Dooge Latin Composition

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LATIN COMPOSITION
TO ACCOMPANY
GREENOUGH, D'OOGE, AND DANIELL'S
"SECOND YEAR LATIN"
BY
BENJAMIN L. D'OOGE, Ph.D.

Professor in the Michigan State Normal College
GINN & COMPANY

BOSTON . NEW YORK . CHICAGO . LONDON
JUN21 1905
Harvard University,
Dept, of Education Library,
ft of the Publishers.
TRANSFERRED TO
vVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY
Copyright, 1904
By BENJAMIN L. D'OOGE
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
74-ia
GINN & COMPANY-CAM

BRIDGE . MASSACHUSETTS
PREFACE
The purpose of the study of Latin Composition is gener

ally conceded to be, not to teach the art of writing Latin as
an end in itself, but rather to increase the student's famil
iarity with the style, idioms, and vocabulary of the authors
he is reading, and at the same time to afford effective instruc
tion in syntax. It is for the accomplishment of this twofold
purpose that the following three years' course has been pre
pared. The course is divided into three parts, designed
respectively for the second, third, and fourth years of the
secondary school, and is of the following character : —
The present volume forms Part I for such as are reading
the selections from Caesar's Gallic War found in Greenough,
D'Ooge, and DanielPs Second Year Latin. It is based on
Cassar for vocabulary, idioms, and general content ; but in
syntax the exercises are made to conform to the systematic
presentation of the subject which characterizes the lessons
throughout. To take up constructions in Latin composition
in .the capricious order in which they happen to occur in the
accompanying text has been shown to be pedagogically
unsound and fatally weak in that the subjects are not pre
sented in their proper order or logical course of develop
ment, and the student is unable to bring the disorganized
bits of knowledge thus acquired into a strong and well-
organized synthetic whole. The constructions have, there
fore, been taken up in their grammatical sequence, and the
exercises are preceded by appropriate grammar-lessons;
iv PREFACE
next follow selected idioms to be memorized, and finally the

sentences aim to give practical and illuminating expression
to the syntax and idioms that precede.
It is the general experience of teachers that young pupils
fail to understand much that the grammar contains, and that
they also fail to discriminate between the important and un
important. Considerable matter of an explanatory character
has therefore been added to the grammatical references.
This acts as a medium between the student and the grammar :
interprets what is obscure or technical in statement, throws
into strong relief what is essential and of vital importance,
and presents in brief summaries, practical and convenient
for memorizing, the most important constructions.
The exercises for oral translation are very simple and have
been made so easy as not to demand a large amount of time
in preparation. They can be used most easily and profit
ably in connection with each day's review lesson. Each
fourth exercise is in connected narrative prose and designed
for written translation. The written exercises are without
new grammar work, and aim to review especially the syntac
tical principles treated in the three preceding oral exercises
and to give practice in writing connected Latin. In both
oral and written exercises the most space has been given to
the constructions that are the most important. A few les
sons involving some of the more difficult or more unusual
constructions have been marked with an asterisk and may
be omitted at the discretion of the teacher. Reviews of
both idioms and grammar are provided for at convenient
intervals.
Schools differ so greatly in the amount of time given to
Latin composition that it is impossible to make a manual of a
size that will suit all conditions. Many schools will find it pos
sible to finish all of this book. For such as do not take it all,
PREFACE v
it would be well to go at least as far as " The Syntax of

Nouns," Lesson lxxxvii. This subject is taken up more
fully in the third year's work, and may be deferred until that
time.
Parts II and III of the author's Latin Composition for
Secondary Schools are a direct continuation of the present
volume.
Part II is based on Cicero's Orations and follows in gen
eral the plan of Part I ; systematic work in grammar being
carried on with illustrative exercises throughout the year.
The orations used for a basis are the Manilian Law, the
Catilinarian Orations, and the Archias. The ground covered
is in some respects the same as that gone over in Part I, except
that the treatment is more detailed and the accompanying
exercises are somewhat harder. Among the new subjects
discussed in Part II are the translation in Latin of the Eng
lish auxiliary verbs, and the use and meaning of the Latin
prepositions. Both of these classes of words are of constant
occurrence, and thus far have lacked adequate treatment in
books for secondary schools. To give greater definiteness to
the work it seemed wise to discuss particular subjects with
special orations, as follows : with the Manilian Law, syntax
of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns ; with the Catilinarian
Orations, syntax of 'the subjunctive; with the Archias, the
English auxiliary verbs, and the Latin prepositions. There
has been provided, further, a vocabulary of synonyms, without
which a study of Cicero's prose would be quite incomplete.
Part III consists of thirty-four exercises to be used as a
prose review in the fourth year. If systematic study of
grammar has been steadily pursued for two years, such
knowledge can be best tested and made effective by miscel
laneous exercises independent of an accompanying text.
These exercises are of this character, and consist each of
vi PREFACE
two parts, A and B. The sentences in A are short and dis

connected, while B consists of a paragraph of connected
narrative. Teachers will use either or both parts at their
discretion. One of these exercises per week throughout the
senior year would not seem an excessive requirement. In
order that the exercises might be well within the powers of
students, they were based on Cicero's Orations and Letters,
such portions being chosen as are not usually read in second
ary schools. The vocabulary, therefore, and many of the
idioms and phrases, will not be unfamiliar ; and students
should be encouraged to write these exercises as far as pos
sible without consulting the special English-Latin vocabulary
with which this part has been provided.
In the preparation of this book I have had the criticism
and advice of many prominent teachers of secondary Latin,
and I take pleasure in acknowledging their valuable services.
Especial mention is due to Miss Bessie J. Snyder, of the
High School of Omaha, Neb., and to Miss Clara Allison, of
the High School of Hastings, Mich.
BENJAMIN L. D'OOGE.
Michigan State Normal College,
November 1, 1904.
CONTENTS
I. RULES FOR WORD-ORDER AND SENTENCE-

STRUCTURE
Lesson Page
1. Word-Order: General Principles 1
2. Word-Order: Special Rules 2
3. Arrangement of Clauses 4
4. Written Translation 6
H. RULES FOR AGREEMENT

•
5. The General Forms of Agreement 7
Noun in Apposition or as Predicate 7
6. Adjective with its Noun 8
7. Adjective Agreement (continued) 9
9. Relative with its Antecedent 10
10. Verb with its Subject 12
11. Verb with Two or More Subjects 12
12. Review and Written Translation 13
HI. THE INDICATIVE MOOD

13. Tenses of the Indicative : General Rules 14
The Present Indicative 14
14. The Imperfect Indicative 15
15. The Perfect Indicative 16
17. The Future, Future Perfect, and Pluperfect Indicative ... 18
IV. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN INDEPENDENT

SENTENCES
18. The Subjunctive in General 19
The Hortatory or Volitive Subjunctive 19
19. The Optative Subjunctive 21
21. The Subjunctive in Rhetorical or Deliberative Questions . . 22
23. The Potential Subjunctive , . . - 23
vii
viii CONTENTS
Lesson V. THE IMPERATIVE MOOD pAGE

23. The Imperative Mood — Prohibitions 25
VI. MOODS AND TENSES IN DEPENDENT AND

SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES
25. Sequence of Tenses 27
26. Peculiarities in Tense-Sequence 28
27. Pure and Relative Clauses of Purpose 29
29. Substantive Clauses 32
Substantive Clauses of Purpose 32
30. Clauses of Purpose (continued) 33
31. The Various Ways of Expressing Purpose 34
33. Clauses of Characteristic 36
34. Relative Clauses after dignus, indignus, etc 37
35. Pure and Relative Clauses of Result • . 38
37. Substantive Clauses of Result 40
38. Clauses introduced by quin and quominus 41
39. General Review of Purpose and Result 43
40. Review of Idioms and Written Translation 43
41. Causal Clauses introduced by quod, quia, quoniam, and quando . 44
42. Causal Clauses introduced by cum and qui 45
43. Temporal Clauses introduced by postquam, ut, ubi, simul ac, ut
primum, etc 47
45. Temporal Clauses introduced by cum 49
46. Temporal Clauses introduced by antequam and priusquam . . 50
47. Temporal Clauses introduced by dum, donee, and quoad ... 51
49. Substantive Clauses introduced by quod 53
50. Direct Questions 54
51. Indirect Questions 55
53. Conditional Sentences, General Statements 58
Conditional Sentences with the Indicative 58
54. Conditional Sentences with the Present or Perfect Subjunctive 60
55. Conditional Sentences with the Imperfect or Pluperfect Sub
junctive 61
57. Conditions in which the Protasis denotes Repeated Action . . 63
Conditions Contrary to Fact with the Indicative in the Apodosis 63
58. Conditional Clauses of Comparison with ac si, ut si, quasi, etc. 64
59. Concessive Clauses 65
CONTENTS ix
Lesson Page
61. Clauses with dum, modo, dum modo, denoting a Wish or a Pro
viso 67
VII. MOODS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE

62. Declaratory Sentences in Indirect Discourse 68
63. Interrogative Sentences in Indirect Discourse 70
Commands in Indirect Discourse . 70
65. Conditional Sentences with the Indicative, or of the First Class,
in Indirect Discourse 73
66. Conditional Sentences with the Present or Perfect Subjunctive,
or of the Second Class, in Indirect Discourse 74
67. Conditional Sentences with the Imperfect or Pluperfect Sub
junctive, or of the Third Class, in Indirect Discourse . . 75
69. Passive Apodoses in Indirect Discourse 77
70. Implied or Informal Indirect Discourse 78
71. Subjunctive of Integral Part or Attraction 80
VIII. NOUN AND ADJECTIVE FORMS OF THE VERB

73. Tenses of the Infinitive 82
The Infinitive as Subject or Predicate 82
74. The Infinitive as Object 83
75. The Complementary Infinitive 84
The Historical Infinitive 84
77. The Participle: Tenses; Adjective and Predicate Uses; the
Ablative Absolute 86
78. The Future Passive Participle; 1, denoting Purpose; 2, the
Second Periphrastic Conjugation ; 3, the Dative of Agent 89
79. The Gerund and Gerundive : General Rules ; the Genitive, the
Dative 90
81. The Gerund and Gerundive: the Accusative, the Ablative . . 92
82. The Supine in -um and -u 93
IX. SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS

83. Personal, Possessive, and Reflexive Pronouns 94
85. Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronouns 96
86. Demonstrative Pronouns 98
alius and alter 98
CONTENTS
Lesson X. SYNTAX OF NOUNS Page

87. Expressions of Time 99
. 89. Expressions of Place 101
90. The Genitive, with Nouns 103
91. The Genitive in Apposition with a Possessive Pronoun; the
Predicate Genitive ; the Genitive with Adjectives . . . 104
93. The Genitive with Verbs 106
94. The Dative : General Rule; Indirect Object 107
95. The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs, and with Passive
Intransitives 109
96. Written Translation no
97. The Dative with Compounds ; the Dative of Separation . .111
98. The Dative of Possession ; the Dative of Purpose or End . 112
99. The Dative of Reference; the Dative with Adjectives . . 113
lot. The Accusative Case: Direct Object; Cognate Accusative;
Accusative of Extent 115
102. Two Accusatives: Direct Object and Predicate, Person and
Thing 116
103. The Adverbial Accusative; Subject of an Infinitive .... 117
105. The Ablative Case: General Consideration; the Ablative of
Separation, of Source, Origin, and Material; of Cause . 120
106. The Ablative of Agent, of Comparison, of Manner .... 121
107. The Ablative of Means; the Ablative with utor, fruor, etc.;
the Ablative with opus and usus 122
109. The Ablative of Accompaniment, of Degree of Difference,
of Quality or Characteristic 124
1 10. The Ablative of Price, of Specification, with dignus and
indignus 1 26
Index of Grammatical Notes 129
LATIN COMPOSITION
I. RULES FOR WORD-ORDER AND SENTENCE-

STRUCTURE
LESSON I
1. 1 Word-Order, General Principles. — § 595-597. a (343, 344. R. a) ;
B. 348, 349; G. 671-674; H. 663-670 (559-564) ; H-B. 621-623.
2. The words of an English sentence stand in a fixed order

which shows their grammatical relation to each other. In Latin
this relation is shown by inflection, and the order of the words
represents their relative emphasis and importance in the writer's
or speaker's mind.
3. The most emphatic place is the first; next in importance is
the last; the weakest point is the middle.
4. As the most important word in the sentence is the subject,
and the second in importance is the verb, these normally stand first
and last respectively. Their respective modifiers stand next these
according to their relative emphasis. This may be represented
as follows : —
STRONG WEAK STRONG
SUBJECT FOLLOWED BY ITS MODIFIERS MODIFIERS FOLLOWED BY VERB
1 The Grammars are referred to as follows : § (Allen and Greenough),

B. (Bennett), G. (Gildersleeve-Lodge), H. (Harkness), H-B. (Hale and
Buck). The references in parenthesis are to the old editions.
1
2 LATIN COMPOSITION
5. The normal order of a simple sentence is —

Expressions of
Time
o u- * i -^ .< j-c i Place Indirect . Direct ... .... ,
Subject its Modifiers I I , . I , . Adverb Verb.
_^_ ' ^—— ' Cause ' Object ' Object ' —— ' ■mm
Means
etc.
But this order is constantly varied, especially by the desire for
emphasis on some word or phrase.
6. IDIOMS AND PHRASES

inter se differunt. they differfrom each other.
minime saepe. t-ery seldom {least often).
ad efieminandos animos. to weaken courage.
qua de causa. for this reason.
For Oral Translation — Book I. i

7. i. Gaul as a whole is divided into three parts. 2. The
Belgae, Aquitani, and Celts inhabit Gaul. 3. The Romans
call the Celts Gauls. 4. These all differ from each other.
5. The Marne and the Seine are rivers. 6. The Belgas are
the farthest away from the province. 7. The Belgae and
the Germans wage war continually. 8. Merchants very
seldom visit the Germans. 9. Merchants import articles
(ea) which tend to weaken courage.
LESSON II
8. Word-Order, Special Rules. — § 598 (344). a. 1, 2 ; i, c, g, j, k;
599. 0-/(345. a-e) ; B. 350. 1-10; G. 675-681; H. 671-680(565-569);
H-B. 624, 625. I-III.
9. Rhetorical order : deviations from the normal order described
in sec. 5 result in the rhetorical order. These deviations arise —
a. From a desire to emphasize some word or phrase.
WORD-ORDER AND SENTENCE-STRUCTURE 3
b. From a desire to make clear the connection with a preceding

sentence.
c. From a desire for rhythm and euphony.
10. Emphasis is secured —
a. By placing words to be emphasized first, more rarely last
(cf. sec. 3).
Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna fliimen dividit.
1 The GAULS are separatedfrom the Aquitanians
by the Garonne river.
Magna dis immortalibus habenda est gratia..
GREAT GRATITUDE is due the immortal gods.
b. By separating words that naturally belong together.
Note the separation of magna and gratia in the preceding
example.
c. By reversing the normal order (cf. sec. 5).
This applies especially to qualifying adjectives and to genitives.
Modifiers that usually follow their nouns are made emphatic by
being placed before them, and vice versa : —
Ille imperator, that general (normal order).
Imperator ille, that famous general (normal order reversed).
Mors fratris tui, the death of your brother, but Tui fratris
mors, your brother's death.
11. Demonstrative pronouns, cardinal numerals, adjectives of
quantity and place (e.g. ulterior, citerior, inferior, etc.), normally
precede their nouns ; other adjectives, ordinal numerals, posses-
sives, indefinites, and genitives, normally follow their nouns.
(Cf. grammars.)
12. Words referring back to a previous sentence (cf. sec. 9. b)
are usually placed first.
Compare the English Ariovistus was king of the Germans.
Ceesar sent ambassadors to him with the Latin Ariovistus erat
Germanorum rex. Ad eum Caesar legatos misit. Note that in the
1 The voice is changed in translation to approximate the emphasis

of the Latin order.
4 LATIN COMPOSITION
second sentence Ad eum is placed first because referring to the

preceding subject. Compare also the order of The bravest of all
these are the Belgians and the Latin Horum omnium fortissimi
sunt Belgae. This principle explains the use and position of such
connecting words and phrases as quam ob rem, qua de causa, quibus
rebus cognitis, etc.
13. enim, autem, vero, quidem, quoque, never stand first (post
positive). The vocative case rarely stands first.

initium capit a. begins at.
spectant in septentrionem. they face the north.
spectant in orientem solem. they face the east.
spectant in occasum solis. they face- the west.
For Oral Translation — Book I. i

15. i. The Belgians are the bravest of the Gauls. 2. But
the Helvetians are brave too. 3. For this reason they carry
on war with the Germans. 4. They keep them off from
their territory by almost daily battles. 5. One part of Gaul
begins at the river Rhone. 6. The Garonne is another river
of Gaul. 7. The territory of the Belgae faces northeast.
8. The lower part of Aquitania stretches to the Pyrenees
mountains. 9. Aquitania faces northwest.
LESSON III
16. Arrangement of Clauses. — § 600, 601 (346) ; B. 351 ; G. 684 ff. ;
H. 681 ff. (570 ff.) ; H-B. 626, 629.
17. Clauses usually precede that which they modify; but the
principal verb generally precedes clauses of purpose or result,
substantive clauses in indirect discourse, and indirect questions.
Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia, crebri ad eum rumores adfe-
rebantur, when Casarwas in hither Gaul, frequent reports
were brought to him.
WORD-ORDER AND SENTENCE-STRUCTURE 5
Verebantur ne ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur, they feared

that our army would be led against them. (Purpose
clause.)
Certior fiebat oranis Belgas obsides inter se dare, he was in
formed that all the Belgm were giving hostages to each
other. (Indir. disc.)
Quaesivit quae civitates in armis essent, he asked what states
were in arms. (Indir. question.)
18. When the subject is the same in both the principal and the
subordinate clause it normally stands first.
Caesar, ubi intellexit frustra tantum laborem sumi, statuit
exspectandam classem, when Casar perceived that such
great labor was undertaken in vain, he determined that
his fleet must be waitedfor. (Common subject is Casar.)
19. When the object is the same in both the principal and the
subordinate clause it normally stands first.
Oppidum, cum cives fortissime defenderent, Caesar expugnavit,
Casar took the town, though the citizens defended it very
bravely. (Common object is town.)
20. A succession of monosyllabic or of polysyllabic words
should be avoided, as also the heaping up of a number of verbs
at the end of a sentence. These are sins against euphony and
rhythm to which writers of good Latin are always very attentive
(cf. sec. 9. c).

certior fieri. to be informed (lit. to be made
more certain).
aliquem certiorem facere. to inform some one (lit. to make
some one more certain).
inter se .dare. to give to each other.
moleste or graviter ferre. to take (it) ill.
nova imperia or novae res. a change in the government, a
revolution.
LATIN COMPOSITION
For Oral Translation — Book II. i

22. i. As I have shown above, the Belgae inhabit the third
part of Gaul. 2. When I was in hither Gaul, I was informed
that the Belgae were conspiring. 3. We were informed by
the dispatches of Labienus. 4. The Belgae are giving hos
tages to each other. 5. In the first place they fear our army.
6. Furthermore they have been incited by certain Gauls.
7. They take it ill that the Romans are getting a foothold
in Gaul. 8. They are anxious for a change in the govern
ment. 9. Those who have the means to employ men usurp
the supreme power. 1 o. They fear * ' that they will be unable
to accomplish that2 under our government.
1. " that they will be unable," ut with the present subjv. 2. earn rem.
LESSON IV
23. In narrative prose, clauses follow each other in the order

of time in which the events occurred. English is less exact in
this respect, and we sometimes have to rearrange a passage, in
order to bring events into their proper logical sequence, before
translating it into Latin.

dare negotium. to employ (lit. give business), fol
lowed by the dat. of the indir. obj .
res frumentaria. grain supply, supplies.
For Written Translation — Book II. 2

25. When Caesar was informed by Labienus that the
Belgae were giving hostages to each other, he feared that
they took it ill that the Roman army was passing the winter
* A superior figure after a word (e.g. that 1) refers to that word alone ; when
placed before a word (e.g. 1 that), it refers to two or more following words.
RULES FOR AGREEMENT 7
in Gaul, and that, 1with their usual2 fickleness of mind, they

were conspiring8 against the Roman people. He thought,
therefore,4 that he ought to advance without delay, and,
6after enrolling two legions in hither Gaul and getting sup
plies, arrived with his army in the territory of the Belgae. He
employed the Senones to keep him informed about matters.6
1. Abl. of cause. 2. consuetus, -a, -um. 3. Imperf. subjv., coordi
nate with " they took it ill." 4. itaque. 5. Abl. abs. 6. res.
II. RULES FOR AGREEMENT
LESSON V
26. I. The General Forms of Agreement. — § 280 (181, 182); G. 210,
211. R. 1 ; H-B. 316-318.
II. Noun in Apposition or as Predicate. — §281-284(183-185); B. 167-
169; G. 320-325, 386. R. 1 ; 411. R.3; H. 393 (362-364) ; H-B. 319. I, II.
27. The appositive normally follows its noun. When emphatic
it precedes.
Caesar imperator, Casar, the general (normal order).
Imperator Caesar, the general, Casar (emphatic order).
28. The copula sum stands last or between the subject and
predicate : Caesar imperator erat or Caesar erat imperator, Casar
was general.
N.B. However, when sum expresses existence (there is, there
was, etc.), it stands first or at any rate before the subject : erat
nullum aliud iter, there was no other way.
29. A noun in apposition with a locative is put in the ablative,
either with or without a preposition : Romae (in) urbe magna, at
Rome, a great city.

se suaque omnia. themselves and all their possessions.
ne . . . quidem. not even, with emphatic word between.
isdem legibus uti. to enjoy the same laws.
8 LATIN COMPOSITION
For Oral Translation — Book II. 3

31. 1. The Belgae, a Gallic tribe, conspired against the
Roman people. 2. The legates Iccius and Andocombogius
are the chief men of the state. 3. We surrender ourselves
and all our possessions. 4. We are prepared to receive
Caesar, the general, into our towns.1 5. The Suessiones
are brothers of the Remi. 6. The Germans who live on
this side of the Rhine enjoy the same laws. 7. We cannot
prevent even our brothers, the Suessiones, 2from leaguing
with them. 8. The Remi and Suessiones are brothers.
9. At Rome,8 the largest city of Italy, they did not enjoy
the same laws.
1. In the Latin "by" rather than "into," hence abl. without a prep.
2. quin with the pres. subjv. 3. Locative case.
LESSON VI
32. Adjective with its Noun. — § 285-287 (186, 187); B. 234, 235;
G. 211, 285, 286; H. 394, 395 (438, 439); H-B. 320-321, 323.
33. When a noun is modified by both an adjective and a geni
tive the normal order is adjective — genitive — noun : omnes
Belgarum copiae.
34. Agreement with two or more nouns of different genders :
a. The attributive adjective regularly agrees with its nearest
noun.
Multi pueri et puellae or pueri et puellae multae, many boys
and girls.
b. The predicate adjective is regularly masculine plural when
it modifies two or more nouns representing living beings of
different genders.
Pueri et puellae erant boni, the boys and girls were good.
Rex et regina capti sunt, the king and queen were captured.
*s
RULES FOR AGREEMENT g
c. The predicate adjective is prevailingly neuter plural when

it modifies two or more nouns of different genders representing
things or both persons and things.
Virtus et studium militum erant magna, the valor and zeal of
the soldiers were great.
Naves captivique restituta sunt, the ships and the captives were
restored.
res militaris. military matters.
plurimum valere. to have very great influence.
plurimum posse. to have the greatest power.

36. 1. The Belgae are the bravest of all the Gauls. 2.
What states are in arms ? 3. What is their strength in war ?
4. In ancient times the Belgae settled on this side of the
river Rhine. 5. Their authority and arrogance in military
matters were great. 6. Among them the Bellovaci have
the greatest influence because of their valor, authority, and
number of men. 7. They can furnish for this war sixty
thousand picked men. 8. Most of the Belgae and many
other tribes1 are 2of German descent.
1. gens. 2. Latin, " sprung from the Germans."
LESSON VII
Agreement of Adjectives — Continued

37. 1. The Suessiones, neighbors of the Remi, have
Galba as king. 2. Their fields and territories are very wide
and very fertile. 3. Diviciacus was the most powerful
man1 not only of all Gaul, but even of Britain. 4. The
Nervii, the Morini, and all the 2rest of the tribes promised
IO LATIN COMPOSITION
men. 5. The Nervii had great influence among the other

Belgae. 6. The justice and wisdom of King Galba were
famous.8 7. The cities and towns of Gaul are many. 8,
Among the Suessiones Galba was regarded as king.
1. Omit. 2. reliquus, -a, -um. 3. clarus, -a, -um.
LESSON VIII
communis salutis interesse. to be of importance to the com
mon safety.
castra ponere. to pitch camp.
inita aestate. in the beginning of the sum
mer.

