Water Air Soil Pollut (2018) 229:92
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3747-8
Evaluation of Magnetic Coagulant (α-Fe2O3-MO) and its
Reuse in Textile Wastewater Treatment
Tássia Rhuna Tonial dos Santos & Gustavo Affonso Pisano Mateus &
Marcela Fernandes Silva & Carolina Sayury Miyashiro & Leticia Nishi &
Murilo Barbosa de Andrade & Márcia Regina Fagundes-Klen &
Raquel Guttieres Gomes & Rosângela Bergamasco
Received: 17 November 2017 / Accepted: 15 February 2018
# Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract The textile industries are characterized as one
of the biggest consumers of potable water and chemical
products throughout its process, being responsible for
the elevated wastewater generation with intense colora-
tion and wide polluting potential. In this context, the
present study proposes the development and application
of a new coagulant material for textile wastewater treat-
ment. The proposed coagulant (α-Fe2O3-MO) was com-
posed by hematite nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3) obtained by
a simple non-pollutant methodology, associated with
Moringa oleifera (MO) seeds saline extract compounds.
Coagulation/flocculation (CF) efficiency was evaluated
by removal of physicochemical parameters such as ap-
parent color, turbidity, and compounds with absorption
at UV254nm (UV254nm) through CF tests carried out on
Jar test equipment and sedimentation carried out in the
T. R. T. dos Santos : M. F. Silva : L. Nishi :
M. B. de Andrade : R. Bergamasco (*)
Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Estadual de
Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco D90, Maringá, Paraná
CEP: 87020-900, Brazil
e-mail: ro.bergamasco@hotmail.com
G. A. P. Mateus
Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology,
Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
C. S. Miyashiro : M. R. Fagundes-Klen
Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Estadual do
Oeste do Paraná, Toledo, Paraná, Brazil
R. G. Gomes
Department of Food Engineering, Universidade Estadual de
Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
presence and absence of external magnetic field
(600 k Am−1). Kinetics sedimentation was from 0 to
90 min. The use of this new coagulant allowed the
removal of 92.37% for apparent color, 91.43% for tur-
bidity, and 46.09% for UV254nm, indicating that the
proposed coagulant association was efficient in the treat-
ment of this type of wastewater under external magnetic
field with only 10 min of sedimentation. In addition, the
resulting sludge from CF process was tested as base
material for a new coagulant synthesis, demonstrating
great reuse potential. Therefore, the new proposed co-
agulant, composed of α-Fe2O3 and the compounds
present in the seed extract of MO, has applicability for
textile wastewater treatment demonstrating high remov-
al rate for all evaluated parameters with cost reduction in
the proposed treatment for this wastewater.
Keywords Hematite . Moringa oleifera . Magnetic
sedimentation . Textile wastewater
1 Introduction
Water is one of the most abundant natural resources on
Earth; however, only a small portion of this supply is
available for human consumption, especially regarding
potable water source contamination, high cost treatment,
increasing population demand, and the wide variety of
organic and inorganic emerging pollutants involved in
different production processes (Adeleye et al. 2016).
In this sense, the treatment and reuse of wastewater
have become relevant subjects in terms of sustainability
92 Page 2 of 17
(Lu and Leung 2003). Recently, several reuse techniques
began to be widely diffused in urban, agricultural, and
industrial environments (Lazarova et al. 2000) highlight-
ing the relevance of new technologies for natural water
sources preservation (López-Ramírez et al. 2006).
The textile industries stand out as one of the largest
consumers of potable water and chemical agents to carry
out their processes, generating wastewaters of complex
composition and high coloration, turbidity, and chemi-
cal and organic load (Verma et al. 2012). This wide
characteristic variation in textile wastewater can be at-
tributed to the complexity of used materials and differ-
ent processes that occur in textile industries.
Wastewater from textile industries may contain dif-
ferent types of dyes, which provides residues with high
molecular weight, especially due to the complex struc-
tures of these dyes. Due to the amount of chromophores
and auxochromes, these residues have a varied compo-
sition and low biodegradability (Gao et al. 2007) being
responsible for dyes’ color intensity (Christie 2001).
