatt

T l M d n q o n t o S i n t h e e n d9 a l a n 1 0 U n t € sl t u d 6 1 2o l h e m i F 2 wilh 3for 4 about 5wiln 6 about Tlor aJor 9for lOwth ll at

2Of@u6e 3 Unforlunalely
4Bytheway 5Iobeirank 6Ahsatl
7Appaeny 3 Anylvay9 Abryeatt l0or6ther
2 npancular 3Cleary 4Toqveanexampta5 excepr
6AslaraslhegeneGpubic isconcerned7 funhmor€ asrnudt
9 Asa manerol fact l0suchas 1tp6aresuh 12 0n rheotherhand
1 3o r 6 t h e . 1 4 l n l e n e r a1 5a f t h o u g h] 6 l o s u n u p
2 lo Addan 3 to dtung on the eir 4 lo. rhe meeing
5 inteEied in archaeoloqy6 aboutwhal he eid 7 at ma$enar<s
3 aboutlheadwnising Ghpalgn 9oipeope l0onherid6
ior
2 at&ned 3 dependenr4pepared 5cpabe
3 inrcl4d 9nght l0oppGed ll compatibe

2Asamatteroliac13 r'6iar as...isconcehed4To9i€anebmple

5In EeneG 6 Cleay 7 Funheno@3Asa rclutt 9Ontheo$erhand
Unit 48 Noun+ preposition
l0tosumup rl excepllor 12athough 13*ntu.Iy 14or ra$ei
2ror 3 with 4 benreen5with 6i./oi 7 ber€en 8to 9in/oi lOlor

Unit 45 Prepositions
of place 2 pnceol 3 advanrageol 4 tocu5on t paynenrto. 6 objectionro
7 nwlvement in I suhabilry
lor

2on 3 above/be@ 4in 5on 6opp6n.7.t

2 forlup 3in/by 4lorlon 5in/On 6in 7 an/lot Santhy 9t^/n
l l n e x t l o 1 2 i n 1 3 o v e r1 4 n e a r1 5 i n 1 6 o n
20 by

2on 3on 4in 5on 6aun Tidoi 3at 9on
1 3 n 1 4 i n 1 9 i d a t 1 6 n 1 7 a t 1 3 o nn t 9 a t
2 lowads 3 al 4 der 5 p.st 5 on 7 in a $@ugh 9.r
2 r 3 h 4 c 5 j 6 i 7 d 3 e 9 r r 0 b 1 lk 1 2 9
2 r i 3 t o f 4 0 1 5w i t h 6 i n 7 0 1 a o u t 9 i n l o i n 1 1 t o . 1 2 i n l 3 t o r
14up 15in 16lor 17at l3abour
t0 on

Unit 49 Trends,graphsand figures

2 at 3 in 4on 5 nexr 6 n 7 in 3on 9 oppositet0in lt to t2at
2 om lhou$nd, nrc hundcd and$idy
Unit 46 Verb+ preposition 3 1$€l€ rh@end, rhe hlndred
4 rwelt€ lhouend.nd lh iy
5 twt€ lhouend,thR hundcdandth.ty
2beeve n 3wairfof 4lead1o Sdependon6kn@aboul 7 suflerIrcm 6 me hundcd andt*€nry thou5and,$re hundrcd
7 onehundr€dandh€nty threerhouend
3 o.e hundrcdandr*nty $ree rhouend, threehundredandlh dy
2wilh 3ol 4aboul 51or 6 abour Tinb Alor 9on t0 from in I one mill@n,tm hundredand$iny ftouend

2 imed/slbhrt 3in 4by 5EMr! 6 ht/tow/EoveEd/a1

2 lolabout 3lrom 4 ol s of 6 wilh/abour7 fbm 3 in 9lor 7 mchedheak 3 slowly/by9sN/of 10to 11Ge/l€ll 12ra$d/.ut
1 0 l o / a b o o lt 1 a r 1 2 l o r
2 HowMr 3 ahhough 4 in spiteoi 5 TheEfo€ 6 so 7 becue or
2belonglo 3l5tenro 4 explain/io5 agre€iwirh 5 appvlor Tetyon
3 apoiogiedlor 9Remnd/aboutlohopnglor ll headlmm
r2compywilh 13insisron 14quairyJor

2with 3 aboul 4lmm 5for 6in Tlor 3 againn 9i6n lotrom

l l l o r 1 2 f o r 1 3 o n 1 4 o n 1 5 r o 1 6 f o f 1 7f r o m t B a b o u l 1 9 o t
254 ANSWERKEY

Test1
2aalm6l 50q/62ba lnbundef50%
3 a a b u n d5 0 % 3 b a b o u i 5 0 % 3 don'tundeEland4 m talkn9 5 isn'tseinq 6 know 7'm naynq
4a€n. y s0% 4b precisey 50% 3 a F y o u 0 L r d D oy o -o f f e ' 9 r o l e i l 0 d o y o u . d l l d t r N "
5 a a i i e d e r 5 0 % s b d i q h l yn o r e t h a5n0 %
6 .onr deGblymoreihan 50%
b)Pc c)Pc OP5 e)Ps 0Pc a)Ps h)Pc
2Uat 3allhough 4be.ause 5 ecwery 6peak 7up 3by 9mitton 2a 3e 4c 5q 6f 7h ad
l 0 p o u n d s1 1 o n 1 2 c u t r r s i g n i f i c a n1l l4yH d e w r 1 5 h . t l 1 5 r @
1 7s h a r p y1 3 l o 1 9 o v s 2 0 i n Prenr slnple:aNvays, assoonar, befoe, e@rydry hardy trr nweL mosioi
lhe lime, nextlime, nom.lly, o.caionaLly,
oien, Grel, smetimes,twicea year,
Unit 50 Punctuation
Penl conrinuous:
at lhe momenl,nM, n adays,$6e daF

2 LaslfebruarymelMaryCaeenier lor thefi6t line. 1 lusuallyhe llnchar abodoneo crock 2 Lunchs oft€ntun a sandwr.h.
, abo-r50l'lor4? I'on odn!. 3 I visnPadsH€d Oflicef.om I mero ime
4lvlylarcur€ Nilchco.ktimk 91fan9e6 ona Tran'. 4 amhadt evs lat€in th€morninq 5 | hadt mr lake$e rranro work.
5 Cao worksasa^ oli .e managern a ma*ei n9 consutancy 5 I prcpare
a !15 Eponon.€a month 7 | n*r missa Boadmeeln9
6lw jun rcceivedihe reponpublisheda( MaybyrhewoddT6deOrganzaiio^ 3lam n4r laretor a Boadn€tinq.
7 OnChrshasDaywel 9oto myparenG' houp nearBighronn5usx
3 lh nkJeans qoinq10beinletos n9theD€puty finance
Minkterne{ wk glrseffi r0l
3.onrah4t 5./ 6weowi 7 lhink 3/ ]]/