39. In the beginning of the summer, 1after Caesar2 had
been informed by the Remi concerning the great forces of
the Belgae, (he) employed his friends the Haedui, who were
very powerful in war, 8to lay waste the fertile fields of the
Bellovaci, for it was of great4 importance to the common
safety that the forces of the enemy be kept apart. He him
self pitched his camp on the banks of the river Axona, 8in
order that the Remi and the remaining states might bring
him supplies without danger.
1. postquam with the perf. ind. 2. Should stand first as principal
subject, cf. sec. 18. 3. An ut-clause of purpose. 4. magno opere or
magnopere.
LESSON IX
40. Relative with its Antecedent. — § 305-306 (198, 199); B. 250;
G. 614 ; H. 396-399 (445) ; H-B. 281. a; 322, 284. 2, 3, 4.
41. In the agreement of pronouns it is important to remember
that a pronoun merely takes the place of a noun and has the same
RULES FOR AGREEMENT n
gender, number, and case that the noun would have for which it
is used. For example, in the sentences —
a. Cognovit flumen non longe abesse. Flumen est in Remorum
finibus.
b. Cognovit flumen non longe abesse. Hoc est in Remorum finibus.
c. Cognovit flumen quod est in Remorum finibus non longe abesse.
observe that the second flumen in the first sentence (a) is expressed
in the second (b) by the demonstrative hoc and in the third (V) by
the relative quod, and that hoc and quod are in each instance in
the same gender, number, and case as flumen ; hence the rules for
agreement of pronouns.
42. A relative agrees with a predicate noun in its own clause
rather than with an antecedent of different gender or number.
Rhenus quod est flumen Gallicum, the Rhine, -which is a Gallic
stream.

milia passuum octo. eight miles.
in muro consistendi potestas est no one can stand on the wall.
nulli.
oppido praeesse. to be in command of the town.

44. i. Caesar crossed the Axona, which is a river in the
territory of the Remi. 2. Bibrax, which is a town of the
Remi, is ten miles off. 3. The Belgae, who are a third part
of Gaul, gathered all their forces into one place. 4. The
wall and the ditch which defended the town. 5. Stones and
weapons began1 to be thrown. 6. 2 On account of the stones
no one could stand on the wall. 7. Iccius, who had great
influence among the Remi, was in command of the town.
8. 8He took it ill that Caesar did not send him help.
1 . When does coepi have a passive ? Cf. note on text 150 1. 2. prop
ter. 3. Cf. text 146 3.
12 LATIN COMPOSITION
LESSON X
45. Verb with its Subject — § 316 (204); B. 254 ; G. 211 ; H. 388,
390. 391 (46o, 462) ; H-B. 328, 329, 331. 1 ; 332.

de media nocte. about midnight.
spes potiundi oppidi. hope of taking the town.
a milibus passuum minus du6- less than two miles off.
bus.
amplius milibus passuum octo. more than eight miles.

47. 1. Just about midnight messengers were sent by Caesar.
2. A multitude of archers and slingers came *to help the
citizens. 3. The Numidians are2 a people of Africa. 4.
Many buildings and villages were burned by the enemy.
5. Nevertheless, their hope of taking the town was small.
6. They will pitch their camp near the town. 7. The camp-
fires were less than two miles off. 8. The camp extends
more than a mile.8
1. Latin, "for help to," etc. 2. sunt or est or either? 3. § 134. d
(94. e); B. 80. s; G. 293; H. 168(178); H-B. 131. 3.
LESSON XI
48. Verb with Two or More Subjects. — § 317 (205) ; B. 255 ; G. 285-
287 ; H. 392 (463) ; H-B. 329, 331. 3.

proelio supersedere. to refrain from battle.
idoneus ad aciem instruendam. suitable for drawing up a line
of battle.
ex utraque parte or ab utroque on each side,
latere.
RULES FOR AGREEMENT 13

50. 1. 1Caesar and I refrained from battle. 2. The
Romans daily tried2 the valor of the enemy. 3. We are
inferior in numbers8 but not in valor.8 4. The hill where
the camp is situated is suitable for drawing up a line of battle.
5. The hill 4was about four hundred paces wide. 6. The
camp had declivities on each side. 7. You and the two
legions which have been last enrolled will remain in camp.
8. Both Caesar and the enemy drew up their forces.
1. Latin, "I and Caesar." 2. Cf. the text. 3. Abl. of specification.
4. Latin, " extended to a width of."
LESSON XII
51. Review the rules for agreement, Lessons v-xi.
52. Review the following idioms and phrases : —
a milibus passuum minus duobus. isdem legibus uti.
ab utroque latere. milia passuum octo.
ad effeminandos animos minime saepe.
amplius milibus passuum octo. moleste or graviter ferre.
castra pdnere. ne . . . quidem.
certior fieri, aliquem certiorem nova imperia, novae res.
facere. oppido praeesse.
communis salutis interesse. plurimum posse-
dare negotium. plurimum valere.
de media nocte. proelio supersedere.
ex utraque parte. qua de causa-
idoneus ad aciem instruendam. res frumentaria.
in muro consistendi potestas est res militaris.
nulli. se suaque omnia.
inita aestate. spectant in occasum solis.
initium capere. spectant in orientem solem.
inter se dare. spectant in septentrionem.
infer se differunt. spes potiundi oppidi.

53. Neither Caesar nor the enemy 'were willing to cross
the little swamp which lay2 between the two armies, 8and so
Caesar led his men back into camp. But the enemy straight
way hastened to the fords of the Axona, which was the river
behind the camp, and tried to take by storm the redoubt
over which Titurius, the lieutenant, had command, and to
destroy the bridge. 4If this was done, they could6 lay
waste the fields of the Remi and cut off Caesar's supplies.
1. void. 2. sum. 3. itaque. 4. Express by the abl. abs. Cf. text
152 8. 5. Pres. subjv. of possum.
III. THE INDICATIVE MOOD
LESSON XIII
54. I. Tenses of the Indicative, General Rules. — § 437 (264) ; B. 257,
258 ; G. 222-226 ; H. 523, 524 (474, 475) ; H-B. 468.
II. The Present Indicative. — § 465, 466, 469 (276) ; B. 259; G. 227-
23°; H- 532. 533 (466, 467) ; H-B. 468. 1 ; 491. 1 ; 485.
55. Present Indefinite, / make, "i „ . , ,
- are all translated by
Present Progressive,
0 lam making,
A I\ the
.. one form
- ...
facio.
Present Emphatic, I do make, J
56. Do not be misled by such English expressions as I am going
soon, Isail next week, Iplay to-morrow. These are not reallypres
ents but futures, and are rendered in Latin by the future tense.

' acriter pugnatum est. a sharp engagement took place.
levis armaturae Numidae. the light-armed Numidians.
spes hostis fallit. the enemy are disappointed (lit.
hope deceives the enemy).
Ms persuaderi n5n potest. these cannot be persuaded (lit. it
cannot be persuaded to these).
*
THE INDICATIVE MOOD 15

58. 1. Titurius informs Caesar of1 the attack. 2. Caesar
leads the light-armed Numidians across the bridge. 3. A
sharp engagement took place in the river. 4. The enemy
very boldly 2 attempt to cross it. 5. aThe enemy are disap
pointed in their expectations of taking the city. 6. Corn
has 4long since failed them. 7. It is best for each man to
return to his own home. 8. Diviciacus has 4for some time
been approaching the territory of the Bellovaci. 9. These
cannot be persuaded to wait longer.
1. Cf. text 146 15. 2. Express with conor and also without. 3. Latin,
" hope of taking the city deceives the enemy." 4. iam difl.
LESSON XIV
59. The Imperfect Indicative. — § 470, 471. a, i, c (277. N. a, b, c) ; B.
260; G. 231-234; H. 530, 534. 2, 3; 535 (468, 469. I, II. 1,2); H-B.
468. 2 ; 484, 485.
60. The imperfect may express attempted action, but if there

be danger of ambiguity it is best to use conor, attempt, with the
infinitive.
61. The most important uses of the imperfect are two : —

a. To express customary or continued action in past time.
b. To describe situations, fill in details and particulars ; while
the important forward steps in the narrative are denoted by the
perfect.
This difference between the perfect and the imperfect is well
illustrated by the opening lines of Book II. 9. The situation is
described by the imperfects, erat, exspectabant, erant, contende-
batur. These are all preparatory to the first decisive and impor
tant act on Caesar's part, expressed by the words suos in castra
redWEit,
l6 LATIN COMPOSITION

per exploratores cognoscere. to learn through scouts.
ab extremo agmine or ab novis- on the rear.
simo agmine.
sine ullo periculo. without any danger.
sub occasum solis. at sunset.
prima luce. at daybreak.
For Oral Translation — Book II. 1 1

63. 1. Each man was hastening to reach home. 2. Their
departure was very much like flight. 3. Caesar, fearing
treachery, was keeping his army in camp. 4. At daybreak
their departure is confirmed by scouts. 5. The lieutenants,
the legions, and the cavalry, pursuing the rear, 1attempted
to cut down the fugitives. 6. Those 2who had been over
taken had already for a long time fought bravely. 7. Those
who were ahead were seeking safety in flight. 8. Our men
follow for many miles without any danger. 9. At sunset
they returned to camp.
1. Imperf. of attempted action. 2. Latin, "to whom it had been
come."
LESSON XV
64. The Perfect Indicative. — § 161, 473, 474, 476 (1 15. c ; 279. a, e) ;
B. 262 ; G. 235, 236, 239, 240 ; H. 538 (471. 1, 2, 3); H-B. 468. 4. a;
487, 489.
65. The following perfects have the force of the present: —
novi, / know (have learned), from nosco, / learn.
consuevi, / am accustomed (have become accustomed), from
c5nsuesco, / become accustomed.
memini, / remember, present system wanting.
Bdl, / hate, present system wanting.
The pluperfect of these verbs has the meaning of the imperfect :
noveram, I knew (had learned), etc,
THE INDICATIVE MOOD 17

postridie eius diel. the next day (lit. the day after
that day).
magno itinere. by a forced march.
proxima nocte. the next night or last night.

67. 1. On the next day Caesar hastened by a forced march
to the town of Noviodunum. 2. * At Noviodunum, a town of
the Suessiones, there were2 few defenders. 3. Caesar was
unable to storm Noviodunum because of the wall and ditch
which were about the town. 4. Caesar is moving his sheds
towards the city and has thrown up a mound. 5. Mounds,
sheds, and towers were2 of use for a siege. 6. 8 Caesar was,
disappointed in his expectations of taking the town. 7. The
next night the Suessiones arrived in the town. 8. The Remi
have asked 4 Caesar to spare the Suessiones.
1. Cf. sec. 29. 2. Note that this is descriptive, hence imperf. 3. Cf.
xiii. 5, and note. 4. Abl. with a. Latin, "from Caesar that he spare."
LESSON XVI
in deditionem accipere. to receive in surrender.
se conferre. to betake one's self, retreat.
maiores natu. the old men.
pueri mulieresque. women and children.
in fidem se permittere (or venire)- place themselves under protec
tion of.

69. Among the chief men of the state, who were given to
Caesar as hostages, were the two sons of King Galba, who,
as I have said before, had the supreme control of the entire

war. After the surrender of the Suessiones, the Bellovaci
retreated to their stronghold1 Bratuspantium. When Caesar
2 was approaching with his army, all the old men came out
of the city and begged for peace, and the women and chil
dren stood on the wall and began to show by stretching out
their hands 8that they put themselves under his protection-
1. oppidum. 2. Imperf. subjv. 3. Cf. text 146 23.
LESSON XVII
70. The Future, Future Perfect, and Pluperfect Indicative. — § 472,
477, 478 (278, 281, 280); B. 261, 264, 263; G. 242-244, 241 ; H. 536,
540, 539 (470, 473, 472) ; H-B. 468. 3, 5, 6; 494.
71. Latin is muck more exact than English in the use of tenses.
Attention has already been called to the common use of the English
present for what is really future (cf. sec. 66) ; in like manner Eng
lish often uses a present or future for what is really future perfect.
In every instance the Latin will use the exact tense. Hence the
future perfect is much commoner in Latin than in English.
For example, in he will come if he can, the word can is really
future and we should translate veniet, si poterit ; in if they conquer,
they will rejoice, the verb conquer may be future or even future
perfect, and we translate si vincent (or vicerint), laetabuntur.

facere verba pro. speak in behalf of.
populo Romano bellum Inferre. to make war upon the Roman
people.
dementia uti in eos. to show mercy to them.
in fide esse. to be under the protection of.

73. 1. Diviciacus had returned from the territory of the
Bellovaci. 2. He will speak in their behalf. 3. For they
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 19
have always been under the protection of the Haeduan state.

4. The Haedui had been reduced to slavery by Caesar.
5. The Bellovaci will make war upon the Roman people.
6. By this action1 they will have brought a great disaster
upon their state. 7. If Caesar will show mercy towards
them, he will greatly increase the influence of the Haedui
among all the Belgae. 8. The chiefs of the Bellovaci had
fled to Britain.
IV. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN INDEPENDENT

SENTENCES
LESSON XVIII
74. I. The Subjunctive in General. — § 438 (265); B. 272; G. 255,
256 ; H. 193, 194 (196. I, II) ; H-B. 462.
II. The Hortatory or Volitive Subjunctive. — § 439, 450 (3) (266. R. b) ;
B. 273-276; G. 263-264; H. 559. 1, 2 (483. 3; 484. II, IV); H-B. 500,
501. 2, 3.
75. The tenses of the subjunctive in independent clauses
denote time as follows : —
a. Present denotes future or indefinite time.
Subjunctive b. Imperfect denotes present or past time.
Tenses. c. Perfect denotes future or past time.
d. Pluperfect denotes past time.
It will be seen that though the subjunctive has no future tenses
the future idea is inherent in both the present and the perfect
tense. When the future idea is emphatic the first periphrastic
forms are used (e.g. amatiirus sim).
76. The Latin subjunctive in some of its constructions approaches
the meaning of the English potential auxiliaries : may, can, must,
might, could, would, should. But when these auxiliaries are literal
and emphatic they must be rendered by independent verbs, as may,
might, by licet ; can, could, by possum ; should by debeo, etc.
77. Many subjunctive constructions are translated by the Eng

lish indicative and show no special form or modal auxiliary. In
such cases, therefore, there is nothing in the English to show that
the Latin subjunctive must be used : e.g. scio quid facias, / know
what yon are doing; tanta erat tempestas ut naves dispellerentur,
the storm was so great that the ships were scattered.
78. The subjunctive is used in independent sentences to
express : —
1. An exhortation or command (Hortatory or Volitive). Nega
tive is ne.
2. A wish or desire (Optative). Negative is ne.
3. A rhetorical question expressing doubt or indignation (Delib
erative). Negative is non.
4. A possibility (Potential). Negative is non.
79. The Hortatory Subjunctive in its usual form is in the first
or third person of the present tense, and is introduced in English
by let.

triduum iter. a three days'1 march.
belli fortunam experiri. to try the fortune of war.
For Oral Translation — Book II. 15, 16

81. 1. Let us give Caesar all our arms and six hundred
hostages. 2. Let us surrender ourselves and all our posses
sions without delay. 3. Let us inquire concerning the char
acter and nature of the Nervii. 4. 1 Do not allow wine to be
imported. 5. Caesar, 'do not make war upon the coura
geous2 Nervii. 6. Let us neither send ambassadors nor
accept any conditions of peace. 7. Let us persuade our
neighbors to try the same fortune of war. 8. 1 Don't put the
women into that place. 9. Let us make a three days' march.
1. Hortatory subjv. in a prohibition ; use the perfect tense. Remem
ber, however, that prohibition is usually expressed by noli or nolite with
the infin. 2. viris fortissimis. Latin does not use attributive adjectives
with proper nouns; but the class noun — here viris — to which the proper
noun belongs is inserted, and the adjective agrees with the latter. So,
for example, pretty Julia would not be pulchra Iulia, but Iulia puella
pulchra.
LESSON XIX
82. The Optative Subjunctive. — § 441, 442 (267. a, b) ; B. 279 ; G. 260,

261 ; H. 558. 1, 2 (483. 1, 2, 3; 484. I); H-B. 510, 511. 1.
83. Wishes are expressed by the present, imperfect, and plu

perfect subjunctive. Utinam is always used with the imperfect
and the pluperfect, sometimes with the present. The negative is
ne. The force of the tenses is as follows : —
a. The present denotes a wish that is still possible because it
lies in the future : vivas feliciter, may you live happily !
b. The imperfect expresses a wish unattained in present time,
the pluperfect one unattained in past time : utinam viveret feliciter,
would that he were living happily (but he isn't) ; utinam vixis-
set feliciter, would that he had lived happily (but he did n't).
84. The sign in English of the optative subjunctive is may (in
a wish or prayer) or would that, or more colloquially, I wish that,
grant that, I hope that, if only, it would be a good thing, etc.

his rebus cognitis. after learning of these matters.
sub sarcinis. under the packs.
nihil posse. to have no power.
consilium omittere. to give up a plan.

86. 1. Would that (I wish that) the scouts had chosen a
suitable place for a camp ! 2. Grant that some of1 the sur
rendered Belgae may come to the Nervii by night ! 3. Would
that the baggage had not been between the several legions !
4. Let us attack the first legion while under its packs.
5. My prayer is that the remaining legions may not dare to

make a stand ! 6. All the power of the Nervii is in their
infantry. 7. Let us hinder Caesar's march. 8. If only the
Nervii had given up their plan !
LESSON XX
locum castris deligere. to choose a place for a camp.
pari acclivitate. with an equal slope.
locus idoneus castris. a place suitable for a camp.
alter . . . alter. the one . . . the other.
ab superiore parte. on the upper part.

88. Let us describe1 the place which Caesar's centurions
had chosen for a camp. There were2 two hills facing each
other and with an equal slope 8on each side. Between these
flowed the river Sabis, which I have mentioned above, about
three feet deep. On the top of one hill was a good place
for a camp, but the other (hill) was wooded up above so
that 4one could hardly see into it.
1. describo. 2. The imperf. of description. 3. Cf. text 152 4.
4. Latin, "it could not easily," etc.
*LESSON XXI
89. The Subjunctive in Rhetorical or Deliberative Questions. — § 444
(268) ; B. 277 ; G. 465, 466; H. 559. 4 (484. V) ; H-B. 503, 5.3. 1.
90. The Rhetorical or Deliberative Question partakes of the
character of an exclamation. It is usually in the first person and
* Lessons thus marked may be omitted at the discretion of the teacher.

See Preface.
does not expect a reply. It may be expressed by either the indica

tive or the subjunctive. The indicative presents no peculiarities.
If the subjunctive is used, the present tense translates an English
present or future, and the imperfect the English past : —
(am I to ~\
should I !- adviseyou f quid te moneam ?
shall I J
What was I to do f quid facerem ?
The negative is non.

legiones expeditae. unencumbered legions.
praesidio impedimentis esse. to be a guard to the baggage.
proelium committere. to join or begin battle.

92. 1. Why should Caesar not1 send forward his cavalry?
2. Let the baggage be placed behind the six unencumbered
legions. 3. Let the two legions which I have last enrolled
be a guard to the baggage. 4. 2 Don't venture to pursue
the retreating enemy 8too far. 5. What were the Nervii to
do ? 6. ' Let us begin the battle when we see Caesar's bag
gage. 7. Would that you had suddenly rushed forth with
all your forces ! 8. Will Caesar's legions sustain the attack
of these 4fierce men ?
1. non, not ne, in deliberative questions. 2. Express in two ways.
3. The comparative degree often has this force. 4. Cf. text 158 10.
LESSON XXII
93. The Potential Subjunctive. — § 446, 447. 1, 2, 3 (31 1. I, II) ; B. 280 ;
G. 257-259; H. 552-557 (485, 486); H-B. 516, 517. 1; 518, 519. i.a,b.
94. The Potential Subjunctive represents the action as conceived
ox possible, not as desired (hortatory, optative) or real (indicative).
It has no single English equivalent; but is rendered according

to circumstances by the auxiliaries would, should, may, might,
can, could (cf. sec. 76). The negative is non.
95. The chief uses of the Potential may be classified as
follows : —
i . In politeor modest assertions — first person singular present or
perfect: velim, / should like; dicam. / should feel inclined to say.
2. With verbs of saying, thinking, and the like, to' express an
opinion — usually in the indefinite second person singular, present
or imperfect. The imperfect expresses past time and is translated
like a pluperfect : diceres, you would have said; crederes, you
would have believed; videres, you might have seen.
3. In general to express an action as possible, and equivalent to
the conclusion of an implied condition : ille id faciat, he would
do this (i.e. if he should be called upon).

omnia erant agenda. everything had to be done.
paulo longius. a little too far.
subsidio esse. to be of assistance.
non minus commode. no less readily.

97. 1. 'What was Caesar to do? 2. !He had to do every
thing at once. 3. 8 Don't go too far to seek materials for the
mound. 4. Let us call the soldiers back from their work
and draw up the line of battle. 5. Two things would be
of assistance under these difficulties. 6. The soldiers would
be able to give themselves orders no less readily than to be
told by others. 7. Let us not await Caesar's command.
8. You 4might have seen the several lieutenants doing what
seemed best "on their own responsibility.
1. Cf. sec. 90. 2. Observe that the Latin idiom is passive. 3. Give
the prohibition in two ways. 4. Imperf. subjv. 5. per se.
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 25
V. THE IMPERATIVE MOOD

LESSON XXIII
98. The Imperative Mood. — § 448, 449, 450 (269. d, e) ; B. 281. 1, 2 ;
G. 266, 267. R. ; H. 560, 561 (487. 1, 2 ; 488, 489) ; H-B. 495, 496, 501. 3.
a. 1), 2).
99. ( 1. By noli (plural nollte) with the present

infinitive : noli pugnare, don't fight.
Prohibitions 2. By cave (sometimes cave ne or fac ne)
are expressed in i with the present subjunctive : cave pugnes, don't
classic prose fight.
3. By ne with the perfect subjunctive : ne
pfignaveris, don'tfight.
Of these the first is used oftenest. The last is less formal and
more peremptory.

memoriam retinere. to remember, keep in mind.
ammo perturbari. to be frightened.
tempus dimittere. to lose time.

101. 1. Give the necessary orders and encourage the
tenth legion. 2. May you keep in mind your former valor !
3. Do not be frightened, but1 sustain the enemy's attack
bravely. 4. Let us give the signal for beginning the battle.
5. On2 the other side you 8would have found them already
fighting. 6. Whatever standards you see first, there take
your stand. 7. * Don't lose time for fighting.
1. et. When a negative sentence is followed by a positive in which
the same thought is continued, the Latin uses " and " where English
uses "but." 2. ab. 3. Potential subj v. imperf. Cf. sec. 95. 2. 4. Express
in as many ways as you can.
LESSON XXIV
102. Review the Rules of Syntax, Lessons xm-xxiii-
ab novissimo agmine or ab ex- nihil posse.
tremo agmine. non minus commode.
ab superiore parte. omnia erant agenda.
acriter pugnatum est. pari acclivitate.
alter . . . alter. paulo longius.
aniuio perturbari. per exploratores cognoscere.
belli fortunam experiri. populo Romano bellum Inferre.
dementia uti in eos. postridie eius diei.
consilium omittere. praesidio impedimentis esse.
facere verba pro. prima luce.
his persuaderI non potest. proelium committere.
his rebus cognitis. proxima nocte.
in deditionem accipere. pueri mulieresque.
in fide esse. se conferre.
in fidem se permittere or venire. sine ullo periculo.
legiones expeditae. spes hostis fallit.
locum castris deligere. sub occasum solis.
locus idoneus castris. sub sarcinis.
magno itinere. subsidio esse.
maiores natu. tempus dimittere.
memoriam retinere. triduum iter.

104. While the legions xwere pitching camp on a hill
beside2 the river Sabis, the Nervii, who had now for some
time been hiding in the woods, rushed down with incred
ible speed, crossed the stream, and 8fell upon the Romans.
The different legions were fighting the enemy, some in one
place and others in another, and he could not draw up his
army as military science required. 4 Under such unfavorable
DEPENDENT MOODS AND TENSES 27
circumstances time was lacking not only for addressing the

soldiers but even for the stationing of regular reserves.
1. The pres. ind. with dum. 2. ad. 3. Latin, "made an attack
upon." 4. Latin, "in such unfavorableness of things."
VI. MOODS AND TENSES IN DEPENDENT AND

SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES
LESSON XXV
105. Sequence of Tenses. — § 482-484 (284-286. R.) ; B. 266, 267; G.
509 ff. ; H. 543-545 (490-494) ; H-B. 476.
106. The Sequence of Tenses is nothing peculiar to Latin, but
is familiar from English usage. Compare —
He fears that he may die.
He feared that he might die.
The change from may to might, owing to the change in the main
verb from fears to feared, corresponds to the change in Latin from
the present to the imperfect subjunctive. The above in Latin
would be- Timet ne moriatur.
Timebat ne moriretur.
107. Table for Sequence of Tenses
Dependent Subjunctive
Principal Verb
Incomplete or Con
Completed Action
tinued Action
Present
Future Present Perfect
Future Perfect
Imperfect
Perfect Imperfect Pluperfect
Pluperfect

ab or in sinistra parte. on the left flank or side.
ex loco superiore. from the higher ground.
a fronte. in front.
aperto latere. on the exposedflank.