Other substances may also be present in this type of
wastewater, such as cleaning solvents, inorganic salts,
waste from the preparation, dyeing and finishing pro-
cesses, and a complex mixture of chemical reagents
(USEPA 1997; Babu et al. 2007; Debik et al. 2010;
Ciabatti et al. 2010). The association of these factors
and these peculiar characteristics makes treatment and
color removal of this type of wastewater a major
challenge.
The inadequate disposal of these wastewaters can
result in several environmental impacts, among them
the color change in aquatic environments that hinders
light penetration into water, causing and accelerating the
eutrophication process, consuming dissolved oxygen,
and hindering water reoxygenation, besides being toxic
to aquatic life (Georgiu et al. 2003; Ustun et al. 2007;
Foo and Hameed 2010). The discharge of dye-
containing effluents without adequate treatment is a
matter of serious concern not only for the undesirable
visual pollution associated with the color in wastewater
but also by the negative impacts on the environment,
such as inhibition of aquatic photosynthesis, reduction
of water reoxygenation capacity, depletion of dissolved
oxygen, and acute and chronic toxicity affecting flora,
fauna, and humans (Martinez-Huitle and Brillas 2009;
Rodríguez-Couto 2015; Ortiz-Monsalve et al. 2017).
This type of wastewater still represents great risks for
groundwaters (Khaled et al. 2009) and also for human
health. In addition to carcinogenic and microtoxic
Water Air Soil Pollut (2018) 229:92
potential, excessive exposure to highly colored waste-
waters can cause disturbances in respiratory, circulatory,
and central nervous systems (Foo and Hameed 2010).
The available literature presents several conventional
methods for textile wastewater treatment involving pro-
cesses such as ion exchange, membrane filtration, pre-
cipitation, flotation, solvent extraction, adsorption, co-
agulation/flocculation, and biological methods (Radoiu
et al. 2004). However, none of these methods alone is
economically feasible and efficient for color removal of
textile industry wastewater and usually needs to be
associated with another method to achieve satisfactory
efficiency (Robinson et al. 2001).
Good color removals were achieved by several re-
searchers around the world, using a wide range of raw
and synthetic textile wastewater. However, all the ap-
plied methods present some limitations, as the compli-
cated regeneration and high costs for final adsorbent
disposal stand out, in case of adsorption (Hai et al.
2007; Robinson et al. 2001) and production of concen-
trated sludge and high operating costs regarding mem-
brane filtration (Marcucci et al. 2001; Arbari et al.
2006). In general, the efficiency of conventional dye
removal processes becomes limited as the concentration
and solubilization of dyes increases (Zahrim et al. 2010).
The CF process is observed as one of the most
practiced method for wastewater remediation, and it is
used as treatment or pretreatment, mainly due to its low
cost, making this process an interesting alternative, par-
ticularly for developing countries (Golob et al. 2005),
which stand out for the high textile wastewater genera-
tion. The CF process for wastewaters involves the addi-
tion of chemical agents to the solution, seeking to alter
the physical state of the suspended and dissolved solids,
facilitating its removal by gravitational sedimentation.
However, this process presents disadvantages like the
high sedimentation time required, besides using inor-
ganic coagulants such as aluminum salts, which pro-
mote environmental problems and implications for hu-
man health (Wang et al. 2012).
Based on this problem, an intensive research effort
has been made worldwide to develop an effective, eco-
nomically viable, and eco-friendly replacement for the
conventional coagulants and flocculants currently used
by different industries with high pollution potential
(Sharma et al. 2006). Among the recently researched
alternative coagulants, Moringa oleifera (MO) attracts
attention (Nand et al. 2012), due to the coagulant prop-
erty of its seeds, provided by cationic proteins adequate
Water Air Soil Pollut (2018) 229:92 Page 3 of 17 92

for clarifying surface and residual waters and precipitat- Table 1 Textile raw wastewater characterization
ing organic and mineral particles from a solution Parameters Values Analysis method
(Rockwood et al. 2013).