2c 3b 4a 5.5a 7a 3c

r 9@supldenand 2 I iallinq/meaG3 a€you wa nng/doil th nk

2l'm 5orryKm, heeid theg@dswouldaiiiveon time.bur$ey d dn1. 4 doour<unohe6wanlk*ms 5 hope/k^@tisdoig
3 Jacksadihar@ rhoud l€r up th€plans, togel aboutit andnan again 6 doyoumean/doil undedand TaEyousyng/Doyouwant
4 Whenlsawmybo$,lMnl uplo hm,.nd e d, CanI ha@Friday ofi, pleae? 3 0c you.chicken
ta$e/depeidr/sw*ln!
5 Oi theothe.hand,we couldue a ditiecnrtnm..oudntwe?'eid f.an@h.
6'Nello,Alan,sid Tina,Howwaslhe menngyened:y?'
7 lf wereyou,i'd askiof bme help,or pedapslookarlhe manlataqrin Test 2
3 O shafesddwell anwk Standard Oilwasup2%, Een wasup La%,and
lhe An9lo-DutchgrcupShelgainen 2.3%
1b{ame 2 began 3blole 4 b.oughr 5 bought 6(hose Tate 3iel
9 tolnd l0lorgor ll g@ 12lepr l3led 14lenrl5mel l5pad
DearAngela, (opriona comma) 173ed lashut 19spefl 20 undeElood
ll wasgrealto heartiomyou,and$ank lor thephotooi *ryone on rheMBA
cou6e.llbrngsbackhappymemodes, ahdlm sureyo! l age thatwe wep
2 ued rocraih 3 mshed/wa5pdnrnqo 4was€ling ofl^laned
luckyto havesuchnErcstngp6ple n oury€r
5wanlen/d6e 6 used1ohave/combined 7atrved/waswaiiing
I m gladrhatyouere succesfuinyblf €dloralobin publcelaions |ve
3 kndked/.ame 9@eargung/lost 10watv sred
notbsn solu.ky$ lar l n alraidlapplenlorajob arlhe begl^ning ol $e
fronth n lhelnan.edepanme ola algeSws-Mnedphaha.eulcal
(ompany'd bev€rywellquaied iorrhetob,butInil haven'r heardanyrhinq. rf 2didn'lue 3lhadn'tfolqonen4uedlo prcduce5l'd rcad(orsan)
ldonlqetan ansmrbon, llry wiliig againAcrually, illdon't hearan,,lhinq, I 6 hadalready left 7 ued ro !o sking/used lo sti Sthameetinghadlnished
won1betoo d FppoinledbeGue 1 ehs $e I .ompany isn'tdoinqto Mll at
themoment, aid ldonl thinkthere'dbefranyoppodunitiglofpomotDn. 2 W h e n 3 a r 4 r n 5 0 n 5 W h e n T W h i l e / w h eani n 9 a l l 0 w h e n
'vebeenm€ninglo emailyoufor aq6 about
somelh nqee. Doyouby.ny
, Fdn!"-"F Alkona-d J'r \ doaA. rT pta.n'ngon{}lng lrtr Ltryn lhe
aurumnand|dlketo.a n la n d s e e i h e m . r v n a l a b o u l y o u ? D o y o u h a v e a 2n got/had
y nopp€d I didyoulindouvhadqoi 4loined/hadwo*ed
pansiocomeherc?rt @uld bercnderlultoee youaqain,rnd youkn@
5 *nl/had a mdyrpoken 6 hadalw4$ suspe.lei/wasnt
youre rekome to sraywhen4er youw.nl
Well,that3 all lor now I m qoinqawaylomorow lor a lM dayrto vkll my
parcn$,and'vegoi lo pa.kandgetreaCy. I hadbed waiting 4 hadak€ady head 5 hadbeei dsing 6hadn'tinished
fi ank againlor rhephoro,andit
7 hadner met Shadbeenl@kinq thad@n r0hadbee^losinq
was$ niceto hearlrcm you aqan
Al thebel, (optiona.omma)
Test3

2 h a d 3 h a v e h a d4 r w b f t 5 l l e f t 6 h d e r c u b * n r c r k i n g
7 a r c ' o u g o n g3 h N n ' t p a i d 9 d l d n l p a y l 0 d d y o u a n s e
 ANSWENKEY 259

2 stanen 3 beenwriting 4didyouaniE 5Hareyou / nulr lN , o1ts r a6f i r Coonbb 3 wd. d. F@ rhisao- nq
6 hasbeenoryanGing/has oqanls€d 7 for rhe months 4 6 beingrenmbp€d 5 havebeenpur up agan
3 haveiEd/havebeenliving 9t'€banwaitnghm lOthmntqi€n 5 wlll bedl<used in the m€€rinqtomorcw 7 hadsomenM oltwarc nstaled
l l l vebeenwaitinq l2 haveyourclked/helou benrcrking 3 wasb.rn 9rereyou 10Pete6c.was wasAlexlod
12 Hat. ba.lup copyol this ti e b€n
2 always3 aheady4*f 5jun 6 yet Tfor 3ne€r 9 ofG^ t0Sofar

2 ve nsef been 3 My wallethar a vejusrsen 5 havenl fin sh€d(or wftinq)

6 rcrkinq h€rcfor 7e€rbenlot tinAnen@(orrer visid LatinAmenca)
a haveni spoken9Aniacome lCqone ha@n,l
sn Oavid 2 m u n 3 n e € n t o 4 h * l r i e d 5 r e ' d b e t l e r6 n i q h t T i h o u d S m u n
12livingherefofr3 ve eft 14hen'rf nished l5 jun teft t6Mb€en 9 c a n lh a v e r o h a v e i o t i d o n ' t n e €r do t 2 ( a n r
l7learning(ornudyng) 13hmnlhad l9n@reaien 20 plainglennisfor
2l torgoilen 22 \ changed23*n Marqarclsn@ 2 m u n n ' t 3 m l h r h a v e4 h a v e l o 5 m u n 6 . o u d 7 h . d r o S m u s t h a w
9 s h o u l dl 0 d i d n ' t h : E l o
Test4
2i 3b 4d s9 6a 7e

2 n o p s 3 S h a l 4 w e ? € q o n 9 o u l5 i t t g o i n q t o b €6 t l d o 7 c o m eb : c k
2 d o n t h a @ i o 3 c a n l b e 4 m u { b e 5 s h o u t d b e6 m i g h l b e 7 G n l
3 She be@rking 9w?egoinqio 10lhey'ttpobabty
amlqhrt harclo l0shoud

