CENTER FOR DIPLOMA STUDIES

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

REPORT

THE HYDRAULIC JUMPS

GROUP MEMBER

NO. NAME MATRIC NO.

1. MOHAMAD NABIL AIMAN BIN SALIM AA161957
2. MOHAMAD FAHMI BIN ABD HAMID AA160773
3. MIMI ATIKAH HANIM BINTI ANUAR AA160236
4. MIZA RAIMI BINTI MOHD SAF’A AA160972
5. HEW SIEW WAI AA160443
6. LOO JIA YIIN AA160277

LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR/ TUTOR NAME:

EN. KHAIRUL ZAMAN BIN ABDUL MALEK

 THE HYDRAULIC JUMPS

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To investigate the characteristic a standing wave (the hydraulic jump) produced when
waters beneath an undershot weir and to observe the flow patterns obtained.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and skills they
have learned to:
a. Understand the concept and characteristics of hydraulic jump.
b. Understand the factors which influence the hydraulic jump.

3.0 THEORY

When water flowing rapidly changes to slower tranquil flow, a hydraulic jump or standing wave
is produced. This phenomenon can be seen where water shooting under a sluice gate mixes with
deeper water downstream. It occurs when a depth less than critical changes to a depth which is
greater than critical and must be accompanied by loss of energy. An undular jump occurs when
the change in depth is small. The surface of the water undulates in a series of oscillations, which
gradually decay to a region of smooth tranquil flow. A direct jump occurs when the change in
depth is great. The large amount of energy loss produces a zone of extremely turbulent water
before it settles to smooth tranquil flow.

By considering the forces acting within the fluid on either side of a hydraulic jump of unit width
it can be shown that:
 2 2
va  v 
H  d a    d b  b 
2g  2g 

Where, Δ H is the total head loss across jump (energy dissipated) (m), v a is the mean velocity
before jump (m/s), da is the depth of flow before hydraulic jump (m), v b is the mean velocity
after hydraulic jump (m) and db is the depth of flow after hydraulic jump (m). Because the
working section is short, da ≈ d1 and db ≈ d3 . Therefore, simplifying the above equation,

H  d3  d1  4d1d3 .
3

4.0 EQUIPMENTS
1. Self-contained Glass Sided Tilting Flume
2. Adjustable Undershot Weir
3. Instrument Carrier
4. Hook and Point Gauge

Switch panel Hook and point gauge

Flow channel and water tank Water pump

evel adjuster and emergancy switch Gauge rail

Overshot weir controller Overshot weir manual controller

5.0 PROCEDURES
1. Gate set with a 25mm opening and make sure there is no leakage at the gate with a wall
of open channel or turn it clockwise to raise gate and turn counter-clockwise down gate.
2. Switch switches the pump and control valve gate to reach the height of the water (d0) to
the maximum that can prevent the failure f the experiment. Turn clockwise to rise the
door gate and turn counter-clockwise to lower the door gate.
3. Wait and observed the movement of water until the water level is fixed and stable.
4. Rail gate turn slowly and make sure it can from the water jump or turn clockwise to
raise rail gate and turn counter-clockwise down rail gate.
5. Turn rail gate slowly and mak sure it can form a water jump.
6. Water jump should be about this door gate and wait or a moment so that hurdle has been
formed and it still stops (no movement).
7. Take the reading of height of water d1 (front door gate, before the jump).
8. Take the reading of height of water d3 (the back door gate).
9. Take the reading of height of water d0 (the back door gate).
10. Every time you take the height of water should equal the height is set zero at first.
11. The reading of d0, d1, d3 can be taken everywhere but where d1 and d3 should not be
taken place on the vault form.
12. After taking a reading as above, nest step is increased the height of gate opener door to
30mm.
13. Make sure the water jump which was formed as above are still in place that set. If water
movement jump, set the rail gate holder slowly and make sure the jump is on the set.
14. After the jump and keep the water stops, repeat the steps 7, 8, 9 and 10.
15. After taking a reading as above, next step is incresed the height of gate opener door for
35mm, 40mm and 45mm.
16. The pump switch is switched off when the experiment is finished.
6.0 RESULT AND CALCULATION

Weir breadth, b = 0.03m

Weir Upstream Flow Flow Flow

opening flow depth depth rate ∆
∆ V1
depth above below (Q)
jump jump

yg (m) y0 (m) y1 (m) y3 (m) (m3/s)

