College of Engineering , Design

and Physical Sciences, 2014

>> Design
to Reach.
>> A practical guide to facilitate selecting and applying of “Human Centred Design”
tools and methods in the design process.

by Ammer Harb
>> Design
to Reach.

>> A practical guide to facilitate

selecting and applying of “Human
Centred Design” tools and methods
in the design process.

Ammer Harb BSc, MSc

>> Copyright Statement
This document represents the outcome of thesis submission in fulfillment for the requirments of
Master of Science degree at the Brunel University. This copy has been supplied for the purpose of
research for private study, on the understanding that it is copyrighted material, and that no quotation
from this document may be published without the proper acknowledgement and without a written
permission from the author.
 >>ABSTRACT
>> Design has never been a straightforward process, design is an iterative process,
contextual, experimental and most of the time intangible; hence then academics
and experienced design practitioners developed design tools and methods to help
designers go through the process efficiently and to achieve usable products in a
systematic manner.

>> Over the past decade has become a plethora of toolkits and method collections
for Human Centred Design available for designers to facilitate the design process.
However, unfortunately, a very limited uptake for these toolkits and methods was
evident as It has been very difficult for product design practitioners to select from this
enormous number of tools and methods (more than 250 have been identified) on a
solid criteria yet they actually tend to select the most common ones and the ones they
are familiar with as well as not knowing exactly how to apply the tools properly.

>> In this project the researcher is tackling the problem of selecting and applying
Human Centred Design tools and methods in the design process. This document
describes the outcome of a process of systematic research enquiry which produced
a new knowledge in the form of a practical interactive guiding application for product
designers called (Design to Reach), the aim of this application is to facilitate the
selection and application of Human Centred Design tools and methods.

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

4
 >>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
>> First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor and mentor
at Brunel University; Prof. Joseph Giacomin who helped me
throughout this project. I would like to thank him for his
support during the entire period of writing my Master’s degree
thesis and tackling this challenging topic, he has always been
an honest, enthusiastic and insightful guide.
I would also like to thank Dr. Marcus Abbott for his very
informative, useful and detailed feedback after the VIVA VOCE
presentation, the feedback evoked a new discussion and
highlighted many points I wouldn’t have thought of unless
noted.
I would like to extend my thanks to Dr. Fabrizio Ceschin for
his useful comments during the VIVA VOCE presentation, and
for leading the dissertation module, I would also like to thank
Mr. Stephen Green for leading the Integrated Product Design
course, he has always been a really good tutor providing advice
and support since day one.
5
I would also like to thank Cambridge University researchers
who are behind the “Inclusive Design Toolkit”: Dr. Joy Deane
and Dr. Sam Waller for their helpful insights, support and for
welcoming me at the Engineering Design Centre at Cambridge
University, I would also like to thank Katie Kornish for the very
useful insights and for being very helpful and supportive.
Can’t turn the page without thanking Dr. Geke van Dijk and
Megha Wadhawan; the designers from STBY who are behind
The “Development, Impact and You” toolkit, who also were
very generous in providing me with useful insights.
Thank you,
The Author
Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014
 >>HCDTOOLS AND METHODS
The growing interest in Human Centred Design (HCD) As a part of this exploratory research the researcher
has fostered academics and practitioners to develop attempted to identify the current available HCD tools
tools and methods to be used as techniques to involve and methods. The researcher identified 259 tools and
people in the HCD Process. The need to involve actual methods available currently ( table 1).
users, often in the environment in which they would
use the product being designed, was a natural evolution In this collective table (table 1) the researcher categorized
in the field of HCD. Users became a central part of the the tools/methods based on the toolkits and collections
development process. Their involvement lead to more they are included in. Repeated tools in this table are only
effective, efficient, and safer products and contributed to mentioned once.
the acceptance and success of products (Preece, Rogers,
& Sharp, 2002, Cited in Abras et al. 2005).
In 2005, Stanton et al. identified more than 200 human
factors tools and methods, the researcher, himself,
identified 259 tools and methods. This toolbox continues
to expand as new tools are developed to accurately,
efficiently and creatively access, collect and communicate
the information desired from users (Tidball et al. 2010).

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

6
 The Methods Lab

IDEO HCD Toolkit

UsabilityPlanner

Inclusive design

- Innovating for
Mindlab toolkit

LUMA institute
IDEO Method

workprocess
Usabilitybok
usabilitynet

DIY Toolkit
Rotterdam
University
Generic

people
toolkit
Cards

KAIST
Title

Activity Analysis Unfocus Group Stakeholder Field Study Era Analysis Group Interview Demographic Future Workshop Physical Inspirational Observe Interviewing Innovation Flowchart
Opinion Polls Methods communication Users
Word-Concept Meeting Means Ends Community-Driven Research Preliminary field Ergonomics Contextual Inquiry Evidence Planning
Immersive Affinity Diagrams
Association Planning Use Case Analysis Discovery Field visit Service Journeys Describe User Walk-a-mile Swot Analysis
Experience Anthropometric Develop
Behavior Sampling Competitor GOMS Road Map Expert Interviews Ethnography Photo Study Journeys Immersion
Lead User Analysis Prototypes Learning Loop
Analysis Hierarchical Anecdote Circle Seek Inspiration in Photo Braindrawing Capture What’s-on-your-
Longitudinal Character Profiles Wireframe Experience Tour
Be Your Customer User Surveys Task Analysis Cognitive new places Ethnography In-depth analysis needs list Rader?
Analysis Cognitive Task Claims Analysis Problem Definition
Bodystorming Evaluting Prototype Walkthrough Interview Guide Digital of work and Present Build-your-Own
Video Analysis Congnitive Evidence Causes Diagram
exisisting Testing Plan Context Mapping Sacrificial Concept Ethnography lifestyles Buy-a-Feature
ethnography Empathy Tools Walkthrough Theory of chance
Competitive systems Prototyping Mini Focus Group Estimate
Experience Future Narratives Interview Field Observation Journaling
Direct Product Survey Methods Interviews Formative Exclusion Question Ladder
Prototype Task Analysis Zmet Techniques and enthography Usability Testing
Observation Cross-Cultural Evaluation Test with Storyworld
One On One
Tools and Methods