2 w i l b e h e r e3 w l p r c b a b y q e4r i 5 9 o l ^ 9 be n d 5 t l l k y o u
2 mun have 3 can'thaF 4 rhoud haw 5 mqht norhe 6 shoud have
6 won't(orcant)see 7 WhalaF rou 9o^q 3 wit pobabty
7 shouldn
t have S couldhaw

b)prese .onrnuous()wil d)9onsto e)qoinqro i)wll 9) futuc p€rle<l

Test 7
2c 3b 4i 5a 6h 7e 3q
2 Wtl I s ,bu tomor@? 3 D d you havea nke limeT
2 Shall 3.onfeenceends(orf nkhesof i5o@r) 4 wonl 5 wittyoube 4 0o you knowwhar I mean? 5 Ae youcohing out Io. a d.ink latet
6ll 7 Sha 3youdoing 6 Haveyoub*n waillnqlong? 7 Areyouenjoying youuellT
3 Hae rcu head $e larn?
2 s h al M h a v e3 ' m g o n g t o 5 t u d y4 ' t t b a b a . k 5 t m a t n g
6 lwon't iorgel 7 Im qoingto do a Shalllhelpyoo 9 we'rcome 2whatthi5m€ns 3h@muchrhr.on5 4 whatime $e bankopens
1 0 l ' m g o i n g t o a s1k1l ' l h a E 1 2r ' m9 o l n 9
b h* 5Im inlheighteat 6 whe.€lhe OperaHou5es
7 lh( is lhe way10the s<ienceMueum
a $no lhe sp€akeri5al the nerl se$on (orwho rhe speakerar the nextsss on k)

1.26 3a 4 5,/ 6,/ J/

2 wasposted 3 Gbens d* oped(or Gto bedeEropd) 4 w.s aaten
5 is sri pbdu.ed 6 wi be ddden 7 k beinggi@. 3 hasben prcmoled
2 sheds/$e d@sn't 3 iha4/lhavenl 4 am/r'mnot Sshek/rheisnt
9waswifien 10arclost(o.arcbenqldt)
6l6n/l.an'l 7lwil/lwon1 3 drd/lddnl 9 tk/ilisnt

2 ourhousewas bokeninrolastweek
2 @.1 they 3 aEnl €avinq4 havenlrhey 5can'lyou 6 didn'liorcer
3 Engshisspoken a lder the@rd.
T Y o u @ @ i t 3 d o y q 9 r h a lr e r 0 d i d n r y o u
4 the newmoloeay hasrinaV opened. (or ben opened).
5 ThkumbreLla was eftin Repton.
6A lrafic wi I bebann€d tom thec t cenrc. 2 Canlk thenenu,pease?
7 -ia rh" 1o 'qu'4den'{ed. -er lh.} ae leh lo,24 4or5 3 Excuem€, s anyoie siningherc?
3 Themeelinq h b€ng pslponed. 4 WriCn.ounta/do you.ome I@m?
s Whowrc you ralkinqio jun now?
6 what eEdly do you msn by lhal?
2 am havingnrycr rcpaired
7 Coud yoube a litlle mF $€.ific?
3 hadsohebusinesGdsprlnledwirhlhe ne toqo
3 wlEI tihe is lhe nexttrain 10Bru$es?
4 arehavn9thecarpdcleaned tofro@
9 Canybu tell mes,hatt methe nexrraln to 8tus*ls ts?
5 havalust hadnryrequenlor .edit rclued
10Wro d@slhis bnelcasebelonqto?
11Couldlmakea phonecal lom he€?
2mean 3beGken 4wilbrtng 5t6kptae 6 hightightei7 b€ignored 12Doyoulh nkI couldnakea phon€ca!lom here?
3 isexpeci€d9wil fal 10in.reae 1twittst.t 12tob€found 13ceare
l4encouEge 15belookedat
250 AI{5WER t(!Y

Test 1l

2 p b m o t e 3 h a d l e f t4 s t y 5 I d 6 h a d 7 b m k s d e n 3 c o u l d phone 2g 3l 4a 5d 6j 7h ae 9i 10k11b12f
9 d o e s n l l 0 @ d b e e n l l w o u l dh * b e o m e 1 2 9 @ s
1 3b a c k eudp / w o u l d nr st k r 4 h a d n t / w e d b el 5 h a d 1 6 w a s 2 tak6 up 3 lo pur backthe meeingto^o pul rhe meetingba(k to
4 tode.l wilh 5 pickmeup 6 lo 9o on witinq 7 to so,'iir out 3 lo go over
2 wil be 3 wouldhaveasked 4 will gel 5 wu d g.t 5 rculd haw miFd 9 you ome ac6s t 10run our ol rim€
7 wouldnt see 3willleave 9 @uld haresrted oul l0rcudyoudo
2@r 3lhough 4out 5down 6by 7up Soli 9 nto,6ackl0 away
l u n e $ 2 i l 3 U n l e s4 l 5l 6!ne$
2q€lonwilh 3 cutd@non 4 tunourot 5 gel roundlo 6 catchupwlh
2 hadmademorecopetmuld havehad 7 lookfo ardlo 3la(e upro 9 froveonto 10gel backto
3 hadb@uqht yourhap/rcu dn'thav€gon€
4 hadinvened n newlechnology/rcud havesuNi€d 29 3l 4i 5d 5b 7a 3k 9l l0j ll h l2e
5 hadwa ted/wouldnthavehappeied
6 hadrcalled youfte 50b!5ylwouldnl he askedyou
7 hadcolapsed/wouldhav€been Te* 12
3 hadbrcughtoutrhenns modaloniime/@udnl ha€ l6i

2h 3b 4t 59 6.7a a e 9 l 1 0 . 1 1 b 1 2 a1 3 e ( o r 1
a4) d
2b !a 4a 5b 6b 7b

2 havinq 3make 4do 5 make/have/do

5do/dake 7 frade/dong/male
2 haddone 3 hadn'1done4 spoke(orcould3peak)s hadorde@d 3 maketdo/havi^9/mak
ng 9 Have/dake10frade/do
6 wa, (orwerc) Thadgven thad 11dong/make/havingr2 have/dohakn9

Test9 Test13

2 (ofrng 3 to coma 4 giving 5 makn9 6 Remnd Tloentei atobe 2wh4 3$ar 4wh6e 5who 6who* 7 which 8 whose 9thal
9 t o b e 1 0 t r y i n g1 1 r c ! 9 n i n 91 2 l o b d * 1 3 b e i n g1 4 i n r e r u p r i n g l0wholuedlowolkwith
1 5 g o i n gl 6 1 0 m e e l l T r o d e l v { l S w l n n i n gl 9 t o s e 2 0 i o p a c k
21arivn9 22ro ir 23genngawa2 y 4 t o g e t a w a y2 t t o l i 5 t e n2 6 v i s i t i n g
3 (who) a qId s(ha0 5(ha0 7 !a[id 3 (that)