Another field that has been actively contributing to Apparent color (uH)a 707.3 Spectrophotometer Hach
the development of new wastewater treatment methods model DR/2000
is nanotechnology (Anjum et al. 2016). Recently, mag- Turbidity (NTU)b 128 Policontrol turbidimeter
model AP2000
netic nanoparticles have been tested for heavy metals
UV254nm (cm−1) 0.640 Spectrophotometer Hach
and hazardous materials removal from water (Rajput
model DR/2000
et al. 2016). Magnetic nanoparticles have unique and
pH 3.27 pH meter—Digimed
favorable characteristics in relation to their use, such as
Zeta potential (mV) − 8.49 Beckman Coulter
low cost and toxicity, high magnetism, durability and Delsa™ Nano Zeta
biocompatibility (Laurent et al. 2008), and easy separa- Potential Analyzer
tion from aqueous solutions (Medvedeva et al. 2015).
Analysis method performed according to Standard Methods
The biocompatibility of these materials makes their (APHA 2005)
association with biological compounds a promising al- a
Hazen unit = (mg Pt-Co L−1 )
ternative for several applications as treatment of water b
Turbidity unit
supply (Santos et al. 2016; Gupta et al. 2015) or indus-
trial wastewaters (Brumfiel 2003).
The spectrum obtained from EDX analysis is shown
Considering the above mentioned, the objective of
the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of the in Fig. 1. The compounds present in the raw wastewater
association between magnetic nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3) are frequent due to the dye compounds commonly used
and compounds present in MO seeds for raw textile in the textile industry (Verma et al. 2012) and the other
wastewater treatment. The developed magnetic coagu- products involved throughout washing process, for ex-
lant was evaluated in relation to removal efficiency of ample Na, Ca, S, and Si.
quality physicochemical parameters such as apparent
color, turbidity, and compounds with absorption at 2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticle Synthesis
UV254nm. In addition, studies on the mechanisms in-
volved in the CF process as well as settling kinetics The nanoparticles composed by hematite phase of iron
and coagulant reuse were also performed. oxide were synthesized by a modified aqueous sol–gel
method according to Pastor et al. (2012). Iron nitrate
aqueous solution was mixed at room temperature under
2 Materials and Methods stirring for 2 h and then heated until complete water
evaporation. After these procedures, the residue was
2.1 Textile Wastewater Samples calcined at 400 °C for 4 h in muffle.

Raw textile wastewater samples were collected in the
entrance of the textile treatment plant situated in Pérola
city, located in the northwest of Paraná State, Brazil.
Before the analytical procedures, their characteristics
were evaluated for apparent color, turbidity, zeta poten-
tial, and compounds with absorption at UV254nm whose
results are shown in Table 1. The wastewater was also
characterized in relation to the elemental composition,
by using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)
(Fig. 1), performed on Quantum 250 (FEI) equipment
coupled with Spectra Software AZtec 3.0 EDX (Oxford
Instruments Nanotechnology Tools Ltd). This wastewa-
ter was used for coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation
(CFS) assays, using magnetic coagulant.
2.3 Nanoparticle Characterization
The crystalline structure of the nanoparticles was identi-
fied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) data using a Siemens D-
5000 powder diffractometer with monochromated Cu–
Kα radiation (λ = 1.54056 Å). The XRD was measured
in the range between 25 and 60° in 2θ. The size of the
crystallites synthesized were estimated using Scherrer’s
Eq. (1), in which 0.89 is the Scherrer constant, λ is the
wavelength, B is the full width at half maximum
(FWHM) of the peak, and cosθ is the Bragg angle.