Informance Design Usability AEIOU Beginner’s Mind Consult Heuristic Review

individual Comparisons Inspection Interviews Sumative Experts People & Connection maps
Guidelines Observe vs. Stakeholders
interviews Paper Prototyping Compelling Evaluation A/B Testing
Error Analysis Parallel Design Methods
Interpret Super Group Human Factors Agree Criteria Target Group
Focus Groups Predict Next Year’s Experiences Usability System Usabiliyy
Flow Analysis Evaluate Interviews Analysis Promises & Potential Map
Conjoint Headlines Framework Participatory Co- Walkthrough Scale
Historical Prototype Design Triad Interviews Context of Use Creative Workshop
Techniques Quick-and-Dirty Teaching Method Stakeholder Mapping
Analysis Wizard of Oz Empathic Design Party Groups Analysis Satisfaction Fast Idea Generator
Prototyping Function Persona Profiles
Long-Range Interface Design Interviews Plan to achieve Questionnaire Thinking Hats
Role-Playing Structure Extract key Insights Experience
Forecasts Patterns Contextual and maintain Work Domain Value Mapping
Scale Modeling Behavioral Diagramming
Style Guides Design usability
A Day in the Life Scenarios Prototype Analysis Improvement Triggers
Find Themes Waterfall Method Success Critical Concept Mapping
Behavioral Diagnostic Eye Tracking Workload Prototype Testing Plan
Scenario Testing Create Frameworks Visual Stakeholder Bull’s-eye
Archaeology Evaluation Analysis Assessment Blueprint
Try it Yourself Track Indicators Anthropology Identification Diagramming
Behavioral Performance Feature
Evaluate Outcomes Psychographics Work Context Importance/Difficulty
Mapping Testing Inspection
Analysis Matrix
Subjective Value Proposition Self - Documen- Color Theory
Fly on the Wall Event Data Visualize-the-Vote
Evaluation tation Triangulation
Guided Tours Analysis Problem Tree Analysis
Critical Incidence User-Centered
Personal Technique Design Game Usability Statement Starters
Inventory benchmarking Abstraction Laddering
Pleasure Consistency
Rapid Inspections Develop Rose,Bud,Thorn
Post release
Ethnography Simulations
testing Thinking Aloud Thumbnail Sketching
Shadowing Personas
Subjective Retrospective Creative Matrix
Social Network Assessment Testing Establish
Round Robin
Mapping performance
Remote Coaching Method Alternative Worlds
and satisfaction
Still-Photo Survey Evaluation Co-discovery goals for specific Storyboarding
Time-Lapse Video Learning scenarios of use Schematic
Camera Journal User Goal Define detailed Diagramming
Card Sort Analysis user interface Apperance Modeling
Cognitive Maps Mindmap(Idea requirements Concept Posters
Generation) Prioritize
Collage Video Scenarios
Usability requirements
Conceptual Cover Story Mock-ups
Engineering Life Identify and
Landscape Cycle Quick Reference
analyse
Cultural Probes Guides
Essential Use success critical
Draw the Cases stakeholder
Experience Design Comics requirements
Extreme User Test Plan For Common industry
Interviews Usability Testing specification
Five whys? Mockups for usability
requirements
Foreign Greeking
Quality Function
Correspondents Design Rationale
Deployment
Narration Usability Goals
Function
Surveys & User Experience Allocation/Task
Questionnaires Goals Allocation
Forcing Functions Generate Design
Site Maps Options
Acceptance Tests
User Data
Logging

(Table 1) Collective table of current HCD tools and methods

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014
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 >>TOOLKITS AND COLLECTIONS
The ‘toolkit’ concept is increasingly common in design,
Lockton (2013) identifies the toolkit, simply, as a
collection of ‘ways of doing things’ during the design
process in the context concerned, such as templates for
particular methods, suggested activities, and examples of
implementing particular principles in practice.
Several attempts have been carried out in order to collate
and gather HCD tools and methods, some of them in a
form of academic studies and others as tools and web
applications. Yet, due to the variety of these attempts and
purposes of doing them (Product Design, Service Design
and Human Computer Interaction systems) there have
a been a significant differences in choosing terminology
and/or classification methods. As a part of this exploratory
research the researcher attempted to review the current
toolkits, collections and frameworks available to use.
It is important to note that there is a similar attempt
by (Tidball et al. 2010), yet the study wasn’t thorough
enough,including outdated toolkits as well as focusing on
HCI (Human Computer Interaction). This study followed a
similar structure of the comparison.
8
In order to carry out this study, the researcher has done
a thorough search for toolkits, collections and models
as web and literature based investigation. The literature
web search focused on HCD, UCD, Usability as well as ISO
standards for HCD process and methodologies. The web
searches were conducted using “Google” search with the
key words of ‘Human Centred Design’ tools, methods,
‘User Centred Design’, ‘Selecting Human Centred Design
methods’, ‘Usability’, ‘Human Factors’, ‘Inclusive Design’,
‘Collections’, ‘toolkits’ and ‘Guidelines’.
The attempts have been investigated in terms of: Number
of tools included, categorisation of tools, Medium/
Structure of presentation (cards, matrix, or diagram)
and the information included on each tool. 12 toolkits
were included in the comparison while 7 has been fully
investigated and reviewed based on the mentioned
criteria. The comparison has been gathered in a matrix
(table 2)
Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014
 IDEO HCD Toolkit
The Methods Lab