0.024 0.254 0.0138 0.11 0.00888 0.14662 12.33333 10.62464 7.971014

0.024 0.254 0.0138 0.1 0.00889 0.116033 12.34722 8.408212 7.246377

0.024 0.254 0.0138 0.097 0.0089 0.107562 12.36111 7.794353 7.028986

0.024 0.254 0.0138 0.097 0.00887 0.09417 12.3194 6.823611 6.666667

1. Calculate v1 and plot yg against v1

, = ; A = b x yg

. . . .
= = = =
( . . ) ( . . ) ( . . ) ( . . )

= 12.33 m3/s = 12.35 m3/s =12.36 m3/s =12. 32 m3/s

2. Calculate H / y1 and plot H / y1 against y3 y1

0.14662 0.116033 0.107562 0.09417

= = = =
0.0138 0.0138 0.0138 0.0138

= 10.62 m = 8.41 m = 7.79 m = 6.82 m

 3. Calculate for,

. . . .
= = = =
. . . .
= 7.97 = 7.25 = 7.03 = 6.67

4. Calculate yc and verify y1 < yc < y3

/
yc =

= = = =

0.00888 0.00889 0.0089 0.00887

= = = =
0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
/ / / /
= 0.296 = 0.2963 = 0.2967 = 0.2957

Therefore : Therefore : Therefore : Therefore :

/ / / /
0.296 0.2963 0.2967 0.2957
= = = =
9.81 9.81 9.81 9.81
= 0.2075 m = 0.2076 m = 0.2078 m = 0.2073 m

therefore :
y1 < yc < y3
0.131 < 0.2075 < 0.312

0.132 < 0.2076 < 0.314

0.133 < 0.2078 < 0.318

0.129 < 0.2073 < 0.209

1) Graph yg against v1

V1 = 2.8
2) Graph H / y1 against y3 y1
7.0 DISCUSSION

A hydraulic jump can be viewed as discontinuous waves of all frequencies (wavelengths),

which are generated and propagate from a point near the jump. The
waves propagate both upstream and downstream. Since a large fraction of the waves fall in a
wave length range where they are shallow water gravity waves that move at the same speed for a
given depth, they move upstream at the same rate. However as the water shallows upstream, their
speed drops quickly, limiting the rate at which they can propagate upstream. Shorter
wavelengths, which propagate more slowly than the speed of the wave in the deeper downstream
water, are swept away downstream. A fairly wide range of wavelengths and frequencies are still
present, so Fourier analysis would suggest that a relatively abrupt wave front can be formed and
this is indeed observed in practice.

One of the most important engineering applications of the hydraulic jump is to dissipate
energy in channels, dam spillways, and similar structures so that the excess kinetic energy does
not damage these structures. The energy dissipation or head loss across a hydraulic jump is a
function of the magnitude of the jump. The larger the jump as expressed in the fraction of final
height to initial height, the greater the head loss.
8.0 CONCLUSION

A hydraulic jump experiment was accomplished in a rectangular open channel flume under
the influence of various flow structures. Several experimental runs were accomplished to obtain
y1 by measuring y3 and Q using different flow structures and various gate opening. The
measured values of y1 disagree with the simulated results of former equations. Also, the
measured y1 varies by varying the flow structure for the same y3 and Q that reveals that the
former equations of hydraulic jump should be modified to show the impact of shear force due to
friction between hydraulic jump and bed of water canals. The change in downstream depth is
relevant to the existence of shear force resistance obtained by the flow structure in water canals
that can lead to bed scouring. Regarding open channel flume, the impact of shear force may owe
to the friction between hydraulic jump flow and wall sides. We had achieved the objective of this
experiment. We had investigated the characteristics a standing wave produced when waters
beneath an undershot weir and to observe the flow patterns obtained. The larger is the weir
opening, the larger is the hydraulic jump.

7.0 QUESTIONS

1. Verify the force of the stream on either side of the jump is the same and that the specific
energy curve predicts a loss equal to ΔH dc .
For 1st data:
.
∆ / =
.
= 0.7066 m

Total head of upstream of weir crest, H0 = d0 +

.
= 0.254 +
( . )( . )

= 0.3232 m
 Total head of downstream of weir crest, H3 = d3 +

.
= 0.11 +
( . )( . )

= 0.4791 m
∆H = H0 – H3
= 0.3232 – 0.4791
= -0.1559 m

The difference between theory values with values from experiments is due to carelessness during
conducting the experiment and some unavoidable error.

2. Suggest application where the loss of energy in hydraulic jump would be desirable.
How is the energy dissipated?
 It is use to dissipate energy in the water flowing over hydraulic structures,
therefore it will prevent scouring downstream from the structure.
 Help to increase weight on apron. Besides, by raising the water depth on the
apron it will reduce uplift pressure under a masonry structure.
 Quality for water supplies of the city can be improved through the process of
aeration
 Help to remove air pockets from water supply lines. Moreover, also prevent air
locking.