2 who (ameyestedayqde me
2.omng 3lo lGe 4 to gel thouqh/gefii^g5 waitng SlogiE 7 @usinq
I lhal lh€ )apane* vRito6who cane yenerday
3 to @npbmise 9 unp&king
4 wh6e laplopI borowedwanisit
5 who@*s in my depanm€nl
Test10 6 lhal we we.l lo y5l*d.y w6
7 a @manwh6e sinerwo stor
A whoiswaning'n t(eplonwanE b
2 Whatd d youdoyasreday (of'lhedaybeioE)
3 Do youoften go lo Gemanyfor meetoqs
4 l-lowmanyinlefr ew haveyoudoneioday Test14
5 AE you 9o iq b chansejobs
6 Whod d youla t lo.r $e.ontercnce
7 Wi vor behet o' ther) oTorow 2 isa d*tor 3 you6{oryourumbrela)4lhalwln€ 5ev€rytme
5 ome advl(e Tnelherone 3someinlomation9noneolus l0bylaxi
SWhercaEyournewolices
1 l l h al i a f f i w
c a 1 2 s m a n y 9 @ dd e d s1 3 N o n e a r a l1 4 l a n e g c o l e a g u e
9 HawyouFen Bil @@nly
15.ilner l6 roolinleinlonaion lTeachone lSMinsq!
l0Wil youbeseeng3i atlheconle@n@
19enouqh.hairs20 nosparcpans 2l ftene6 s 22rheendof ihe rcpoft
23bolh 24 everyone25 hets 26someinfooation 27can'thed antlhing
2invtedJeanlocometo3 advisdDav€notto siqn 4 suqqan€d qening
2abo$oflhem 29 lhercwaql a sinqe quesuonl0 sn'tanyon€31 ils
5 apologed for a(ving 6 ofiered(to qiv€) ? onqEtllared/on winninq

aounbbledouns: a dest,a bag,alob,a lip, a ptublem, a.han.e,a itre,

a machine,a dollaLan email,a facl, a suggesion, an houf
Uncounliblenouns:someiurnilure,someluggag€,somewo*, sme tGvel,ome
trcuble,eme luck,sre wine,eoe equipnent somemonry some
cotrgpond€n.e,ome inlomation,$me advice,sone time
 ANSWERKEY 261

/ s o n ed d \ . p 3 b , f a - 4 ) o n e l h ' n g b m ] ' n g 5 o n l m
6 oie ot my bos3 friends 7 a tax advier
3 Nobody(orNoone)knds ihisbusinEs9 goi nolhingio
10Everybody (orEveryone) heredrnks rr Tlieunemployed 12redgigning
13is norhn9we can 14F@mu.hdid r5isnlmuch 16anaccouniam
17 Everybody (or Everyone) waslate 13 couldn'rdo anr,rhlng
19Noia snglepeuon 20ftere!no 21warn'tii 22ihe.unomer!opy

Test15

2 byihe€nd 3veryhad 4lovelyblu€ 5 e fr endly(orwy fdendly)

6 errremely good(orabsoluleyexcelenr) 7verywl 3f€ltrcd
9Wenever9ve 10 nleenedin ll somuch l2 !u.h..islryprcje.r
l 3 n o le x p e r e n eedn o u g hl 4 l a r q e r $ a nl 5 a s l a r c e a sl 6 l h e b s n p n c e
l T f o r r h r e e m o n $1s3 ! o i € n s 1 9 w h e ng e lb a c k 2 0b e l o e 2 l l h a n r d o
22too ong lr nu(r lej,selr .or ri a5userular l4 ar smn'T

2ago 3laler 4ior 5 since 6at 7 n 3on 9.ltEB:ds lOOu.ing

ll Aner 12for l3laler 14at

2 've beenrcrking on thB prcj{t 5in.eJanuary

3 ismoE prclirabe lhanreiaibanking.
4 wolksverycareluy. 5 $e @d sefr.e rve *f en. 6 rrayedin P.nsoniil
Tyou nterested n opera?SinBhedpdlvely. t h*h.kedhad.
l0w tswell. 11 5nl well(orB un@tl) 12speak mo.eiMt pteae.
13 snorasbigasthechnesemadet. 14justasfranyprcducG asRl<had.
15 sthe eanexperieicen fremberot ihe ream. 16seyoulater
17'vebeendolnqthBjobsin.er998. lSawayonhoridayunlilr9onime
20 n tme ro 5avetheneqolatons.2I |get$eEbyNvo.
22 ntheendwegaveup (orqaveupin theend)

Test15

2 n 3 a t / i n 4 o v e r 5 i n / n 5 o n 7 a t 3 r o 9 i n 1 0 o n 1 r a t 1 2o € r
1 3u n d e r1 4 a r r 5 i n / a t 1 6 i l T a t 1 3 t o / i n l 9 o n 2 0 o n

2 l o 3 a g a i n s4t o n / l o r 5 o t 6 n t o T i o m S i o r 9 w t h 1 0 i n
l l a b o u l 1 2o n 1 3o l 1 4 w l h / a b o u lt 5 i o 1 6o n

2 on Swirh 4in 5 ol 6in Tlor 3ro 9at r0for rr aboul

2rea5onlor3 advaniaqeol 4 troublewlth 5 m.tterwilh 6rcplylo

7 ackol 3 solulion
io 9 sub{hotefor l0invesrmenrinll adviceon

2 nsde 3nextto 4to 5ai 6n€ar7a.b$ Sdown9on r0at

1 1o n 1 2o p p o s i t e
13al 14olf
 263

lndex
with pastsimplein AnE Appendx 5 p246
A wth pEent p€rfectp26c

wilh psent onlinuouspl4c

wiihsinguarcounlable
nounspl27D,1423
wilh pEent p€rfe.t p27c
wnhpsentsimplepl0C
be .bout to (etumngro ruture)p39t
aslinkingwordp170A,3
in compaGons p1543,159D
wod5andphrargmeahing and pl7aA
adjadiE pl51C
b€fo€non-Eadabl€
Bnyor sme? pl27D,pll0B
pl27D
in aftnmatwsentence5
pe6onor organetio^ vdlo d* acton p42
in negaiB.nd qu€nionspl270,p1303
p127D
in olfe6andreques$
nol . .ny (innegari@
*n&ncet p1350
anybody/anyone p]30A,B

adtedivesandadlelbsp150A.p2030:AmE.nd 8lE
difieGn.6 Appendix5 p246
adjediv6andadwdswilh sme iom pls03
of rnypl.e (Ama)Appendix5 p247
e n d l n 9 i n - . d p 1 l 0pBl 5. 1 E
apostrcphe s (l) pl333,pl39C
endin9in -lng p1100,p151E
gEdabeandnongradable p151C artkl$ (r, rhe, elc)u34, u3s
in Elaii€claoespl22A
iregula.adjecrig pl548
nofilcle whentalkinggeneraly
p]43E,p147t
oder ot adjediE pl 510
possi€ adjedivesp13aA noanldewilh nam6oi (ounvis,(ompanieselc pl43E,

sp<ialuss of noanldep147O
wi$ pRnrsmple p10c
a... $ (incompadsontpl55D,pl53A
linlingrcd pt74A,p175E
wlh pa51@nlinuouspl9F
adwd endngs({lly, -il, -y) p1503.App€ndl 3 p242
adwds .nd .djediE pl 504, p203O

frequencyadvedsp10C,pl 50a
wi$ pae perfe.l p33a
compannq advedspr59D
wnh presnr sifrple p33A
oder ol advebspr 50a