UsabilityPlanner

Inclusive design
Rotterdam Uni-

- Innovating for
Mindlab toolkit

LUMA institute
versity Generic
IDEO Method

workprocess
Usabilitybok
usabilitynet

DIY Toolkit
people
toolkit
Cards

KAIST
Title

No. of tools or
16 51 39 40 42 16 92 66 12 16 36 30
methods

Web
Web web
Method cards application Booklet Website Method
Form Website application ( Matrix Application Website Method Cards Website
(printed) (dropdown (printed) (Table) Cards
table) (wizard)
menu)
Categorisation (Intended goal of (Intended goal (Design phases) (Mixture (Design Phases) (Design (Design phases) (Design (Mixed Design (Design (Intended goal of On methods’
methd usage) of method between dimension phases) phases) Phases and Phases) method usage) Intended goal
usage) planning and intended goal Research and intnded goal of (-Look Ahead
Future Creator Feasibility of methos Programming Hear analysis concept method usage) Manage Looking -Develop a
Imagine and act out Learn Requirments usage and Research Create Concept Design Planning Explore Understanding clear
Proffessional Look Design Design Analysis Deliver Develop Understanding ( Scoping and Create Making Plan
trackers Direct Ask Implemntation phases) Devleopment Implement needs project design) Evaluate -Clarify my
design experience Try Test and verification Requirments Learning about priorties
Co design measure Post Planning Analyse users -Collect inputs
Co-research - release. User research requirments Analysis from others
Expert observation Requirements Factors influencing Design Idea and -Know the
Stimulus and Cognitive the process (4Ps Devlopment concept people I’m
interview - models (Dimension) Test of new working with
Current customer Task analysis concepts -Generate new
information Design Project Ideas
Usability Product -Test and
evaluation. Participant improve
Present -Sustain and
implement

Time
Information Difficulty, Description, Description, quick
How, Why and Description, Description and Description/
included in each Description N/A Steps, Tips purpose, points N/A Description Description guide steps, and
brief case study method , variation how to Case studies
tool and warnings, of interest tips
case studies.

Limited time / ( Project

Warnings
Resources - no constraints,
Constraints (if and tips
NA N/A direct access to N/A NA NA User NA NA N/A NA
any) (but not
users - limited onstraints,
constraints)
skills/expertise) Task)

Year of
1999 2003 2003 2005 2007 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2012 2014
production

* N/A Not Available

1999 (Table 2) Extensive review of HCD toolkits temporal matrix 2014

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

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 >>THE PROBLEM, THE GAP AND THE
OPPORTUNITY
The diversity of the HCD tools and methods, and the lack
of easy to use rules for selecting and applying them make
selecting and planning of HCD activities a hard task with
little or no support available instruction (Bevan 2010). A
diverse group of models, collections, and toolkits have
emerged to support the use of HCD tools and methods.
However, unfortunately, the growing number of tools,
along with the growing complexity of interactions,
complicates practitioners’, students’ and educators’ ability
to gain awareness and later to select and apply the most
appropriate tools (Tidball et al. 2010).
According to Bevan (2010), there is a wide literature on
the reliability and value of different usability methods;
but little has been published on how to select the most
appropriate methods, although some collections of
methods do state their advantages and disadvantages.
Bevan (2010) highlighted that the existing toolkits and
collections require considerable existing expertise to
know in what circumstances it is appropriate to use any
HCD method, and what subset of methods might be
10
appropriate in a particular situation. This is actually
highlighting the problem of selecting the tools and
methods. Tidball et al. (2010) also noted that practitioners
indicate a need to have ready-to-use methods, complete
with cost estimate and argumentation to sell them (to
management).
To sum up the previous argument the researcher
highlighted the problem in the following aspects:
1. There is no precise guidance regarding the selection
and application process of HCD tools and methods.
2. There is no information regarding the application
process of tools or what are the factors included to
perform a tool properly.
3. Language is forming a big problem as tools or toolkits
being done with very scientific language which is very
difficult to interpret.
4. Intuitiveness and ease of use of the tools is a big issue.
In order to support the problem statement, a questionnaire
survey has been made and sent to designers to get
feedback regarding the problem.
Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014
 >>PATRICIPATORY CARD-SORTING
WORKSHOP
Based on the comparative study mentioned above (table
2) the researcher identified the main categories used in
the current available HCD toolkits and collections (Table
3) , these categories have been written on a set of cards,
then designers were asked to categorise the tasks in
regard to specific card sorting tasks.
Hanington, Martin (2012) justify using card sorting
techniques by “When user comprehension and meaningful
categorization is critical, card sorting can help clarify” they
also identified it as “a participatory design technique that
you can use to explore how participants group items
into categories and relate concepts to one another”, in
this workshop; card sorting have been used as to identify
designers perception towards the meanings and terms
used in HCD categorisation.
Participants were 8 practicing product designers.
Designers were chosen from 8 different nationalities
speaking different languages ( English, Italian, Spanish,
Chinese, Indonesian, Russian, Korean, and Lithuanian)
11
As to investigate the problem of language difficulties and
to understand further implications for the diversity of
cultural background and perception of design. Their ages
ranged from 23 to 27, 3 males and 5 females.
>> Method
The cards have been given to designers (70 cards) all
mixed up, designers were asked to categorise the cards
in response to 4 tasks, unconstrained card sorting,
constrained card sorting, elimination of cards, and HCD
process sorting. All the cards have been designed using
the same colour and font, each designer was given a
set of blank cards to add terms whenever he thinks it is
necessary. All the terms used without any change as the
researcher didn’t want to bias the answers, the terms
used as they are in the original toolkits and collections
(even if the term doesn’t make sense or seems to be old
fashioned)
Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014
 Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014
12
 Goals Activities Constraints Goals Activities Constraints
Explore Envisioning opportunites Lack of Time Explore Envisioning opportunites Lack of Time
Research Understanding User needs Very Restricted Budget Research Understanding User needs Very Restricted Budget
Exploring Product Exploring Product
Concept Users Cannot Be Involved Concept Users Cannot Be Involved
Requirments Requirments
Planning Generating Ideas Users Have Disability Planning Generating Ideas Users Have Disability
Manage User research Highly Complex Task Manage User research Highly Complex Task
Develop Task analysis Task is Completely New to Users Develop Task analysis Task is Completely New to Users
Requirments Cognitive models Wide Task Spectrum Requirments Cognitive models Wide Task Spectrum
Making Usability evaluation Limited Skills/Expertise of Practitioner Making Usability evaluation Limited Skills/Expertise of Practitioner
Create Future creator Large Sized Product Create Future creator Large Sized Product
Deliver Imagine and Act Out Uncertain Specification Deliver Imagine and Act Out Uncertain Specification
Implementation Proffessional Trackers Difficult to Involve Users Implementation Proffessional Trackers Difficult to Involve Users
Analyse requirments Direct Design Experience No access to Users Analyse requirments Direct Design Experience No access to Users
Test and measure Co design Some users have Disabilities Test and measure Co design Some users have Disabilities
Analysis Co research Complex Task Analysis Co research Complex Task
Verification Expert Observation Many tasks Verification Expert Observation Many tasks
Evaluate Stimulus and interview Safety or business critical system Evaluate Stimulus and interview Safety or business critical system
Current Customer Current Customer
Hear Organisational changes needed Hear Organisational changes needed
Information Information
Design development Look Ahead Efficiency or accuracy is important Design development Look Ahead Efficiency or accuracy is important
Design Develop a Clear Plan Adaptation of an existing system Design Develop a Clear Plan Adaptation of an existing system
Planning and feasbility Clarify my Priorties Customisable product Planning and feasbility Clarify my Priorties Customisable product
Product used in many different Product used in many different
Post realease Collect Inputs from Others Post Realease Collect Inputs from Others
contexts contexts
know the prople I’m know the prople I’m
Concept design Concept design
working with working with
Research and analysis Generate New Ideas Research and analysis Generate New Ideas
Scoping and project Scoping and project
Test and Improve Test and Improve
design design
Test of new Concepts Sustain and Implement Test of new Concepts Sustain and Implement
Communication of Results Learning About Users Communication of Results Learning About Users
Measuring Measuring
Learn Learn
Look Look
Ask Ask
Try Try
(Table 3) All the Cards (Table 4) Eliminated terms