0:89λ
d¼ ð1Þ
ðBcosθB Þ
92 Page 4 of 17
Fig. 1 Raw textile wastewater
elementary composition obtained
by EDX
The morphology were examined using a 120-kV
JEOL JEM-1400 transmission electron microscope
(TEM). The hematite powders were characterized by
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) using a FTIR-BOMEM-
100 Spectrometer using KBr pellets. The magnetization
measures as function of applied magnetic field (− 60 to
60 kOe) at 100 and 300 K were performed on a vibrating
sample magnetometer (VSM-2T; Lakeshore).
The scanning micrograph of α-Fe2O3 was performed
on a Quanta 250 (FEI) electronic microscope (SEM) and
elemental composition analysis was performed on the
same equipment coupled with Spectra AZtec 3.0 EDX
support software (Oxford Instruments Nanotechnology
Tools Ltd) for X-ray spectroscopy by energy dispersion.
2.4 Moringa oleifera Seed Preparation
Mature MO seeds were provided by Universidade Fed-
eral de Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju—SE, Brazil. These
seeds were stored under refrigeration so their original
characteristics could be maintained till the analytical
procedures. The seeds were then peeled and crushed.
2.5 Preparation of MO Saline Extract
One gram of crushed seed was mixed with 100 mL
of NaCl aqueous solution (1 mol L−1) under mag-
netic stirring for 30 min (Madrona et al. 2010). The
MO active principle was extracted by salting-out
mechanism, responsible for increasing the ionic
strength and solubility of the active components,
improving the coagulant capacity of MO seeds
(Okuda et al. 2001). Afterwards, this mixture was vac-
uum filtered on a qualitative membrane, obtaining 1%
(considering initial mass) of saline extract (Madrona
et al. 2010).
Water Air Soil Pollut (2018) 229:92
2.6 Preparation of Magnetic Coagulant
The magnetic coagulant was prepared according to the
methodology proposed by Santos et al. (2016), with
some modifications. Therefore, 20 mL of MO saline
extract (200, 400, 600 mg L−1) (Madrona et al. 2010;
Santos et al. 2016) and different amounts of α-Fe2O3
(40, 60, or 80 mg) were stirred by ultrasound for 5 min
(min). The mixtures (MO saline extract + nanoparticles)
were stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Each associa-
tion was designed by different letters, as shown in
Table 2.
2.7 Magnetic Coagulant Characterization
The magnetic coagulant were characterized by zeta po-
tential varying the pH values from 2 to 12, by electro-
phoretic light dispersion using the equipment Beckman
Coulter DelsaTM Nano Zeta Potential Analyzer. The
EDX composition was performed according to the
methodology described in BTextile Wastewater
Samples^ section.
2.8 Jar Test Assays
Experimental tests were conducted in the jar test equip-
ment (Nova Ética Model-218LDB) with 300 mL of raw
textile wastewater into recipients of 600 mL capacity.
The CFS efficiency was determined by the removal
capacity of apparent color, turbidity, and UV254nm, cal-
culated by Eq. (2), where Ci and Cf are the initial and
final values, respectively, for each parameter:
 
Ci−C f
%Removal efficiency ¼ 100 ð2Þ
Ci
Water Air Soil Pollut (2018) 229:92
Table 2 Different treatment composition (MO saline extract and nanoparticles association)
Treatment A B C D E F
α-Fe2O3 (mg) 0 0 60 40 40 40
MO (mg L−1) 0 400 0 200 400 600
For the CFS process, the following conditions were
applied: coagulant doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg L−1;
rapid mixing rate (RMR) of 100 rpm for 2 min; and
slow mixing rate (SMR) of 20 rpm for 20 min (Golob
et al. 2005), after coagulation/flocculation a total
sedimentation time of 30 min was applied; however,
the removal efficiency for the proposed coagulant
was evaluated at times 10, 20, and 30 min, in the
absence and under external magnetic of 600 k Am−1
measured using Gaussmeter equipment (Lakeshore,
425 Gaussmeter) in order to evaluate the influence of
magnetic sedimentation.