after
a pFp6itionpl9l C,D
after :nd pal (AhE/8lEdiii€rcn.€)App€ndix5 245
in .dn phraFrpl99G
.ftor $at GhMinq a equence)y'3c, p167a
in limeexprsionspl aC,pl55,4
in ime expKionsp167t
pGilion/lo@tion
p136A,p1378
wth pan sinpled pastp€rfe<tp22B
wth preenr5imple @p@ perf€.ipl&a

bewilh peent (@rinuous pl 1D

h.d wilh p6r periectp22a
h.d ben w h pan p€rfect@it nuousp23D
haE wfth p6ent perfeclp26,A

in Pasiw asreporringvErbp95C

be .llowld ro/nor .llowrd ro

pemhsion/prchibiUon p54s,C
264 trDEX

.ommandtin repoftedsp€€.hp95E
B comp.rattet andsupe att€s u37, u33
onesyllableadje.ttes p1543
onetllab e adredsp1590
+ going to (reiernngro tuture)p34B
te or moresyllabe adjeciB pl 548
assr.Gvelbandadio^@rbp15D
t*o or morcsyllabe advedsp159D
In pan.ontnuouspr9D
common phEs6andntuciures wrh comparatives
and
in presnt pede.t @ntinuousp30C

comparng
aclions p155E
omParneg q u a l l nh g rp 1 5 5 D
be.bl6 to or @uld?P5lc
in ^egaiivesandqueslionsp5lC
n Mtng inneadof 6n p503
ininitie tormolen p50A
wlih.5long at, on @nditionth.t, pFviding,pbvidint
th:i so r6n9ar p73c
be€nto andgoneto p27D
wilhim:gineandsuppodngp73C
wth part3imple or panp€ri<r p223
with prcent s mpleor prcenr p€lf€d p33A

betide(positon/o.atoi) p1370

< o u l d( m o d a l € 6 ) u 1 1
u ,1 2u, 1 3 u
, 14
p199E
conneciontrclationship6
n .eponed $*h p903

PemBionp54C,p620
c.. Eiqrkh(difiednc8in uege)
BirishEnglGh/Ahe

un(enainrypt3D,p59E,F
wilhqlslion ta95aftermperarNespToC
wod5andphras meaninq
blrpl78A

etcpl310
+ mysell/you&lf
n .eponed5pe*h p9og
rn.oun phr.espl99G
Positon/lo.alonpl370
wth question p70c
rigs atlerimpeDtives
wlh pastperr<!p22c
.6!ld or b€ abletoTP51C

wrh prcenlsimple
or pG*nr pedeclp33A
f/ plurallom5 pl264,C
singula
wilhsp{ilic m.aningl27E
c
. a n ( m o d a r v . 6 ) u fu, r 2 ,u r 4
D
p53E
ofle6andinvilalions
Permissonp6lD

relanwdaus pl13 A, C
defining
with quenionLgs afls impe.alivep70C
anicle(!h6)p142A,p1430
definire
wilhpla@namep1468
sp{ili. maannq pr47E
ceftainlyanddedu.uonp53B

posirion wilhwill andwon1p34A,p533

d e s p i t . / i snp h e o l p t T t G
delermineE(a, tne, this, etc)u32

combininq rntenc6 usnga @laiveclau* p122A

.ome + -ing (sporc/o!1d@racrivilie) p32a
wilh qu6rron lagsp70A,c
 INDEX 26s

with prsnt pede<lp268,p27C,p30A,pr 66C

wirhp6en1tlmpleploA wilh prerenip€rfeclcontinuousp3I E
for example/forinstanrepl73B
with queniontaqs704, B

commonoaresions wilh do p114A

p€nidein phEsa€rb6 prorc

panidein ph6el v€lbspl03C
be due to (cferinq to luruF) p39F pGilionin sent€nceplOC,pl50A
with preenl perlearp27c
withprcenrsimplepl0c
E p]91C,D
uegeasPeposnion
€achandev.ry p135E
ea(ho$erlone anoth€rpl31O

p2063
endot senlence
adjectwendii9p1103,p151E
padcipleending^ elaiveclaus pi230

anacrvnyin prc96s in rhetuturep33

some$inq th willdeiinney happenp38

€l lhe end or In lhe end?p133O

@kingb..k iioma pointn thelururetoanearer

la kingabouriuturc dents that 5E I kelyto happenp74C

eventhouqhandrhhoughpl?00
L@Lngba.ktom a pointn theiururetoan aclvnyin
with presenlpede<ip26c
with50peals p!55C
G
6wry and€..h pl35E
ev.ry oneor everyon€? pl30c
everyone/everybody p130A,pr 31C
ewryon. or .v.ry on.? pl3lc
everythingp1304,pr3rc get 5omelhn! done p47E

q6+-inq (spon5/ourd@raclvilig)
p32a
exdafr.tionma* (l) p207G

+ nriniive(€Ie.nnq !o rulde)p39r
soinq to (eletr n9 to lulure) u7
lutur€*nG lhal are kelyto happenp75c
F goinglo of p6ent.ontinuous? p35E
goinglo ofwill? p35D
plansandinlenlions p34
pcd clionsusingevden.ein prcsenrsituationp34B
a fs (oO1348
cleding 10n€r or d nanl l me n luturep34B
goneto andb*n to p27D

gotten(pastpafti.pLeol qet n AmE)Appendix

5 p246

p43c,pl73D
shownga sequen(e H
had + pastp:rti. ple p22a
p4lc, pr73D
sh@inqa sequen@

+ noun(expGsinq pu.p6e/@n) p174C wilh pastperl€.t .onlinuousp22D

afternounsmeaninq'ned','wish' or'requ6t pl99F
forand sinc p27C,p166C
in nounphras (for pl€atuE,for *le, er)plee6
with pasrsimplep304,pr66c necsary/not n4essry p54C
266 [{D€X

wiLt .onditionalsp73c
wnhpresenr5implepr0c wilh preenr peden p33A
wnh pPenl imple p33A

in spireolldespitep171G
haE/hs + paslpanidplep26A indelini| arlicle(a/an) u34
hde somethnq dore p47E ind€Jinilepbnounsp130131A,3,C
wilh questontaqsp708,C

hav€ Gtale@lb andactionwlb) pr 5D,pr r sC indiredspee.l'Ge reponedspe.h)

.ommo^exprsionswithhaveprr5c
have/hd. 9or p115C:AmE?BIdlfi€rcn.d Appendix5 aJtermodawlbs p50a
aner |gt and makep33D
msning'post pll5C afier ve6s ot p"rceprionp363
nol n contnuousr€n!5 a5a naG verbpt 15C
wilhp@*nl5ifrplepl0A
ne.Esary/noln(&ry p54A,s, p55F wt,roul b paiD, p363

adle.t€ endinqpl T03,p I 51t

after a pRed n9 velbp32A,p37C
afterpreposirionspll0-1 11c, p194a
+ obje.i + infinir'€ p863 4 a noun(getund) pr10a,p171G
ar beginn ngof clauFp111D
beforeanother velbp37C
panicpleendingin rclarire. aus$p l23D
his(posF$ive andpDnoun)
adje<ti@ prIA wilhflrura<ontinuour p33c
homophon 3 p243
e5Appendix wilhpasi€ lormspaTD
wirhpreenlcontinuous pl10
in*pa,able phrasa€d5 p99C,p1028