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

13
 Processes/ Constraints
Goals Activities

Familiar with
the Term/Expression

Not Familiar with the

term but i know it

(Fig 2) Card-sorting workshop- unconstrained sort

Never heard of it

(Fig 1) Card sorting matrix (constrained sort)

(Fig 3) Card sorting workshop - Constrained sort

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

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 >>SELECTION AND APPLICATION MODEL
The aim of selection and application model is to highlight
the issues included in the selection and application
process of HCD methods; it shows the main goals,
activities and constraints. In most of the applications,
toolkits, collections available currently the selection
methods mainly depends on the generic design process
or on methods intended goal of use, however, to form
a solid process considering the fact that designers tend
to form their own process (Goodman et al 2007). This
means that it is not very helpful to propose a solid or firm
process, because it is more likely to end up with a very
limited uptake
This model forms the basics of (Design to Reach); the
interactive application to help designers in selection and
application of HCD tools and methods.
The selection process should be flexible, adaptable and
integrated, it means that a designer can form his own
process and be able answer the following questions:
1. What goals do they have?
15
2. What activities do they need to do?
3. What constraints do they have? (in a specific design
project)
Hence then the selection process should answer what
is the appropriate tool for each combination of Goal(s)+
Activity(ies) + constraint (s)? , And what is the most relevant
tool to what a designer wants to achieve.
A more literature-based investigation was needed to define
the meaning of human behaviour and what influences
applying a tool, The application process is mainly about
defining and designing the context of use, however there
are other factors that influence the application process
such as time,timing, space and participants. In this
model, the application factors and methods have been
identified in order to form a solid model that highlights
both selection and application factors.
Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014
 DEF
INE
IDEN
TIFY

FILT
Goals
What do you want to do?
ER
Activities
How are you going to achive your golas?
Planning
(Develop clear plan) Hear
(Ask & Interview)
Constraints
What constraints do you have?

Envision
Exploring Opportunites
(Bridge the gap)
Very tight
(Research & Analyse) time scheduale

Co - Research
(Research with people) Low Budget

+ +
Concept
(Creating design concepts) Understand user needs
(Define and map users’ needs) Users’s Users cannot be involved
PRODUCT Constraints Get results
Set of Tools
Users have disabilites
(APPLICATION) Analyse
CHARACTERSTICS Creating Requirments Many Tasks
Task
Highly Complex task
(Develop clear plan)
(Specify product requirments)
Complexity
Completely new task

Generate Ideas
(Ideate and design) Product nature Used in too many contexts

Evaluating Customisable Product

(Test and Improve)

Co- Design
(Design with People) Legilisation and
Ethics

S
Evaluate Usability
Delivering

E S ODS
(test and measure)
(Implement )

O C TH
P R LS AND
ME
APPLY
T O
A N S OF D TO
HC
G
E R N PROCE
S

N V T I O
C O
EC
SEL
ETHICS
&L
SPA A
CE

W
T

S
IM
E
NTEXT O
CO

F
US
USERS

E
TASKS

ITERATE

(Fig. 4) Selection - Application Model

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 >>DESIGN TO REACH : THE APPLICATION

>> Design to Reach is a practical guide aiming to bridge the gap between
designers and users and to facilitate the entire Human Centred Design process.
Regardless designer’s specific process, it gives the designer the freedom to
form his own process based on the factors he thinks they fit to the design
outcome he is intending to achieve. The problem with previous approaches
to the selection of User Centred Design methods is that they start with the
method, rather than the purpose for which the method is used (Bevan 2010).

Design to reach is a web platform based on the Selection-Application model/

frame work proposed before, the main idea of the web application is to
correspond to the entire design process through an interactive Practice-based
collection that provide more practical data, not academic theories, it aims to
deliver data in the simplest and easiest way to follow . The aim is also to raise
the awareness of HCD and to introduce HCD to designers as an interesting
approach of design, as well as highlighting the benefits for using HCD tools and
methods and what output will they get by using it. In this chapter a thorough
description of the development process of DtR will be introduced

