Compression Theory AISC

Developed by Scott Civjan
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
1
INDIVIDUAL COLUMN
Compression Theory 2
Squash Load
Fully Yielded Cross Section
When a short, stocky column is loaded the strength is limited by
the yielding of the entire cross section.
Absence of residual stress, all fibers of cross-section yield

simultaneously at P/A=Fy.
P=FyA P
L0 D
eyL0 D
P
RESIDUAL STRESSES
Results in a reduction in the effective

stiffness of the cross section, but the
ultimate squash load is unchanged.
Reduction in effective stiffness can

influence onset of buckling.
RESIDUAL STRESSES
With residual stresses, flange tips yield first at

P/A + residual stress = Fy
Gradually get yield of entire cross section.
Stiffness is reduced after 1st yield.
No Residual Stress
P=FyA
eyL0 D
= Yielded
RESIDUAL STRESSES Steel

P/A + residual stress = Fy 1
No Residual Stress
P=FyA
P=(Fy-Fres)A
1
eyL0 D
= Yielded

No Residual Stress 2
P=FyA
2
P=(Fy-Fres)A
1
eyL0 D
= Yielded

P=FyA
3
2
P=(Fy-Fres)A
1
3
eyL0 D
= Yielded

P=FyA 4
3
2 Effects of Residual
P=(Fy-Fres)A Stress
1
3
eyL0 D
Compression Theory 4 10
Euler Buckling
Euler Buckling
Assumptions:
• Column is pin-ended.
• Column is initially perfectly straight.
• Load is at centroid.
• Material is linearly elastic (no yielding).
• Member bends about principal axis (no twisting).
• Plane sections remain Plane.
• Small Deflection Theory.
Euler Buckling
P P
Bifurcation Point
π EI
2
PE =
L2
Stable Equilibrium
D D
s E
e
Euler Buckling
Dependent on Imin and L2.

Independent of Fy.
For similar unbraced length in each direction,

“minor axis” (Iy in a W-shape) will control strength.
π 2 EI x
PE 2
Major axis buckling
L
π 2 EI y
L2
Minor axis buckling
L
Euler Buckling
Re-write in terms of stress:
π 2
PE = EI
L2 π 2 EI
divide by A, PE/A = AL2 , then with r2 = I/A,
π2E
( )
PE/A = FE = 2
L
r
FE = Euler (elastic) buckling stress
L/r = slenderness ratio
Euler Buckling
Buckling controlled by largest value of L/r.

Most slender section buckles first.
Fy π2E
( )
L
r
2
FE
L/r
EULER ASSUMPTIONS
(ACTUAL BEHAVIOR)
Initial Crookedness/Out of Straight
D0 = initial mid-span deflection of column
Do Do
M = PDo
P
P
Do= 0
π 2 EI
PE = 2
L
Do D
P
Do= 0
π 2 EI
PE = 2
L Elastic theory
Do D
P
Do= 0
π 2 EI
PE = 2
L Elastic theory
Actual Behavior
Do D
Buckling is not instantaneous.
Additional stresses due to bending of the column,
P/A  Mc/I.
Assuming elastic material theory (never yields),
P approaches PE.
Actually, some strength loss
small D0 => small loss in strength
large D0 => strength loss can be substantial
ASTM limits of D0 = L/1000 or 0.25” in 20 feet
Typical values are D0 = L/1500 or 0.15” in 20 feet
Load Eccentricity
e
P P
Do= 0
π 2 EI
PE = 2
L
Elastic theory
L D
D D
Load Eccentricity
e
P P
Do= 0
π 2 EI
PE = 2
L
Elastic theory
L D
Actual Behavior
D D
Load Eccentricity
Buckling is not instantaneous.
Additional stresses due to bending of the column,
P/A  Mc/I.
Assuming elastic material theory (never yields),
P approaches PE.
Actually, some strength loss
small e => small loss in strength
large e => strength loss can be substantial
If moment is “significant” section must be designed
as a member subjected to combined loads.
End Restraint (Fixed)
Set up equilibrium and solve
similarly to Euler buckling EXAMPLE
derivation.
Determine a “K-factor.” 4π 2 EI π 2 EI
PE = 2
=
L (1 / 2 L) 2
π 2 EI
Pe = KL
( KL )
2 Similar to pin-pin,
with L’ = L/2.
π EI
2
Load Strength =
Fe =
( KL r )
2 4 times as large.
End Restraint (Fixed)
Effective Length = KL
Length of equivalent pin ended

column with similar elastic
buckling load,
Distance between points of

inflection in the buckled shape.
Handout on K-factors
EquivalentLength.pdf
Inelastic Material Effects
Fy
s ET= Tangent Modulus

