MINGGU KE 4

DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN

by

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sumatera Utara

Ir. DANIEL R. TERUNA, MT; Ph.D, IP-U
 CONTENT

Introduction

Axial Load Capacity of Columns

Failure of Tied and Spiral Columns

Design Formula

Examples Design of Axially Loaded Columns Formula

Example Photograph of Column Detailing

 Introduction
 shell

core

Longitudinal concrete
bars
ties
spiral

concrete

Tied column spiral column composite column

FIGURE 1 Types of columns.

  Axial Load Capacity of Columns

• It has been known for several decades that the stresses in the
concrete and the reinforcing bars of a column supporting a long-
term load cannot be calculated with any degree of accuracy.

• Modulus of elasticity of the concrete is changing during loading

due to creep and shrinkage. Thus, the parts of the load carried by
the concrete and the steel vary with the magnitude and
duration of the loads.

• At failure, the theoretical ultimate strength or nominal strength

of a short axially loaded column is

 
Pn  0.85 f c' Ag  Ast  Ast f y
  Failure of Tied and Spiral Columns

• Should a short, tied column be loaded until it fails, parts of the

shell or covering concrete will spall off and, unless the ties are
quite closely spaced.

• The longitudinal bars will buckle almost immediately, as their

lateral support (the covering concrete) is gone. Such failures
may often be quite sudden, and apparently they have occurred
rather frequently in structures subjected to earthquake loadings.
• When spiral columns are loaded to failure, the situation is
quite different. The covering concrete or shell will spall off,
but the core will continue to stand, and if the spiral is closely
spaced, the core will be able to resist an appreciable amount
of additional load beyond the load that causes spalling

• The closely spaced loops of the spiral, together with the

longitudinal bars, form a cage that very effectively confines
the concrete

• As a result, the spalling off of the shell of a spiral column

provides a warning that failure is going to occur if the load
is further increased.
 Secondary maximum load
Cover spalls

spiral breaks

spiral column
Load

Tied column

12.5mm 25mm

Displacement
FIGURE 2 axially loaded columns.
Figure 3. column failure
• For this reason, the spiral is designed so that it is just a little
stronger than the shell that is assumed to spall off.


shell strength  0.85 f c' Ag  Ac 
• where Ac is the area of the core, which is considered to
have a diameter that extends from out to out of the spiral:

• By considering the estimated hoop tension that is produced

in spirals due to the lateral pressure from the core and by
tests, it can be shown that spiral steel is at least twice as
effective in increasing the ultimate column capacity as is
longitudinal steel
• Therefore, the strength of the spiral can be computed
approximately by the following expression, in which s is the
percentage of spiral steel:
the area of the core

spiral strength  2 s Ac f yt

• Equating these expressions and solving for the required

percentage of spiral steel, we obtain

 
0.85 f c' Ag  Ac  2 s Ac f yt

 Ag  f c'  Ag  f c'
 s  0.425  1  s  0.45  1
 Ac  f yt  Ac  f yt
(ACI Equation 10-5)
• Once the required percentage of spiral steel is determined, the
spiral may be selected with the expression to follow, in which
s is written in terms of the volume of the steel in one loop:

s  Volume spiral in one loop

Volume of concrete core for a pitch s

as Dc  d b  4as Dc  d b  s

s  

Dc / 4 s
2
 sDc2
db
In this expression, a s is the cross-sectional
area of the spiral bar, Dc is the diameter of
the core out to out of the spiral, and d b is
Dc
the diameter of the spiral bar h
  Code Requirements for Cast-in-Place Columns

• Longitudinal bars

1% Ag  As  8% Ag

To prevent sudden nonductile failure To prevent honeycomb

• Usually the percentage of reinforcement should not exceed 4%

when the bars are to be lap spliced. It is to be remembered that if
the percentage of steel is very high, the bars may be bundled.

• Ties
For longitudinal bars  32mm  10mm
For longitudinal bars > 32mm  13mm
and bundled bars
 Not recommended x x
recommended

> 40mm

x x x x 3 bars bundled

Note: ties shown

• 16 longitudinal bar diameters
dashed may be omitted Required
if x <150mm • 48 tie diameter tie spacing
• Least dimension of column

Fig. 4 Typical tie arrangements

  Design Formula

• For many years, the code specified that such columns had to be
designed for certain minimum moments even though no
calculated moments were present.
h
• In today’s code, minimum eccentricities
b are not specified, but the same objective is
accomplished by requiring that theoretical
e P
axial load capacities be multiplied by a
factor, which is equal to 0.85 for spiral
columns and 0.80 for tied columns
P
M  Pe
 
Pn  0.85 0.85 f c' Ag  Ast   Ast f y  (ACI Equation 10-1)


Pn  0.80 0.85 f c' Ag  Ast   Ast f y  (ACI Equation 10-2)

• It is to be clearly understood that the preceding expressions

are to be used only when the moment is quite small or when
there is no calculated moment.

Note: e is less than 0.10h for tied columns or less than 0.05h
for spiral columns.
  Examples Design of Axially Loaded Columns Formula

• Solusi


Pn  0.80 0.85 f c' Ag  Ast   Ast f y 

Pn  0.80 x0.650.85x25Ag  0.02 Ag   0.02 Ag (400)

2600000  14.989 Ag  Ag  173460mm 2

Use 400mm x 400mm ( Ag  160000mm 2 )

• Selecting Longitudinal Bars

Pn  0.80 x0.650.85x25Ag  0.02 Ag   0.02 Ag (400)

2600000  0.80 x0.650.85x25160000  Ast   Ast (400)

2600000  0.80 x0.653400000  21.25 Ast  400 Ast 

Ast  4224mm 2 Use 12 D-22 mm ( Ast  4560mm 2 )

1%  Apr  4560mm 2  8%
400mm
12 D-22

Stirrup
10mm

400mm
 Examples Column detailing