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 Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014
18
 >>KEY PRINCIPLES
Flexibility, Adaptation, and Integration
Flexibility: means that the application should allow the
designer or the practitioner to apply methods whenever
needed , for example if a designer want to explore and
research using HCD methods so the application should be
able to easily separate this goal and to allow the designer
to see methods can he/she apply to achieve this goal.
Adaptation: means that a designer or a team can adapt
and tailor the process to their own specific process
as designers vary greatly in the details of their design
processes ( Goodman et al. 2007)
Integration: integration refers to the idea of adopting and
combing all the project aspects together ( goals, activities
and constraints) as this would ensure a more creative
process, more insights, and accurate solid results.
19
>> 5 Ws
Who: DtR aims to fulfil the needs of variety of users
practicing product design. Target users who can be
defined as following:
Product Design intern/student: Students and trainee
designers would have the chance to apply HCD methods
and tools through their studies and early job tasks, they
would rely on the constraints options heavily as well as
understanding the HCD process through the application.
Junior Product Designer: a Junior product designer
would rely on applying HCD methods and tools in his
early career to either get inspirations from people or
test and evaluate design, a junior designer would be very
interested in getting constrains based selection, as well as
tools’ application information to apply tools properly. Also
getting to understand HCD process would be interesting
for this user profile. He would also be very interested in
the cost calculator to justify design decisions to design
mangers.
Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014
 Senior Product designer: a senior product designer, When: At every, each or any stage of the design process,
would be very interested in adapting a process, the but mainly before applying HCD method
flexibility in forming the process would be a good feature
for him, cost calculator would be very important as this How: The user should be able to give inputs and getting
user profile might have experience with tools, so cost outputs besides having guiding information all over
would be the main factor guiding his selection process. the selection and application process. The inputs are
weighted and correlated in order to prioritize the results
What: The application is an interactive web platform to for the user in terms of time and cost.
guide designers in selecting and applying HCD tools and
methods. Based on goals and activities as well as applying
constraints (as filters for selection), the application would
have a page dedicated for each tool or method giving
information about rough estimation for time, cost and
difficulty of a performing a tool. On each tool page there
would be an option for planning a workshop and this would
guide the user to go through the application process and
what he needs to perform a workshop properly.

Where: the application would run on any device with a

responsive user interface (computer, tablet, mobile) that
would be either indoors or outdoors, wherever a planning
for design process should be carried out.

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 >> Persona profile

Philip Hammond: a junior product designer was assigned

a task to develop concepts for a set of sports products,
The project is called Digi-Gadgets; the brief is to develop
concepts for sport wearable technology, that would assist
sportsmen to keep healthy and to track body levels to the
normal ( blood pressure, heartbeats, and fat burn..etc.).
The project touches human centred design approach in
many layers (usability, user interaction, user experience,
user behaviour..etc.). However, Phil’s design studio is
a small studio in London that runs on a very restricted
budget for product developments. Moreover, in the
design brief the consumer requirements haven’t been
identified precisely as printed electronics is relatively new
Phil Hammond
technology. Phil has to deliver concepts quickly as the
Product Designer
project time schedule is very tight (2 months to deliver
working prototypes).

Persona Illustration, by author

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 Register Create
Project

Apply Selection Create

Tools Results Process

User

Iterate
Experience Architecture

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 >>APPLICATION SPECIFICATION

Why a web Platform?

Since the aim of this tool is mainly to plan process and

get information to be used at the planning stage for a
project, also as it would be used, surly, before applying
HCD activities, hence then a web platform that works on
a cloud technology would help designers to manage the
process easily and visually before hand with a chance for
them to print what material they think is useful during
a session or even using it through a mobile phone or a
tablet. Also a web application would give a chance for
including a forum to the application; a forum that would
encourage conversation between users regarding HCD
tools and methods, evoking questions such as what is
appropriate for what and what doesn’t work and what
else should be included.

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 User experience
In terms of user experience, no new mental models
or new forms have been included but rather used the
same organisation of famous web applications such
as “facebook” and “soundcloud” these organisation is
evident in the placement of elements as “signed in user”,
header and footer menu, as well as using pop ups for the
branched pages.
Task flow analysis and paper prototypes
In order to identify the needed pages and features a
task flow analysis has been done , the task flow analysis
identifies the key actions and decisions made by the user
and that forms the structure of the entire application, the
task flow was made based on the experience architecture
and the persona discussed above.

Interface design
The interface was designed using Adobe Illustrator CS6
and Adobe Photoshop CS6, the design of the application
is highly visual and more of a graphics based design, it
tends to visualise each step or process in order to make
it easier for users to understand and follow without
notable efforts; for the same reason, items included in
the design were shape and colour coded ( activities, goals
and constraints), as well as assigning icons to elements
as ( task , cost and Time).

DtR Paper Protoypes

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

24
 Projects Page

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

25
 >> Projects page
After the user signs up (or log in if existing user) the user
would go directly to the projects page which is the main
page for users.
The project page is the main page where designers can
add new project or edit/continue existing one, or check
the records of completed projects.
>> Process planner
The process planner starts when the user clicks new
project in the projects page , it is the most important
feature of DtR, the process planner allows the user to
plan his process and then edit it as needed, it allows users
to form the process as they wish in a very flexible manner.
The process planner is formed of 4 steps: Create Project,
Select goals, Select activities , Select constraints. These
steps are based on the framework proposed before.
26
>>Create project
Create Project is to define the project parameters which
are:
Product type: whether it is: physical product, digital
product, system or service.
Budget: decide the budget needed for the HCD process
Deadline: the due date of the project submission.
These parameters don’t affect the selection process,
however these are needed to be shown on each project
page for the user to have a figure what he is doing and
what time and budget resources does he/she has. Each
of these is in the form of a toggle button that highlights
once clicked.
Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014
 New Project - Create Process

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

27
 >> Select Goals

Select goal is the actual first step of creating the project,

these goals as described in the Selection and application
model which correspond to the design process and each
goal is identified underneath between brackets. Users
can select as many as they need , they can select all of
them or just one or two.

Create Process: Select goals

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

28
 >> Select Activities

The third step is to select activities that need to be done

in order to achieve the goal. Same as the goals users can
select as many as they need

Create Process: Select activities

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

29
 >> Constraints

The fourth step is the choice of constraints that the users

think they have in the project.

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

30
 After selecting all of the above there should be an overview for all the choices together for the users to
revise and edit if needed. Users can still go back in the process to edit and revise whenever they need to .

