Materials &

Analysis
Parameters

Manual
For the generation 7
of the Cubus applications
Copyright Cubus AG, Zurich
 Table of Contents

Materials & Analysis Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Material Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Overview dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Introducing, changing and deleting materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3 Management of material classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Material properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Safety factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Concrete Compressive Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Concrete Tensile Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Creep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Tension stiffening effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Reinforcing Steel, Structural Steel and Prestressing Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2. Analysis parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 The Analysis Parameters dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.1 Tabsheet '
Concrete
' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.2 Tabsheet '
Steel
' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.3 Tabsheet '
Prestressing
' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.4 Tabsheet '
Limit strain and limit stress
' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.5 Tabsheet '
V-T' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.6 Tabsheet '
Crack verification
' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.7 Tabsheet 'Miscellaneous' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Printout of Analysis Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Materials & Analysis Parameters i

 Table of Contents

ii Materials & Analysis Parameters

 1.1 Material Management

Materials & Analysis Parameters

Materials & Analysis Parameters
In the different CUBUS programs all members have allocated construction materials,
whose properties are needed for static analysis and in reinforcement design procedures.
The handling and management of theses materials and their properties are defined uni­
formly in the programs CEDRUS, STATIK, FAGUS, PYRUS and LARIX and described below.

1. Materials
At the outset of a new project all construction materials and their relevant properties
should be defined or reviewed. This can be done through the material management dialo­
gues.

1.1 Material Management

1.1.1 Overview dialogue

The overview dialogue for the material management is accessed through the main menu,
under >Options>Materials>. All the available construction materials are shown as fol­
lows:

The columns in the overview have the following meaning:

ID
This is the name allocated to each individual material in the components. It is composed
of three parts:
a: character identifying the material type (see below), i.e. 'C' for concrete
b: character identifying the component type (see below) i.e. 'C' for column
c: a freely selectable designation of nil to two capital letters or numbers

Materials & Analysis Parameters 1

1. Materials

The reason for prefering the ID over the class name is that construction materials have
additional properties also listed in the overview. In addition there are advantages in the al­
location to the components, as the following example shows. A bridge contains su­
perstructures of concrete CB and columns of concrete CC. If you are forced to change the
concrete class of the superstructure, the class of the material CB can be adjusted accordin­
gly, otherwise a new class would have to be allocated to all cross sections of the superstruc­
ture.

Type
The type of construction material defines amongst other things the one dimensional mate­
rial relationship and can only be chosen with the initial input of the construction material.
Certain structural elements allow only certain construction material types. A reinforcement
bar cannot be type 'concrete'. The following construction material types and their identifi­
cation in the Material ID are available:
C Concrete
R Reinforcment
P Posttensioning
S Steel
W Timber (Wood)
U Aluminium
F FRP (Fibre-Reinforced Polymer)
M Masonry
X Special

Member
Here a member (component) type, to which the construction material has initially been as­
signed, has to be chosen. The following component types and their identification in the Ma­
terial ID are available:
General '_' if there are no subsequent characters in the ID, '_' is omitted.
B Beam
C Column
P Slab
W Wall
F Foundation

E,G
The modulus of elasticity and the shear modulus are used for the evaluation of deflections
and forces in th FE-model (stiffnesses in CEDRUS and STATIK). The default values are in­
itialised with from selected material class but can be overwritten.

r,a,n
ò: Density (e.g used for dead-load)
a: Coefficient for thermal effects
n: Poisson's ratio ;There is no relation between G and n;
in STATIK G is used; in CEDRUS n used

Color / Hue
The colour for the display on screen and for the printed output can be chosen from the list
of the colours for construction materials. These can be changed in the menu 'Representa­
tion' > 'Colours/Line types'.

2 Materials & Analysis Parameters

 1.1 Material Management

Different hues may be chosen varing in intensity and brightness.