109. 1. We cannot foresee what is1 necessary. 2. We
could not foresee what was1 necessary. 3. The soldiers will
attempt to cross the river, that they 2may pursue the enemy.
4. The soldiers had attempted to cross the river, that they
might pursue the enemy. 5. They renew the battle from
the higher ground that they may put the enemy to flight.
6. They renewed the battle, that they might put the enemy
to flight. 7. Let all the Nervii advance, that they may sur
round the camp in front and on the left side. 8. The Nervii
advanced in order that they might engage with the seventh
legion on the exposed flank. 9. Let us fight on the river-
bank, that we may not be breathless with running. 10. They
fought on the river-bank, that they might not be exhausted.
1. Subjv. in an indir. question. 2. Subj v. of purpose.
LESSON XXVI
110. Peculiarities in Tense-Sequence. — § 485. a, b, c, e, g, h (287. a, b,
<-, e,f); B. 268. 1-6; G. 509. 2; H. 546-550 (495. I-VI); H-B. 478.
111. Note that after a primary tense the perfect subjunctive
must be used to denote any past action, e.g. —
(have written A ......
I non dubito quin scrip-
/ do not doubt that they \ were writing'■ \ . .
[. wrote.
112. The Historical Present takes either the primary or the
secondary sequence.
DEPENDENT MOODS AND TENSES 2g
113. The Perfect Definite (perfect with have) takes the second
ary sequence unless the reference to present time is very distinct.
114. The most important exception to the rules for tense-
sequence is that in Clauses of Result (Consecutive Clauses) com
pleted action is regularly expressed by the Perfect Subjunctive
after secondary as well as after primary tenses.

alii aliam in partem. some in one direction, others in
another.
adversis hostibus occurrere. to meet the enemy face to face.
fugae sese mandare. to flee (lit. to intrust one's self
to flight).

116. 1. Don't return to the camp Mest you meet the
enemy face to face. 2. The camp followers have gone forth
2to plunder. 3. The enemy have crossed the river, that they
may seek flight in another direction. 4. The camp follow
ers flee8 headlong, some in one direction and others in
another, that they may not be killed. 5. The Treveri are
telling what they have seen. 6. The Treveri tell8 what they
saw. 7. The Treveri will tell what they see. 8. The Treveri
told what they saw. 9. The Treveri told what they had seen.
10. The Treveri told what they were seeing. 11. The Nervii
have come to take possession of the camp and baggage.
1. Negative purpose with ne. 2. Express by the subjv. 3. His
torical pres.
LESSON XXVII
117. Pure and Relative Clauses of Purpose. — § 530, 531 (317.1,2.*);
B. 282 ; G. 543, 544. I ; 545 ; H. 568, 590 (497) ; H-B. 502. 2.
118. Relative clauses are used in Latin not alone to state a fact
about the antecedent, but may be used as well to express purpose,
result, characteristic, cause, or concession. The subjunctive mood

is used in all cases excepting to state a fact.
119. A test for a relative clause of purpose is that ut with a
personal or demonstrative pronoun may be substituted for the
relative pronoun, e.g. —
Misit milites qui viderent = misit milites ut (ii) viderent.
He sent soldiers who should see = he sent soldiers that they
might see.
120. The difference in emphasis between a clause of purpose
introduced by ut and one introduced by a relative pronoun may
be illustrated by the following sentence : —
a. legatos misit ut peterent pacem.
b. misit legatos qui peterent pacem.
Either form of the sentence may be translated he sent ambassa
dors to seek peace. But in a the ut-clause is an adverbial modifier
of misit and emphasizes the purpose of the sending. In b the
qui-clause is an adjective modifier of legatos and emphasizes the
ambassadors as the persons who have a purpose to perform.
121. quo (abl. of the relative) is used to introduce a purpose-
clause containing a comparative- quo = ut to, and is the abl. of
degree of difference : —
Pontem facit quo facilius transeat, he builds a bridge that he
may cross more easily (lit. by which the more easily).
Classem cogit quo paratior esse possit, he collects a fleet that
he may be more prepared.
122. In English, purpose is often expressed by the infinitive: —
She stoops to conquer. He sent ambassadors to seek peace.
It is never so expressed in the best classic Latin prose.

proelium deserere. to desert.
res est in angusto. matters are'in a strait.
signa inferre. to charge.
operam navare. to do one's best.

124. 1. Do not gather the standards into one place, lest
the crowded soldiers be a hindrance to each other. 2. Caesar
set out for the right wing, that all his centurions might not be
killed or wounded. 3. Some on the rear are deserting, that
they may avoid the weapons. 4. He took a shield from a
soldier, that1 he might go to the front 2more safely. 5. Open
out the ranks, that1 you may use your swords more easily.
6. He commanded the soldiers to charge, that the attack of
the enemy might be checked a little. 7. Caesar advanced to
the front, that each man might 8be anxious to do his best.
1. quo. 2. tutius. 3. cupere.
LESSON XXVIII
signa convertere. to face about.
castris hostium potiri. to get possession of the enemy 's
camp.

126. * While the soldiers of the twelfth and seventh legions
were joining their forces in order that they might be of
assistance to each other and resist the enemy more boldly,
messengers8 were sent 4to announce the battle to the two
legions which were guarding the baggage. Labienus, too,
who had crossed the river with the tenth legion to get pos
session of the enemy's camp, having seen from a higher
place that matters were in a strait, 6made all possible speed
and sent his men at a run to our assistance.
1. Cf. xxiv. 1. 2. sese coniungere. 3. nuntius. 4. Latin, "who
should announce." Cf. sec. 120. 5. Latin, " left nothing remaining for
speed."
LESSON XXIX
127. Substantive Clauses. — § 561, 562 (329); B. 294; H. 540;

H-B. 238.
128. Substantive Clauses of Purpose. — § 563, 564 (317. 3, 331); B.
294-296; G. 546-550; H. 564-567, 568. 2 (498, 499); H-B. 502. 3, 4.
129. Among the common verbs that regularly take the subjunc
tive in the object clause to express the purpose or will of the speaker
are —
censeo, move, resolve. negotium do, employ, charge.
hortor, cohortor, urge, exhort. operam do, take pains.
impero, mando, order, command. oro, peto, quaero, rogo, ask.
metuo, timeo, vereor, fear. persuaded, persuade.
moneo, advise. postulo, demand.
130. Common verbs that may take the subjunctive but more
usually take the infinitive are —
cupio, desire. statuo, constituo, determine.
sino, permit. volo, wish (also nolo, malo).
131. The following verbs take the infinitive : —
conor, attempt. patior, allow.
iubeo, order, command. veto, forbid.

scutis iuniti. to lean upon the shields.
proelium redintegrare. to renew the battle.

133. 1. Caesar advised the wounded soldiers to lean upon
their shields. 2. They fear that they will be surrounded by
the enemy. 3. The enemy feared that the brave1 Romans
would renew the battle. 4. The cavalry 2rush against the foe,
that they may wipe out the disgrace of flight. 5. They fight
everywhere 8to distinguish themselves above the legionary
soldiers. 6. The enemy 4 strove to intercept the pila, in

order to hurl them back. 7. Because of the greatness of
their courage the Nervii 6did not fear to enter a very
unfavorable place.
1. Cf. xviii. 5, and note. 2. occurro. 3. quo or ut? See note on
text 166 20. 4. Conor takes the complementary infin.; other verbs of
effort usually the subjv. 5. "did not fear," i.e. dared.
LESSON XXX
Clauses of Purpose — Continued
ad internecionem redigere. to exterminate.
proelio facto. after the battle wasfought.
uti misericordia. to show mercy.
ab iniuria se prohibere. to refrain from harm.

135. 1. After the battle was fought, they sent ambassadors
to surrender themselves and their possessions to Caesar.
2. The old men begged1 Caesar to show them mercy. 3. The
Nervii have swamps 2where they may put their women and
children. 4. Caesar will preserve the suppliants, that he
may seem to show mercy. 5. He commanded8 the Nervii
to continue using their territory and towns. 6. He com
manded* their neighbors to refrain6 from (e doing them)
harm. 7. Caesar wished 7to prevent the nation from being
exterminated. 8. Caesar took pains to preserve the Nervii.
9. He did not wish them to be exterminated.
1. petere a. 2. quo, rel. clause of purpose. 3. Use impero. 4. Use
iubeo. 5. Latin, " keep themselves." 6. Words in parenthesis may be
omitted. 7. Latin, " to prevent by which the less the nation should,"
prohibSre quo minus, etc.
LESSON XXXI
136. The Various Ways of Expressing Purpose. — § 533 (318); B. 282.
1, 2 ; 338. 1. c), 3 ; 339. 1,6; 340. 1 ; 337. 4 ; G. 545, 546 ff., 630, 428. 2 ;
432. 435. 438- N.; H. 568 ff., 626.5 ; 628, 633, 638.3 (497 ff., 542.1,111.
N. 2; 544. 1; 546, 549. 3) ; H-B. 502. 2; 612. I, III ; 618.
137. To express purpose observe —
a. That the usual way is by ut (neg. ne).
b. That the relative qui is preferred when the persons who have
the purpose to perform are emphasized (cf. sec. 120).
c. That qu5 is used when the purpose clause contains a com
parative (cf. sec. 121).
d. That the gerund and gerundive are used in short phrases.
e. That the supine is used only with verbs of motion and is
not common even with them (cf. sec. 353).
f. That the future participle and the infinitive (cf. sec. 122)
should be avoided.

iter facere. to march.
citra lumen. this side of the river.
bellum Inferre with the dative. to make war upon.

139. 1. The Aduatuci came with all their forces, that they
might be 'of assistance to the Nervii. 2. 2They were per
suaded to desert all their towns. 3. sTo keep out the
enemy they had fortified the city with a very high double
wall. 4. The Cimbri left their baggage this side of the
Rhine, that4 they might march more quickly. 5. Six thou
sand men were left 6to guard the baggage. 6. For many
years their neighbors 6prevented them from making peace.
7. Men were sent to choose a place. (Express the purpose
in as many ways as possible.)
1. Latin, "for an aid to." 2. Cf. text 154 3, and note. 3. prohibed ;
express the purpose by the gerundive. 4. quo. Why? 5. Latin, "who
should be for a guard to." 6. deterrere quo minus. Cf. xxx. 7, and
note.
LESSON XXXII
140. Review the rules for Sequence of Tenses, Lessons xxv-
XXVI.

a fronte. fugae sese mandare.
ab iniuria se prohibere. iter facere.
ab (or in) sinistra parte. operam navare.
ad internecionem redigere. proelio facto-
adversis hostibus dccurrere. proelium deserere.
alii aliam in partem. proelium redintegrare.
aperto latere. res est in angusto.
bellum inferre. scutis inniti.
castris hostium potiri. signa convertere.
citra flumen. signa inferre.
ex loco superiore. uti misericordia.
For Written Translation — Book II. 30, 31

142. At first the Aduatuci made frequent sallies from the
town in order to skirmish1 with 2our forces, and afterwards,
when they had been surrounded by the rampart, they mocked
us 8because such little men were setting up a tower at such
a distance from the wall ; but when they saw it moving,
greatly terrified they sent ambassadors to seek peace, for
they thought that the Romans carried on war with the help
of the gods. The ambassadors begged besides4 that Caesar
would show them mercy 6and not deprive them of their
1. parvulis proeliis contendere. 2. nostri. 3. For the mood in this

clause, cf. note on text 170 3. 4. praeterea. 5. neve.
LESSON XXXIII
143. Clauses of Characteristic. — § 535. a, b (320. a, 6); B. 283. 1, 2 ;
G. 631. 1,2; H. 591. 1 (503. I); H-B. 520, 521. 1. a-c.
144. When a relative clause states not a mere fact about the
antecedent (cf. sec. 118), but defines it as having a certain quality
or characteristic, the subjunctive is used and we have a relative
clause of characteristic. This construction is especially common
when the antecedent is indefinite or general and needs to be
defined. Compare the two sentences —
a. The soldier who is fleeing is afraid.
b. No one who flees is brave.
In a the relative clause merely states the fact that the soldier
is fleeing ; in b the thought is " No one of such a character that
he flees is brave." Hence the Latin : —
a. Miles qui fugit est timidus.
b. Nem5 qui fugiat est fortis.
145. Among the indefinite and general expressions followed by
the relative clause of characteristic are the following : —
there are some "1 . .
I who = sunt qui.
there are those)
who is there who = quis est qui.
there is no one who = nemo est qui.
there are none who = nulli sunt qui.
he is the only one who = \ I est qui.

L solus J
the one to, such a man as to = is qui.
146. A test for the relative clause of characteristic is that the
relative may be translated by the words of such a character that.

arma tradere. to surrender arms.
iniuriam inferre with the dative. do harm to, inflict injuries
upon.
pace uti. to enjoy peace.
148. 1. * Who is there that will preserve our state? 2.Caesar

is 2the man to do it. 3. There is no condition of surrender
which he will accept. 4. There are some who have sur
rendered their arms. 5. I will order your neighbors to do
you no harm. 6. We will do 8such things as you order.
7. We will do the things which you order. 8. There is no
heap of arms that can equal the height of the wall. 9. There
were some who concealed a part of the arms in the town.
10. There are some who enjoy peace.
1. qui est qui, i.e. who is of such a character that. 2. is qui. 3. The
only difference between this clause and the corresponding one in the next
sentence is in the mood of the verb " order." The subjv. in the former
characterizes " things " ; the ind. in the latter merely states the fact.
♦LESSON XXXIV
149. Relative Clauses after digitus, indignus, etc. — § 535- /(320-/) ;

B. 282. 3; G. 631. 1 ; H. 591. 5-7 (503. II) ; H-B. 513. 3.
150. Compare the Latin and English idioms in the following

sentence : —
( worthy
These books are J ... -to be read.
suitable
fit
' digni
indigni
Hi libri sunt . qui legantur.
idonei
lapti
Such sentences sometimes assume a more colloquial form in
English, as, these books are worth reading, fit to read, etc.
This construction of the subjunctive is closely related to char
acteristic.

sub vesperum. towards or till evening.
partim . . . partim. partly . . . partly.
eruptionem facere. to make a sally.
acriter pugnatum est. the battle was fought bravely
or there was hardfighting.

152. 1. I will order the soldiers to come out of the city,
that the inhabitants may receive no injury. 2. 1Would that
the Romans had withdrawn the guards 'after the surrender.
3. The Aduatuci were not the only ones who hid their arms.
4. Shields made of bark are not 8worth hiding. 5. A steep
ascent is not suitable 4for the enemy to climb. 6. 6The
enemy will fight as bravely as brave men ought to fight
7. After making the sally from the town, those who were
left 6did not deserve to be saved. 8. There was no one
7to defend the town. 9. Towards evening there was hard
fighting.
1. Optative subjv. ; cf. xix. 2. Abl. abs., " the surrender having been
made." 3. Latin, " worthy which should be hid." 4. Latin, " which the
enemy," etc. 5. Latin, " It will be fought by the enemy," etc. 6. Latin,
" were not worthy who," etc. 7. Subjv. of characteristic.
LESSON XXXV
153. Pure and Relative Clauses of Result. — § 537. 1,2. a; 538 (319.
1, 2.R.a); B. 284. 1, 2; G. 552, 631 ; H. 570, 591 (500. I, II); H-B.
521. 2.
154. Distinguish carefully between the English expression of

purpose and of result. Compare —
a. He fled quickly to save his life.
b. He fled so quickly that he saved his life.
a expresses a purpose, b a result. In Latin the constructions of

purpose and result are precisely alike except that the negative in
a purpose clause is ne, but in a result clause it is non.
155. Frequently demonstrative words, meaning so or such, like
ita, sic, tam, talis, tantus, adeo, in the main clause give warning
that a result clause is to follow. Cf. text 172 1 8, tanta . . . opinio
perlata est uti, etc.
his rebus gestis. after these operations {these
things having been done).
inita proxima aestate. at the beginning of the next
summer.
bellum gerere. to wage war.
For Oral Translation — Book II. 34, 35

157. 1. He had sent Crassus ato wage war with the mari
time states. 2. He ordered2 Crassus to subdue these states.
3. He feared that Crassus could not subdue these states.
4. Such an opinion was spread abroad that all Gaul sent
ambassadors to Caesar. 5. These matters were so managed
that the barbarians promised to give hostages. 6. He com
manded2 them to return at the beginning of the following
summer. 7. He led his legions among the Carnutes 8to
wage war there. 8. Caesar's victory was so great that a
thanksgiving of fifteen days was decreed.
1. Purpose or result? 2. Express with both iubeo and impero, and
cf. sees. 129, 131. 3. Latin, " where they should wage war," rel. clause
of purpose.
LESSON XXXVI
proximus Oceanum. near the ocean.
scientia atque isus rerum nauti- skill and experience in nautical
carum. affairs.
For Written Translation — Book III. 7, 8

159. While Publius Crassus was spending the winter near
the ocean, he sent prefects and tribunes, 1one to one state,
another to another, 2to get corn. Among8 the maritime
states the Veneti are by far the most powerful, and they so4
excel the others in skill and experience in nautical affairs
that they hold as tributaries nearly all who use that sea.
The Veneti seized Silius and Velanius in order that through
them they might recover their own hostages, and then stirred
up the other states that all might 6 continue to enjoy that
liberty which they had received6 from their forefathers.
1. Cf. text 162 27. 2. frumentandi causa. 3. apud. 4. adeo. 5. Latin,

" continue in that liberty." 6. Subj v. of integral part or attraction.
LESSON XXXVII
160. Substantive Clauses of Result. — § 568-571 (332. a. 1, 2) ; B. 297 ;
G- 553; H. 571 (501); H-B. 521.3.0),*).
161. Substantive Clauses of Result may be —

a. Subject.
b. Object.
c. Appositive (with neuter pronoun).
d. Predicate nominative after mos est (it is a custom) and sim
ilar expressions.
162. Common verbs and phrases taking an ut-clause of result
as subject or object are —
accedit.
.,.. >...it *j
is added.
-
additur,
r,J
contingit, evenit, fit, it happens.
facere, efficere, to cause, effect, accomplish, bring about.
necesse est, it is necessary.
relinquitur, reliquum est, restat, it remains.

longius abesse. to be some distance off.
bellum parare. to preparefor war.
longe aliud esse. to be quite a different thing.
For Oral Translation — Book III. 9

164. i. After these operations Crassus sent messengers
1to inform Caesar. 2. It happened that Caesar was some dis
tance off. 3. He ordered2 men-of-war to be built. 4. It is a
rule among all nations that ambassadors are sacred. 5. They
had committed so great an offense that they determined to
prepare for war. 6. It happens that navigation is difficult
because of the small number of the harbors. 7. 8An added
fact is that sailing is quite a different thing in an inclosed sea
and on the mighty ocean. 8. The scarcity of food brought
it about that our army could not remain long among them.
9. It remains for me to inform Caesar about these matters.
10. The greatness of the danger caused them to prepare
for war.
1 Express in as many ways as possible. Cf. sec. 187. 2. Express

with iubeo and with impero. Cf. sees. 129, 131. 3. Latin, " it is added
that."
LESSON XXXVIII
165. Clauses introduced by quln and quominus. — § 558, 559 (319. d
332. g. R., N. 2) ; B. 284. 3 ; 295. 3 ; 298 ; G. 549, 554, 555, 556 ; H. 568. 8
594. II; 595, 596 (504, 505. I. 1; II); HB. 502. 3. i) ; 519.4-*)
521. 1, 2, 3. b).
166. Verbs of Hindering and Opposing take —

a. When affirmative the subjunctive with ne or quominus.
b. When negatived the subjunctive with quin.
Note. — Prohibeo and impedio more commonly take the infinitive.
167. The constructions after dubitS are as follows : —

a. Dubito in the sense of hesitate takes the infinitive : —
GermanI transire dubitant, the Germans hesitate to cross.
b. Non dubito, / do not doubt, and similar negative expressions
of doubt take the subjunctive with quin : —
N5n dubito quin Germanl transeant, / do not doubt that the
Germans will cross.
c. Dubito, Idoubt, is followed by an indirect question (cf. sec. 21 7) :
Dubito num Germanl transeant, / doubt whether the Germans
are crossing.

novis rebus studere. to be eager for a change of
government.
per vim. by force.
manum distinendam curat. he sees to it that the force is
kept away.
For Oral Translation — Book III. io, n

169. i. There is no doubt that there are these difficulties
in waging war. 2. Nothing will prevent1 the other tribes
from doing the same thing. 3. There was no doubt that, 2as
a rule, all the Gauls were eager for a change of government.
4. 8There is the added fact that men naturally hate a condi
tion of slavery. 5. Caesar feared that the Germans would
try to cross the river by force. 6. For this reason he did
not hesitate to send Labienus with the cavalry. 7. There
was no doubt that he would restrain them. 8. Crassus and
his cohorts prevented the nations of Aquitania from sending
reinforcements. 9. Sabinus was sent to see to it 4that the
Venelli be kept away.
1. deterred. 2. fere. 3. Cf. xxxvn. 7. 4. For construction, cf.
notes on text 178 7.
LESSON XXXIX
General Review of Purpose and Result
170. Review the Rules of Syntax, Lessons xxvii-xxxvm.

semper horarum duodecim spatio. every twelve hours.
desperare suis fortunis. to despair of their fortunes.
aditus pedibus. approach by land.
For Oral' Translation — Book III. 12

172. 1. The sites of the towns are such that they have
no means of access. 2. The tide rushed in every twelve
hours, so that the siege was hindered. 3. Let us shut out
the sea by a dike, that the Veneti may despair of their
fortunes. 4. They brought up a great number of ships,
that they might withdraw to the next towns. 5. There was
the added fact that approach by land was 'cut off by the
tide. 6. Let us betake ourselves to the next town, 2that we
may defend ourselves more easily. 7. Cassar was prevented
by storms 8from setting out against the Veneti. 8. There is
no doubt that navigation is difficult in a great open sea.
1. intercludo. 2. What conjunction? Cf. sec. 187. c. 3. Cf. sec. 166
LESSON XL
acriter pugnatum est. eruptionem facere.
aditus pedibus. his rebus gestis.
arma tradere. inita proxima aestate.
bellum gerere. iniuriam Inferre.
bellum parare. longe aliud esse.
desperare suis fortunis. Jongius abesse.
manum distinendam curat- proximus Oceanum.

novis rebus studere. scientia atque usus rerum nauti-
pace utl carum.
partim . . . partim. semper horarum duodecim spatio.
per vim. sub vesperum.
For Written Translation — Book III. 13

174. The ships of the Veneti were well fitted *to withstand
the waves and tempests of the ocean. They were made
entirely of oak and had skins for sails, 2that they might
endure the violence of the winds more easily. 8Thus it fol
lowed that our ships excelled only in speed and rowing,4 but
that theirs6 were better adapted to the character of the place.
An added fact was that on account of their great strength
6 they could not7 be injured by ramming 7and did not fear the
rocks and the shallows which 8were an object of fear to us.
1. Cf. text 179 4. 2. quo. Why? Cf. sec. 137. c. 3. ita fiebat. Cf.
sec. 162. 4. pulsu remorum. 5. Repeat "ships." 6. Latin, "it could
not be injured to them." Cf. text 154 3. 7. " not . . . and not " = neque
. . . neque. 8. Latin, "had to be feared." The mood is subjv. Why?
LESSON XLI
175. Causal Clauses introduced by quod, quia, quoniam, and quando.
— §540. a (321. N. 3); B. 285,286; G. 539 ff. ; H. 588(516); H-B. 555,
535- 2. a, b.
176. With the indicative to assign
a reason positively on the
writer's or speaker's authority.
1. quod and quia.
With the subj unctive to assign
Causal Clauses
are expressed by a reason doubtfully on an
other's authority.
2. quoniam and quando, with the indicative.
3. cum (since), with the subjunctive.
-4. qui, with the subjunctive.
J>f.B. The subjunctive with quia is rare,

eis noceri non potest. they cannot be injured (lit. it
cannot be injured to them).
satis constare. to be clear or established.
For Oral Translation — Book III. 14

178. 1. The cities were stormed in vain, because the
enemy could not be harmed. 2. Caesar waited for his fleet,
because the flight of the enemy could not be prevented.
3. There is no doubt that the ships of the enemy were very
well equipped. 4. Brutus was in command of the Roman
fleet. 5. It was not clear to Brutus what he should do,
because the enemy's ships could not be injured by ram
ming. 6. The missiles of the Gauls fell more heavily,
because they were sent from a higher place. 7. The soldiers
fought the1 more bravely, because the engagement2 was car
ried on in sight of Caesar and the whole army.
The sentences containing causal clauses introduced by quod should be
given both with the ind., as expressing the speaker's reason, and with
the subjv., as expressing the reason of another. 1. eo. 2. res.
LESSON XLII
179. Causal Clauses introduced by cum and qui. — § 540. c, d ; 549,
535- '(320-e; 321-'; 326); B. 286. 2; 283. 3. a; G. 586, 626; H. 592,
598, 599 (517); H-B. 523, 526, 527.
180. Cum causal (since) is a variety of cum temporal (when)
and should be used when since has also the idea of when {the cir
cumstances being such) so that the conjunction may be translated
by either word without changing the essential meaning of the sen
tence. Cum causal is never used when the reason is regarded as
an admitted fact.
181. Qui causal is merely a variety of the relative clause of char
acteristic (cf. sec. 144), the quality expressed by the subjunctive
being regarded as the cause for the action of the main verb. For
example, in the sentence Casar who conquered the Gauls was
praised, the relative clause who conquered the Gauls characterizes
Cassar and also gives the reason for his being praised, hence the
Latin : Caesar qui Gallos superaret laudabatur.

binae ac ternae naves. two or three ships apiece.
fuga salutem petere. to seek safety inflight.
se ex loco movere. to stir from the spot.
se~ recipere. to betake themselves, go.
sub corona vendere. to sell into slavery.
For Oral Translation — Book III. 15, 16