H o w , , . ? ( q u e n im
odn)!r5
+ inliniive(€lel|ingto iltoc)p39f
How long,,.?wirhp@nt pededp27c
HN m.ny,,,?wirh@unrablenoun5pr27D + to + nfniti@pa2B,p37C
How mudr.,,?withuncounrabe
no!n5pr27D
panicen ph65a@lbsplo3c
I invaninive ve.bsp438,p203C
rregurarwlbs appendi{2 p24o
it + pa$i@ot repodingv€d p95c
idaginary iurue aenr p75O,p79E, pta3E iaelt (r€flexi@
pronoun)p1I1 D
haEnarypan4nB p73B
li[ely tuiurc denrs p74C,p79E J
po$rbrepan ftft p7&A
th nqslhar aG alwaysor qenerat rruep743 .aprrao. Mf .are?p206A
if ohly . Pre.€dedby./an pl423

wiri pan simpleih AnE appendx s p246

wnh p6enl p€rfectp27C
alter nounsmeaning'inc|€e' or 'dmaF' pt 93D

K
rnnounph6es (in.dhn.o in debt,in a hurry,erc)
In pasve a rcpoidng velb p45c

in t meqpresioGp]3c, pr66a
in time or on rihe? p1563
pcdon/loGtion pia6,\ B
 [{DEX 257

L nodal€d6 u11. ul2. ul3, u14 u18

diKtand indiEt languagp u14

ine |ern + un@table mun p159E

+ uncounrable n4n p159E

let , hfinitiE wilh@t ro p33D
Lefs... G!qq6d@) p63F
like (linkinqwqd 'ande e, lhaf) p175E

+ lng peTC

linkingaods andph6g p1820.p203t

ue ot @mmawilh 6nkin9wd! P206(
nm ... rh.n (inonprtons) p15&c

+ object+ infiniive p86B

6. nst + ndn p159E

. lhd6 (o0 pr 3,r3,pr 624

lnh uEwntal'lenouFp1270,p1341
nBt (modal
v€rb)u11,ul2,u13
+ -1|l9p87C
h Ep..bd 9..<h p90€

p59E
n6t he {d€ductjon)
M
n6ln'a d donl h.w to? p5)43
iry b6661€ .djrriE) p133A
ny$la(ElbdppMdn) p1310

+ Infnldw withdt lo p830

commo elp6ioB lili mt€ pl l4A
N
n.n.e€ + t r infiniliE p32B
trery/Nt nffiry p544 C, p55F
tm p.65iblenegatiEtom p55F
wirh @nr.ble ruB pr27o, pl Ls
n.y (trFd.lEtb) ul 1,ul3, !r4

Bib aryhody, rE6.dy, er<p1308

lilh rE&l Erb6 pYlA
may not ul1, ul3
lidr Ft .., -y p135D
rilr p.3 @||linDB p13D
l'dr pan psted p22A
with p6t psled @nlrnbG p23D
mlglrt(modal
wb) ul1, u13
wnn pent @nlin@6 p11D
in €poned tpeechpsoB
uith pent pste<t p26A
{ith pent psfe<t @ntjnwu p30C
sith p|Ent simplep10A

nlth not he (ure.binr}' p59E

wnh p6t Flfe<t p22c

+ ing in n<Eli6 andqElim p32A
wilh p6t sintplein AmEAppendk5 p245
wilh prent pef*t pa6(
wfth pr*m simpleploc
mine (p6siE po'un) p13aA
26a TNDEX

showng a equencep43C
lixedexpresionswilh on p] 373
no (inn€qari€)p13,t135D in nounphrases(on businest,on foot, on holiday, er.)
n o o n e / n o b o d y p r r1o3 r a 3
, ,c
no pla.e (AmE)App€ndl 5 p247 n lrmeexpe$ions plaC,p156A
nobody/noonep13Gl3l4 B,C on rine or in tlneT pl668
non-defin n9relatreclaus pTr&A,prrqD parlicle
in ph€el ve65pr03c
n wrillng6lhe.lhanspe(h prlaA P6ition/octon pl36 78
useol @mmas wilh nonietininqrclaliwclaus p206c
frrh <ondlonakp73C
opposjte(Peposilion)
p137D

+ obled + infinlrivap353
opinons/rccomme^dalonsp55D
oughr/ouqhr.l to have(crtc5mof panactoB p55El
+ prcpo5tonarph6spl99G
cohmonploralnoune^dngsAppendix 3 p242 ouE (po$esiFponoun)pl384
cofrpound nounrpr39D ou6€lv€5(rellexive
p6noun)plllD
couilablenounspl264,C, pl27D
(ounlable
anduncoontablenou6 pr27E parlklein phrael@dsp103c

general/spednc
me.ningspr27E,pr47t own (hy own,rlurM, etc)pl33A
meanrnginceae'and'd{€a* p2033

engllaror p uGllom pl26C

P
uncounrEble nounspr268,c, pl27o
wirhphdslvads 023

toma andinpetsonawdtngp46
rocusonfrponairintomallonp42B
t5tems,pro(6sas andpceduresp43c
+ n l i n t € p 4 6 Cp, a 7 0

h+pa$kol reponing v.lb p95C

+ to b. + pan pandpep370
or no pra.€(amt)Appendt5 p247
wrtlr @rbswilh rwo obledsp47D
w(h transiti@vebs onlyp43E
.ommain arqenumbeEp202A,
p207<
pastandafier (AmE/BlE | 5 p247
d ilercnce)Append
symbosor @rds?p2024

o in prcgre$in $e pall pl9E

a silualion
inlomalionabouta backEounddtualon pl9E
n pdsivesenbncesp42A
pc non af@ commonvells p 1904\B + (onditondaue p75D
p6ilon in aclve aid pa$ivesenlences p42A wth tifreexprcsion5.s,
wh.n andwhile pl9f
posilionwih phr&l@lbsp933.p99c
@6s wilh 1!lo obi{.rs p47D,pr 07E wilh be (fooing pa$ ve)p37D
wilh 1ranst re wlbi y'3E, p r064 B,D

alier nounsmeaning'in.reae' or 'd&rca*' p193D

common/nxedphraFswilh ot pl39c, D
in.ondton claulep73B

pa.ti.e n phraelredspr03c wiihlme expreslonr p22C

wilhvedsot th nkingp22B
pan perfecrandpasrperfear.ont nuousp23E
Panpedectandpansinplep223
 [{DEX 269