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

31
 >> Methods selection process
The methods selection works with sort of algorithm
which is being used in questionnaires and quizzes, The
algorithm works as follows:
Each method/tool in the methods database should be
weighted and tagged in terms of relevance with the goals,
activities and constraints.
For example: if a user chose exploring as a goal,
Understand user needs as an activity and low budget as
constraint then the combination should be:
Exploration + Understand User Needs + Low Budget
Then methods with tags and weights of relevant items
would appear as a result: in this case observation and
model based methods would appear.
E.g.: Persona (tagged as exploration and understand user
needs), Users observation and role playing
This concepts follows the concept of ISO WD 9241 (fig 5)
that has a similar concept of evaluating methods:
32
ISO applies ++ for recommended methods, + Appropriate,
When the cell is empty Neutral, – Not recommended, NA
Not applicable (NA).
(Fig. 5) Iso WD 9241 Selection method
However, the weighting of the methods is an estimate and
this relies on either academic papers in which the tools
have been tested and evaluated as well as identifying
its features and key strengths/weaknesses or based on
practice based approaches as IDEO HCD connect website
which offers time and difficulty estimates. That should be
one of the duties of the design research team behind DtR
who should always test, evaluate and identify emerging
methods. In the results of the selection page the methods
come under a title of recommended methods
Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014
 >> Activities Hear
(Ask & Interview)
Add/Edit activities
Hear
(Ask & Interview)

Hear
(Ask & Interview)

+
Add/Drag Activity

>>Design to Reach. Project Timeline

Drag to edit

>>About >>Tools >>Forum >>Contact

Prioritization of methods >> Recomended
tools/methods Affinty Mapping

After the primary selection of tools and getting results, >> Priortise tools by
Contextual Enquiry

>> Your Process!

the application allows the users to prioritise the tools/ Least time consuming
methods based on cost or time or both. This is a second Least costly Participatory Design
layer of selection but based on the same weighting Revise and Edit!
concept mentioned above. DtR prioritisation of methods Affinty Mapping

Editing process Contextual Enquiry

>> Constraints Low Budget Low Budget
Add/Edit constraints
The application allows users to freely edit and remove Participatory Design

any of the goals activities or constraints the have applied +

Add/Drag Activity
+
Add Constraint
and , surly, the results of methods change accordingly.

>> Goals Planning Exploring

Add/Edit goals (Develop a Clear Plan) (Research & Analysis)

>> Activities Hear

(Ask & Interview)
Hear
(Ask & Interview)
Add/Edit activities
Hear
(Ask & Interview)
+
Add/Drag Activity

Hear
(Ask & Interview)
+
Add/Drag Activity

+
Add/Drag Activity
+
Add/Drag Activity

DtR free edit of goals and activities

Project Timeline
Drag to edit
Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014
33
 >>Design to Reach. Phil
>>About >>Tools >>Forum >>Contact
>> Digi-Gadgets
Due on 15.12.2014

>> Your Process!

Switch Project

Revise and Edit!

>> Constraints Low Budget Low Budget Low Budget

Add/Edit constraints

+
Add/Drag Activity
+
Add Constraint
+
Add/Constraints

>> Goals Planning Exploring Exploring +

Add Goal
+
Add Goal
+
AddGoal
Add/Edit goals (Develop a Clear Plan) (Research & Analysis) (Research & Analysis)

>> Activities Hear Hear Hear + +

(Ask & Interview)
Add/Edit activities
Hear
(Ask & Interview)
Add/Drag Activity +
(Ask & Interview) Add/Drag Activity Add/Drag Activity
(Ask & Interview)
+ Hear
(Ask & Interview)
+ +
Add/Drag Activity +
Add/Drag Activity Add/Drag Activity Add/Drag Activity

Hear +
Add/Drag Activity
+
Add/Drag Activity +
Add/Drag Activity
+
Add/Drag Activity +
Add/Drag Activity
(Ask & Interview)

+
Add/Drag Activity
+
Add/Drag Activity
+
Add/Drag Activity +
Add/Drag Activity
+
Add/Drag Activity +
Add/Drag Activity

Project Timeline
Drag to edit

>> Recomended
tools/methods Affinty Mapping Affinty Mapping Affinty Mapping Affinty Mapping

>> Priortise tools by

Contextual Enquiry Contextual Enquiry Contextual Enquiry Contextual Enquiry
Least time consuming

Least costly Participatory Design Participatory Design Participatory Design Participatory Design

Affinty Mapping

Contextual Enquiry

Participatory Design

>> Save

Results Page

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

34
 >> Project Page

After finishing the selection, and getting results >>Design to Reach. Phil
>>About >>Tools >>Forum >>Contact
in a form of a process phases, the users can
>> Digi-Gadgets
access the project page at which users can Due on 15.12.2014

edit/revise the process, know what they have >> Digi - Gadgets
Switch Project

completed what they haven’t, check tools, plan

>> Your process
workshops and get results or action sheets if
any. Exploring Exploring Exploring Exploring

Phil
(Research & Analysis) (Research & Analysis) (Research & Analysis) (Research & Analysis)

Hear Hear Hear Hear

(Ask & Interview) (Ask & Interview) (Ask & Interview) (Ask & Interview)

There is also a calendar to indicate if any

View/Edit Process
workshops are>>close
Digi-Gadgets
to the date and it also
Due on 15.12.2014 You are here
indicates the due date of the project.
Switch Project

> Organise Workshop

> View Action Sheets

> View Results

xploring
earch & Analysis)

Hear
sk & Interview) >>About >>Tools >>Forum >>Contact

© Copyrights - Design to Reach 2014

View/Edit Process DtR Project page

DtR calendar

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

35
 >>Design to Reach. Phil
>>About >>Tools >>Forum >>Contact
>> Digi-Gadgets
Due on 15.12.2014

>> Cultural Probe. >>Design to Reach. Phil

>>About >>Tools >>Forum >>Contact
>> Digi-Gadgets
Due on 15.12.2014

> Plan>> Cultural

Workshop Probe.
> Calculate Cost
>> Tool Page
> Plan Workshop
Time
When a user clicks on a tool button that directs him to the
each. single tool page. In this page there are Phila title and image
> Calculate Cost

>>Contact representing the tool and underneath a description to

Low High

orum >> What is Cultural Probe? Time

A research kit is prepared byas

the tool as well thea short
designer andparagraph indicates
aspects ofwhat the
>> Digi-Gadgets
given to users to record Difficulty
possible outcome of this tool is. In the right panel
their lives autonomously, independent of the designer. The design probe
include diaries, question cards, postcards, disposable cameras or other tools for
may there is
Due on 15.12.2014 Low High

Probe.
>> What is Cultural Probe?
a list of
mapping and scales from
drawing. Design low
probes mayto high each
be personalised for a indicate anis estimate
specific user, who Low High