183. 1. Since two or1 three ships surrounded each ship of
the enemy, several were taken. 2. Since we can find no
help for this misfortune,2 let us seek safety in flight. 3. The
ships could not stir from the spot, Especially since the yards
had been torn off. 4. There is no doubt that the calm
was very opportune for finishing the business. 5. Very
few ships reached land, since the engagement lasted from
about 4ten o'clock till sunset. 6. The Veneti, 6who had lost
all their ships, surrendered to Cassar. 7. The rest had no
place 6to go to. 8. Cfesar, 6who had determined to pun
ish them severely, sold them into slavery. 9. He did this in
order that the barbarians 7might be more careful to respect
the rights of ambassadors.
1. Note that the Latin says "and." 2. res. 3. praesertim cum.
4. Latin, " the fourth hour." 5. Relative clause of cause. 6. Relative
clause of purpose introduced by quo, whither. Cf. the text. 7. Follow
the idiom of the text.
LESSON XLIII
184. Temporal clauses may be classified as follows : —

1. Clauses with postquam- ubi, ut, simul ac, etc., with the indica
tive (usually perfect).
2. Clauses with cum with the indicative or subjunctive.
3. Clauses with antequam or priusquam with the indicative or
subjunctive.
4. Clauses with dum, donee, or quoad with the indicative or
subjunctive.
N.B. Observe that only with the first of these varieties is the
indicative always used.
185. In general it may be stated that expressions of pure time
are in the indicative. The subjunctive is used when the time rela
tion is modified by some other idea, as cause, concession, doubt,
purpose, and the like.
186. Temporal Clauses introduced by postquam, ut, ubi, simul ac, ut
primum, etc. — § 543. a (323, 324); B. 287; G. 561 ff. ; H. 602 (518);
H-B. 550, 557, 558.

domi manere. to stay at home.
anno post. a year later, the next year.
maximam partem. for the most part, mostly.
For Oral Translation — Book IV. 1, 2

188. 1. The Germans crossed the Rhine 1because they
were harassed by the Suevi. 2. There is no doubt that the
Suevi were the most warlike of the Germans. 3. The rest 2of
the Suevi stayed at home the next year, in order that agricul
ture might not be interrupted. 4. Since they live mostly on
milk and meat, they are men of immense size. 5. After they
had jumped from their horses, the horses remained standing
pn the same spot. 6. As soon as it was necessary, they
retreated to these. 7. After they heard that the enemy used

saddles, they dared to approach nearer. 8. They did not
import wine, 8because they thought that men were weakened
by it.
1. State as a fact on the writer's authority. 2. Not gen. 3. Give
on the authority of the Suevi.
LESSON XLIV
ad extremum. finally.
viam tridui progredi. to march three days.
de improviso. unexpectedly.
For Written Translation — Book IV. 3, 4

190. There was no state ' which could withstand the
strength of the Suevi. The Ubii, who are a little more civi
lized than the rest of the Germans2 because they border on
the Rhine, after they had waged war with them for several
years, were made tributary. The Usipetes and Tencteri
were in about8 the same condition, for4 they had been driven
from their fields by these same Suevi ; and when they had
wandered about in many places for three years, they finally
came to the Rhine. Since they could not cross because of
the lack of ships, they pretended that they were returning
to their own country ; but after they had marched three
days they returned unexpectedly and seized the ships of the
Menapii.
1. Clause of characteristic. Cf. sec. 145. 2. Not gen. 3. fere.
4. nam.
LESSON XLV
191. Temporal Clauses introduced by cum. — § 545, 546. N. 3 (325);
B. 288, 289; G. 578-585 ; H. 600, 601 (521); H-B. 524, 525, 550. a; 551.
192. The rules for cum temporal may be summarized in the
general statement that in temporal clauses with cum the indicative
is used of present and future time ; and the subjunctive of past
time, except when a date is given or the time at which the action
of the main verb occurred is denned (cf. A. & G. § 546. n. 3).
a. Cum temporal with a past indicative is not of frequent occur
rence ; and when so found cum is generally preceded by turn, as, —
Turn cum multi ceciderant hostes fugerunt, at that time when
many hadfallen, the enemy fled.
193. When cum means whenever it expresses customary or
recurrent action and introduces a general condition (cf. sec. 240).
In this use cum is usually followed by the perfect or pluperfect
indicative.

nihil his committendum est. no confidence should be placed
in these.
aliquem alicuius paenitet. some one repents of something
(lit. it repents some one of
something).

195. 1. 1When Caesar was informed of this, he thought
that no confidence should be placed in them. 2. It was a
point of Gallic custom to compel travelers to halt. 3. When
ever merchants came 2 into their towns, they compelled them
to tell 8what they had heard. 4. When the Germans had
been moved by these rumors, they were eager for a revolu
tion. 5. Since the Germans are quick to enter upon plans,
they generally have to repent of them on the spot. 6. When
SO LATIN COMPOSITION
Cxsar came to his army, he learned that embassies had been

sent. 7. The Germans were already wandering more widely
(than usual) when Caesar summoned4 the chiefs of Gaul.
8. When he had strengthened their courage, he determined
to wage war with the Germans.
1. Express by a cum-clause and observe that the text expresses the
same idea by a participle. 2. Pluperf. of recurring action (cf. sec. 193).
3. Indir. question. 4. The perf. ind. dating the time of the main verb.
•LESSON XLVI
196. Temporal Clauses introduced by antequam and priusquam. —

S 55' (327); B. 291,292; G. 574-577; H. 605 (520); H-B. 507. 4. a-d;
550.*; 561,571.
197. The constructions after antequam and priusquam are sum

marized in the following table : —
Present and
Future '< Indicative.
Tenses. 1 The Perfect Indica
a. Indicative.tive is used to state an
Antequam |. actual occurrence.
and The Imperfect Sub
Priusquam II. Past junctive (rarely the Plu
Tenses. perfect) is used to denote
b. Subjunctive purpose or tendency, in
past time or when the
action that it denotes
. did not take place.
198. Antequam and priusquam consist each of two parts often

written separately and sometimes separated by other words : ante
. . . quam, prius . . . quam. Priusquam is commoner in classic
prose than antequam.
i

apud se. with himself.
mihi tecum amicitia. friendship between us.

200. 1. Before he came into the territory of the Germans,
ambassadors came from them. 2. He began to march as
soon as the provisions were ready. 3. The Germans do not
decline 'to make war upon the Roman people. 4. They did
not take up arms before they were provoked. 5. There is
no one 2 whom the Suevi cannot conquer. 6. There can be no
friendship between us, before you settle in the fields of the
Ubii. 7. They wish to take possession of the territory of
another, 8rather than defend their own. 8. When the ambas
sadors had asked aid, Caesar replied as seemed proper.
1. quia, etc. 2. Rel. cl. of characteristic. 3. priusquam, lit. sooner than.
LESSON XLVII
201. Temporal Clauses introduced by dum, donee, and quoad. — § 553-

556 (328); B. 293; G. 571, 572; H. 603 (519); H-B. 507.5; 550. b;
559, 560.
202. The constructions after dum, donee, quoad, are as follows : —

'a. Perfect Indicative to denote an actual
fact in past time.
dum, quoad
b. Present or Imperfect Subjunctive in tem
(until)
poral clauses implying purpose or expect
Dum, donee,
ancy.
quoad.
dum, donee, quoad
Indicative.
(as long as)
dum J Present Indicative (Historical Present) to de
(while) \ note continued action in past time
N.B. Dum (until) with a past indicative is rare.


aliquot diebus ante. several days before.
praedandi causa. to plunder (purpose).
impetum sustinere. to sustain the attack.
condicione iiti. to accept terms.
For Oral Translation — Book IV. 9, 10, 11

204. 1. While they were deliberating, Caesar moved his
camp nearer to them. 2. Several days before, they had sent
cavalry across the Meuse to plunder. 3. When the Rhine
approaches the ocean, it divides into several parts. 4. The
Rhine makes many large islands before it flows into the sea.
5. Caesar did not wait until the ambassadors should return.
6. Don't advance farther until we send ambassadors to the
Ubii. 7. As long as their cavalry was absent, *they kept
sending Caesar ambassadors. 8. The cavalry sustained the
attack until he himself came up with the army. 9. They
accepted Caesar's terms as soon as they had assembled.
1. Imperf. of repeated action.
LESSON XLVIII
per dolum. treacherously.
piirgandi sui causa. to excuse themselves.

206. As soon as the enemy caught sight of our horsemen,
they made an attack upon them, and so terrified them that
they did not cease from flight until they came1 in sight of
our line. Many, however,2 resisted bravely as long as they
were able. Since seventy-four horsemen had been treacher
ously killed, Caesar thought that he ought not8 to listen to
ambassadors or8 wait until the forces of the enemy should

be increased and their cavalry return. So4 on the following
day, when the chiefs and old men had come to the camp to
excuse themselves because they had begun the battle the
day before, Caesar commanded them all to be seized.
1. Expressing purpose, hence with the subjv. (cf. sec. 202). 2. tamen.
3. " not . . . or " = " neither . . . nor." 4. itaque.
* LESSON XLIX
207. Substantive Clauses introduced by quod. — § 572 (333); B. 299;
G. 524, 525 ; H. 588. 3 (SAO. IV) ; H-B. 552.
208. The substantive clause with quod is usually used as sub
ject or in apposition with a neuter pronoun (cf. examples in the
grammar). It should be remembered that an ut-clause or an
infinitive with subject accusative are possible equivalents and are
much more common.
209. English clauses introduced by whereas or as to thefact that
are rendered in Latin by a quod-clause with the indicative. The
whole clause may be regarded as an accusative of specification.

post tergum. behind, in the rear.
arma abicere. to throw down arms.
hue accedebat quod. to this was added the fact that.
For Oral Translation — Book TV. 14, 15

211. 1. We shall reach the enemies' camp before they can
find out what is going on. 2. It happened very opportunely 1
that they were greatly terrified. 3. Our soldiers burst into
the camp before the enemy could seize their arms. 4. 2This
one thing I censure in Caesar, — that he sent his cavalry to
pursue the women and children. 5. The Germans were espe
cially terrified 8by the fact that they heard a noise behind
them. 6. Throwing down their arms, they fled until they

came to the confluence of the rivers. 7. To this was added
the fact that nearly4 all the enemy perished. 8. 6I pass by
the fact that many thousands threw themselves into the river.
9. As to the fact that the remainder wished to stay with6 him,
(they wished to stay because) they feared the punishment of
the Gauls.
1 . opportunissime. 2. hoc unum vitupero. 3. hoc. 4. prope. 5. prae-
tereo. 6. apud.
LESSON L
212. Direct Questions. — § 330-337 (210,211,212); B. 162; G. 450-
459.471; H. 378-380 (351-353); H-B. 231-234.
213. The usual interrogatives in a double question are —

utrunn . ,
I ran (or, with verb).
f \annon (or not, regularly without verb).
N.B. utrum and -ne do not appear in the English translation.

multis de causis. for many reasons.
proelio interesse. to be present at the battle.
quicquam sui imperi. any authority for himself
occupations rei publicae. business of state.
For Oral Translation — Book IV. 16

215. 1. Did Caesar make up his mind that he ought to
cross the Rhine? He did1 for many reasons. 2. Are not
the Germans easily impelled to come into Gaul? Yes.1 3. Is
there not the additional fact that the Usipetes, who were not
present at the battle, have been received by the Sugambri ?
4. We have not come to demand those that have made war
upon Gaul, have we? 5. Does the Rhine bound the authority
of the Roman people or not? 6. You don't think it right

for the Germans to cross into Gaul, do you? No.1 7. Why
do you demand any authority for yourself across the Rhine ?
8. Did Caesar take his army across the Rhine or was he
prevented by business of state ? 9. What supply of ships
is great enough to transport an army ?
1. Answer the question by repeating the verb. If the answer be

negative, repeat the verb with non.
LESSON LI
216. Indirect Questions. — § 330. 2 ; 573-575. a (210. 2 ; 334) ; B. 300 ;
G. 460, 467 ; H. 649. II. 1, 2, 3; 650. 1, 2 ; 651 (529. I, II. 1. N. 1, N. 3;
3. 1), 2) ; 4, 5); H-B. 537. b,c,d; 507. 3.
217. An indirect question is a question which depends, usually

as object, upon a verb of asking or upon some expression of uncer
tainty or doubt. The introductory word may be num, si, or -ne,
whether, or an interrogative pronoun or adverb.
218. The double indirect question is introduced by the same
particles as the double direct question (cf. sec. 213), but or not is
expressed by necne rather than by annon.
219. The regular laws for tense-sequence are followed in
indirect questions : —
1. I see what you are doing — video quid facias.
' will
are going to do —' video quid facturus
2. / see what you -
intend to
are about to
' were doing
have done — video quid feceris (perf.
3. / see what you -
did subjv.).
had done
4. I saw what you \ \ — vidi quid faceres.
L. were doing J
/-"'
C would
J intended to \do — vidi quid facturus
5 . I saw what you
were about to esses.
were going to
6. I saw what you had done — vidi quid fecisses.
a. Observe from examples 2 and 5 that a future indirect ques
tion is expressed by the first periphrastic.
b. Observe from example 3 that after a principal tense were
doing and had done are expressed by the perfect subjunctive, and
do not be misled by the English idiom into using an imperfect for
the former or a pluperfect for the latter (cf. sec. 111).
•20. IDIOMS AND PHRASES

pontem in Rheno facere. to build a bridge over the Rhine.
ab inferiore parte. on the lower side.
For Oral Translation — Book IV. 17

221. 1. Caesar tells1 us why he made up his mind to cross
the Rhine. 2. Do we know where Caesar built his bridge
over the Rhine? 3. He did not wait (to see) whether he
could cross by means of boats. 4. He asked whether they
had set the beams straight or slanting against the current
of the stream. 5. 2It is a disputed point what fibulae are.
6. The greater the strength of the water is, the tighter the
timbers are bound together. 7. Do you know whether piles
were driven on the lower side in a slanting direction ? 8. We
do not know whether the barbarians were able to injure the
bridge or not. 9. They did not know what Caesar intended
to do. 10. We know what Caesar was doing.
1. dico. 2. disputatur.
LESSON LII
222. Review the Rules of Syntax, Lessons xli-li.
ab inferiore parte. mihi tecum amicitia.
ad extremum. multis de causis.
aliquem alicuius paenitet. nihil his committendum est.
aliquot diebus ante. occupationes rei publicae.
anno post. per dolum.
apud se. pontem in Rheno facere.
arma abicere. post tergum.
binae ac ternae naves. praedandi causa.
condicione uti. proelio interesse.
de improviso. purgandi sui causa.
domi manere. quicquam sui imperi.
eis noceri non potest. satis constare.
fuga salutem petere. se ex loco movere.
hue accedebat quod. se recipere.
impetum sustinere. sub corona vendere.
maximam partem. viam tridui progredi.

224. Caesar finished the bridge over1 the Rhine in ten days
after he began to build, and led his army across ; and, after
remaining in Germany eighteen days in all, returned to
Gaul and tore down the bridge. We wonder2 why he did
not remain longer and why he did not proceed against the
Suevi. 8This fact, however, is not disputed, that the Suevi
were greatly terrified after they learned that a bridge was
being built and that many states were sending hostages to
him. Don't you think that was enough both for glory and
for profit ?
1. in with the abl. 2. admlror. 3. hoc autem.
LESSON LIII
225. Conditional Sentences. General Statements. — §512, 513, 514.

A-C (304); B. 301 ; G. 589, 590 ; H. 572, 573 (506, 507) ; H-B. 573-577.
226. Conditional Sentences with the Indicative. — § 515.0; 516. i.a
(306. 307. 1. a) ; B. 302 ; G. 595 ; H. 574, 575 (508) ; H-B. 579. a.
227. In dealing with conditions, the first thing to be determined

is the time. The English is often misleading, owing to the fact
that the tense used and the real time denoted by it are not always
the same (cf. sec. 71). Compare the two sentences : —
a. If this is a state, I am a citizen.
b. If the general arrives, he will conquer.
In a the tense used and the time are both present; but in b the
present arrives is really future in time, as is shown by the verb
will conquer in the conclusion. It is to be observed —
1. That Latin always translates the real time of the English
verb rather than the tense in which it may appear.
2. That in English conditions the conclusion (apodosis) is more
apt to show the real time than the condition (protasis).
228. Next to the determination of the time comes its proper
Latin expression. The indicative presents no difficulties, as its
tenses are used in conditions as elsewhere. The time denoted by
the subjunctive tenses in conditions is as follows : —
Present subjunctive denotes Future time.
Imperfect subjunctive " Present "
Perfect subjunctive " Future "
Pluperfect subjunctive " Past "
Note carefully that the names of the subjunctive tenses
AND THE TIME THEY ACTUALLY DENOTE ARE NOT THE SAME.
229. Conditions are classified according to form and according
to time.
In form they are either simple, future, or contrary to
fact.
In time they are either present, future, or past.
These facts and the typical use of moods and tenses are shown
in the following table : —
Present Indicative in both clauses :

a. Present. Si adest, bene est, if he is [now]
here, it is well.
' Imperfect or Perfect Indicative in both
I. Simple. - clauses :
Si aderat, bene erat, if he was
*. Past. [then] here, it was well.
Si adfuit, bene fuit, if he has been
(was) here, it has been (was) well.
Future Indicative in both clauses :
SI aderit, bene erit, if he is [shall
be] here, it will be well.
More
Vivid. Future Perfect Indicative in the con
Future. dition, Future Indicative in the con
clusion :
SI adfuerit, bene erit, if he is [shall
have been] here, it will be well.
Table of
II. Future.- Present Subjunctive in both clauses :
Conditions.
Si adsit, bene sit, if he should be
here, it would be well.
Less Perfect Subjunctive in the condi
Vivid. tion, Present Subjunctive in the
Future. conclusion :
SI adfuerit, bene sit, if he should
be [should have been] here, it
would be well.
(Imperfect Subjunctive in both clauses :
SI adesset, bene esset, if he were
[now] here, it would be well (but
III. Con he is NOT here).
trary to - ' Pluperfect Subjunctive in both clauses :
Fact. SI adfuisset, bene fuisset, if he had
*. Past. [then] been here, it would have
been well (but he was NOT
here).
N.B. The mastery of this table is essential.
f
For Oral Translation — Book VI. 9, 10, 11

230. 1. If the Germans send1 forces against me, I will
cross the Rhine. 2. If the plan of the bridge was known,
the work was finished in a few days. 3. If the Ubii wish * to
excuse themselves, they will send ambassadors. 4. If the Tre-
veri are innocent, let us spare them.2 5. If the Ubii inform 1
Caesar that the Suevi are collecting their forces, he will send
spies into their country. 6. The Ubii will find out what is
going on among them. 7. If they do1 the things ordered,
they will bring back word in a few days. 8. If reliable news
comes about the Roman army, the Suevi will retreat to their
farthest territory. 9. At this point I will set forth how the
German tribes differ from each other. 10. If a chieftain
allows his dependents8 to be oppressed, he does not have
any authority among them.
1. The English often uses a pres. in the protasis of a fut. condition
where the Latin with greater exactness uses a fut. or a fut. perf. —
Cf. sees. 56, 71. 2. Dat. 3. cliens.
LESSON LIV
231. Conditional Sentences with the Present or Perfect Subjunctive
(Less Vivid Future). — § 516. 2. i, c, d (307. 2. b) ; B. 303 ; G. 596 ; H. 576,
577 (509) ; H-B. 580. a.

nihil consili inire. to make no plans.
infecta re redire. to return without accomplish
ing one's purpose.
meliore imperio uti. to enjoy a better government.
For Oral Translation — Book VI. 12

233. 1. When Caesar came into Gaul, the Haedui and
Sequani were most powerful. 2. If the latter should add
DEPENDENT MOODS AND TENSES 6l
the Germans 1to their party, they would surpass the Haedui
in power. 3. If they kill2 all the nobility, they will obtain
the foremost place in entire Gaul. 4. 8 Make no plans against
the Sequani. 5. If Diviciacus should go to Rome to the
senate to ask for aid, he would return without accomplish
ing his purpose. 6. If they see that we enjoy a better gov
ernment, let them 4 enter into alliance with us. 7. If they
should be unable to ally6 themselves with the Haedui, they
would declare themselves 6in vassalage to the Remi. 8. If
the Haedui should be regarded as first, the Remi would hold
the second place in authority.
1. Latin, " to themselves." 2. Fut. perf. (cf. sec. 71). 3. Cf. sec. 98.
4. Latin, " add themselves to our friendship." 5. coniungere. 6. Latin,
" in the vassalage of."
LESSON LV
234. Conditional Sentences with the Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunc
tive (Contrary to Fact). — § 517 (308); B. 304; G. 597; H 579 (510);
H-B. 581.

aliquo numero esse. to be of some account.
servorum loco haberi. to be regarded in the light of
slaves.
aere alieno premi. to be burdened -with debt.
decreto stare. stand, or abide, by a decree.
For Oral Translation — Book VI. 13

236. 1. If the common people were1 not regarded in the
light of slaves, they would be admitted to the council. 2. If
they had been burdened with debt, they would have assigned
themselves into slavery. 3. If the druids should be present
at the ceremonies, they would explain the rites. 4. If any
crime has been committed, they decide upon the penalty.
5. If the people had not abode by their decree, they would

have kept them from the sacrifices. 6. If they are excom
municated,2 all will avoid conversation 8with them. 7. If
any one of the remaining (druids) had excelled in worth, he
would have been at the head of all the druids. 8. If they had1
a dispute, they would meet in the territory of the Carnutes.
9. If they had wished to learn that system,4 they would have
gone to Britain.
1. Observe that in English the Latin imperf. subjv. in a protasis is
usually expressed by the simple past or by the English subjv. with
"were." 2. interdicere. 3. Latin, "of them." 4. disciplina.
LESSON LVI
sua sponte. of their own accord.
mandare litteris. to put in writing.
in volgus efferri. to be spread abroad or made
public property.
For Written Translation — Book VI. 14,. 15

238. In Gaul there were two classes of men who were re
garded as of some account, one of the druids, the other of the
knights. The privileges1 of the druids were so great 2that
many of their own accord went to them for training, and some
remained for twenty years. They did not 8put their system
in writing, for reasons given by Caesar. 4If they had done so,
we should know more6 about it. Before Caesar's arrival the
knights were engaged in war every year, because they were
either 6making raids or repelling them. It happened in most
cases that the most powerful had a great many vassals.
1. praemia. 2. Result clause. 3. Note the idiom in the text. 4. In
this condition note that the protasis refers to past time and the apodosis
to present. 5. plus. 6. iniurias inferre.
* LESSON LVII
239. I. Conditions in which the Protasis denotes Generalizing or Re
peated Action. — § 518. a,b (304. d; 309. a, c) ; B. 302. 2, 3; G. 566, 567,
594. N. 1 ; H. 578 (508. 5) ; H-B. 504. 2; 540.
II. Conditions Contrary to Fact with the Indicative in the Apodosis. —
§ 517. c, d (308. e, d) ; B. 304. 3 ; G. 597. 3. (a) ; H. 582, 583 (51 1. N. 3 ; 2) ;
H-B. 581. a; 582. 3.0.
240. The distinction between a Particular and a General Con
dition is important. (See A. & G. § 5 13. 1,2.) Such conditions are
sometimes introduced by cum, ubi, in the sense of whenever, if at
any time. Their forms of expression when different from those
of Particular Conditions are shown by the following table : —
GENERAL CONDITIONS
Time Condition (Protasis) Conclusion (Apodosis)
Present Subjunctive, Sec

ond Person Singular, of
Present an Indefinite Subject Present Indicative
or
Perfect Indicative
Imperfect or Pluperfect
Subjunctive (not found in
Past Imperfect Indicative
Cicero)
Pluperfect Indicative
a. Observe that in general conditions the Latin perfect indica

tive may be translated like a present and the pluperfect like a
simple past.
For Oral Translation — Book VI. 16, 17

241. 1. Unless you give life for life, the power of the
immortal gods cannot be appeased. 2. If they had made
vows, they could have appeased the gods. 3. 'Whenever the

supply of the guilty2 failed,8 they resorted4 to the punishment
of the innocent. 4. 'Whenever they are6 very sick, they
offer men as victims. 5. If you surround men with flame,
they perish. 6. Whenever they determine to engage in bat
tle, they generally vow the spoils6 to Mars. 7. Whenever
they conquer, they sacrifice the captured animals. 8. If any
one had concealed at his house what was captured, he could
have been killed with torture. 9. If any one had taken the
spoils from the sacred places, 7he would have had to die.
1. A general condition ; cum = if at any time. Cf. text 199 18 ; 156

23, and notes. 2. nocens. 3. Pluperf. ind. 4. Imperf. ind. 5. Perf.
ind. 6. praeda. 7. Impersonal second periphrastic of morior.
♦LESSON LVIII
242. Conditional Clauses of Comparison with ac si, ut si, quasi, etc. —

§ 524 (312); B. 307; G. 602; H. 584 (513. II); H-B. 504. 3.
243. Remember that in these clauses the present and perfect

subjunctive are used after principal tenses, although the English
idiom gives a contrary-to-fact implication and would lead us to
expect the imperfect or pluperfect (cf. A. & G. 524. n. 2): —
They shudder at the cruelty of Ariovistus, as if he were
present, crudelitatem AriovistI horrent velut si adsit.
With a past tense this sentence would become they shuddered
at the cruelty of Ariovistus, as if he were (or had been) present,
and the Latin would use secondary tenses, as, crudelitatem Ariovisti
horrebant velut si adesset.

munus militiae. military service.
in suspicionem venire. to be suspected.
cordi esse. to be dear to (lit. for heart).
^

245. 1. The Gauls talk as if they were descended from
father Pluto. 2. They keep birthdays and the beginnings of
months and years as if they measured intervals of time by
the number of nights. 3. They differed from the others in
this, that they did not allow their children to approach them
openly. 4. If the children had been grown up, 1they would
have had to endure military service. 5. 2The one who sur
vives receives the share of both with the interest. 6. When
ever a prominent8 head of a family died,4 they tried his wives.
7. They torture the wives just as if they were slaves. 8. "If
(any) discovery is made, they kill them by torture.
1. Use second periphrastic. 2. Follow the idiom of the text. 3. inlus-
triore loco natus. 4. Pluperf. ind. of a general condition (cf. sec. 240).
5. A general condition.
LESSON LIX
246. Concessive Clauses. — § 527. a-d; 549, 535. e (313) ; B. 308, 309 ;
G. 603 ff. ; H. 586, 593. 2 (514, 515) ; H-B. 532, 556. a ; 582. 8 ; 525, 526.
247. The Latin concessive particles, which are freely trans

lated by although, have each a peculiar force which should be
carefully observed in translating from English into Latin.
quamquam = though the fact is that (indie).
licet = it may be conceded that (subjv., pres. or perf.).
quamvis = however much (subjv.).
cum = though the circumstances may be such that (subjv.).
et si, tametsi '
>even if (indie- or subjv.).
etiamsi
248. Observe the different constructions with cum : —
(when (temporal), indicative or subjunctive (cf. sec. 192).
since (causal), subjunctive (cf. sec. 180).
although (concessive), subjunctive (cf. sec. 247).

legibus sanctum habere. to ordain by law (to hold in
violable by the laws).
esse ex fisu. to be of advantage.
in annos singulos. every year.
studium belli gerendi. pursuit of war.

