TURBO MACHINERY

Ahmad Nedal Saleh

0160328
 PART A

Define a Specific speed.

specific speed is an index used to predict desired pump or turbine performance. i.e. it predicts
the general shape of a pumps impeller.

Write down the general energy equation for a system with heat and work transfers and
changes in the internal energy , kinetic energy and datum head.
QE −W = ∆U − ∆( pV )
List out the various laws dealing with the problems of design and operation of turbo
machines.
 Newton's second Law of Motion, Euler's pump and turbine equation for compressible fluids and
Energy conversion.

What is secondary flow in the axial turbine and compressor cascades? Does it lead to a loss
of energy?
The term secondary flows refers to the three-dimensional vortical flow structures that develop
in blade passages due to high turning of the flow and nonuniform inlet total pressure profiles.
extract energy from the fluid which would otherwise be used to rotate the blades or produce
thrust. If these secondary flows can be weakened, more energy would be available for torque and
thrust production. So yes it lead to loss of energy.

Write down the equation for lift, drag forces acting on a turbine blade.

,
A: Swept Area, : Drag force, : Lift force, : fluid velocity, : Coefficient of drag,
: Coefficient of lift, : Density.

Draw a sketch of the two- stage axial flow compressor with inlet guide Vanes.
What is slip factor?
the slip factor is a measure of the fluid slip in the impeller of a compressor or a turbine, mostly
a centrifugal machine.

How is the degree of reaction of an axial turbine stage defined?

Degree of reaction is defined as the ratio of the static pressure drop in the rotor to the static
pressure drop in the stage or as the ratio of static enthalpy drop in the rotor to the static enthalpy
drop in the stage.

Draw an enthalpy-entropy diagram for flow through an IFR turbine stage.

Define Mach Number.

the Mach number is a dimensionless quantity representing the ratio of flow velocity past a
boundary to the local speed of sound.
 Part B

MODULE Velocity
I diagram for a cascade of blades of a
turbine.
Define and classify turbo machine. Comparison of cascade surface static pressure
Velocity distribution on a compressor
cascade blade coefficient distributions.
A turbo machine is basically a rotating machine, which extracts energy or imparts energy to a
continuously flowing stream of fluid by the dynamic action of one or more rotating blade rows.
It consists of the rotating wheel (rotor, runner, impeller), which is immersed in fluid medium.

Explain briefly with the help of neat sketch different types of impellers.

Open impeller. Open impellers have the vanes free on both sides. Open impellers are
structurally weak. They are typically used in small-diameter, inexpensive pumps and pumps
handling suspended solids.
Semi-open impeller. The vanes are free on one side and enclosed on the other. The shroud adds
mechanical strength. They also offer higher efficiencies than open impellers. They can be used in
medium-diameter pumps and with liquids containing small amounts of suspended solids.
Because of minimization of recirculation and other losses, it is very important that a small
clearance exists between the impeller vanes and the casing.
Closed impeller. The vanes are located between the two discs, all in a single casting. They are
used in large pumps with high efficiencies and low required Net Positive Suction Head. They
rely on close-clearance wear rings on the impeller and on the pump casing. The closed impeller
is a more complicated and expensive design not only because of the impeller, but the additional
wear rings are needed.