(Fy-Fres)
E
e
Test Results from an Axially Loaded Stub Column
Elastic Behavior
π E
2
Fe = 2
 KL 
 
 r 
KL/r
π 2 ET
Fc = 2
 KL 
Fy  
 r 
π2E
Fe =
Fy-Fres Inelastic  KL 
2
 
 r 
Elastic
s
KL/r
π 2 ET
Fc = 2
 KL 
Fy  
 r 
π2E
Fe =
Fy-Fres Inelastic  KL 
2
 
 r 
Elastic
s
KL/r
Two classes of buckling:
Elastic Buckling: ET = E
No yielding prior to buckling
Fe  Fy-Fres(max)
Fe = predicts buckling (EULER BUCKLING)
Inelastic Buckling:
Some yielding/loss of stiffness prior to buckling
Fe > Fy-Fres(max)
Fc - predicts buckling (INELASTIC BUCKLING)
Overall Column Strength
Fy
π2E
FE = 2
 KL 
 
 r 
Experimental Data
KL/r
Inelastic Material effects

Including Residual Stresses
Fy
π2E
FE = 2
 KL 
 
 r 
Experimental Data
KL/r Out of Straightness
Major factors determining strength:

1) Slenderness (L/r).
2) End restraint (K factors).
3) Initial crookedness or load eccentricity.
4) Prior yielding or residual stresses.
The latter 2 items are highly variable between specimens.
LOCAL BUCKLING
Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling
Flange is restrained by the web at one edge.
Failure is localized at areas of high stress

(maximum moment) or imperfections.


Web is restrained by the flanges.
Failure is localized at
areas of high stress
(maximum moment) or
imperfections.
(maximum moment) or
imperfections.
(maximum moment) or
imperfections.
FULL STRUCTURE BEHAVIOR
ALIGNMENT CHART
OR
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHODS
ALIGNMENT CHART
“Traditional Method”
Determine effective length, KL,

for each column.
Basis for design similar to

individual columns.
Does not redistribute restraining

moments into girders/beams.
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD
Analysis of entire structure interaction.
Include lateral “Notional” loads.
Reduce stiffness of structure.
All members must be evaluated under combined

axial and flexural load.
No K values required.
ALIGNMENT CHART METHOD
IS USED FOR THE FOLLOWING
SLIDES
ALIGNMENT CHART
“Traditional Method”
Determine effective length, KL,

for each column.
Basis for design similar to

individual columns.
Does not redistribute restraining

moments into girders/beams.
K-FACTORS FOR END CONSTRAINTS
No Joint Translation Allowed – Sidesway Inhibited

0.5  K  1.0
Joint Translation Allowed – Sidesway Uninhibited

1.0  K  
K-FACTORS FOR END CONSTRAINTS
Two categories,
Braced Frames, 0.5  K  1.0
Sway Frames, K ≥ 1.0
Behavior of individual column unchanged

(Frame merely provides end conditions).
Sidesway Prevented
Floors do not translate relative

to one another in-plane.
Typically, members are pin

connected to save cost.
Sidesway Prevented
Assume girder/beam
K=0.5 K=0.7 infinitely rigid or
flexible compared to
columns to bound
results.
K=0.7 K=1
Sidesway Prevented
Idealized Equivalent
Shear
Wall
Sidesway Prevented
Shear
Wall
Sidesway Prevented
Shear
Wall
Sidesway Prevented
Typically, members are pin-connected to save cost (K = 1).
If members include fixity at connections,

Alignment Chart Method to account for rotational restraint (K < 1).
Typical design will assume K = 1 as a conservative upper bound

(actual K ≈ 0.8 not much difference from K = 1 in design).
Sway Frame
Floors can translate relative to

one another in-plane.
Enough members are fixed to

provide stability.
Number of moment frames

chosen to provide reasonable
force distribution and
redundancy.
Sway Frame
K=1 K=2 Assume girder/beam

infinitely rigid or
flexible compared to
columns to bound
results.
K=2 K=∞
Sway Frame
Moment Frame
Sway Frame
Moment Frame
Sway Frame
Moment Frame
Alignment Charts
Calculate “G” at the top and bottom of the column (GA and GB).
 EI 
  L 
G= columns
 EI 
  L 
girders
I = moment of inertia of the members

L = length of the member between joints
G is inversely proportional to the degree

of rotational restraint at column ends.
Alignment Charts
Sidesway Inhibited Sidesway UnInhibited

(Braced Frame) (Sway Frame)
Separate Charts for Sidesway Inhibited and Uninhibited

Alignment Charts
X Gtop
GbottomX
Gtop
X
X
Gbottom


Alignment Charts
X Gtop
K
GbottomX
Gtop
X
K
X
Gbottom


Alignment Charts
Only include members RIGIDLY

ATTACHED (pin ended members are
not included in G calculations).
Use the IN-PLANE stiffness Ix if in major axis

direction, Iy if in minor axis.
Girders/Beams are typically bending about Ix
when column restraint is considered.
If column base is “pinned” – theoretical G = ∞.