250. 1. If any one hears anything about 1 matters of state,
he reports it to the magistrate. 2. It has been ordained by
law that he should not communicate with any one else.
3. Though the magistrates conceal many things, yet they
report those that are of advantage. 4. Though the Germans
and Gauls are neighbors, yet the former2 differ much from
the latter2 in their 8way of living. 5. Though the Germans
worship the sun, the moon, and Vulcan, yet they have not
learned of the other gods even by report. 6. Though they
use skins 4for clothing, still a large part of the body is
bare. 7. Even if they should have no fields of their own,
still the magistrates would assign them 6 sufficient land.
8. The Germans are compelled to move every year, that
they may not exchange their pursuit of war for agriculture.
1. res publica. 2. "former . . . latter," ille . . . hie. 3. consuetudo.
4. pro veste. 5. satis agri.
LESSON LX
251. Review the Rules of Syntax, Lessons liii-lix.
aere alieno premi. esse ex iisii.
aliquo numero esse. in annos singulos.
cordi esse. in suspicionem venire,
decreto stare. in volgus efferri.
infecta re red ire. nihil cons ili inire.

legibus sanctum habere. servorum loco haberi.
mandare litteris. studium belli gerendi.
meliore imperio Sti. viam tridui progredi.
munus militiae.
*For Written Translation — Book VI. 23, 24

253. Though the Germans1 have no magistrate in common,
yet, 2 whenever the state is making war or is warding it off,
magistrates are chosen to take charge of the war. Many for
ays are made against neighboring tribes to train the youth, and
^whenever any one of the chiefs says in the council that he will
be the leader of a foray, those who rise 8to follow him are
greatly praised. 2 Whoever come to them for whatever rea
son, they protect from injury, since they do not think it right
to harm a guest. Though the Gauls formerly excelled the
Germans in 4warlike renown, they have gradually become
accustomed to defeat6 and 6at this time do not even compare
themselves with the Germans in valor.
1. Dat. of possessor with sum. 2. General condition (cf. sec. 240).
3. Not the infin. 4. bellica laus. 5. Latin, "to being conquered."
6. Abl. plur.
LESSON LXI
254. Clauses with dum, modo, dum modo, denoting a Wish or a Pro
viso.-! S28 (314); B. 310; G. 573; H. 587 (513. I); H-B. 529.
255. Note carefully the different meanings and constructions of
dum : —
'a. While (in the time but not occupying the whole of
it) — present indicative (cf. sec. 54. II).
b. While, as long as (in the time and throughout the
Dum-i whole period) — present, past, or future indicative,
(cf. sec. 202).
c. Until, usually with the subjunctive (cf. sec. 202).
^d. Provided that, with the subjunctive (cf. sec. 254).

recta regione. in a straight line,parallel with.
quietem capere. to sleep, to take rest.

257. 1. The width of the Hercynian forest is a nine days'
journey, provided you make the march without baggage.
2. Even if you march sixty days, you cannot reach the
beginning of this forest. 3. Have you heard 1 where it
begins ? Yes. 4. Tell me about the kinds of wild animals,
provided they seem worth mentioning. 5. Though these
deer have only 2 one horn, it rises up higher than the horns
we know about. 6. If the elks 8accidentally fall to the
ground, they cannot get up. 7. The elks can sleep, pro
vided they can lean against trees. 8. Whenever the hunters
discover their tracks, they cut into all the trees at the roots.
9. The elks do not hesitate4 to lean against weakened trees,
provided only 6they have the appearance of standing firm.
1. Cf. sec. 216. 2.tantum. 3. Follow the idiom of the text. 4. dubito,
cf. sec. 167. 5. See text.
VII. MOODS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE

LESSON LXII
258. Declaratory Sentences in Indirect Discourse. — § 578-585 (336.
1, 2. a, i, c. N. 1, N. 2 ; 336. A ; 336. B) ; B. 313, 314, 317, 318 ; G. 648, 649,
650,653-655; H. 641-645, 617-620 (522, 523. I; 524-526, 537); H-B.
533,534.1,2; 589, 59L593-
259. In English we can say either— The Latin has only the
He judges that the Gauls are latter form of expression
brave and can say only —
or Putat Gallos fortes esse.
He judges the Gauls to be brave.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE 69
N.B. The English conjunction THAT which intro
duces indirect discourse after verbs of saying, thinking,
knowing, etc., is not expressed in Latin.
260. Discriminate carefully between the different meanings of
English that and its Latin equivalents : —
that = in order that introduces a purpose clause (cf. sec. 137).
that = so that introduces a result clause (cf. sec. 164).
that = the fact that, in that, introduces a quod-clause of fact
(cf. sec. 207).
that after verbs of saying, thinking, and the like introduces
indirect discourse and is not expressed.
261. It is of the first importance to remember that the tense of

the infinitive in indirect discourse is determined by the tense of
the verb which it represents in direct discourse. Its tense has
nothing to do with the tense of the verb of saying on which the
indirect discourse depends, and is not affected by the laws of
tense-sequence. For example, if we have in direct discourse the
sentence —
milites fortiter pugnant,
the verb pugnant, being present in tense, will be represented in
indirect discourse by the present infinitive, no matter what the
tense may be of the verb that introduces the indirect discourse : —
says
said
He will say that the soldiers fight {fought) bravely.
had said
etc.
dicit
dixit
dicet milites fortiter pugnare.
dixerat
etc.
262. Some of the commoner verbs followed by the infinitive
of indirect discourse are —
,-o LATIN COMPOSITION
sciS. dico.
know '>
. cognosco. nuntio. f audio.
tell
puto. refer5. I comperio.
perceive.
think -j e.xistimo. certiorem facio. sentio.
I arbitror. polliceor. video.
promise 1
promitto.

ferre laudem. to receive praise.
paulo infra. a little below.

264. 1. Csesar says that the third kind, which1 are called uri,
are a little below elephants in size. 2. They are said to spare
neither man nor beast which they have seen. 3. He says that
those who have killed great numbers of these receive great
praise. 4. We know that many kinds of wild animals can be
tamed, provided they are caught (when they are) small. 5. I
saw that they used the horns which they had captured for
cups. 6. After Caesar finds out that the Suevi have retreated
into the forests, he will decide not to advance farther. 7. He
said that the forest of Ardennes, 2 which is the largest of entire
Gaul, extended in length more than 500 miles. 8. He sent
forward all the cavalry and said that he would follow directly.
1. Remember that a rel. usually agrees with a predicate noun rather

than with an antecedent of different gender or number (cf. sec. 42).
2. As this is an explanatory parenthetical clause, it is not affected by the
indir. disc. and has its verb in the indicative.
♦LESSON LXIII
265. I. Interrogative Sentences in Indirect Discourse. — § 586, 587

(338) ; B. 315 ; G. 651 ; H. 642 (523. II) ; H-B. 537.
II. Commands in Indirect Discourse. — § 588. a. N. 1, N. 2 (339) ; B. 316;
G. 652 ; H. 642 (523. Ill) ; H-B. 538.
266. In the case of questions, note first what mood is used in

the direct form.
If the mood is subjunctive, the question is rhetorical (cf. sec. 84)
and the subjunctive mood will be retained in indirect discourse
with such change of tense as may be necessary by the law of
tense sequence.
If the mood is indicative, the question is either a real one
expecting an answer, or it is merely rhetorical (cf. sec. 84). Real
questions are expressed in indirect discourse by the subjunctive.
Rhetorical questions with the indicative are equivalent to declara
tory sentences, and like them are expressed in indirect discourse
by the infinitive.
N.B. A real question in the direct form is usually in the
second person; a rhetorical question is usually in the first ; a
question in the third person may be either real or rhetorical.
267. Observe that a prohibition expressed by noli and the

infinitive in direct discourse becomes the hortatory subjunctive
with ne in the indirect ; present after a primary tense, imperfect
after a secondary : —
Direct: Don'tfight — noli pugnare.
Indirect: He tells him not to fight — dicit ne pugnet.
He told him not to fight — dixit ne pugnaret.

navis longa. man-of-war.
quam primum. as soon as possible.
imperio obtemperare. to obey the command.
magno sibi usui esse. to be ofgreat advantage to him.
269. 1. He commanded Volusenus to go to the island with

a man-of-war. 2. He said, 'could any one but the traders
go near them? 3. I cannot find out 2how large the island
is. 4. The traders replied that they knew the coast region
-
why did Caesar wish to find out about the harbors? 5. Caesar
said that Volusenus 8would return as soon as possible, and
that meanwhile ships * should be collected. 6. He said,
6 should they obey the command of the Roman people?
7. He commanded Commius to visit what states he could.
8. He told him 6to announce that he would be there soon.
I. A real question in indir. disc. 2. Observe that a question coming
immediately after a verb of asking is an indirect question (cf. sec. 217)
and always has its verb in the subjv. 3. Fut. infin. for fut. indie- of the
direct. 4. A command in indir. disc. 5. Express as a rhetorical question
in indir. disc. 6. In dir. disc, " announce that I will be there soon."
LESSON LXIV
naves onerariae. transport ships.
tertia fere vigilia. about midnight.
post tergum. in the rear.

271. Caesar says that while he was delaying in those parts
ambassadors of the Morini came to him to present excuses
and to promise that they would do that which he had
ordered ; that he demanded a great number of hostages
from them, and that, 1when these had been brought to
him, he gathered about eighty transport ships to carry two
legions to Britain ; that he assigned eighteen others,2 which
had been prevented by the wind from coming to the same
harbor, to the cavalry; that finally,4 Jwhen everything had
been arranged and he had found good weather for sailing,
he cast off about midnight and reached Britain with the
first ships at about 10 a.m.
1. Abl. abs. 2. alius. 3. Follow the idiom of the text and cf. sec.
166. 4. tandem.
LESSON LXV
272. Conditional Sentences with the Indicative, or of the First Class,
in Indirect Discourse. — § 589. a (337. 1,2; Examples 1,2,3); B. 319;
G. 595. R. 1 ; 656. 1, 2 ; 657 ; H. 646 (527. I) ; H-B. 534. 1.4; 2 ; 536.
273. The condition (protasis) of a conditional sentence, being
a subordinate clause, regularly has its verb in the subjunctive
(cf. sec. 258).
274. The conclusion (apodosis) of a conditional sentence, being a
principal clause, regularly has its verb in the infinitive (cf. sec. 261).
a. The only exception to this rule is when the direct form has
the imperative which would become subjunctive, or when it has
the hortative, optative, or deliberative subjunctive which would
remain subjunctive. Practically such instances are very rare.
275. The future infinitive is used in the conclusion (apodosis)
of a future condition, and there is no distinction in indirect dis
course between the more vivid and the less vivid form.

ex arido. from dry land.
feliciter evenire. to have a happy issue.
pedem referre. to retreat.

277. 1. He said that if the barbarians knew the plans
of the Romans, they prevented them from disembarking.
2. He says that there will be the greatest difficulty, unless
the ships can be stationed in deep water. 3. He said that
if the soldiers should be burdened with the heavy weight of
their arms, they would not jump from the ships. 4. He
says that if they fight from dry land, they will have all their
limbs free. 5. He thought that if the war galleys should
be removed a little from the transports, the enemy could1
be driven off by the engines of war. 6. He said that if
the enemy should be terrified, they would retreat. 7. The

standard-bearer cried out that his comrades 2should jump
down, unless they were willing to betray the eagle to the
enemy. 8. The soldiers saw that they would betray the
eagle, if they did not follow him.
1. posse, having a future force in itself, may be used in the apodosis
of a future condition. 2. Observe that the imperative of the direct
becomes the subj v. in the indir. disc.
LESSON LXVI
278. Conditional Sentences with the Present or Perfect Subjunctive, or
of the Second Class, in Indirect Discourse. — § 589.0. 3 (337. 1, 2. a. 3) ;
B. 320; G. 658; H. 646 (527. II); H-B. 534. 1. i; 2; 536.

ordures servare. to keep in line.
alius alia ex navi. onefrom one ship, anotherfrom
another (lit. another from
another ship).
navi egredi. to disembark.
alicui ignoscere. to pardon some one.

280. 1. The enemy saw that the Romans would make a
strong resistance, if they should keep in line. 2. He said
that ' whenever the enemy saw some disembarking, they
urged on their horses. 3. They thought that if they
should hurl their weapons against our men on the exposed
flank, they would flee. 4. He said that 1 whenever he
saw any hard pressed, to these he sent aid. 5. He knew
that if the cavalry could not keep the course, they could
not make the island. 6. He says that if they should
send ambassadors, they would promise to do what he had
'
ordered. 7. He did not think that they would seize Com-

mius, if he brought2 them Caesar's orders. 8. Caesar said
that if they should give hostages in a few days, he would
pardon them.
1. A general condition (cf. sec. 240) in indir. disc. 2. Latin, "should

bring."
LESSON LXVII
281. Conditional Sentences with the Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive,
or of the Third Class, in Indirect Discourse. — § 589. b. 1-4. n. 1, N. 3 (337.
b. 1, 2, 3) ; B. 321, 322 ; G. 659; H. 647 (527. III. N. 1) ; H-B. 581. ».
1), N.; 472. c.
282. The verb in the condition (protasis) of a condition of the

third class (contrary to fact) suffers no change in mood or tense
on becoming indirect.
283. The verb in the conclusion (apodosis) of a condition of
the third class (contrary to fact) on becoming indirect becomes
the future participle in -virus with fuisse. Observe that the verb
in the conclusion (apodosis) shows no distinction between the
present and past forms of this condition. Such distinction is,
however, retained by the verb in the protasis. For example, in
the two sentences —
si Caesar adesset- hostes non vincerent.
si Caesar adfuisset, hostes non vicissent,
the verbs in the conclusion, vincerent and vicissent, would both
become victuros fuisse in indirect discourse ; but adesset and
adfuisset, remaining unchanged, would preserve the distinction
between the present and past form.

Britanniae adpropinquare. to draw near to Britain.
ex portu solvere. to set sail from the harbor.
ancoras iacere. to cast anchor.
ad ancoras deligari or exspectare. to lie at anchor.

285. 1. He said that if the ships had sailed from the
upper harbor earlier,1 they would have reached Britain
safely.2 2. He knew that if the tempest had not arisen,
they 8could have held their course. 3. He thought that
4 if he were drawing near to Britain, he should see the camp.
4. He said that if they had been driven to the lower part
of the island, they would have cast anchor. 5. He said
that if the moon should be full, the tide would be very
high. 6. I say that if Caesar had not gone to Britain, the
tides would not have wrecked his ships. 7. Caesar did not
know6 that the tide would fill his ships, even if he drew
them up on the beach. 8. He said that if there had been
other ships, the alarm of the army would not have been so
great.
1. matuiius. 2. tfito. 3. What tense of the infin. ? Cf. LV11. 2.
4. Contrary to fact, pres. time. 5. Pluperf. of cognosco.
LESSON LXVIII
optimum factii. best to do.
ad omnis casus subsidia com- to make provision for every
parare. emergency.

287. Caesar says that if the chiefs had not found out that
he was without cavalry, ships, and provisions, they would
not have made a conspiracy ; but that when they perceived
this, and the small number of his soldiers, and the small-
ness of his camp, they determined to cut off the return of
the Romans Hn order that no one thereafter should cross
INDIRECT DISCOURSE jy
over to Britain to make war. 2They trusted that 8if they

departed from the camp gradually, Caesar would not suspect
their designs. They did not yet know that even if he did
not know the plans of the enemy, he always made provision
for every emergency; that he would gather corn from the
fields, and would use the material of the wrecked ships to fit
out the remaining ones.
i. ne quis. Why not ut nemo? 2. Direct discourse. 3. A fut.
condition.
♦LESSON LXIX
288. Passive Subjunctive Apodoses in Indirect Discourse. — § 589. b. 3 ;

569- a (337- *' 3 ; 288./) ; B. 270. 3 ; 321. 1, 2 ; G. 248. N. 3 ; H. 647. 2 ;
619. 2 (527. III. N. r ; 537. 3) ; H-B. 472. c.
289. The passive subjunctive in the conclusion (apodosis) of a

conditional sentence becomes —
a. In future conditions, fore or futurum esse with ut and the
subjunctive. The tense of the subjunctive will be present or per
fect after primary tenses, imperfect or pluperfect after secondary
tenses.
b. In conditions contrary to fact, futiinim fuisse ut with the
imperfect subjunctive.

in statione esse. to be on guard.
aegre sustinere. to hold out with difficulty.
per omnis partis. in every direction.
For Oral Translation — Book TV. 32, 33

291. 1. He said that if any suspicion of war had inter
posed, the legion would not have been sent out to gather
grain. 2. He says that if the soldiers had not been on
guard before the gates of the camp, the dust would not
have been seen. 3. The barbarians knew that Mf Caesar
r
suspected the truth,2 the remaining cohorts would be

immediately 8placed under arms. 4. He saw that 1if the
legions should be crowded together, his men would be
hard pressed by the enemy. 5. He says that if our men
had not been engaged in reaping, they would not have
been thrown into disorder. 6. The enemy hoped that if
they rode around in every direction, our men would be ter
rified by the very rattling of the wheels. 7. He said that
if they had not had an easy retreat, they would have been
overwhelmed by the numbers of the enemy.
1. A fut. condition. 2. Latin, "that which was." 3. Translate by
one word.
♦LESSON LXX
292. Implied or Informal Indirect Discourse. — § 592. 1, 2, 3 (340,
341); B. 323; G. 508. 3; 628, 663. 2; H. 649. I (528. i); H-B. 535. 1.
a ; 536. a.
293. The fundamental difference between the indicative and
subjunctive moods is what determines the construction in implied
indirect discourse and in clauses dependent on a subjunctive or
equivalent infinitive.
Statements of fact and of actual occurrences are in the indicative,
things imagined or represented as mere possibilities are expressed
by the subjunctive. For example, in the first sentence below, if
the clause " which the Britons are in the habit of using " is a
statement of fact for which the speaker assumes all responsibility,
the indicative is employed. On the other hand, if he wishes to
show that the statement is another's (e.g. Caesar's), a mere possi
bility for which the speaker wishes to assume no responsibility,
the subjunctive must be used.
So the subjunctive in a clause dependent on a subjunctive shows
that the dependent clause is an essential part of the clause on which it
depends, partakes of its nature, and shares in its mood. If, however,
the speaker wishes to show that the dependent clause states a fact
and is independent of the subjunctive clause, he uses the indicative,

auxilium ferre. to bring aid.
alienum tempus. an unfavorable time.
dum haec geruntur. while this was going on.
terga vertere. to retreat, flee.
proelium committere. to engage in battle.
For Oral Translation — Book IV. 34, 35, 36

295. 1. Caesar tells us about the chariots 1 which the Britons
are in the habit 2of using. 2. Caesar did not provoke the
enemy, 8because he thought the time unfavorable. 3. He
wished the legions, 4which had brought assistance in the
nick of time, to be led back to the camp. 4. What does he
say about the storms which kept the enemy from fighting ?
5. The messengers showed how great the opportunity was
for 6 getting booty. 6. They hoped for freedom if they
should drive the Romans out. 7. Caesar has before spoken
about Commius who brought over the cavalry. 8. The
enemy retreated 6because they could no longer sustain the
attack of our men. 9. Caesar promised the enemy peace
if they would double the number of hostages. 10. He says
that the remaining ships would have been carried below if
the weather had not been good.
1. I.e. "which (as he says)," on the authority of Caesar. 2. Infin.
3. I.e. " because (as he says)." Cf. sec. 176. 4. I.e. " which (he says)."
5. Latin, " making." 6. What is the difference in the thought between
the use of the ind. and the subjv. in this clause ?
♦LESSON LXXI
296. Subjunctive of Integral Part or Attraction. — § 593. a. N. 1, N. 2

(342) ; B. 324 ; G. 629, 663 ; H. 652 (529. II) ; H-B. 539.

quam plurimi. as many as possible.
Usui ad armandas navis. useful for fitting out ships.
navem deducere. to launch a ship.
non multum abesse ab eo quin not to lack much of.
with subjv.
For Oral Translation — Book V. 1, 2

298. 1. Csesar commanded his lieutenants to see to build
ing as many new ships as possible during the winter. 2. He
showed them a model 1which would be suitable2 for carry
ing heavy burdens. 3. He commanded the ships to be
made a little wider than those which we use in our sea.
4. He commanded the things which were8 of use for fit
ting out the ships to be brought from Spain. 5. He orders
the soldiers which he had levied upon the states to
assemble in a stated place. 6. The general decided upon
a severe4 penalty 1unless the hostages should be brought to
him. 7. Ca:sar found that the ships, 6of which we have
spoken above, did not lack much of being able to be
launched in a few days. 8. He praised the soldiers for
the remarkable zeal which they had shown.6 9. He com
manded four legions to set out for the country of the
Treveri, because these did not obey7 his command.
1. Informal indir. disc. 2. aptus. 3. Subjv. as part of the order.
Why is the ind. used in the text ? 4. gravis. 5. A parenthetical clause.
What mood ? 6. Subjv. if part of what he said in praising them, other
wise ind. 7. Either the ind. or the subjv. may be used, but what is the
difference in the thought ?
♦LESSON LXXII
299. Review the Rules of Syntax, Lessons lxi-lxxi.

ad ancoras deligari or exspectare. navis longa.
ad omnis casus subsidia com- non multum abesse ab eo quin.
parare. optimum factu.
aegre sustinere. paulo infra.
alicui ignoscere. pedem referre.
alienum tempus. per omnis partis.
alius alia ex navi. post tergum.
ancoras iacere. proelium committere.
auxilium ferre. quam plurimi.
Britanniae adpropinquare. quam primum.
dum haec geruntur. quietem capere.
ex porti solvere. recta regione.
ferre laudem. servorum loco habere.
imperio obtemperare or parere. studium belli gerendi.
in statione esse. sua sponte.
magno sibi usuT esse. terga vertere.
navem deducere. tertia fere vigilia.
naves onerariae. tisui ad armandas navis.
navi egredi.
For Written Translation — Book V. 3, 4

301. When Caesar1 had arrived among the Treveri he
found2 that two brothers, Indutiomarus and Cingetorix,
were struggling together for the supreme power. One of
these, Cingetorix, assured Caesar that he and all his 8 would
remain loyal to the Roman people. Also some of the chiefs,
moved by the influence of Cingetorix, began individually to
place themselves under Caesar's protection, 4 because they
could not take counsel for the state. Indutiomarus at first6
prepared for war, but finally6 sent ambassadors to Caesar
.-'
because he feared that he should be entirely deserted.

Caesar, however,7 thought it of great importance to win the
chiefs over to Cingetorix, in order that he might more easily
keep the state loyal.
I. Place first as the subject of both clauses. 2. reperio. 3. Cf. the
idiom of the text. 4. Implied indir. disc, as the reason they assigned.
5. primum. 6. postremo. 7. autem.
VIII. NOUN AND ADJECTIVE FORMS OF THE VERB
LESSON LXXIII
302. Tenses of the Infinitive. — § 486, 584 (288, 336. a); B. 270;
G. 281, 530, 531; H. 617-620 (537) ; H-B. 472, 593. a.
303. The Infinitive as Subject or Predicate. — §452, 454 (270. 1. a, b;
272. R. 2 ; 330. a, b, c) ; B. 325-327, 329, 330, 332. N. ; G. 419-422, 535 ;
H. 611, 615, 616. I (534. 1. N. 1, N. 2 ; 538, 539. I) ; H-B. 597. I. a) ; 585,
589, 590. 1, 2.
304. Observe that the Latin present infinitive must sometimes
be translated by an English past; for example, —
Dicit se venire is translated he says that he is coming,
but
Dixit se venire is translated he said that he was coming.
305. In deciding what tense of the infinitive should be used
in an indirect statement,1 it is a good plan to make the indirect
statement direct. Then —
a. A present indicative of the direct becomes present infinitive
in the indirect.
b. Any past tense of the indicative becomes perfect infinitive.
c. A future indicative becomes future infinitive, or, if the verb
be passive or lack the future participle, fore (futurum esse) ut
with the subjunctive.
To illustrate : he said that he would come is an indirect state
ment. The direct form, i.e. what he said in his own words, was,
1 Cf. also sec. 261.
NOUN AND ADJECTIVE FORMS OF VERB 83
/ will come. This is the future indicative and would become the
future infinitive in the indirect form : hence, dixit se venturum esse.
306. The infinitive as subject is especially common after est,
with a predicate noun or adjective. Such expressions are —
fas est, it is right. minim est, it is strange.
nefas est, it is wrong. fama est, it is rumored.
turpe est, it is disgraceful. verum est, it is true.
manifestum est, it is plain. falsum est, it is false.
necesse~i . ., .
lest, it is necessary.
opus J

eodem reverti. to return to the same place.
cupidus rerum novarum. desirous of a revolution.