A research kit is prepared by the designer and given to users to record aspects of Difficulty
given tasks to undertake, or the same probes may be given to a selection of users.
for time
Probes can be needed to perform
placed in an environment a information
to collect method, cost,
more difficulty,
generally from and their lives autonomously, independent of the designer. The design probe may
include diaries, question cards, postcards, disposable cameras or other tools for
No. of Participants
number of participants. There is also a link between the
users of that space. Design probes are also known as cultural probes or user diaries. mapping and drawing. Design probes may be personalised for a specific user, who is
given tasks to undertake, or the same probes may be given to a selection of users.
Low High

tool
>> Whyand the
Cultural discussion forums where users can comment
Probe?
Probes can be placed in an environment to collect information more generally from
users of that space.High
Design probes are also known as cultural probes or user diaries.
No. of Participants

on tools probesdiscuss and express

you need totheir views on fromit.
Low

Cultural are appropriate when gather information users

with minimal influence on their actions, or when the process > Plan
or eventWorkshop
you’re >> Why Cultural Probe? Low High

exploring takes place intermittently or over a long period. Cultural

Costprobes are appropriate when you need to gather information from users
with minimal influence on their actions, or when the process or event you’re
> Calculate Cost exploring takes place intermittently or over a long period. Cost
> Plan Workshop > Calculate Cost Low High

> Plan Workshop > Calculate Cost Low High

>> Forum disscussions Time

>> Forum disscussions

Fabio on 27th July Fabio on 27th July

Low High
Very intersting tool, although had a problem with recruiting Very intersting tool, although had a problem with recruiting
participant, I got a very useful insights at the end. highly rec- participant, I got a very useful insights at the end. highly rec-
ommend. ommend.

y the designer and given to users to record aspects of Difficulty

dependent of the designer. The Reply
designQuote
probe Liked
may Reply Quote Liked

ds, postcards, disposable cameras or other tools for

n probes may be personalised for a specific user, who is Low High
>>About >>Tools >>Forum >>Contact
the same probes may>>About
be given toDtR
>>Toolsa selection
>>Forum of
disscussion users.
gadget
>>Contact DtR tools estimate gadgets © Copyrights - Design to Reach 2014

nvironment to collect information more generally from © Copyrights - Design to Reach 2014
No. of Participants
robes are also known as cultural probes or user diaries.

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

Low High

36need to gather information from users

iate when you
their actions, or when the process or event you’re
 >>Design to Reach. Phil
>>About >>Tools >>Forum >>Contact
>> Digi-Gadgets
Due on 15.12.2014

>> Organise workshop.

>> Cultural Probe.
Add/Edit tools
>> Organise Workshop

Organise workshop directs a user to another page which

To carry out a successful workshop
includes the application information, how to apply a tool you need to identify and define 4
areas:

and what you need to do it. When a user clicks on organise What is the context of use?
Who are your target users?

workshop it directs the user to the application page of What is the best time to carry out a work-
shop?
> Space and > Participants
What are the tasks that you need to test location
the specific method at which he clicked on organise with your users?

Doing so would ensure a successful

workshop. workshop as well as acurate results.

if you havent defined context of use

However there is a standardised poster on each page the yet, click here to do so
Context
aim of this poster is to highlight the issues and aspects of Use
of application and to raise the awareness about what > Tasks > Time
considerations regarding the application issues.
> How to? > Participants > Space and
Underneath the poster there are 9 gadgets to assist users Guiding steps for how Identify your target location
in the application method, each of this gadgets opens a to do this method. users. Define where do you
want to carry out

pop up window. your workshop.

> Time and > Tasks > Assitive tools

Timing Define the tasks that Tools and materials
Choose the best time you are going to ask that might help you
and conditions that
fits your context of your partiiants to do. on the day.
use.

> Cost > Ethics >> Communicate

Calculator Checklist Results
Calculte your costs. Check if you have How to communicate
covered the ethics your workshop
results!
rules and laws or not.

> Get Action Sheet

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

37
 >> Gadgets
x
> Participants
Participants: The participants’ gadget allows designers Identify your target
users.
to identify participants, define how many they need to
perform a method, and what is his/her gender, age, ethnic
group, native language, nationality, occupation and if
they have any disability or not. It has two buttons, one for > Participant 1
saving the inputs and one for contacting participants (that
one has some practical information of how to contact Age

+
participants.) Gender M F

Nationality
How to: How to gadget includes simple practical steps of
how to conduct a method, how to organise participants, Ethnic group
prepare materials, design the tasks and to gather results Add participant
Disabilites
Occupation

> Contact participants > Save

DtR participants’ Popup Page

(Fig. 5.18) DtR Organise Workshop Page Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014
38
 Space and location: define space and location, if it is
indoors or outdoors, what equipment does a user need, x
or any other material that might be required ( e.g. long > How to?
tables, chairs) Guiding steps for how
to do this method.

Time and timing: the time gadgets, allows the user to

define time ( date) and timing , it includes a calendar,
weather forecast gadget and a time planning tool.
Selected participants are briefed, given a kit of materials, and
1 briefed about the requirement to record or note specific events,
Tasks: allows the user to define the tasks needed plan feelings or interactions over a specified period.
how many tasks to perform on the workshop day.
A follow-up interview is conducted at some point after the
Assisting tools: this gadgets includes materials (if any) 2 briefing session. This helps ensure that participants are actively
that might help a user to perform a tool, grids sheets, engaged, and are collecting the required information.
suggestions.
At the end of the specified period, the materials are collected
Ethics checklist: a checklist to ensure that the designer 3 and analysed.
has fulfilled the general ethics issues, and to avoid
breeching the laws or risking participants’ health and
> Continue
safety. It also includes warnings of any safety issues or
implications regarding a specific tool.
DtR How to Popup Page

Communicate results: in this gadget define the type

of results (qualitative , quantitative) do a user has and
suggests how to communicate it.

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

39
 >> Cost Calculator

The cost calculator allows users to estimate the costs of a

workshop day, it works with the same concept proposed
before which is calculating the number of personnel
needed to perform a tool and then multiply it by the (
pay rate per day X number of working days) + any other
chargeable costs, such as materials, lab hire or incentives
given to participants.

The aim of the calculator is to give an estimate and to help

the user in highlighting what is needed to be included in
the costs of the workshop day.