AISC recommends use of 10.
If column base is “fixed” – theoretical G = 0.
AISC recommends use of 1.
Alignment Charts
ALIGNMENT CHART ASSUMPTIONS:
1) Behavior is purely elastic.
2) All members have constant cross section.
3) All joints are rigid.
4) Sidesway Inhibited (Braced) – single curvature bending of
girders.
5) Sidesway Uninhibited (Sway) – reverse curvature bending of
girders.
6) Stiffness parameter of all columns is equal.
7) Joint restraint is distributed to columns above and below the joint
in proportion to EI/L of the columns.
8) All columns buckle simultaneously.
9) No significant axial compression force exists in the girders.
Alignment Charts
Let’s evaluate the assumptions.
Alignment Charts
girders.
girders.
Alignment Charts
If the column behavior is inelastic,
Yielding decreases stiffness of the column.
Relative joint restraint of the girders increases.
G therefore decreases, as does K.
Decrease is typically small.
Conservative to ignore effects.
Can account for effects by using a

stiffness reduction factor (SRF), t, times G.
(SRF Table 4-13)
Alignment Charts
girders.
girders.
Alignment Charts
Only include members RIGIDLY

ATTACHED (pin ended members are not
included in G calculations).
Partial restraint of connections and non-

uniform members effectively change the
rotational stiffness at the connections.
These conditions can be directly accounted

for, but are generally avoided in design.
Alignment Charts
girders.
girders.
Alignment Charts
Calculation of G accounts for rotational stiffness

restraint at each joint based on assumed bending.
For other conditions include a correction factor

“m” to account for actual rotational stiffness of the
girder at the joint.
 EI 
  L 
G= columns
 EI 
  m L 
girders
Alignment Charts
Sidesway Inhibited (Braced)

Bending Stiffness =
2EI Assumption: single curvature
L bending of girder.
3EI
Bending Stiffness = Far end pinned
L
m = (3EI/L)/(2EI/L) = 1.5
4EI
Bending Stiffness =
L Far end fixed
m = (4EI/L)/(2EI/L) = 2
Alignment Charts
Sidesway Uninhibited (Sway)

6EI Assumption: reverse curvature
Bending Stiffness =
L bending of girder.
3EI
Bending Stiffness =
L
Far end pinned
m = (3EI/L)/(6EI/L) = 1/2
4EI
Bending Stiffness = Far end fixed
L
m = (4EI/L)/(6EI/L) = 2/3
77
Compression Theory
Alignment Charts
girders.
girders.
Alignment Charts
In general, columns are chosen to be a similar size for more

than one story. For each column section this results in sections
with extra strength in upper floors, and close to their strength
in lower floors.
Design typically checks each story

independently, based on these assumptions.
Actual conditions can be directly accounted

for, but are generally ignored in design.
Alignment Charts
girders.
girders.
Alignment Charts
In a story not all columns will be loaded to their full strength.

Some are ready to buckle, while others have additional strength.
An extreme case of this is a “leaner” column.
This case will be addressed first, with the

concept valid for general conditions as well.
“LEANER” COLUMNS
Leaner Columns
Moment Frame Leaner

Columns
For this structure note that the right columns are pinned
at each connection, and provide no bending restraint.
Theoretically G at top and bottom is infinite.
Leaner Columns
For Leaner Columns:
G top= Infinity
G bottom= Infinity
Therefore K= Infinity
KL= Infinite
So the column has no strength

according to the alignment chart
Theoretically the column has an infinite KL.