308. 1. 1 Caesar decided to go to Britain with all his ships.
2. It was reported that sixty ships had returned to the same
place from which they had set out. 3. It was necessary to
take the Gallic chiefs with him as hostages. 4. It is rumored
that he feared an uprising when he should be absent. 5. It
has been mentioned before that Dumnorix was eager for
power. 6. 2 It was of importance to Caesar to keep him with
him. 7. It is plain that the Haedui did not dare to send am
bassadors. 8. Dumnorix begged to be left in Gaul because
he feared the sea. 9. It was reported to Caesar that Dum
norix was urging the chiefs to remain on the continent.
1. Caesari placuit. 2. interesse with the gen.
LESSON LXXIV
309. The Infinitive as Object. — § 459, 579, 563. a, i ; 582 (272, 330. B) ;
B. 329. 331. 332; G- 526-533; H. 414, 613, 614 (534. 535); H-B.589,587.
310. The infinitive with subject accusative is used as object
after the following classes of verbs : —
S4 LATIN COMPOSITION
a. Most frequently after verbs of saying, thinking, and the like,

which introduce indirect discourse (cf. sec. 262).
b. After iubeo. order. veto, forbid, patior, allow.
c. Sometimes after rapi5, voi5, nolo, malo (but cf. sec. 130).

operam dare. to see to, give attention to.
vim fa cere to resist, offer violence.
navis conscendere. to embark.

312. 1. Caesar determined that Dumnorix must be re
strained by all possible means. 2. Precautions must be
taken lest he be able to do me or the commonwealth some
harm. 3. 'It is said that the wind Corus blows a great
part of the time. 4. Without Caesar's knowledge Dumnorix
commanded2 the Hasduan cavalry to depart for home.
5. Caesar commanded'2 that Dumnorix be brought back,
or, if he should resist, be killed. 6. It is evident that
the Haedui were 8no longer citizens of a free state. 7. He
wished Labienus to guard the harbors and provide supplies.
8. We learn that Caesar set sail towards the west with a
gentle breeze. 9. The enemy, it seems, were terrified by
the great number of ships. 10. Caesar praised the spirit
of the soldiers, because 4they rowed without stopping.
1. Remember that for the tenses of incomplete action the personal
construction is preferred. 2. iubere. 3. non iam. 4. Follow the idiom
in the text.
LESSON LXXV
313. The Complementary Infinitive. — § 456, 457, 458 (271) ; B. 328 ;
G. 423 ; H. 607, 608 (533) ; H-B. 586. a.
314. The Historical Infinitive. — § 463. n. (275); B. 335; G. 647;
H. 610(536. 1); H-B. 595.
315. Some of the commoner verbs followed by the complemen

tary infinitive are —
possum, am able. contends,
deheo, ought. festino,
- hasten.
volo, "I , . maturo,
. y desire.
cupw, J propero,
nolo, be unwilling. coepi, 1 ,
y begin.
incipio, J
audeo, dare. soleo, be ace
accustomed.
conor, try. statuo,
L determine, decide.
constituo,
316. Observe that the subject of the historical infinitive is in
the nominative, not in the accusative.

exercitum exponere. to land an army.
navem subducere. to draw up a ship.
summa imperi. the supreme command.
For Oral Translation — Book V. 9, 10, 11

318. 1. Caesar landed1 his army, captured1 a place suitable
for a camp, and hastened1 towards the enemy. 2. He did
not hesitate2 to leave his ships lying at anchor. 3. The
cavalry and chariots began to join battle. 4. Our soldiers
could not enter the fortifications because of the felled trees.
5. The soldiers of the seventh legion made a testudo, took the
place, and drove out the enemy. 6. A storm arose, wrecked
the ships, and threw them on the beach. 7. He saw that
about sixty ships were lost, but that the rest could be repaired.
8. Caesar determined to draw up all his ships and to join them
to the camp by a single fortification. 9. It seemed best to the
Britons to give the chief command to Cassivellaunus.
1. Note that the historical infin. is descriptive, and that usually two
or more occur together. 2. dubitare, meaning to hesitate (cf. sec. 167).
LESSON LXXVI
proditum memoriae or memoria. handed down by tradition.
vergere ad occidentem solem. to stretch toward the west.
dimidio minor. half as large (lit. smaller by
half).

320. The tradition is that the coast region of Britain is
inhabited by Belgians who Crossed over for plunder and
remained there. Caesar says that 2the population is very
great and that 2the climate is milder than in Gaul ; that
iron and tin are found there, but that copper is imported ;
that they raise chickens and geese for pleasure only,8
because they think it wrong to eat them ; that the island
is three-cornered, and that the whole distance around it is
two thousand miles. He thought that one side stretched
towards the west and that Spain and Ireland were 4in that
direction. Tacitus likewise6 says that Ireland is between
Britain and Spain.
I. Subjv. as part of the tradition. 2. Follow the idiom of the text.

3. tantum. 4. ex ea parte. 5. similiter.
LESSON LXXVII
321. The Participle. — § 488 (289); H. 636 (548); H-B. 599. a, i, c.
322. Tenses. — § 489-493 (290); B. 336; G. 282; H. 640 (550);
H-B. 600. 1, 2, 3, 4; 602. 1, 2.
323. Adjective and Predicate Uses. — § 494. a, 495, 496 (291, 292) ;
B. 337 ; G. 664 ff.; H. 637, 638 (549) ; H-B. 320, 604- 1-7.
324. The Ablative Absolute. — § 419, 420 (255) ; B. 227 ; G. 409, 410 ;
11489(431); H-B. 421.
325. The tenses of the participles are used with much greater
precision in Latin than in English. For example, in the sentences —
a. The captives weeping beggedfor peace.
b. Casar hearing this was much disturbed.
the English participles weeping and hearing are both present.
The Latin would use the present participle in a, but the perfect
in b ; because in a the action of the participle and of the verb are
contemporaneous, but in b the action of the participle is prior to
that of the verb, hence : —
a. Captivi flentes pacem petebant.
b. His audifis Caesar perturbabatur.
In short, do not use the present participle in Latin unless the
act denoted by it is contemporaneous with that of the verb on
which the participle depends.
326. Observe that the Latin participle lacks the presentpas
sive (e.g. being seen) and the perfect active (e.g. having seen).
a. The present passive participle is supplied by a clause with
dum or cum.
b. The perfect active participle is supplied —
1. In deponent verbs by the perfect passive participle with
active meaning : Casar having set out — Caesar profectus.
2. In other verbs by a clause with cum or postquam or by the
perfect passive participle in the ablative absolute : —
Caesar cum legatos convocavisset (cf.
sec. 192).
Casar having called to
Caesar postquam legatos convocavit
gether his lieutenants
(cf. sec. 184. 1).
Caesar legatis convocatis.
327. The following perfect deponent participles are used like
presents : —
ratus, thinking. veritus, fearing.
solitus, being wont.
328. Use the ablative absolute only when its substantive refers
to a person or thing not elsewhere mentioned in the same sentence.
For example, do not translate, Casar, having captured the town,

burned it, by Caesar, oppido capto, id incendit where id and oppido
refer to the same thing, but rather Caesar oppidum captum incendit.
On the other hand, in Casar, having captured the town, burned
the temple, the ablative absolute may be used, and we have Caesar,
oppido capto, templum incendit.

lacte vivere. to live on milk.
omnibus partibus. everywhere, in all parts.

330. 1. The Britons inhabiting1 Kent are the most civi
lized. 2. 2Living on flesh and milk, they do not sow grain.
3. After shaving8 their bodies, they stain them with woad.
4. 4Though the enemy fought vigorously6 with horsemen and
chariots, our men were everywhere victorious. 5. We lost
some by pursuing too eagerly. 6. While ours were engaged
in fortifying the camp, the enemy made an attack upon
those who were on guard. 7. They saw the enemy rushing
out of the forest and fighting vigorously.6 8. Cassar, 6fear
ing that our men would be terrified, sent two cohorts for
assistance. 9. 4Though but a very narrow space was left
between them, the enemy broke through. 10. After several
cohorts had been sent to assist, the enemy were driven into
the woods.
1. Here the pres. partic. takes the place of the rel. clause of the text.
2. Partic. denoting cause. 3. May the abl. abs. be used ? Cf. sec. 328.
4. Express the concession by a participial clause. 5. Latin " sharply."
6. veritus ne. Pay particular attention to perf. participles that are used
as presents.
LESSON LXXVIII
The Future Passive Participle (Gerundive)

331. Denoting Purpose. — § 500.4 (294. d) ; B. 337. 7. b). 2); G. 430;
H. 622 (544. N. 2) ; H-B. 605. 2.
332. The Second Periphrastic Conjugation. — § 194. b ; 196, 500.2
(129, 294. *); B. 115; G. 251 ; H. 237 (234) ; H-B. 162, 600. 3.
333. The Dative of Agent. — § 374. a (232); B. 189; G. 354, 355;
H. 431 (388); H-B. 373. 1,2.
334. The second periphrastic conjugation is always passive.

Therefore, to express duty or necessity by means of this construc
tion, the sentence must first be cast in the passive form, if it is
not so expressed already. For example, to translate .Casar must
give the signal, we first recast to the signal must be given by
Casar; Latin : Caesari signum dandum est.
335. Bear in mind that the gerundive of an intransitive verb is
neuter (impersonal), and that the object, if there be one, will be
in the case regularly governed by the verb ; e.g. els persuadendum
est, they must be persuaded.
336. The gerundive of purpose agreeing with the object is
used in Caesar after the verbs euro, d5, and trado.
337. rDIOMS AND PHRASES

pro castris. before the camp.
dispari proelio contendere. tofight an unequal battle.
desiliendi facultatem dare. to give an opportunity for
dismounting.

338. 1. Because of the weight of their arms, our men
could not pursue * those who were retreating. 2. We had
to fight2 in front of the camp. 3. The horsemen8 had to
fight an unequal battle,4 because the enemy had dismounted
from the chariots. 4. To this was added (the fact) that

some were continually taking the places of others. 5. The
enemy 6saw to provoking the cavalry to battle. 6. Cassar
will see to sending the legions. 7. They did not cease pur
suing until they saw the legions behind them. 8. He 6 sur
rendered a large number to be killed. 9. Caesar 7had to
drive the enemy headlong. 10. After that time the enemy
had to contend with fewer8 troops. 11. The auxiliaries
must depart. 12. 9You must give us an opportunity for
dismounting from our chariots.
1. Express by a partic. 2. Impersonal, because intransitive. Cf. sec.
335. 3. Dat. of agent. 4. Abl. of means. 5. euro, followed by the gerun
dive of purpose. 6. ti ado. 7. Latin, " the enemy had to be driven," etc.
Cf. sec. 334. 8. paucior. 9. Cf. note 7.
LESSON LXXIX
The Gerund and Gerundive
339. General Rules. — § 501-503. N. 1. a (295, 296. N. ; 297) ; B. 339;
G. 425-427 ; H. 623-625 (541, 543); H-B. 609-612, 613.
340. The Genitive. — § 504. a, b (298); B. 338. I ; 339 ; G. 428 ; H. 626
(542.L 543 «.) ; H-B. 612. I.
341. The Dative. — § 505. a (299); B. 338. 2 ; 339; G. 429; H. 627
(542. II ; 543 ff.) ; II-B. 612. I, II.
342. The following essential points of difference between
the gerund and gerundive may be of service to beginners : —
1. The gerund is a verbal noun, the gerundive a verbal adjective.
2. The gerund, being a verbal noun, may stand alone or with
an object.
3. Tht gerundive as a verbal adjective is used only in agree
ment with a noun.
4. As a rule, only the genitive of the gerund and the ablative
without a preposition admit a direct object. In other cases, and
often in these, the gerundive construction is preferred.
NOUN AND ADJECTIVE FORMS OK VERB 91
5. To change a gerund with a direct object into the correspond

ing gerundive construction, put the direct object in the case of the
gerund, and use the gerundive in adjective agreement with it.

uno omnino loc5. in only one place.
se fugae mandare. to take to flight.
magno cum periculo. at great risk.
relinquebatur ut with subjv. the consequence was that.

344. 1. Caesar was desirous1 of leading his army across
the river Thames. 2. The river was suitable2 for crossing
in only one place. 3. The enemy had to draw up their
forces on the other bank. 4. The enemy used sharp stakes 8
to fortify4 the bank. 5. 6If the cavalry is sent forward,
the enemy will not be able to sustain the attack. 6. The
Britons withdrew a little from the road into places suitable
6for watching our marches. 7. He knew that the cavalry
would rush forth to plunder. 8. Caesar gave the fields to
the cavalry 7to lay waste. 9. The horsemen had to fight at
great risk. 10. The consequence was that "the enemy could
not be harmed- n. The soldiers 9saw to setting the fires.
1. cupidus with the gen. 2. aptus with the dat. 3. What case follows
utor? 4. Gen. of gerund with causa. 5. Abl. abs. expressing condition.
6. The dat. of the gerund should not be used with a dir. obj. Use the
gerundive. 7. Gerundive of purpose. Cf. sec. 336. 8. Note the idiom
of the text. 9. euro.
LESSON LXXX
imperata facere. to do one's bidding.
incursionis vitandae causa. to avoid a raid.
civitati praeesse. to preside over a state.

346. Ambassadors came to Caesar from the Trinobantes,
who, 1after promising that they would do his bidding, asked
him to send them Mandubracius to preside over their state.
The father of this young man had been killed by Cassivel-
launus, and he himself, 2to escape death, had fled to Gaul and
placed himself under Caesar's protection. 8 After the surren
der of the Trinobantes many other states, having sent am
bassadors, surrendered to Caesar, and from these he learned
that a large walled town was not far from that place. He
thought that this stronghold ought to be stormed to avoid
the danger of a raid ; accordingly,4 after a little delay the
legions proceeded thither.
1. Participial clause. 2. Gen. of the gerund or gerundive with causa.
3. Cf. the common phrase post urbem conditam, " after the founding of
the city," a construction of very frequent occurrence. 4. itaque.
LESSON LXXXI
The Gerund and Gerundive
347. The Accusative. — § 506 (300); B. 338.3; 339; G. 430, 432;
H. 628 (542. IIl; 543 ff.); H-B. 612. III.
348. The Ablative. — § 507 (301); B. 338. 4; 339; G. 431, 433;
H. 629-631 (542. IV; 543 ff.) ; H-B. 612. IV.

dum haec geruntur. while this was going on.
de improvise. unexpectedly.
a navigatione excludere. to keep from sailing.

350. 1. While this was going on, forces were collected
*for the purpose of attacking the naval camp unexpectedly.
2. He ordered them to collect all their forces by sending mes

sengers. 3. After his country was laid waste, Cassivellaunus
sent ambassadors. 4. On account of the sudden uprisings
of the Gauls, Caesar was desirous2 of spending the winter
on the continent. 5. 8The Britons had to pay taxes every
year. 6. 4 Don't injure Mandubracius. 7. The soldiers at
the camp 6had been engaged in repairing the ships. 8. Not
much of the summer remained for carrying his army across.
9. Labienus had had sixty ships made. 10. It happened
that nearly all these were driven back. 11. By waiting in
vain for his ships, Caesar was almost0 prevented from sailing.
12. He set sail at the beginning of the second watch 1to
reach land at daybreak.
1. The gerundive with ad. 2. cupidus. 3. " Taxes had to be paid,"
etc. Cf. sec. 384. 4. Cf. sec. 99. 5. occupo with in and the abl. 6. paene.
LESSON LXXXII
The Supine
351. The Supine in -urn. — § 509 (302); B. 340; G. 435; H. 633
(546); H-B. 618.
352. The Supine in -». — § 510 (303); B. 340. 2; G. 436; H. 635
(547); H-B. 619.
353. In Caesar the supine in -um occurs after mitto, venio, con-
venio, and conloco.
354. In Caesar the supine in -u occurs but four times; twice
after perfacile (very easy), once each after optimum (best) and
horridior (more frightful).

ad conventus agendas. to hold court.
consilia inire. to make plans.
negotiandi causa. to do business.
For Oral Translation — Book VII. i, 2, 3

356. 1. .The Gauls knew that Caesar had set out for Italy
to hold court. 2. The levy was held throughout the whole
province. 3. This seemed the best (thing) to do. 4. The
time was favorable1 for making plans for war. 5. The chiefs
came to the council to complain 2 about the common fortune
of Gaul. 6. We must make a plan to keep Caesar from his
army. 7. This will be very easy to do 8because he cannot
come without a guard. 8. It is better to be killed in battle
than not to establish the liberty of Gaul. 9. All who were
present took an oath by bringing the military standards
together. 10. Many Romans were at Cenabum to do busi
ness. 11. The Gauls were sent to Cenabum to kill and to rob.
1. idoneus, -a, -um. 2. Supine of purpose. 3. Observe that in the
text the reason is assigned on another's authority ; here it is on the
speaker's.
IX. SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS
LESSON LXXXIII
357. Personal Pronouns. — § 295 (194); B. 242; G. 304; H. 500
(446); H-B. 254, 255, 257.
358. Possessive Pronouns. — § 302. a, c, d, e (197) ; B. 243; G. 312;
H. 501 (447); H-B. 256, 258.
359. Reflexive Pronouns. — § 299. a; 300. 1, 2 (196); B. 244 ; G. 309;
H. 502-504 (448, 449); H-B. 260; 262. 1, 2.
360. When, in a subordinate clause, we wish to refer back to
the subject of the principal sentence, and, for any reason, the use
of se would lead to ambiguity, use ipse.

obsides imperare with the dat. to levy hostages upon.
non dubium est quin. there is no doubt that.
esse reliquis documents. to be a warning to the rest.
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS 95
For Oral Translation — Book VII. 4

362. 1. 1Each one can easily arouse his own dependents.
2. He said that his own father had held the sovereignty of
all Gaul. 3. My uncle thought that this venture should
not be tried. 4. They expelled him in order that he might
not win the state over to his opinion. 5. He exhorts his (fol
lowers) to drive his opponents out of the city. 6. Vercin-
getorix was called king by his followers. 7. The supreme
power was conferred upon me by the consent of you all.
8. He commands all these states to bring hostages to him.
9. He sent embassies in every direction 2to demand arms
and soldiers. 10. There is no doubt that8 he coerced by the
severity of his authority those that hesitated. 11. He sent
me home, and my own brother he killed with all kinds of
torture. 12. You who have committed offenses are a warn
ing to 4the rest of us.
1. "each one . . . his own," suus quisque. 2. Supine of purpose.

3. quin, cf. sec. 167. 4. Latin, " us remaining."
LESSON LXXXIV
nihil nobis constat. it is not clear to us.
pro certo ponere. to regard as certain.
magna difficultate adfici. to be in great difficulty (lit. to
be affected by).
For Written Translation — Book VII. 5, 6

364. When the ambassadors of the Bituriges came 'to ask
for aid, the Hasdui sent forces of cavalry and infantry 2to
their assistance; but when these had come to the river
Loire, they did not cross, but returned home again and
8 made the following report: "We have returned because

we feared treachery; for we knew that, if we crossed the
river, the Bituriges 4 would surround us on one side and
the Arverni on the other, that they might the more easily
destroy us." It is not clear whether we ought to regard
this as certain or not. When these matters were reported
to Caesar, he was in great difficulty how to reach his army,
for at that time he did not dare to intrust his safety even to
those who seemed6 peaceable.
I. Supine of purpose. 2. Latin, "for assistance to them." 3. Latin,
" reported these (things)." 4. fore ut with the subjv. 5. Subjv. of
characteristic.
LESSON LXXXV
365. Relative Pronouns. — § 304-307.0, b. n. ; e; 308.<2, <r (197. 5-201) ;
B. 250, 251 ; G. 610 ff.; H. 510 (453); H-B. 281, 282, 284, 1-6.
366. Interrogative Pronouns. — § 333 (104); B. 90 ; G. 106; H. 511
(454); H-B. 275.
367. Indefinite Pronouns. — §309, 310.0; 311,313,314. 1, 2. a (202);
B. 252; G. 313-319; H. 512-515 (455-459): H-B. 276.
368. The relative pronoun cannot be omitted in Latin, as it often

is in English in phrases like the bridge you are building. In Latin
the relative is always expressed, and we have pons qutmfacis.
369. Of the indefinite pronouns, quis is the least definite and
quidam the most definite. The commoner ones, with their mean
ings and uses, are —
quis, some one, any one, never stands first in its clause, and
usually follows si, nisi, ne, or num.
aliquis, some one, any one, more definite than quis.
quisquam (substantive), any one, ullus (adjective), any, used
chiefly in negative sentences or such as imply a negative.
quivis or quflibet, any one you please.
quisque, each (to be distinguished from uterque, each of two),
follows the word to which it belongs and is often used with the
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS 97
superlative ; e.g. optimus quisque, every good man or all the best
men.
quidam, a, a certain, implies a definite knowledge.

inruptionem facere in. to make an attack on.
suis fortunis consulere. to look out for their interests.
For Oral Translation — Book VII. 7, 8

371. 1. A certain Cadurcus received hostages from the
Gabali. 2. If any one should try to make an attack on
the province of Narbo, it would be announced to Caesar.
3. xThe encouragement of the faint-hearted should have the
precedence over all other plans. 4. When this2 matter was
announced, he commanded the troops to assemble. 5. He
stationed troops around Narbo, a place8 which was nearest
to the enemy. 6. Some thought that it would be dangerous
to cross the Cevennes mountains. 7. Can any one open a
way through the deep snow? No.4 8. Have the paths
ever been open to any one at this time of the year? 9. No6
Roman inspired greater terror in his enemies. 10. Do not
allow us and our (possessions) to be ravaged by the enemy.
11. The Arverni feared that Vercingetorix would not look
out for their interests. 12. Who crossed the Cevennes at
the most severe time of the year? Some one.
1. Latin, " that I should encourage," etc. Cf. ut Narbonem pro-
ficisceretur in the text. 2. Use the relative for the demonstrative.
3. Remember that an antecedent which is an appositive is incorporated
in the rel. clause : qui locus, not locus qui. 4. Cf. L, foot-note 1. 5. nemo,
as usual when accompanied by an adj. used substantively.
LESSON LXXXVI
372. Demonstrative Pronouns. — § 296, 297, 298 (100-102, 195); B.
246-249; G. 305-311 ; H. 505-507 (450-452); H-B. 271-274, 267-270.
373. alius and alter. — § 315 (203); B. 253. 1-3; G. 319; H. 516
(459) ; H"B- 279-
374. Hie, iste, and ille always point out definitely in place or
time. Their relation to the speaker may be represented graph
ically thus : —
hie iste ille

Speaker > —> ->
this (near) that (remote) that (more remote)
The pronoun is is used of things either far or near and makes no

definite reference to place or time. As a substantive it is com
monly used as a pronoun of the third person (he, she, it), and is
often found as the antecedent of a relative.

quam maximis potest itineribus. by the longest possible marches.
multis ante diebus. several days before.