Classes
Subject to the code chosen, several predefined construction material classes cannot be
changed by the user. However, user defined classes may be introduced.
The properties of the class are code specific with regards to terms and extent. They are used
in cross section analysis and are irrelevant for the linear elastic structual analysis with
CEDRUS and STATIK. Further information can be found under 1.1.1.2 and 1.2.

1.1.2 Introducing, changing and deleting materials

The material overview dialogue offers three buttons for introduction, modification and de­
letion of construction material.
Only construction material not used in the current calculation may be deleted.
The following dialog appears when introducing a new construction material:

Type and member shown above are the first two characters of the construction material ID.
Nil to two characters (numbers or capital letters) may be used as designation. Please use
wisely as this input cannot be changed later on.
After pressing [OK], the same construction material dialog is shown, as used when editing
an existing construction material:

Button for the material class

dialogue (. 1.1.3)

Here all properties of construction material may be adjusted, as specified above.

Please note that the above-mentionned values for E,G are predefined according to the class
chosen. However, they may be changed later and will stand in wanted discrepancy to the

Materials & Analysis Parameters 3

1. Materials

class properties. The two values are used for the determination of the stiffnesses in linear
elastic structural analysis in STATIK (E,G) and CEDRUS (E, n).

1.1.3 Management of material classes

This button next to the class box in the construction material dialog opens the summary of
construction material classes:

This dialog contains the assigned construction material classes of the construction material
currently in use. The columns are dependent on the code used and the construction mate­
rial type. The dimmed values shown are defined by the code and cannot be changed by the
user.
New classes can however be created, modified and deleted with the help of the three but­
tons at the top of the dialog.

1.2 Material properties

The properties list de­

pends on the material
type and the national
code

1.2.1 Safety factors

In general in the national codes the default values are given as characteristic values X k:

4 Materials & Analysis Parameters

 1.2 Material properties

A certain design value X d is then calculated with

x x k = characteristic material strength
Xd + g k
M g M = partial factor
Depending on the type of material X k is
f ck,
fyk,
f pk Charact. values for concrete, reinforcing steel, prestressing steel
an for g M
g c, gs, g p, ga Partial factors for concrete, reinforcement, prestressing steel
The partial factors are defined in a separate tabsheet ('Analysis Parameters'). For concrete
there is an additional value a taking into account long term effects on the tensile strength
and unfavourable effects, resulting from the way the load is applied.

a @ f ck
f cd + gc

For SIA262 the input value is directly given as h fc @ f ck and a is set to 1.00.

h fc @ fck
f cd + gc

The form of the s * å-diagram usually depends on both the code and the analysis type
and has to be input with the analysis parameters. The input of the safety factors will be
discussed also in Chap. 2.

1.2.2 Concrete

Concrete Compressive Stresses

For bending with axial force the uniaxial stress-strain relationship in each point of the cross
section is described by one of the diagrams shown below.

fc fc fc

0.4
f c
E cm
Ec å E co å
Ec å
å cu å c1 å c1u å c1d
å 2.0
ońoo å cu

Type 1: bilinear Type 2: quadratic parabola Type 3: according to EC2 Type 4: SIA262

Fig. 1 Stress−strain diagrams for compressive stresses in concrete

For the determination of the cross section resistance and for design tasks most codes spec­
ify a diagram of Type 2, whereby for the first part of the curve a quadratic parabola is used,
which is defined by the two parameters å 2.0 + * 2.00
ońoo and f c . Thus the tangential
E-modulus at the start of loading is E co + 1000·fc . For analyses in which the deformation
of the concrete plays an important part, this value is too small, which is why for stress analy­
ses and stiffness considerations as a rule the diagram of Type 1 is used. E c and f c can be de­
fined as parameters in the input of the material.
As an alternative, Type 3 in FAGUS together with the stress-strain curves defined in EC2 un­
der Point 4.2.1.3.3 are available, which are in fact closest to the actual behaviour, but are not
suitable for hand calculations. It is described by the following equation:

Materials & Analysis Parameters 5

1. Materials

k
h * h 2
s c + fc @
1 ) (k * 2)
h
where:
h = ec /ec1 (both e are specified as negative)
ec1 = - 0.0022 (crushing on reaching the max. value of the concrete compressive
stress f c)
k = 1.1 . Ec,nom . ec1 /fc ( f c negative)
Ec,nom = either mean value Ecm (Table 3.2 EC2) or corresponding design value Ecd of
the elastic modulus

. Note on sign convention:

Analogous to the axial forces in a member, the tensile stresses in FAGUS are also positive.
The above representation of the stress-strain diagram for concrete and that adopted in the
program conform to the usual conventions.

Concrete Tensile Stresses

In the standard case concrete is assumed to be cracked in tension (State II), i.e. it cannot re­
sist tensile stresses. However, for special investigations, e.g. if the stiffness of the cross sec­
tion is an important factor, a diagram of Types 1 to 3 can be chosen:

s s s s

å å å å

f ct f ct f ct f ct
s ct + f (år
, f ct)

0 1 2 3

Fig. 1−1 Tensile behaviour of concrete

Tensile behaviour of concrete of zero strength is described by Type 0. Whereas for concrete
of Type 1 after reaching fct no stresses can be resisted, while for Type 3 they remain con­
stant at the level s = fct. fct can be input as a parameter in the material input or modified.
The shape of the curves always corresponds to that for the compressive stresses of the cor­
responding type (mirror-imaging with respect to the zero point). A somewhat more realis­
tic material behaviour is given by Type 2, in which the magnitude of the concrete stress is
made to depend on the current maximum (edge) strain.
For Type 2 the following assumption was made:

år 2
0 v s c + fct @ (1 * ( ))
0.2%
where:
sct : concrete tensile strength
fct : input concrete tensile strength
er : current maximum strain on the tensile side of the cross section
0.2 % ≈ strain at elastic limit of conventional reinforcing steel (S500)
With this model the concrete tensile strength at the start of loading is s = fct and decreases
quadratically with increasing curvature. After reaching the yield stress at the edge on the
tensile side (or at å r + * 0.2
%) no further concrete tensile strength is available.

6 Materials & Analysis Parameters

 1.2 Material properties

Creep
If the creep coefficient ö is greater than zero, the analysis is carried out with consideration
of creep in the concrete. Thus the total strain å for all concrete sub−sections is divided into
an elastic part å e and a ”creep" part å cc according to the relationships given below:
å + å e ) å cc , å cc + åe
·
ö

å e + å
· 1
1)ö

ö
å cc + å
·
1)ö

For the determination of stresses at a particular point, as well as for checking the maximum
permissible strains, å e is used. If in the rest of the manual the term strain (without an index)
is employed, then by this is always meant the elastic stress−inducing part.
Likewise, in the presentation of the results always only the elastic strains are shown.
When checking the FAGUS results, therefore, for the steel and concrete strain at the same
position different values are to be expected.

Tension stiffening effects

Normally a cracked cross section ( section A) is considered in cross section analyses.

å
åȀȀ
Procedure for a FRP analysis according to Swisscode
Certain correction possibilities were shown in the previous chapter. Another approach tak­
ing into consideration the participation of the concrete between the cracks is described in
code SIA E 166 'Fibre reinforcement polymers':
For the determination of the strains mean tensions are considered but the cracked section
is used to check equilibrium (more details can be found in the manual of CEDRUS). The rela­
tionship between mean and maximum values are described by a bond factor.
Ë+ å å : mean value å": where the peak value occurs
åȀȀ
Tensions stiffening effects: is the corresponding check box activated (tabsheet 'Miscel­
laneous'), the cross section analysis is executed under consideration of the factor Ë.