>> Forum

The aim of the forum is to create a network of Human

Centred designers, encourage the conversation and crowd
fund ideas about tools, what are the alternatives?, What
difficulties have someone got?, How to solve a problem,
encouraging such conversation would benefit the whole
field and would make it more easier and an accessible
to designers as well as increasing the publicity and the
awareness of Human Centred Design as an approach. The
forum also should include enthusiasts who would like to
participate or to be involved in workshops and activities.
Cost Calculator

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

40
 >> DtR Evaluation
>> Usability testing
Usability testing is an evaluative method that allows
teams to observe an individual’s experience with a
digital application as a user walks through the steps of
a given task (or set of tasks). The method is designed to
help teams identify the parts of an interface that most
regularly frustrate and confuse people so that they can
be prioritized, fixed, and retested prior to launch. Tests
are designed around tasks and scenarios that represent
typical end-user goals Tasks should be specific, concrete,
and reflect actual goals of the target audience. Scenarios
contextualize the task, and are written to provide extra
information necessary to complete the task. Tasks and
scenarios should neither influence the participant to
solve a problem a certain way, nor seek to justify product
requirements (which often reflect system or developer
goals).
>> Aim and Scope:
Designers were asked to perform three vital tasks of the
application to spot any usability issues the tasks were:
41
1. Selecting a combination of goals, activities as well as
constraints.
2. Plan a workshop
3. Manage the projects’ page.
>> Method
The application implemented using Axure RP 7.0, a high
fidelity prototype has been done, the evaluation of the
application was against user experience and user interface
design as the tools database haven’t been completed yet
and this precluded the process of evaluation via actual
design brief. However, still, usability and user interface
of the application are vital issues. 5 practicing product
designers were asked to use the application, the designers
were from different nationalities speaking different
languages.
Context of use: designers were asked to perform these
tasks in a working environment and in response to a
specific design brief.
The researcher observed and recorded the process
considering the following criteria:
1. Understands the task but can’t complete it within a
reasonable amount of time;
Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014
 2. Understands the goal, but has to try different
approaches to complete the task;
3. Gives up or resigns from the process;
4. Completes a task, but not the task that was specified;
Task 2: Plan a workshop for conducting a cultural probe.
Task 3: Manage the projects page
Each of these tasks were observed, recorded and
evaluated against the above criteria.

5. Expresses surprise or delight;

6. Expresses frustration, confusion, or blames themselves

for not being able to complete the task;

7. Asserts that something is wrong or doesn’t make sense

8. Makes a suggestion for the interface or the flow of

events.

>> Tasks

Task 1: Designers were asked to perform the task of

creating a new project and HCD process to design sports
device that must include printed electronics in the final
product

Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014

42
 >> Results
Although the application is partially finished (tools
database is not complete), designers were able to follow
the steps without problems and in reasonable time,
it took them some time to understand some of the
concepts of activities and constraints and to think about
what do they need, there were no different approaches to
perform a task and thus that wasn’t confusing for them.
They were very delighted by the steps of the creating
process, designers noted that application page was very
informative, however some of them noted that they might
get bored and not to use all of these material.
They also highlighted that the calculator is a useful tool
and might be very important for justifying performing the
tools to design managers and to back up their argument
regarding cost/benefit issues.
>> Discussion
Initially the results were positive and sounded interesting
to carry on developing the application, however, still the
application needs great amount of efforts regarding the
application of methods and to be tested in response to
real projects and very well defined design brief to be able
identify how does the application work on the ground.
43
Also, designers flagged an issue regarding the use a web
applications which is that the application heavily depends
on internet connection which is not always available in all
working contexts.
>> Tools database
In this project the researcher identify 259 tools and
methods used in the field of HCD. DtR is a work in
progress project, yet this number of tools and methods
can be good enough to start.
In the tools database, tools are identified and sorted with
two sorting options; either alphabetically or based on the
goals (design phases)
However still, DtR needs a team of design researchers
to refine this list, test and evaluate methods, identify
newly emerging ones, and crowd-source ideas of what
alternatives to a tool or method could be. This is not an
easy job and it needs a continuous work over a good
period of time.
Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014
 >> Adaptability on different devices

DtR should be adaptable to several digital devices ( mobile, tablet and desktop computers) it should support touch screens
and should work easily with cloud technology and printing services.

The design of DtR is a responsive design that adapts automatically with different digital platforms ( Web, mobile, tablets).
Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014
44
 >> Introduction to the market
The aim of this application is to facilitate the HCD process
for designers and to contribute to the knowledge in the field
Human Centred Design general, so it is not a commercial
service, and should be free and accessible to everyone to
use it whenever needed. Translating the application into
other languages of demanding populations (Chinese or
Arabic) is also a consideration as s languages form a big
barrier to the HCD process in general.
DtR should run on a very firm continuous development
scheme, it is not a solid collection of tools that has to
be released once with a “one size fits all” approach. The
application, in order to achieve success in the field, needs
to very adaptable over time with deep understanding of
designers needs. If not it wouldn’t survive with time.
45
>> Reflection
DtR is an attempt to solve a big issue, however , still, needs
improvements and a series of iterative trials including
both stakeholders from industry and design practitioners.
DtR still needs to refine the methods database, test
and evaluate them and identify what is relevant and
appropriate and what is not. It needs to estimate time
and difficulty for each method to provide practitioners
with ready-to-use methods and tools.
The researcher aims to continue improving the DtR
platform, focus on a more crowd sourced ideas gained
from practitioners in actual situations.
As a reflection to the basic requirements of DtR and to
the entire research question; DtR attempted to solve the
problem with a more up-to-date intuitive approach, the
attempt is considered good enough to solve the problem
but still there are some issues regarding the adoption
of DtR in different business cases and design practicing
consultancies.
Ammer Harb - Design to Reach. Brunel University,2014
 >>REFRENCES
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 >> Giacomin, J. (2012). What is Human Centred Design?. 10º Congresso Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Design, São Luís (MA).

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 >> MARTIN, B. and HANINGTON, B. (2012). Universal Methods of Design. 1st ed. USA: Rockport.

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Human Centred Design is also known as User Centred

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uman Centred Design is a design approach at which

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or feedback directly for the target users.