376. 1. Caesar had 1suspected that this would happen.
2. He himself was absent from the camp three days and
had placed Brutus in command of the forces. 3. He came
to Vienne by the longest possible marches 2when his men
did not expect him. 4. Caesar was not 8the man to delay.
5. He collected both cavalry and infantry several days before.
6. The former he found 4at Vienne, the latter were wintering
among the Lingones. 7. By halting neither day nor night
he anticipated the plans of the Haedui. 8. Vercingetorix
led his army from one place to another. 9. The following
SYNTAX OF NOUNS 99
circumstances caused Caesar much perplexity. 10. He was

hard pressed by the difficult transportation of provisions.
11. He sent some troops to one place and others to another.
1. Cf. the text. 2. Abl. abs. 3. is qui, cf. sec. 145. 4. Locative;
cf. Romae, " at Rome."
X. SYNTAX OF NOUNS
LESSON LXXXVII
Expressions of Time
377. Time When or Within Which. — §423, 424. d,c (256, 259.0, c);
B. 230, 231 ; G. 393; H. 486, 487 (429); H-B. 439.
378. Time How Long or During Which. — §423, 424. c (256, 259. c)\
B. 181 ; G. 336; H. 417 (379); H-B. 387. II.
379. Use of Prepositions in Expressions of Time. — § 424. a, e (256. a ;
259.*); B. 181. 2; 230.2; G. 336, 394; H. 487.1,2 (429.1,2); H-B.
439- a ; 387- II- ".
380. Time Before or After an Event. — §424./ (259. d) ; B. 357. 1 ;
G. 336. 3; 403. 4; H. 488. 1, 2, note 2 (430, note 1. i)-3); note 3);
H-B. 424 ; 387. II. *.

in armis excubare. to stand guard under arms.
in fide manere. to remain loyal.
For Oral Translation — Book VII. 1 1

382. 1. On the second day he came to a town of the
Senones. 2. He invested the town in two days. 3. On
the third day ambassadors were sent. 4. A few days later
six hundred hostages were given. 5. The news was brought
to Cenabum within a few hours. 6. The Carnutes thought
that the siege would be prolonged for several1 days. 7. For
many years Cenabum was the capital2 of the Carnutes.
IOO LATIN COMPOSITION
8. He pitched his camp on the same day on which he

arrived there. 7. That night two legions stood guard under
arms. 10. The Cenabenses began to cross the bridge by-
night. 11. Cenabum was burned a few days before he
arrived in the territory of the Bituriges. 12. During the
remainder of the winter the army endured many hardships.8
13. The Carnutes did not remain loyal.
1. compluris. 2. caput. 3. labor.
LESSON LXXXVIII
383. Review the Rules of Syntax, Lessons lxxiii-lxxxvi.
a navigatione exclude re. magno sibi usui esse.
ad conventus agendos. multis ante diebus.
Britanniae adpropinquare. navem subducere.
civitati praeesse. navis conscendere.
consilia inire. negotiandi causa.
cupidus rerum novarum. nihil nobis constat.
de improvise). iron dubium est quin.
desiliendi facultatem dare. obsides imperare.
dimidio minor. omnibus partibus.
dispari proelio contendere. operam dare.
dum haec geruntur. pro castris.
eodem reverti. pro certo ponere.
esse reliquis document5. proditum memoriae or memoria.
exercitum exponere. quam maximis potest itineribus.
imperata facere. relinquebatur ut.
in armis excubare. se fugae mandare.
in fide manere. suis fortunis consulere.
incursionis vitandae causa. summa imperi.
inruptionem facere in. unci omnino loco.
magna difflcultate adfici. vergere ad occidentem solem.
magno cum periculo. vim facere.
SYNTAX OF NOUNS IOI

385. The inhabitants of Noviodunum had sent ambassa
dors to Caesar 1to beg that he spare their lives,2 and he had
already demanded hostages and had sent some centurions
and soldiers into the town to search for weapons, when the
cavalry of Vercingetorix was seen in the distance. The
Gauls in the town, as soon as they beheld this, raising a
shout, seized8 their arms, closed8 the gates, and manned8
the wall. Caesar without delay4 led forth his German
horsemen, whom he had had with him for many years, and
easily put the enemy to flight, some being lost and others
retreating to Vercingetorix. Thereupon6 the townspeople
surrendered a second time, and a few hours later6 Cassar
was on his way to Avaricum, which was at that time the
largest town of the Bituriges.
1. Supine of purpose. 2. Sing- in Latin. 3. Historical infin.
Cf. lxxv. 4. mora. 5. turn vero. 6. post.
LESSON LXXXIX
Expressions of Place
386. Place Prom Which. — §426. 1 ; 427. 1; 428.^/(258.0); B. 229;
G. 390, 391 ; H. 461, 462. 1, 4 (412. I, II. 1); H-B. 409, 451.
387. Place To Which. — §426. 2; 427. 2; 428. *, c (258.*); B. 182.
1,2; G. 337. 1-3; H. 418.4(380. I, II. 1); H-B. 385, 450.
388. Place Towards Which. — § 428. a, c (258. b. N. 2; c. 2.N. 1); B. 182.
3; G. 337. 4; H. 418.4; 462. 3 (380. 1; 412.3. n.); H-B. 453.
389. Place At or In Which. — § 426. 3: 427. 3; 428. b, d. N. 1 (258.
c,f) ; B. 228 ; G. 385-387 ; H. 483, 485. I (425. I, II. 2) ; H-B. 436, 449.
390. Place By, Through, or Over Which. — § 429. a (258. g) ; B. 218. 9 ;
G. 389; H. 476 (420. 3)) ; H-B. 426.
391. Words Used Like Names of Towns. — § 427. a ; 429. 1, 2 (258. c.
R. ; d,f. 1, 2); B. 228. l.i),e); G. 385. N. 1 ; 388; H. 419. 1 ; 462.4 ;
484. 1, 2 (380. II. 2. 1), 2) ; 412. 1 ; 426. 1, 2) ; H-B. 449. a ; 436. a, b.
392. The Locative Case. — § 427. ftn. 1 (258. c. 2; d, e); B. 232;

G. 41 1 ; H. 78. 4 ; 83. 4 ; 108 (48. 4 ; 51.8; 66. 4) ; H-B. 449.
393. Summary of Place Relations. — § 426, 427; H. 491. I, II (427,
428).
394. Apply as a general principle the rule that the relations of
place are expressed by prepositions with their proper cases, but
that names of towns and domus and rus omit the preposition.

terra marique. on land and sea.
domi militiaeque. at home and in thefield.
alia ratione atque. in a different way from that
in which.

396. 1. Caesar waged war against the Gauls on land and
sea. 2. From Noviodunum he marched towards Avaricum.
3. Caesar was illustrious both at home and in the field.
4. Vercingetorix received 1a succession of losses at Vel-
launodunum, Cenabum, and Noviodunum. 5. Caesar had
sacked and burned Cenabum several days before. 6. We
must wage war in a far different way from that in which it
has been waged heretofore. 7. At this time of the year it is
easy to cut the Romans off from supplies. 8. The buildings
must be burned in all this region.2 9. The Romans can
not go far from the camp without great danger. 1 o. If we
do not burn our towns, the Romans will take provisions from
them. 11. If we are conquered, our wives and children
will be dragged from our homes into slavery. 12. Caesar
was at Avaricum, 8a town of the Bituriges.
1. Latin, "continuous." 2. regio. 3. How is the appositive to a
locative expressed ? Cf. sec. 29.
SYNTAX OF NOUNS 103
LESSON XC
The Genitive with Nouns

397. General Rules. — § 342 (213); H. 437-439 (393-395); H-B. 337.
398. Possessive Genitive. — § 343 (214. 1) ; B. 198 ; G. 362 ; H. 440. 1
(396. I) ; H-B. 339. a, i.
399. Genitive of Material. — § 344 (214. 2) ; B. 197 ; H-B. 349.
400. Genitive, of Quality. — § 345 (215); B. 203; G. 365; H. 440. 3
(396. V); H-B. 355.
401. The Subjective Genitive. — §343. N. 1 (214); B. 199; G. 363;
H. 440. 1 (396. II) ; H-B. 344.
402. Partitive Genitive. — § 346 (216) ; B. 201 ; G. 367-372 ; H. 440. 5 ;
441-444 (397- 1-4); H-B. 346. c.
403. The Objective Genitive. — § 348 (217); B. 200; G. 363. 2;
H. 440. 2(396. Ill); H-B. 354.
404. The dependence of one noun upon another is usually

expressed by the genitive. As a rule this relationship should not
be expressed in Latin by a preposition, thus making the preposi
tion a sort of conjunction between the two nouns. Such forms of
expression are common enough in English, but in Latin the genitive
or some other construction is preferred. For example, we say the
war against the Gauls; the Romans would say Bellum Gallorum
or Bellum Gallicum or Bellum in Guilds gestum.

quid consili. what plan.
ex omnibus partibus. on all sides.
in singula diei tempora. every hour of the day.

406. 1. By the consent of all, many cities were burned on
the same day. 2. What plan1 did the Gauls have? 3. All
of them5 hoped to recover 8what they had lost. 4. They
were impelled by the fear of slavery4 and by love of father

land.4 5. It was debated whether Avaricum should be
burned or defended. 6. Avaricum was a city of great
size. 7. It is surrounded on all sides by a river ten feet5
deep. 8. Vercingetorix yielded because of his pity for the
people. 9. The camp of Vercingetorix was sixteen miles
from Avaricum. 10. His scouts learned what was going
on every hour of the day. 11. Some6 of them 7used to
watch for our foraging expeditions. 12. The Romans used
to go forth at uncertain times and by different routes.
13. The inconvenience of their enemies gave them some8
comfort.
1. Part. gen. 2. Remember that with omnes the part. gen. is not
used. 3. Translate by one word. 4. Objv. gen. 5. Gen. of measure.
6. quidam. What construction should follow? 7. The imperfect of
repeated action. 8. Latin, " something of."
LESSON XCI
407. The Genitive in Apposition with a Possessive Pronoun. — § 302. e
(184. d) ; B. 243. 3. a ; G. 32 1 . 2 ; H. 393. 6 (363. 4. 1 ) ; H-B. 339. b.
408. Predicate Genitive after esse. — § 343. b (214. 1. c) ; B. 198. 3;
203. 5 ; G. 366; H. 447 ff. (401 ff.) ; H-B. 340.
409. Genitive with Adjectives. — § 349. a-c (218); B. 204; G. 374;
H. 450 ff. (399) ; H-B. 354.
410. In Caesar the genitive occurs after the adjectives peritus,

imperitus, cupidus, insuetus, plenus, and conscius.

nullo studio agere. to act with no zeal.
vix extremam famem sustentare. to hardly keep from starving.
re infecta. without accomplishing his pur
pose.
SYNTAX OF NOUNS IOS

412. 1. It was 1of great (importance) to capture Avaricum.
2. One side of the city was unprotected by the river and
swamp. 3. 2It was Caesar's duty to make ready the agger.
4. He was greatly troubled by the scarcity of food. 5. The
Boii and Haedui did not give him much help. 6. The one
state acted with no zeal, the other was of small ability.
7. For several days the soldiers hardly kept from starving.
8. But they were not unused8 to hardships4 and were mind
ful of their former victories. 9. Caesar was very desirous
of taking this town. 10. But he said that he would depart
without accomplishing his purpose if the soldiers 6 suffered
too much from want. 11. They would rather endure all
manner of suffering than 6be disgraced. 12. Roman citizens
perished at Cenabum, not through their own7 fault,8 but
through the treachery of the Gauls.
1. Predicate gen. of value. 2. Latin, "it was of Caesar." 3. insue-

tus. 4. labor. 5. Idiomatic. Cf. the text. 6. Latin, " receive disgrace."
7. Appositional gen. of ipse. 8. culpa.
LESSON XCII
quanti victoria constat ? how much does the victory cost f
signum proeli. the signalfor battle.
venire pabulatum. to come to get fodder.

414. When Caesar heard that Vercingetorix and his cavalry
had set out 1for the place where he thought our men would
come the next day to get fodder, he himself with part of his
pwn2 troops set out at midnight for the camp of the enemy.
Io6 LATIN COMPOSITION
The Gauls were holding a hill which was surrounded on all

sides by a swamp about8 fifty feet4 wide, and were ready to
overwhelm the Romans if any of them should attempt to
break through the fords. Caesar quickly saw the inequality
of the conditions, and showed his soldiers, who, desirous of
victory, were demanding the signal for battle, 6how much
the victory would necessarily cost; and the same day led
them back into camp. It was (characteristic) of Ceesar to
hold the lives6 of his men dearer than his own2 glory.
i. e5 quo. 2. Appositional gen. of ipse. 3. circiter. 4. Gen. of
measure. 5. quanti. gen. of quality expressing value. 6. Sing- in Latin.
LESSON XCIII
The Genitive with Verbs
415. With Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting. — § 350, 351 (219) ;
B. 206; G. 376; H. 454, 455 (406. II); H-B. 350, 351.
416. With Verbs of Judicial Action. — § 352 (220); B. 208; G. 378;
H. 456 (409. II) ; H-B. 342, 343.
417. With Verbs of Feeling (mostly Impersonal). — § 354 (221);
B. 209; G. 377 ; H. 457 (406. I ; 409. IIl) ; H-B. 352.
418. With interest and refert. — % 355 (222); B. 210 ff.; G. 381;
H. 449 (406. IIl) ; H-B. 345-
419. With Verbs of Plenty and Want. — § 356 (223) ; B. 212 ; G. 383 ;
H. 458(410. V. 1); H-B. 347.

Caesaris interest (refert). it is to Casar's interest.
mea interest (refert). it is to my interest.
proditionis insimulari. to be accused of treason.
habere gratiam. to be grateful.

421. 1. Vercingetorix was accused of treason. 2. But the
Gauls repented1 of this. 3. He said that he had moved
SYNTAX OF NOUNS 107
the camp at their own request, because of the scarcity of

fodder. 4. He was not ashamed2 of 8what he had done.
5. It is of great importance to me that the horsemen pro
ceed to the place where they are needed. 6. It greatly
concerns the army not to be driven by the eagerness of the
multitude. 7. If the Romans were summoned through
some one's information, you ought to be grateful to him.
8. Vercingetorix accused them of cowardice4 because they
did not dare6 to fight. 9. If you regret6 the honor which
you gave me, I return it to you. 10. The slaves did not
forget the things7 which they had been taught. 11. They
remember the want which harasses the army. 12. They
could not find any grain or cattle. 13. No longer is the
strength of any one sufficient.
1 . paenitet. Latin, " it repented the Gauls." 2. pudet. 3. factum.
Cf. the second sentence. 4. ignavia. 5. Give the reason as on the
authority of Vercingetorix. 6. Cf. note 1. 7. Ace, because a neuter
pronoun used substantively.
LESSON XCIV
The Dative Case
422. General Rule. — § 361 (224); B. 186; G. 344; H. 422, 423
(382) ; H-B. 358.
423. The Indirect Object. — § 362. a; 366 (225, 226) ; B. 187 ; G. 345,
346; H. 424 (384); H-B. 365.
424. It should be carefully noted that the various constructions
of the dative with verbs all come under the general head of the
indirect object. Many intransitive verbs take an indirect object
and are therefore followed by the dative. Transitive verbs take
a direct object and are followed by the accusative, but sometimes
they have an indirect object or dative as well. The whole question,
then, as to whether or not a certain verb takes the dative depends
upon its capacity for governing an indirect object- Remember
r
that English is not a safe guide, for many verbs that are transitive
in English are intransitive in Latin, and vice versa.
425. When to denotes motion it is never expressed by the
dative, but by ad or in with the accusative : —
He sent the soldiers to the town, milites< loppidtun misit.
linI
426. In English we may say —
a. He gives the boy a book.
b. A book is given to the boy.
c. The boy is given a book.
Sentences a and b are similarly expressed in Latin, as, —
a. Puero librum dat.
b. Liber puero datur.
Observe that the direct object of the active verb becomes the
subject of the passive.
Sentence c is foreign to the Latin idiom and cannot be thus
expressed. The indirect object of the active cannot be used as
subject in the passive.

suo more. according to their custom.
maximi ponder is saxa. rocks of the greatest weight.
virtiiti occurrere. to put valor to naught.

428. 1. He says that the plans of the Gauls put the
remarkable valor of his soldiers to naught. 2. The Gauls
are a race of the greatest ingenuity. 3. HVhenever they
approved of a speech, they were in the habit of clashing
their arms. 4. Let us send ten thousand men into the town
as reinforcements. 5. The common safety should not be
intrusted to the Bituriges alone. 6. It concerns us greatly
to retain this city. 7. Every kind of wine is known to them.
8, They surrounded2 the whole wall with towers, o. 8By
SYNTAX OF NOUNS 109
making frequent sallies, they set fire to the agger. 10. Rocks
of the greatest weight kept the Romans from approaching
the walls. 11. The Gauls were very apt in imitating every
thing that was told to them.
1. This sentence is like the one in the text, 1. 17. Cf. also sec. 240.
2. circumdo. 3. For construction, cf. commissis malis, 1. 25.
LESSON XCV
429. The Dative of the Indirect Object with Special Intransitive Verbs.
— §367(227); B. 187. II; G.346; H. 426-428 (385); H-B. 362. I-III;
364. 1.
430. The Dative with Passive Intransitive Verbs. — § 369. a\ 372
(230) ; B. 187. II. b; G. 208. 2 ; 346. 1 ; H. 426. 3 (384t 5) ; H-B. 364. 2.
431. The so-called special verbs that govern the dative take
this construction, not because of any arbitrary rule, but because
from the Latin point of view they are intransitive and take an
indirect object.

persuadet Caesari. he persuades Casar.
Caesari persuadetur. Casar is persuaded.
paulo ante tertiam vigiliam. a little before midnight.
eruptionibus resistere. to offer resistance to the sallies.

433. 1. The Gauls trusted1 most in their walls. 2. 2The
great stones could not be injured8 by the battering-rams.
3. The separate teams were forty feet long. 4. The sol
diers built the agger within twenty-five days. 5. 4 Though
the soldiers were hindered by cold and by constant rains,
yet6 Caesar could not be persuaded to abandon the siege.
6. He stood on guard by the work and did not spare6 his
(men). 7. A little before midnight7 the enemy set the agger
IIO LATIN COMPOSITION
on fire. 8. Some were throwing dry wood, others were

pouring pitch on the agger. 9. To what peril8 shall we first
lend our assistance? 10. Caesar's quickness frustrated9
the plans of the enemy. 11. Let some offer resistance to
the sallies and others draw back the towers.
1. confido. 2. Cf. sec. 174, note 6. 3. noceo. 4. Abl. abs. 5. tamen.
6. pared. 7. How did Caesar measure time at night? 8. res. 9. Cf.
253 13.
LESSON XCVI
434. IDIOMS AHD PHRASES
in omnibus locis pugnatur. the battle is raging in every
direction.
dignum memorUr. worth mentioning.
ex proximis unus. one of the bystanders.
in publicum procurrere. to rush into the streets.

435. Caesar says that at Avaricum something happened
before his eyes that seemed to him worthy of mention. While
the battle was raging in every direction, a certain Gaul, who
was throwing balls of tallow on the fire, was pierced through
and killed by a scorpio. Without any1 delay one of the
bystanders,2 disregarding8 the extreme peril, performed the
duty, and the second being killed in the same way, a third
took his place and a fourth (the place of) the third. After
they had tried everything in vain,4 the Gauls made prepara
tions to escape from the city by night ; but the women, bear
ing this, suddenly rushed into the streets and begged them
to spare6 their lives, 7and not surrender to the foe those
whom weakness prevented from taking flight.
I. ullus, -a, -um, because the clause is negative. 2. Latin, "nearest."
3. neglegens. 4. frustra. 5. Latin, " this being heard." 6. pared.
7. Translate " and not " by neve.
SYNTAX OF NOUNS III
LESSON XCVII
436. The Dative of the Indirect Object with Compounds. — § 370. a ; 37 1
(228) ; B. 187. Ill ; G. 347 ; H. 429 (386) ; H-B. 376.
437. The Dative with Verbs of Taking Away. — § 381 (229); B. 188.
2. d) ; G. 347. 5 J H. 427 (385- II. 2) : H-B. 371.
438. Many verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, etc., do not
take the dative. Their doing so depends upon their capacity for
governing an indirect object (cf. sec. 424). The usage of the best
writers as recorded in the lexicon is the only safe guide. Transi
tive compounds take the accusative (direct object) along with the
dative (indirect object), as — Caesar Gallis bellum infert.

postero die. the next day.
signum dare militibus. to give the signal to the soldiers.
obviam venire. to come to meet.
praedae studere. to be eagerfor booty.

440. 1. The next day a great rain began. 2. The storm
favored1 Caesar's plans for capturing the town. 3. I will
show you what he did. 4. He offered rewards to the
legions which had shared2 in the great8 hardships of the
siege. 5. He inspired4 in them the hope for victory.
6. When the signal was given, the soldiers quickly took6
the wall and the towers from the enemy. 7. Then without
stopping they poured in over the whole wall. 8. The
Gauls did not try to resist them, but 6fled to the most
distant parts of the town. 9. The Romans were more7
eager for revenge8 than for booty. 10. Nor did any one
spare the women and children- 11. Vercingetorix feared
that compassion for the people would cause9 a mutiny.
12. He 10had them conducted to their friends. 13. Their

friends came to meet them.
1. faveo. 2. intersum. 3. Latin, "so great." 4. initio with dat. and
ace. 5. eripio with ace. and dat. of separation. 6. Latin, "sought."
7. magis. 8. ultio. 9. faeio. 10. Cf. lxxviii.
LESSON XCVIII
441. The Dative of Possession. — § 373 (231) ; B. 190 ; G. 349 ; H. 430
(3S7) ; H-B. 374.
442. The Dative of Purpose or End. — § 382 (233) ; B. 191 ; G. 356 ;
H- 433 (39°) ; H-B. 360, 361.
443. Both the dative with esse and habere with the accusa
tive are freely used to express possession with little distinction in
meaning : —
1_,he soldier
, . . has
, a horse
, if militi est equus.
Smiles equum habet.
In expressions of naming the dative with esse is more common.

orbis terrarum. the world.
communis salutis causa. for the common welfare.
se animo confirmare. to make up one's mind.
res adversae. adversity.

445. 1. Caesar had three names. 2. The leader's name
was Vercingetorix. 3. The Bituriges had many towns, but
the largest was Avaricum. 4. This was1 a great loss to
them. 5. The Gauls were unskilled in the art of besieging
towns. 6. It was never pleasing to Vercingetorix that
Avaricum should be defended. 7. Not even the whole
world can withstand a union of entire Gaul. 8. The camp
ought to be fortified, that we may more easily make good
SYNTAX OF NOUNS 113
our losses. 9. The Romans had 2more skill but not more
valor than the Gauls. 10. It especially pleased the Gauls
that Vercingetorix did not avoid the sight of the people.
1 1 . Adversity did not 8 take authority from him, but increased
his prestige. 12. Though unaccustomed to toil, the Gauls
made up their minds to fortify the camp. 13. All labored for
the common welfare.
1. Latin, " for a great loss." 2. Latin, " more of." 3. detraho with
ace. and dat. of separation.
LESSON XCIX
446. The Dative of Reference. — § 376 (235) ; B. 188 ; G. 352 ; H. 425.
1, 2, 4 (384. II. 1. 1), 2) ; 4); H-B. 366, 369.
447. The Dative with Adjectives. — § 383, 384(234); B. 192; G. 359;
H. 434 (391); H-B. 362. I-III; 339. c.
448. In Caesar the adjectives most common with the dative are
proximus, finitimus, and idoneus.

ad orientem solem spectare. to face the east.
proelium secundum nostris. a battle favorable to ours.
For Oral Translation — Book VII. 68-70

450. 1. Caesar followed Vercingetorix to Alesia, which is
a town suitable for defence. 2. He left two legions for a
guard to the baggage. 3. Near Alesia was a place suitable
for a camp. 4. It was necessary for the soldiers to build
walls around the city. 5. As you look1 at the site, of
the city it does not seem able to be stormed. 6. For the
Gallic troops a wall six feet high had been built on the
east. 7. The circuit of the Roman fortification embraced
eleven miles. 8. Eight places were convenient for camps
and twenty-three for redoubts. 9. The cavalry battle in

the plain was favorable for our troops. 10. The horsemen
of the enemy were not a match2 for the German cavalry.
11. The courage 8of our men was increased by the support
of the legions. 12. It was not easy for the multitude to
pass through the narrow gates. 13. The camp faced the
east.
1. Dat. plur. of the pres. partic. 2. par. 3. Latin, " to ours."
LESSON C
451. Review the Rules of Syntax, Lessons lxxxix-xcix.
ad orientem solem spectare. orbis terrarum.
alia ratione atque. postero die.
Caesaris interest. praedae studere.
communis salutis causa. proditionis Insimulari.
dignum memoria. proelium secundum nostris.
domi militiaeque. quid consili.
eruptionibus resistere. quanti victoria constat.
ex omnibus partibus. re Infecta.
ex proximis iinus- res adversae.
habere gratiam. se animo confirmare.
in omnibus locis pugnatur. signum dare militibus.
in publicum procurrere. signum proeli.
in singula dieI tempora. suo more.
mea interest. terra marique.
maximi ponderis saxa. venire pabulatum.
nullo studio agere. virtuti occurrere.
obviam venire. vix extremam famem sustentare.