pdt perfe.t contnuousp23D,E

pastperfect@nunuousand pan perled p23E
with lime expE5ion5ever, nev.r, dFdy andyet p26C
differcn.esin AnE/&E ueq€ App€ndix5 p2'16 withrim€*pB5ion5lhatEferlo thefutuFp36A
JorcompletedpenodoJtime p23E pr&nt perlector pasts mpleTp27C,p30A
lor habitualactionsin the pan p1a pr*nt pertector presenlp€rfecrcontinuous? P31F
td sp(nic evenlsp26c pr*nt pedector presenl simpe7P30B
in @ndhonclause p75D prent perted@it nuousu6
pasldmpe of @nlinuous? Pl9G for adion5or s tuationsin progres p31D
wth afterandb€foE p223 for empha5ising lenq$ol timep31D
w th limeexpElionsp13C for rcp€at€dadionsp3I D
wilhlim€exp6sio6for 5ince,ately,Renlyp3lE
pastr mpleor presanlp€d€d?p27C.p30A pr*nt p.d..i .ont nuousor pE5enrperfe.lTP3lF

pe@nalcomments/opinions
uFiul @d5 andph.as pl a2A lo. aclionsandsitualionsitut areganeat rrue p108
lor adionsrhatarercpeated regua yp103
@mmonpaft<16led in pr03c for pemanenrladspl0B
.ommonp€p6irion5 ls€n in p1024
ro. no er andiouhali5m plac
lo. rimerablB andschedulep14C,p333
n .oidition.laurep743,C
noan de in tont oi pr4lE,p146,a with tequencyadwbr p10C
p.eeded byth. pr 46s whhrimeexpr6ionsp 10c
wnh ime expBions ftar rcier b lhe tuturcp33A
pent s mpleor p€senicontinuous? pl4A
pr*nt 5impleor pre5enrped*r? P30Aig

po$8i@ adtedivetplorcuB
p133A
po$6si6and <ompolndoounsutl

andpE.lio App.ndir ! p243 pnirionwih wlll andrcnr p34a,p58B

p@noun5
ind-.linile p13G1314,
B,C
p6es vepbnounsp138A
PrcPdiiionsu45, u46,!47, ula E lexi€ prcnolnspl31D
afteradje.rives p194A,B,c, pl95D
alts @mro. @'!s p1904,B
aits nounspl9aa, 3, c, D, E,F
alter phra5al8tb5 ploza
choice of pEpo5iton p1950
d llerencesin AmE/&Euege Appddrx 5 p247
poslton in quErions p7l I p1904
posionrnrelative dals p1198
omksonn AmEfupendir5 p246
preposLrionalphraesPI996
p@positions of da@pr3G137a,3, c, D
indlre.tquslioB p71E
rerb + difterenrpepqirions pr 9r c
neg.t w questionsp67E
u*s ol dfieE pftpcilions p1.910
positionot prcpositions p71F,p] 90A
in quenions
presentconrinuous ui, u2,u7
quenionwod qu6tons P66B
lor tixedtim€rable@ endaror pog6mme p33B
quenionwods a5lhe sublectp67D
ior tuturearcngemenlsp1,K, p34C,pl5E
for tempodryactionsor situadoNpl l
in condirjonclaue p743,c
with modalwlbs p50A
wilh p.sl .ont nuoui p13D
p€seni conrinlousor golng to? p35E
with paslpedear.ont nuousp23D
pFsentconiinuousor pent parfed olinuous? p148
wnh pastpedectp22A
wilh t mee&nsioB p10F
wirhp@nt @ntnuousp] 1D
ditferen.g n AmE/3rEuege Appendix5 0246
wih peent perfedr@nrj^uousp30C
in condition
cauep74B.C
wnh pEent perfe.rp26A
wi$ tor aid eine p27c
wilh psent s mplep10A
with trequencyadved5p27C
270 tf,tt€x

beforegradableadjdivesp151C,pl63E
quora on ma*s {ee sp€ed rorts) rl.ce andtor p263,pl66C
wilh p@ni pedec(p268,p27C
R wilh p@nt perfectonlinuous p31E

pluElvelbpr26c
+ singulafor

eQ€$inga rcsuhp174B, pl73a

foremphasis:
s tflls litde,so much/rcmanyp153D
ror pumos $ at ro p]74C,s that p174D
eglla @rbsAppendix1 p233-9
e long .r wlth condionak p73C
plauvead@6s(wlre.,wneo, wny)pr23c s, so.h andtoopl6SD
5 o m e p 1 2 7 D , 1 3p0r83,4 B
pr22A in one6andrcqu6|lpr27D
n combinedQnrences
sd€ or .rry?p127O, p1303
wilha p.dcipleting, +d)pl23D
sonebody/soheone p130A,B
eratve prcnountGnar,whi.n, who, eto u2a
somepla(€ (AnE)Appendrx 5 p247
andprcpGitionr p1198
Elalip clau* pl l9C
omi$ionin a deiining

or$n.plae (AmE)Appendix
5 p247
wlh pan p€iecl p22B
spenn! Appendx 3 p242-243
+ obje.l+ Ebourpl908

rcponed 1 p239
sp.4h u2l, u22,App€ndix
.eporting(o mmandsandequals p95E

edph&sidga.ontan prToc
verb5lnpa$t€ p95C
rcponinq
wrh paslped.ci p22c

s
+ a + a d , e c t w r n o up
n] 6 3 0
w$ reponed
sp*h u21

t(h, $aidt@p163O
+ obtect+ infiniiivep36B
adjedi€sp1s43
onesyllable
sepa6blephEsl wb5 pqAB h@ or motesYllabe adjectvespl s4B
thall(modalvelb)
ui1, ul4 ad@d6pl590
onesyllable
irb or moresyLlab
e advedsp I 59D
Shall1,,w8...?(suqqeniontp39t p63f,App.ndiy5 p246 .ommonphaseswirhsupedat6 pl53c
shall| ..,?(otfe6/inMtadoB)
p63E
should(nodalwb) u11,ul2, u13
T
rane (srar€verbandadion @6) pt50
in rcported$Rh pgo8
ps5D
opinlontRommendarions
te@ changsin reponed
speh p908,p91C
in AmEAppendt 5 p245
suggesuons
in (ompan$ns pl54C,p153A
thar (rela ve ponoun)u23, u29
crilicishot past.dions p55E
thal da@ (arte.wrbs) p33E

p55D + 5up€ali6 pr4rD,pr52A

opniontreommendadoE
deinneani.lep142Apr4lD, p r458,C, E
 [{DEX 271

diff€Fn@ in AnE/BrEusge App€ndix5 p247

lor specitic
meaiin96 p147E n neqati@andquenionsp23F
sp€.ialus ol rhe pt46c
a habnor siate o $e pan p23F
themselves(refldi€ p@noun)pl3l D habiEor Fp€aledacrionsp23F
then Gheins a equ€n.€) p43C,pr67F 6€d to or would? p2lF

think Gtaleverbandactionwlb) p15D

rhink + ll (to eler lo tuture)p39F
V
rhRpaft phrael@t6 p1023
€lb tFlem (diagcm)Appendix4 p24!-245

wlthp@nr dmplepr0a
+ ing or infintreu19,u2O
+ oblect+ preposnion pl903
+ obted+ to + infiiitire p33C
andd€n lhoughpl70D