2.9 Sedimentation Kinetics
Jar test assays were performed in order to verify the
required time of sedimentation. The settling time ranged
from 0 to 90 min. The samples were collected at times 3,
5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 min, being evaluated for
removal efficiency of apparent color, turbidity, and
UV254nm, for each sedimentation time.
2.10 Refunctionalized Sludge
For the reuse assays, the resulting sludge of the CFS
process, containing magnetic nanoparticles, were
dried at 70 °C for 1 h. After drying the sludge, this
resulting material was again functionalized with the
compounds present in the MO extract, according to
the methodology described in the BPreparation of
Magnetic Coagulant^ section giving rise to a new
coagulant.
This coagulant was then used for new CFS
assays. The evaluation of removal parameters was
performed using the same conditions of the opti-
mum treatment found in previous CFS assays. The
coagulant regeneration potential was studied in two
successive reuses and characterized in relation to
the elemental composition obtained by EDX, ac-
cording to the methodology described in BTextile
Wastewater Samples^ section.
Page 5 of 17 92
G H I J K L
60 60 60 80 80 80
200 400 600 200 400 600
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Iron Oxide Characterization
In relation to elemental composition (EDX), the obtain-
ed iron oxide nanoparticles (Fig. 2) present only Fe and
O, similar to those obtained by Zayed et al. (2017) using
another method for the synthesis of α-Fe2O3 indicating
that the synthesis method used allows obtaining such
materials without impurities.
The obtained iron oxide was characterized related to
crystalline structure by XRD, presented functional
chemical groups by FTIR, magnetic properties by mag-
netization as function of magnetic applied field and
temperature, and morphological structure by TEM and
SEM. The structure as well as the average crystallite size
were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (Fig. 3). The
obtained diffraction pattern are in perfect agreement
with the standard JCPDS 87-1166 of hematite (α-
Fe2O3). At room temperature, hematite phase is weakly
ferromagnetic. The estimated crystallite diameter by
Scherrer’s equation (33° peak) was nearly 40 nm, in
agreement with previous studies using the same synthe-
sis method to obtain nanosized particles (Pérez-
Landazáball et al. 2015).
Figure 4 shows the FTIR spectrum of obtained iron
oxide. The bands in the range of 750–400 cm−1 are
related to Fe–O lattice vibration. Hematite phase pre-
sents bands at 620, 540, and 470 cm−1, but the positions
of the bands are sensitive to the particles size and shape
(Gotic and Music 2007; Pedroi 2007).
This spectrum presents no bands except Fe–O link-
ages, indicating the absence of impurities or humidity,
according to EDX results. It is probably due to non-use
of organic capping agents, as polymers or organic mol-
ecules, but only water and metal precursor in the syn-
thesis method.
As it can be appreciated in the micrograph obtained
by TEM (see Fig. 5), nanoparticles have a round shape.
According to Sadykov et al. (2000), if iron oxides are
obtained through decomposition of a nitrate salt
92 Page 6 of 17
Fig. 2 Iron oxide elementary
composition obtained by EDX
spectra
solution, the particles are usually elongated, round
shaped, and contain few extended defects. The rounded
surface nanoparticles implies presence of high index
stepped faces, on which the terminal oxygen species
bound to the regular cations may appear. The size of
the nanoparticles from the image is similar to the one
obtained by X-ray diffraction. It could be observed that
nanoparticles present as agglomerates due to the ferro-
magnetic characteristics of the obtained material. Fig-
ure 6 shows the SEM micrograph of α-Fe2O3, and it is
possible to note that particles are present as aggregates
formed by nanometric particles, being in agreement
with TEM micrographs.
The magnetization were studied in function of ap-
plied magnetic field (at T = 300 K and T = 100 K), as
shown in Fig. 7. There is a hysteretic behavior in low
fields since hematite can present a weak parasitic ferro-
magnetism because the electron spin magnetic moments
Fig. 3 XRD diffractogram of
obtained iron oxide
Water Air Soil Pollut (2018) 229:92
are not in a rigid antiparallel arrangement. There is a
slight canting angle between the Morin temperature
(240 K) and the Neél temperature (948 K) (Kihal
et al. 2009). The magnetic phase transition (Morin
transition) at about 240 K (Pérez-Landazáball et al.