453. Before the Romans completed their fortifications,
Vercingetorix dismissed his cavalry in the second watch and
SYNTAX OF NOUNS 115
ordered them, departing, to go each man to his own state

and beg that they send all their forces for the common safety
of Gaul, and not surrender eighty thousand picked men to
the enemy. He * had a large supply of cattle, but corn for
scarcely thirty days. The former2 he divided, the latter2 he
8 had brought to him and measured it out sparingly. But4
Caesar began to construct immense works. . First6 he sur
rounded the whole town with a twenty-foot ditch, then,6 leav
ing a space of four hundred feet, he dug two other ditches
fifteen feet wide, and the inner one of these he filled with
water. Behind these was a wall of earth and a rampart
twelve feet high.
1. Dat. of possession. 2. Cf. lxxxvi, sentence 6. 3. euro with

the gerundive. Cf. text 258 12 and sec. 336. 4. autem, postpositive
(cf. sec. 13). 5. primum. 6. deinde.
LESSON CI
The Accusative Case
454. The Direct Object. — § 387. a, b (237) ; B. 172 ff. ; G. 330 ; H. 404
(371) ; H-B. 390. a.
455. The Cognate Accusative. — § 390. a, c, d (238) ; B. 176; G. 332,
333; H. 409 (371. II); H-B. 396. 1, 2.
456. The Accusative of Extent. — § 425. a, b (257) ; B. 181 ; G. 335 ;
H. 417 (379); H-B. 387. I.
457. Many intransitive verbs become transitive when com
pounded with circum, per, praeter, or trans.

fossam diicere. to dig a ditch.
inter se distare. to be distant from each other,
be apart.
ab summo. at the end.
Il6 LATIN COMPOSITION

459. 1. At this time our forces lived a hard1 life. 2. Not
only was it necessary to construct the works, but also to
gather grain. 3. Sometimes the Gauls made sallies from
the town by several gates. 4. When Caesar saw 2how
powerful they. were, he added to the works. 5. He dug
rows of ditches, each five feet deep. 6. 8In these he
planted trunks of trees and branches with sharpened ends.
7. In front of these were rows of little pits three feet deep.
8. The rows were three feet apart. 9. In these he set
stakes sharpened at the end. 10. In front of these he
buried completely in the ground blocks a foot long with
iron hooks fixed in them. 11. All these things he did in
order that he might defend the works with a smaller num
ber of soldiers. 12. Against the foe without he made works
equal to these. 13. The outer works extended4 fourteen
miles. 14. What general can 6make the same boast?
1. durus, -a, -an. 2. Latin, "what they were able." 3. Latin,

" here." 4. pertineo. 5. Latin, " boast the same," glorior.
LESSON CII
460. Two Accusatives, Direct Object and Predicate Accusative. —
§ 39l. 392, 393- a (239-3); B- 177; G. 340; H. 410 (373); H-B. 392.
461. Two Accusatives, Person and Thing. — § 394, 395. N. 3; 396. a
(239. b. 2. b, c. N. 1, r) ; B. 178; G. 339; H. 41 1-413 (374-376); H-B.
393- a, b-
462. Note that peto, postulo, and quaero do not take two accusa
tives, but the accusative of the thing and the ablative with ab
(rarely ex) of the person : —
auxilium a Caesare petere, to ask aidfrom Casar.
frumentum ab sociis postulate, to demand corn from the allies.
SYNTAX OF NOUNS 1 17

concilium indicere. to call a council.
numerum civitati imperare. to levy a number on the state.
impend obtemperare. to obey the command.

464. 1. While this was going on near Alesia, the chiefs
called a council. 2. Vercingetorix had asked the states for
all who could bear arms. 3. They decided to levy a certain
number upon each state. 4. From the Haedui and their
vassals they demanded thirty-five thousand. 5. They call
the states which border on the ocean Aremorican. 6. These
were asked for ten thousand.1 7. The Bellovaci would
neither contribute their number nor obey any one's com
mand. 8. In former years Commius had been faithful to
Caesar. 9. Now he had forgotten the old-time friendship.2
10. The army was reviewed in the territory of the Haedui,
and four commanders were chosen. 11. All were eager 8to
establish the liberty of Gaul. 12. Nor was there any one
who was not full of confidence.
1. Remember that with the passive of rogo the ace. of the person
becomes the subject, and the ace. of the thing is retained. 2. What
case ? 3. ad with the gerundive.
LESSON CHI
465. The Adverbial Accusative. — § 397. a (240. a, b); B. 176. 3 ; 185 ;
G. 333 ; H. 416. 2 (378. 2) ; H-B. 388, 389.
466. Accusative as Subject of an Infinitive. — § 397. e (240./) ; B. 184 ;
G. 343. 2 ; H. 415, 610, 612 (536) ; H-B. 398.
467. By far the most common form of the adverbial accusative
in Caesar is the adverbial use of neuter pronouns, or of neuter
adjectives indefinite in meaning. They are sometimes classed as
Il8 LATIN COMPOSITION
cognate accusatives, sometimes as pure adverbs ; but the line

cannot be sharply drawn. Examples are multum, plus, plurimum,
paulum, nihil, quod. These and similar words occur in Caesar
more than fifty times.
468. The subject of the infinitive was regarded originally as
the object of the verb on which the infinitive depended. Thus
iubeo te vincere is literally, / commandyou for conquering. Later,
the accusative came to be used as the subject of the infinitive
independently of any governing verb, as, militem timere est turpe.
for a soldier to fear is disgraceful.

concilium cogere. to call a council.
exitus fortunae. the issue offortune.
mini res est cum. / have to do with.
quid animi. what feelings.
For Oral Translation — Book VII. 77 to p. 271, l. 6

470. 1. All the corn at Alesia was consumed. 2. After
they had waited many days, they called a council. 3. They
were asked their opinions concerning the issue of their for
tunes. 4. Caesar thought that the speech of Critognatus
ought not to be passed by. 5. He called surrender the
basest slavery. 6. He said that he had to do with those
who advocated a sally. 7. Why did he not favor that opin
ion ? 8. He said that 1for the most part men are able to
endure death more easily than privation. 9. The authority of
Critognatus was very powerful among them. 10. 2But if we
are8 killed, what feelings will our relatives have? 11. 'Asa
general thing we do not disregard our own peril. 12. Don't sub
ject Gaul to everlasting slavery. 13. He asked whether they
thought that the Romans worked night and day for pleasure.
1. Cf. text 270 15. 2. quod si. 3. Expresses fut. pert. time.
Cf. sec. 71. 4. plerumque, adverbial ace.
SYNTAX OF NOUNS 119
LESSON CIV
quid mei consili est. what is my plan.
nostri maiores. our ancestors.
posteris prodere. to hand down to posterity.
uti consilio. to adopt a plan.
For Written Translation — Book VII. 77 from p. 271,

l. 6, and 78.
472. Critognatus, 'being asked his opinion, 2made the fol
lowing speech: "If you are ignorant of 8what the Romans
seek and what they wish and what calamity4 they 6will bring
upon us, look at Gaul 6 across the border, to which they have
left neither liberty nor laws. What, then, is my plan ? Our
ancestors gave us a precedent in the war of the Cimbri, which
we ought to hand down to posterity. They did not surren
der nor submit to terms7 of peace, but, when driven by simi
lar want, supported life by the bodies of those who because
of age were useless for war." 8After this opinion had been
expressed, they decide first9 to compel the Mandubii with
wives and children to leave the town ; but if help delays (to
come), to adopt10 the proposal of Critognatus rather than
be oppressed10 by everlasting slavery.
1. Perf. pass. partic. with the ace. of the thing. 2. Latin, " said these
things." 3. Indir. question. 4. Part. gen. 5. Express by the first peri
phrastic subjv. (cf. sec. 219). 6. I.e. " neighboring." 7. Ace. 8. Abl.
abs. 9. primurn. 10. Subjv., like "compel," above.
LESSON CV
The Ablative Case
473. General Consideration. — §399(242); B. 213; G. 384 ; H. 459
(411); H-B. 403.
474. The Ablative of Separation. — §400, 401, 402 (243); B. 214;
G. 390 ; H. 461-466 (414) ; H-B. 408. 1, 2, 3 ; 410, 411, 412.
475. The Ablative of Source, Origin, and Material. — § 403. a (244) ;
B. 215; G. 395, 396; H. 467-470 (415); H-B- 413. 406. 4.
476. The Ablative of Cause. — §404(245); B. 219; G. 408 ; H. 475
(416) ; H-B. 444. c.
477. The ablative of separation regularly takes a preposition
if the ablative denotes persons.

summo loco oriri. to springfrom high station.
fit gratulatio inter eos. they congratulate each other.
eis cedentibus auxilio succurrere. to rush to the assistance ofthose
yielding.

479. 1. Commius and the other leaders sprang from high
station. 2. They came to the vicinity of Alesia with all
their forces sto set the city free from siege. 3. Before the
town stretched a plain three miles long. 4. On the follow
ing day the cavalry took its stand in this plain. 5. Those2
who were in the town had a view down upon the plain.
6. They congratulate each other 8at the sight of this assist
ance. 7. By Caesar's order,4 the Roman cavalry was led
out and the battle begun. 8. The Gauls did not lack6
archers, who rushed to the assistance of those yielding.
9. Both sides were excited by desire for praise and fear of
disgrace. 10. Our men pursued them on all sides as they
SYNTAX OF NOUNS 121
retreated, and did not give them a chance to collect them

selves. 1 1 . Because of this victory those in the town were
almost desperate.6
1. libero, not infin. 2. Express by the dat. of possession. 3. Abl. of

cause. 4. iussu. 5. egeo with abl. of separation. 6. desperatus means
despaired of as. a pass- part., but as an adj. desperate
LESSON CVI
480. The Ablative of Agent. — § 405. N. 1, n. 2 (246) ; B. 216 ; G. 401 ;
H. 467, 468 (415. I) ; H-B. 406. 1. b.
481. The Ablative of Comparison. — § 406, 407. a, c (247) ; B. 217; G.
398; H. 471 (417); H-B. 416. d.
482. The Ablative of Manner. — § 412. a, b (248); B. 220; G. 399;
H- 473- 3 (419- IlI) ; H-B. 445. 1-3 ; 422.
483. Distinguish carefully between the ablative of agent which

requires a preposition a or ab and the ablative of means which is
expressed without a preposition : —
a. The Gauls were overcome by the Romans, Galli a Romanls
superabantur.
b. The Gauls were overcome by the valor of the Romans, Galli
virtute Romanorum superabantur.
484. Note that after plus, minus, amplius, and longius, the omis
sion of quam often has no effect upon the construction.
485. The ablative of rnanner without either cum or an attribu
tive adjective is rare and limited to a few words that have almost
the force of adverbs. In Caesar we find the following : animo.
mente, iniuria, silentio.

media nocte. at midnight.
suus cuique locus. each his own place.
plus proficere. to have the advantage.

487. 1. To the Gauls at Alesia liberty was dearer1 than
life. 2. The camp of Commius was not 2more than a
mile distant. 3. At midnight they silently approached the
fortifications. 4. Suddenly they advanced with a great
shout. 5. This was heard by those who were besieged.
6. They were led forth by Vercingetorix. 7. Each man
had his own place, which had been assigned to him by
Caesar. 8. Balls of lead are heavier8 than stones. 9. The
Gauls could not approach the works because of the missiles
which the engines hurled. 10. Soldiers from the farther
redoubts were an aid to those that were hard pressed.
11. At first the Gauls had the advantage, because of
the great number of their missiles. 12. When daylight
approached, they retreated with many wounds. 13. 4Great
preparations had been made by Vercingetorix for a sally.
14. While they were slowly6 filling the ditches, they learned
that their friends had departed. 15. With sorrowful hearts6
they returned to the city.
1. carus, -a, -um. 2. Cf. text 272 7. 3. gravis, -e. 4. Latin, "many
things had been prepared." 5. Latin, "with great delay." 6. Latin,
" minds."
LESSON CVII
488. The Ablative of Means. — § 408, 409 (248. 8); B. 218; G. 401 ;
H. 476 (420) ; H-B. 423. a.
489. The Ablative with utor,fruor, etc. — § 410. N (249) ; B. 218. 1 ;
G. 407 ; H. 477 (421. I) ; H-B. 429.
490. The Ablative with opus and usus. — § 411 (243.*); B. 218. 2;
G. 406; H. 477. IIl (414. IV); H-B. 430. 1.
491. Means is expressed in English by with or by.

In Latin no preposition should be used.
SYNTAX OF NOUNS 123

magno cum detriment5. with great loss.
a septentrionibus. on the north.
quo pacto. in what way, how.
multum valere. to tendgreatly.

493. 1. We have been repulsed twice with great loss.
2. 1What shall we do 2to get possession of the Roman
works? 3. We need men who understand the ground.8
4. The hill on the north our men could not surround by the
works. 5. That place was more unfavorable for a camp
than the others.4 6. The leaders chose forces from those
states which enjoyed6 the greatest reputation for valor.
7. Let us agree together 6what to do and how to do it.
8. One of the four leaders marched out of the camp in the
first watch. 9. He hastened to the Roman camp by a
night march. 10. 6After the march was finished, the sol
diers enjoyed rest.7 11. At noon they advanced, and at the
same time the cavalry and the remaining forces showed
themselves. 12. The Gauls need long poles and hooks for
a sally. 13. Because of the great extent of the works, the
Romans could not easily perform their duties.8 14. Shout
ing generally has a great tendency to perturb the mind.
1. A deliberative question. Cf. sec. 84. 2. potior with either the gen.
or the abl. 3. Latin, " places." 4. ceteri, -ae, -a. 5. Note the differ
ence between the Latin and the English idiom. 6. Cf. post urbem con-
ditam and similar expressions. 7. quies. 8. munus.
J
LESSON CVIII

utrisque ad animum occurrit. the thought is present to the
minds of both parties.
de salute desperare. to despair of safety.
in eo die consistere. to rest, or depend, upon that day.

495. On this day *was the greatest struggle of all, and the
thought was present to the mind of both parties that now
there was need of the greatest valor, and that the fruit of
all their former struggles rested upon that day and hour.
The Gauls, by the great number of their missiles, drove the
defenders from the towers, and fresh men constantly2 took
the place of those who were exhausted. When Cssar knew
that 8his troops had no longer either arms or strength, he
sent six cohorts 4to their assistance and said: " If you can't
hold out, make a sally ; but don't do it unless you have
to." The Gauls on the inside, despairing of all safety, try
to break through the lines6 and use hurdles and dirt 6to fill
the trenches.
1. Latin, "it was struggled most." 2. Latin, "in turn." 3. Latin,

" neither longer arms nor strength were at hand to his." 4. Two
datives. 5. I.e. "fortifications." 6. ad with gerundive.
LESSON CIX
496. The Ablative of Accompaniment. — § 413. a, i (248. 7); B. 222 ;

G. 392; H. 473. 1 ; 474 (419. 1. 1); H-B. 418, 419, 420.
497. The Ablative of Degree of Difference. — § 414 (250) ; B. 223 ; G.
403 ; H. 479 (423) ; H-B. 424.
498. The Ablative of Quality or Characteristic. — § 415. a (251); B.
224; G. 400; H. 473. 2 (419. II) ; H-B. 443.
SYNTAX OF NOUNS 125
499. The English preposition with needs special care in trans

lation ; it may denote —
a. Cause, as in he shook with fear (abl. of cause or the ace.
with propter or ob, sec. 476).
b. Means, as in he slew him with a sword (abl. of means,
sec. 488).
c. Manner, as in he ran with great speed (abl. of manner,
sec. 482).
d. Accompaniment, as in he goes with three legions (abl. of
accompaniment, regularly with cum).
500. Caesar uses the genitive to express quality more than twice
as often as the ablative, and observes the following distinctions : —
a. Numerical statements of measure, number, time, and space
are in the genitive.
b. Parts of the body are in the ablative.
c. Characteristics not included in a or b may be expressed by
either case.

a tergo. in the rear.
novissimum agmen. the rear.
de media nocte. about midnight.
pfla omittere. to drop, or discard, javelins.

502. 1. Caesar was besieging Alesia with all his forces.
2. In the city was Vercingetorix with a great army. 3. Cae
sar's army was smaller by half.1 4. 2 When the battle was the
hottest, he sent Brutus, a youth of great valor, with some
cohorts. 5. 8The more furious the battle was, sthe more
cohorts he brought. 6. In battles Caesar used to wear4
clothing of a conspicuous color. 7. At his arrival our men
dropped their javelins and used their swords. 8. Sedulius,
a leader of great authority6 among the Lemovices, was killed.
9. The cavalry fell upon the fugitives, and 6only a few

returned to the camp in safety. 10. They despaired of
safety because of the flight and slaughter of their allies.7
11. The works around Alesia were of great size.8 12. A
few hours later the cavalry overtook the rear.
1. dimidium. 2. Latin, " when it was fought most violently." 3. quo
. . . eo. 4. I.e. " use." 5. dignitas. 6. pauci alone has the force of
" only a few." 7. May be omitted. 8. magnitudo.
LESSON CX
503. Ablative of Price. — §416, 417. i, c (252); B. 225; G. 404;
H. 478 (422); H-B. 427. 1, 2. R.
504. Ablative of Specification. — §418. a (253); B. 226; G. 397;
H. 480 (424) ; H-B. 441.
505. Ablative with dlgnus and indigm(s. — § 418. b (245. a. 1) ;
B. 226. 2; G. 397. 2; H. 481 (421. Ill); H-B. 442.
506. While price is regularly denoted by the ablative, it should
be remembered that the four genitives tanti. quanti, pluris, and
minoris are used with verbs of buying and selling to denote
indefinite price.

Romanis magno consistere. to cost the Romans a great
price.
praedae nomine. as booty.

508. 1. The victory at Alesia cost1 the Romans a great
price. 2. Calling a council, Vercingetorix 2made a speech
worthy of the highest praise. 3. I offer myself to you,
whether you wish to satisfy the Romans by my death or to
surrender me living. 4. Vercingetorix was surrendered to
Caesar. 5. 8Six years later he was put to death 4at Caesar's
SYNTAX OF NOUNS 127
command. 6. This was unworthy of Caesar. 7. The captives

were divided one to each man as booty. 8. 6For how much
did they sell6 them? For a small sum. 9. The Romans
did not surpass7 the Gauls in valor, but in fortune. 10. He
sent Labienus into winter quarters with two legions. 1 1 . The
other legati he sent 8some into one place and others into
another. 12. Quintus Cicero was more distinguished9 in
war than Marcus. 13. Caesar surpassed7 other generals in
the number of thanksgivings.
1. Cf. text 251 2. 2. orationem habere. 3. Abl. of degree of differ
ence. 4. Cf. cv, sentence 7. 5. Cf. sec. 506. 6. vendo. 7. praesto with
the dat. 8. Cf. lxxxvi, sentence 11. Belarus.
INDEX OF GRAMMATICAL NOTES
Ablative. Absolute, when not Conditions, particular, 227-229.

permissible, 328 ; agency distin conor, constructions after, 131.
guished from means, 483 ; man
ner without cum or modifying Dative. With adjectives, 448 ;
adjective, 485 ; means, 491 ; with compounds, 438 ; posses
quality, 500 ; separation, 477. sion, 443 ; with special verbs,
Adjective agreement with two 431 ; with verbs, general prin
nouns of different genders, 34. ciple, 424.
Adverbial accusative, 467. Demonstrative pronouns, 374.
Agency distinguished from means, dignus, indignus, constructions
483- after, 150.
antequam and priusquam, con dubito, constructions after, 167.
structions after, 197. dum, constructions after, 255.
Appositive, position of, 27. dum, donee, quoad, constructions
Appositive with a locative, 29. after, 202.
Attraction, subjv. of, 293.
General conditions, 240.
Causal clauses, summary of, 176. Genitive. General rule, 404; in
cum causal, 180 ; constructions definite price expressed by tanti,
with, 248 ; meaning whenever, quanti, pluris, minoris, 506 ; qual
193 ; temporal, 192. ity, 500; with adjectives, 410.
Characteristic, relative clauses of, Gerund and gerundive, difference
144, 145. between, 342 ; gerundive of in
Clauses, arrangement of, 17, 23. transitive verbs, 335 ; gerundive
Complementary infinitive, 315. of purpose, 336.
Concessive clauses, force of the
Hindering and opposing, verbs of,
concessive particles, 247.
166.
Conditional clauses of comparison
Hortatory subjunctive, 79.
with ac si, ut si, etc., tenses
employed, 243. Imperative in prohibitions, 99.
Conditions, general, 240. Imperfect indicative, 61.
Conditions in indirect discourse, Indefinite pronouns, summary and
273-275, 282, 283. 289. meaning of, 369.
129
13° LATIN COMPOSITION
Indirect Discourse. Conditions, Price, indefinite, tanti, quanti,

273-275, 282, 283, 289 ; informal, pluris, minoris, 506.
293 ; prohibitions, 267 ; ques Prohibitions, 99 ; in indir. disc, 267.
tions, 266; tenses of infinitive, Pronouns. Agreement of, 41 ;
261, 305 ; verbs introducing, 262. demonstrative, 374 ; indefinite,
Indirect questions, 217-219. 369-
Infinitive. Complementary, verbs Purpose. Expressed by gerun
with, 315; subject of, 468; dive, 336; supine, 353; not by
tenses of, 261, 305 ; present infinitive, 122; relative clauses
translated by English past, 304 ; of, 119, 120; summary of con
with subject accusative, as ob structions, 1 37 ; verbs introduc
ject, 310. ing substantive clauses of, 129,
Integral part, subjv. of, 293. 130.
Interrogatives, 213.
Intransitive verbs made transitive, Quality, genitive and ablative, 500.
457. Questions. In indirect discourse,
ipse as indirect reflexive, 360. 266; indirect, 217-219; rhetori
iubeo, construction after, 131. cal, 90.
qui causal, 181.
Manner, expressed by abl. without quin, quominus, constructions with,
cum or a modifying adj., 485. 166.
Means, ablative of, 491. quo expressing purpose, 121.
quod, substantive clauses intro
Optative subjunctive, 83, 84. duced by, 208, 209.
Participle, tenses lacking, 326; Relativeclauses,generalstatement,

tenses of, 325. 118.
Particular conditions, 227-229. Relative clauses of purpose, 119,
patior, construction after, 131. 120.
Perfect indicative with force of Relative pronoun agreeing with
present, 65. predicate noun, 42 ; cannot be
Perfect participle with force of omitted, 368.
present, 327. Result clauses, 154, 155.
Place, expressions of, general Result, substantive clauses of, 162.
rule, 394. Rhetorical questions, 90.
plus, minus, amplius, longius, con
struction after, 484. Second periphrastic conjugation,
Potential subjunctive, 94, 95. construction with, 334.
Present tense, translation of, 55 ; Separation, ablative of, 477.
with force of future, 56. Sequence of tenses, 106, 107.
INDEX OF GRAMMATICAL NOTES 131
Subjunctive. Hortatory, 79; in to not always a sign of the dative,

independent sentences, 78 ; in 425.
wishes and prayers (optative),
83, 84 ; of integral part or Verbs of asking (peto, postulo,
attraction, 293 ; potential, 94, quaero), construction after, 462.
95; tenses of, 75; translated Verbs of hindering and opposing,
by English indicative, 77 ; with 166.
force of English potential, 176. veto, construction after, 131.
Substantive clauses, summary of,
161; of purpose, 129, 130; of with, how to be translated, 499.
result, 162. Word-Order. Adjective, n; ap-
Supine in -u, 354; in -um, 353. positive, 27; clauses, 17, 23;
common object, 19; common
Temporal clauses, general state subject, 18; demonstratives, 11 ;
ment, 185 ; summary of, 184. emphasis, 4, 3, 10 ; general dis
Tenses. Imperfect, 61 ; more tinction between Latin and Eng
exact in Latin, 71 ; of infini lish, 2 ; general law of euphony,
tive, 261, 305; of participle, 325; 20 ; normal order, 5 ; numerals,
of subjunctive, 75; perfect, 65 ; 1 1 ; rhetorical order, 9 ; sum,
present, 55, 56 ; sequence of, 106, position of, 28 ; words referring
107, m-114. back to a previous sentence, 12.
that, meanings and Latin equiva
lents, 260 ; not rendered after
verbs of saying, 259.

Dooge Latin Composition

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Dooge Latin Composition

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This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized

by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the

GREENOUGH, D'OOGE, AND DANIELL'S

"SECOND YEAR LATIN"

BENJAMIN L. D'OOGE, Ph.D.

GINN & COMPANY

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

GINN & COMPANY-CAM

The purpose of the study of Latin Composition is gener

next follow selected idioms to be memorized, and finally the

it would be well to go at least as far as " The Syntax of

two parts, A and B. The sentences in A are short and dis

I. RULES FOR WORD-ORDER AND SENTENCE-

H. RULES FOR AGREEMENT

HI. THE INDICATIVE MOOD

IV. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN INDEPENDENT

Lesson V. THE IMPERATIVE MOOD pAGE

VI. MOODS AND TENSES IN DEPENDENT AND

VII. MOODS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE

VIII. NOUN AND ADJECTIVE FORMS OF THE VERB

IX. SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS

Lesson X. SYNTAX OF NOUNS Page

I. RULES FOR WORD-ORDER AND SENTENCE-

2. The words of an English sentence stand in a fixed order

SUBJECT FOLLOWED BY ITS MODIFIERS MODIFIERS FOLLOWED BY VERB

1 The Grammars are referred to as follows : § (Allen and Greenough),

5. The normal order of a simple sentence is —

6. IDIOMS AND PHRASES

For Oral Translation — Book I. i

b. From a desire to make clear the connection with a preceding

1 The voice is changed in translation to approximate the emphasis

second sentence Ad eum is placed first because referring to the

14. IDIOMS AND PHRASES

For Oral Translation — Book I. i

Verebantur ne ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur, they feared

21. IDIOMS AND PHRASES

For Oral Translation — Book II. i

23. In narrative prose, clauses follow each other in the order

24. IDIOMS AND PHRASES

For Written Translation — Book II. 2

in Gaul, and that, 1with their usual2 fickleness of mind, they

II. RULES FOR AGREEMENT

30. IDIOMS AND PHRASES

For Oral Translation — Book II. 3

c. The predicate adjective is prevailingly neuter plural when

For Oral Translation — Book II. 4

For Oral Translation — Book II. 4

men. 5. The Nervii had great influence among the other

For Written Translation — Book II. 5

43. IDIOMS AND PHRASES

For Oral Translation — Book II. 6

46. IDIOMS AND PHRASES

For Oral Translation — Book II. 7

49. IDIOMS AND PHRASES

For Oral Translation — Book II. 8

For Written Translation — Book II. 9

III. THE INDICATIVE MOOD

57. IDIOMS AND PHRASES

For Oral Translation — Book II. 10

60. The imperfect may express attempted action, but if there

61. The most important uses of the imperfect are two : —

62. IDIOMS AND PHRASES

For Oral Translation — Book II. 1 1