Generally Ë is dependent on:

- conditions in basic material cracked / uncracked
- type of reinforcement (internal steel bar or external glued fibre reinforcement)
In the current version of the program the following values, that cannot be changed, are
used:
Bond ratio for reinforcing steel : Ë s = 0.7
Bond ratio for the fibre reinforcement (lamelle): Ë l = 0.9

Materials & Analysis Parameters 7

1. Materials

Reinforcing Steel, Structural Steel and Prestressing Steel

For reinforcing and structural steel a bilinear and for prestressing steel a trilinear stress-
strain diagram is used:

s s
f pk(ftk)
fy 0.9·f pk(fy)
ET

Es Es

å åy å uk å

bilinear (reinforcing and structural steel) trilinear (prestressing steel)

In brackets notation of SIA

Fig. 2 Stress−strain diagram for steel

For most cases the same value is assumed for tensile and compressive strength. For special
investigations (e.g. British Standard), however, different values can be chosen.
If at the same time fy < ftk was chosen, ET is the same for tension and compression with:
f tk * f y
ET + å * å
uk y

In the material tables of FAGUS for prestressing steel also, for all codes, some suggestions
are made. In the choice of a prestressing steel, however, it is very important to check that
the predefined values in the program agree with the manufacturer's information, i.e. usu­
ally they have to be adjusted.
The initial prestressing force is given by means of the input of an initial strain. Further expla­
nations on this are to be found in section B 1.8.4 Tendons > Initial strain.

8 Materials & Analysis Parameters

 2.1 Overview

2. Analysis parameters

2.1 Overview

All parameters that influence the analysis behaviour and are not already contained in the
cross section geometry or the material parameters, are designated as analysis parameters.

. Example: An M-N interaction diagram can be created either for the “Serviceability Limit
State“ or for the “Ultimate Limit State" by selecting the corresponding analysis parameter
name.
Usually for the different analyses the following assignment is used:

Type of analysis
!SLS Service limit state
Reinforcement-Design for Serviceabilty, Crack-with etc.
!ULS Ultimate limit state
!NLS Nonlinear (second order) analysis in PYRUS

These three default analysis set are available in every project. The user may change pa­
ramaters or add new sets.

2.2 The Analysis Parameters dialogue

This dialogue is needed for the management of several analysis parameter sets. In most
programs, the dialogue can be opened with the menu > 'Options' > 'Analysis Parameters'.

Buttons to select, create

or delete an analysis
parameters set

The dialogue is subdivided in 7 tabsheets:

S 2.2.1Concrete

: Factors and strain-stress diagrams
S 2.2.2Steel
: Factors and strain-stress diagrams
S 2.2.3PT parameters
S 2.2.4Limit strain and limit stress
S 2.2.5Shear design parameters
S 2.2.6Crack verification
S 2.2.7Miscellaneous

Materials & Analysis Parameters 9

2. Analysis parameters

2.2.1 Tabsheet '
Concrete
'

The characteristic material strength is defined through the assignment of a certain material
class. For each analysis, a different partial safety factors g c can be selected, along with a re­
duction factor.
It is further possible to specify a creep coefficient (Details see 'Creep', page 7)
The desired stress-strain relation for concrete compression and tension can also be selec­
ted in this tabheet.

2.2.2 Tabsheet '
Steel
'

The characteristic material strength is defined through the assignment of a certain material
class. For each analysis, a different partial safety factors ( g s
, g M ) can be selected.

10 Materials & Analysis Parameters

 2.2 The Analysis Parameters dialogue

In this tabsheet, various factors for minimum and maximum longitudinal reinforcement
areas can be defined:
S Minimum amount of longitudinal reinforcement for columns
This value is used as a starting point in reinforcement design for cross sections of type
'column'. The result will not be below this value even for small forces.
S Maximum amount (for all member types)
Acts as an iteration stop during reinforcement design (and prevents from infinite ite­
ration loops).

2.2.3 Tabsheet '
Prestressing
'

FAGUS

A partial safety factor g p can be selected and the strain-stress diagram type.
In FAGUS and STATIK there is an additional check box for the control of long term losses.