2015), followed by a decrease in magnetization, also
leads to a Bcollapse^ of the hysteresis curve. Before
the transition, at T = 300 K, the coercive force was
H c = 3.19 kOe. Upon cooling, the structure un-
dergoes a first order spin reorientation, in which the
net magnetic moment is lost and after the transition,
at T = 100 K, the coercive force Hc = 160 Oe. As
shown, saturation is not reached up to the maximum
applied magnetic field, similar to a previous report by
Peng et al. (2010). The magnetic behaviors of hema-
tite depend on crystallinity and particle size. It is
known that coercivity is influenced by several possi-
ble factors, such as size, structure, surface disorder,
Water Air Soil Pollut (2018) 229:92
Fig. 4 FTIR spectrum of
obtained iron oxide
morphologies, etc. Lower crystallinity may be the main
reason for the high coercive force presented in this
study, compared to that previously reported in literature
(Peng et al. 2010; Özdemir and Dunlop 2014).
3.2 Magnetic Coagulant Characterization
The magnetic coagulant was characterized by potential
zeta and EDX and the results are shown below. The zeta
potential analysis was performed to obtain information
about the surface electrostatic charge of MO, α-Fe2O3,
Fig. 5 Micrograph of synthesized iron oxide obtained by TEM
Page 7 of 17 92
and α-Fe2O3-MO with the pH variation in order to aid in
understanding the possible involved mechanisms
(Fig. 8).
As observed in Fig. 8, among the three materials
analyzed, MO and α-Fe2O3 exhibit similar behavior,
being positively charged at pH below than 6.70 and
negatively charged at pH above this value. However,
the iron oxide presents an amphoteric behavior, variable
according to the concentration of protons or hydroxyls
in the solution. The coagulant α-Fe2O3-MO presents
zero potential charge at pH 9.27 and is positively
charged at values below than this.
According to Verma et al. (2012) most of the dyes
present in wastewaters from textile industries are nega-
tively charged; therefore, cationic compounds are pref-
erable for the treatment of these residues, a fact that
corroborates the use of the coagulant obtained in the
present study constituted in part by cationic proteins
(Baptista et al. 2015), responsible for the coagulant
potential of MO seeds.
In relation to the elemental composition of the coag-
ulant α-Fe2O3-MO, expressed in Fig. 9, it is possible to
observe the presence of α-Fe2O3 and MO compound
elements, indicating that the association becomes
effective.
The presence of the elements Na and Cl is related
to saline extraction of the compounds present in the
seeds of MO, which according to Ndabigengesere
et al. (1998) and Okuda et al. (2001) increase the
ionic strength and solubility of the active compounds
present in the seeds.
92 Page 8 of 17
Fig. 6 Micrograph of
synthesized iron oxide obtained
by SEM
3.3 Jar Test Assays
The magnetic coagulant was tested in order to evaluate
which coagulant combination present better removal
efficiency for the evaluated parameters, under and in
the absence of external magnetic field, in sedimentation
times of 10, 20, and 30 min.
Regarding removal efficiency for all evaluated pa-
rameters, the greatest results were achieved by α-Fe2O3-
MO coagulant, using H treatment (60 mg L−1 of α-
Fe2O3 and 400 mg L−1 of MO) under applied magnetic
field after 10 min of sedimentation. In relation of appar-
ent color removal (Fig. 10), it achieved 92.37% of
removal; for turbidity (Fig. 11), the removal was
Fig. 7 Magnetization versus
magnetic applied field curves at
100 and 300 K
Water Air Soil Pollut (2018) 229:92
91.43%, and for UV254nm the removal (Fig. 12) reached
46.09%. Removal values of 87.45% for apparent color,
86.42% for turbidity, and 42.63% for UV254nm were
obtained using the same treatment in the absence of a
magnetic field, demonstrating that presence of the mag-
netic field assists in the removal of evaluated physico-
chemical parameters, as observed in Figs. 10, 11, and
12, respectively.