Therefore, the strength should be zero.
Leaner Columns
Consider only applying a small load to the right columns
Moment Leaner
Frame Columns
Leaner Columns
Consider only applying a small load to the right columns
Moment Leaner
Frame Columns
Surely a small load could be applied without causing
instability! (Due to connection to the rest of the structure)
Leaner Columns
PA PA
K = infinity K < infinity

fPn = zero fPn > zero
Chart Actual Condition
Provided that the moment frame is not loaded to its full

strength, it can provide some lateral restraint to the leaner
columns. This is indicated by the spring in the figure above.
Leaner Columns
PD/H D P
PD/H
Note that the result of a vertical force trying to translate

through displacement, D, is a lateral load of value PD/H
applied to the system.
Leaner Columns
P2 P3 P4
P1
1 2 3 4
leaner
ΣP = ΣPe
ΣP = P1+P2+P3+P4
ΣPe = P1e+P2e+P3e+P4e=P1e+P4e
In the elastic range, the “Sum of Forces” concept states that
the total column capacities can be re-distributed
Leaner Columns
P2 P3 P4
P1
1 2 3 4
leaner
If P2 = P2e
Reach failure even if
ΣP < ΣPe
However, the total load on a leaner column still must not
exceed the non-sway strength.
Leaner Columns
Actual design considers inelastic behavior of the sections,

but the basic concept is the same.
A system of columns for each story should be considered.
The strength of the story is the load

which would cause all columns to sway.
The strength of an individual column is

the load which would cause it to buckle
in the non-sway mode (K=1).
EXAMPLE DEMONSTRATION –
SEE YURA VIDEOS
Alignment Chart
In general, each story is a system of columns which are loaded to

varying degrees of their limiting strength.
Those with additional strength can provide

lateral support to those which are at their
sidesway buckling strength.
Once the limit against lateral buckling and

lateral restraint is reached, the entire story
will exhibit sidesway buckling.
Alignment Chart
girders.
girders.
Alignment Chart
Axial load reduces bending stiffness of a section.
In girders, account for this with reduction factor on EI/L.
Alignment Chart
It is helpful to think in terms of members controlled by axial

force or bending, rather than “girders” and “columns.”
If axial load dominates, consider member a

“column” with extra strength to prevent the
story from buckling (sum of forces approach).
If bending load dominates, consider the

member a “girder” with reduced rotational
stiffness at the joint (axial load reduction).
IS USED FOR THE FOLLOWING
SLIDES
Analysis of entire structure interaction.
Include lateral “Notional” loads.
Reduce stiffness of structure.
No K values required.
Further evaluation of this method is

included in the module on “Combined
Forces.”

Compression Theory AISC

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Developed by Scott Civjan

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Absence of residual stress, all fibers of cross-section yield

Results in a reduction in the effective

Reduction in effective stiffness can

With residual stresses, flange tips yield first at

Stiffness is reduced after 1st yield.

With residual stresses, flange tips yield first at

Stiffness is reduced after 1st yield.

With residual stresses, flange tips yield first at

Stiffness is reduced after 1st yield.

With residual stresses, flange tips yield first at

Stiffness is reduced after 1st yield.

With residual stresses, flange tips yield first at

Stiffness is reduced after 1st yield.

Dependent on Imin and L2.

For similar unbraced length in each direction,

Re-write in terms of stress:

Buckling controlled by largest value of L/r.

Length of equivalent pin ended

Distance between points of

s ET= Tangent Modulus

Two classes of buckling:

Inelastic Material effects

KL/r Out of Straightness

Major factors determining strength:

The latter 2 items are highly variable between specimens.

Flange is restrained by the web at one edge.

Failure is localized at areas of high stress

Flange is restrained by the web at one edge.

Failure is localized at areas of high stress

Flange is restrained by the web at one edge.

Failure is localized at areas of high stress

Web is restrained by the flanges.

Web is restrained by the flanges.

Web is restrained by the flanges.

Determine effective length, KL,

Basis for design similar to

Does not redistribute restraining

Analysis of entire structure interaction.

Include lateral “Notional” loads.

Reduce stiffness of structure.

All members must be evaluated under combined

Determine effective length, KL,

Basis for design similar to

Does not redistribute restraining

No Joint Translation Allowed – Sidesway Inhibited

Joint Translation Allowed – Sidesway Uninhibited

Behavior of individual column unchanged

Floors do not translate relative

Typically, members are pin

Typically, members are pin-connected to save cost (K = 1).

If members include fixity at connections,

Typical design will assume K = 1 as a conservative upper bound

Floors can translate relative to

Enough members are fixed to

Number of moment frames

K=1 K=2 Assume girder/beam

I = moment of inertia of the members

G is inversely proportional to the degree

Sidesway Inhibited Sidesway UnInhibited

Separate Charts for Sidesway Inhibited and Uninhibited

Sidesway Inhibited Sidesway UnInhibited

Separate Charts for Sidesway Inhibited and Uninhibited