2.2.4 Tabsheet '
Limit strain and limit stress
'

The limiting resistance of a cross section, i.e. the cross section resistance, is assumed to be
reached if the strain in the extreme fibre of the cross section on the compression side or in
the extreme reinforcement position on the tension side has reached a certain value. The
limit strains are different for axial compression and for bending, as shown in the figure
below:
For the parameters å cu.c, åcu.b, å su there are no standard notations. Thus a definition was
chosen which should be more or less acceptable for all supported codes. Here the first in­
dex c stands for “concrete" and s for “steel", u for “ultimate state" and the letter after the
point for c=centric (axial) or b=bending.

Materials & Analysis Parameters 11

2. Analysis parameters

å cu.c å cu.b

3 d
2 h
1
4
5
å

å su åsy Tension Compression

åsy = strain in steel at elastic limit

Fig. 3 Limit strain planes

The five strain regions are characterised by the following terms:

Region 1: axial tension and tensile force with small eccentricity
Region 2: bending (with axial force), full exploitation of reinforcement
Region 3: bending (with axial force), full exploitation of reinforcement and of
concrete
Region 4: bending (with axial force), full exploitation of concrete
Region 5: axial force within middle region of cross section, compression through
centroid
In the limit state the strains at the edges of the cross section are also shown on the following
closed figure:

å 2 + strains
at
top
edge

Bending Tension
1
å1 + å cu.b
å 1 + strains
at
bottom
edge
Comp. h
Bending
å1 +
å
d su.c
5 2
3,4
å1 + å 2 + åcu.c
h
å2 + å cu.b å1 +
(å * å cu.b) ) å cu.b
d su.c

Fig. 4 Strain at the top and bottom edges of the cross section at the limit state

A verification for permissible steel stresses is also possible (these are converted into a limit­
ing strain internally by the program using the E-modulus for steel).
Therefore the cross section resistance is never determined purely statically from the char­
acteristic values of the material strengths, but a strain state is always sought, for which the
strains just reach the admissible limit value at least in one position on the cross section. For
an exact determination of the plastic moment (with complete plastification of the cross
section) it must be possible to prescribe an infinitely large edge strain, which is not possible
in FAGUS for computational reasons.
In an analysis with biaxial-bending these conditions are checked with respect to the current
position of the neutral axis.

Special cross sections

Above all, FAGUS is a program for reinforced concrete cross sections. Nevertheless, com­
posite beams or purely steel sections can be analysed.

12 Materials & Analysis Parameters

 2.2 The Analysis Parameters dialogue

If there is no reinforcement on the tension side, the input maximum value å su (or the input
maximum steel stress) applies at the edge of the cross section.

SLS Check

Sometimes we want to limit the crack width which is depending on the actual bar diameter
and spacing. These values cannot be specified directly as input but an admissible stress va­
lue can be given instead.

2.2.5 Tabsheet '
V-T'

This tab contains certain parameters for shear design and is available in FAGUS only .
The user can specify the a angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam
axis. By default, this angle is of 45°.
Maximum steel stress in stirrups: for an SLS analysis, a stress below the yield stress can be
defined here. It is further possible here to specify a minimum area for shear reinforcement
(brackets).

2.2.6 Tabsheet '
Crack verification
'

Used width of compression zone (concrete cracked / uncracked):

The width of the compression zone x c is one parameter in the the crack width calucation.
Unfortunately there are two widespread interpretations (shown in the image below). In the
current implementation, the user has to decide which value ( x 1 or x 2) has to be regarded
as x c.

Materials & Analysis Parameters 13

2. Analysis parameters

2.2.7 Tabsheet 'Miscellaneous'

In this tabsheet, all other parameters can be found:
S Timber
: Some safety factors
S Some parameters for a FRP analysis (description see above 2.2)

FAGUS

2.3 Printout of Analysis Parameters

The actual parameters are summarized in a numerical output similar to the one shown
below:

14 Materials & Analysis Parameters