+ quslionw.d (how,whoE, ac) p1068

lneexpBionsut, u3,u5,u7,u36,uto
+ (thaoclause p338,pr07c
wirh furue tens p35F
+ iwo objecGp45o,pr07D
wirhpasrconri.!@smeani^g
p19F
+tr ! objecsutig for p107E
whh pasrp.rfe.lp22C
commd Elt) endngsAppendix3 p242
inrEBtiE p43E,p106C,0,p203C
wth preenr conrinuou5 for 5ituarionrh.ppeningn@ p11F
icgu ar €rb5 Appendix2 p240-241
wth pre*nt contnwus tor talkingaboolf!tue p14c
ol perceplion(4, ho.r, erc)p€58
wiih p@*nt perled ior unfini$ed rimep27C
regularw& Appendix 1 p23H
wilh p@nt peded<dtinuousp31E
wlb toll@ingiingularnounpl26C
singular/plu.al
wilh p6ent s mpleto exp6 fequ{cy p10C
t6n5hi@p!3E,p106A,S,D,p203C
wilh p6ent s mplelor ialkrngaboutiutuE p14c
nanttre/intansitiP€lbs pl060
w|,osandobtedsp203c
common usge a5pEpo5ition
pr91c,D
to andpait (Amt/&E diffeEnce)Appendix, p2a7
wnh gdd:ble adteciives
p15l C
io infinnive(erp6ln9 pua6e) p174c

W
t6. s andrld pl 63D
ransi vevedsp431,p104,p203C + nnini€ (o Ef4 to turure)p39F
w.r/weE goinqio p39E

velbsfor de*ibing lEnds p2028

+ obie<t+ lnrlnirie p36B

rell andg@d p1503

U Elarlwponounp 1233
whtt clauFsloremphasising
nlomationpla2c
in witinq inneadof on.t p503

wlDt ...?or wlich .,.?p65c

alwdrssinquar pl263,C
Whrt .bo!r ...? p63f
phras with undnlable nou6 pr 268
Wh.t ... tuA andWhat .,, like?P71G
lypesol uncountabl€
nounpr263
wlh qeneralmeanings p127E
6 rclaliw adw6 p123c
sten .,, daus e&6 n9 a .onditionp74B
lvnh Panconlinuouspl9t

clauep75E,pla3E
in condilion
lith Pr*nl pe,lecrp33A
wilh prent perfectp3&A
wilh Peedt simplep3&A
wilh pe nmpb pj&a
when...? qudiq md p6B
where Elat@ adre|6p123C
wheE .-.?qslon @rd p66B
ar a futu@lime exprsion p33a
ste|6 andahhoughp171F
272 TNDEX

litfi @dtiomls pTAD

whld, th.t d {to pl13B, c
lintinq rN rhingspi93E
que5ton@d P568,C
Whidr ... or Wh€t ..-? p66C pcilion wnh !.obEHy/denniGly p34A
tshninq to th€ ftJtuEp34A
whiL, .hhoulh andlt.|s pl71F
whih d durlnr? pl6/D
wi$ pan @dM6 pr 9F
in eponed q!5tioE p95D
wdd (rFdalw6) u] 1, ul4
who, wlrldr or lhat p1138,c
who q wnm? P1laB
who .,-?qFnion @d p668,D in Gportedipeedr p90B
cp€red ..ri63 in rne pan p8F
al.tw p@ounp1188
whoh d who?p1188,p1191 w@ld llt + infnhiE ro de. to Juiurcp39F
whore elattE ponoun u28 l@ld or u.d to? p23l
who*...? querlioi wod p66B Nuldwoddnt hlw for inaginaryp.n 4.nt p78l
why €lariEadve6p123c Wbrld you llt ...? p63E
why...? que3uon rd p660 wbid yo|r nhd ll ...? p53c
will (mod.lt€ib)!l1. !14
furue/pa*nt dgtt psl D
ofhR/rlquaB p510,p52l
Y
l6t nt d*isions andihoughs p3zrA
insie.dol but Inwitlnop!7oc
polition{ith pFt bly/d.nnh.ly p3aA
rnh p.n 3hpl. InAnEApp.ndlx5 p246
efening 1otE lutu€ p3zrA
wih p@nt p.rtectp25c
wlll + b. + -l'!9 (tut!€ @tnw6) p36C
wlll h.s + p.n p..!cipl. (duE p€rh) p38o yqcdtyoscdE (E lqiF F@noun)
pI31D
wlll or golie to? p35D
$rh tutuE p.r,.<t (inst ad of wlll h|E) p33D
wllh qu8tlon t gr altq imFlare P7|r
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Thc StnitsTime hftp://str|itstim6.sia1-com.sglhome
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s[ seEt Joor@I E@pe hftp://inrdcrive.*j.com/eurcpean/p/eumhome.hhnl
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Audio CD Tracklist
01 Unil 1, Exercise4 19 Unit12,Exercise 4 37
02 Unil 1, Exercise5 20 Unit 12, Exercise5 38
03 Unii 2, Exercise4 21 Unit 13, Exercise5 39
04 Unii 2, Exercise5 22 Unit 13, Exercise6 40
05 lJnit3, Exercise2 23 Unit 14, Exercise4 4't
06. lJnit3, Exercise4 24 Unit 15, Exercise6 42
07 Unit4, Exercise3 25 Unit 16, Exercise5 43
m .Unit4, Exercise4 26 Unit 17, Exercise4 44
09 Unit5, Exercise4 27 Unit 18, Exercise4 45
10 Unit6, Exercise3 28 Unit 19, Exercise4 46
11 Unit6, Exercise 4 29 Unit20, Exercise4 47
12 Unit 6, Exefcise5 30 Unii 22, Exercise4 48
13 Unit 7, Exercise2 31 Unil23, Exercise5 49
14 Unit 7, Exercise4 32 lJnil24, Exercise5 50
19 Unit8, Exercise5 33 lJnii27, Exercise6 51
16 Unit 10, Exercise4 34 Unil28,Exercise 6 52
17 Unil 10, Exercise5 35 Unit29, Exercise5
18 Unil11,Exercise 4 36 lJnit30, Exercise6
Unit 31, Exercise5
Unit31, Exercise6
Unit32, Exercise5
Unil34, Exercise4
lJnil34, Exercise5
Unil36, Exercise6
Unil37, Exercise5
Unii 38, Exercise5
LJnil40,Exercise5
Unit4'1,Exercise5
Unit42, Exercise6
Unit43, Exercise4
Unit 43, Exercise5
Unit44, Exercise3
Unit49, Exercise6
Test 5, Exercise4
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