Regarding MO dosage, 400 mg L−1 was the concen-
tration that presented the best removal of the physical–
chemical parameters evaluated. These results are in
accordance with previous studies by Santos et al.
(2016) in which functionalized nanoparticles with MO
extract were used to remove the same parameters
Water Air Soil Pollut (2018) 229:92
Fig. 8 Zeta potential versus pH
of iron oxide nanoparticles α-
Fe2O3, MO saline extract, and
magnetic coagulant α-Fe2O3-MO
evaluated in the present study, what exalts the use of this
coagulant since the specified dosage is the same needed
when using synthetic and non-magnetic coagulants,
such as magnesium chloride and ferrous sulfate (Tan
et al. 2000; Georgiu et al. 2003) obtaining removals of
apparent colors of 85 and 90%, respectively. Besides
that, several studies using alum-based coagulants report
apparent color removal lower to the one obtained in the
present study (El-Gohary and Tawfik 2009; Kumar et al.
2008; Patel and Vashi 2010; Bidhendi et al. 2007;
Suksaroj et al. 2005; Tun et al. 2007; Selkuc 2005).
The association of magnetic nanoparticles with the
compounds present in MO seeds saline extract results in
magnetic coagulation with characteristics of both mate-
rials, facilitating the impurities’ sedimentation through
the aggregation of this in magnetic flakes, which while
being exposed to an external magnetic field have the
Fig. 9 α-Fe2O3-MO coagulant
elementary composition obtained
by EDX spectra
Page 9 of 17 92
internal magnetic moment spinning in the same direc-
tion of the external magnetic field. This fact increases
the nanoparticles’ magnetic properties (Lu et al. 2007;
Okoli et al. 2012).
The use of the two compounds (MO and hematite)
for dye removal is also reported in some studies. Sajjadi
and Goharshadi (2017) evaluated hematite for methy-
lene blue and rhodamine removal achieving good effi-
ciency. In another study, biosynthesized nanoparticles of
hematite could effectively remove hazardous pollutants
from water including methyl red and eosin yellowish
(Rufus et al. 2017).
Ströher et al. (2012) evaluated the removal of color
and turbidity of an effluent from jeans washing using the
natural coagulant MO (1400 mg L−1) after treatment
removals greater than 80.33% for color and 91.10%
for turbidity were achieved.
92 Page 10 of 17
Fig. 10 Apparent color removal over time (10, 20, and 30 min) in the presence and absence of external magnetic field
Congo red and tartrazine could be removed with
good efficiency using MO seeds according to Patel
and Vashi (2012) and Reck et al. (2018).
The positive zeta potential of isolated MO suggests
that the mechanisms involved in the coagulation and
flocculation process are charge neutralization and ad-
sorption (Mangale et al. 2012); therefore, the similar
zeta potential behavior of magnetic coagulant and iso-
lated nanoparticles indicates that possibly the same
mechanisms are involved.
Both the adsorption and coagulation processes are
individually efficient for the removal of compounds
that impart color to textile wastewaters (Papic et al.
2000; Robinson et al. 2001; Papic et al. 2004). Ac-
cording to Bongiovani et al. (2014), the coagulation
and flocculation process involves two mechanisms,
the first being the destabilization of the colloidal
system by chemical interactions between the coagu-
lant molecules and the compounds present in the
textile wastewater (negatively charged anionic, with
zeta potential of − 8.49). Secondly, a complex of
coagulant and wastewaters compounds is formed by
Water Air Soil Pollut (2018) 229:92
adsorption due to the anionic action of the coagulant
(positively charged) causing reduction of the existing
surface charges. In addition, adsorption and charge
neutralization refer to sorption of oppositely charged
ions (Verma et al. 2012).
Couto Jr et al. (2013) investigated the CF for treating
effluents of textile industry using chemical coagulant
aluminum sulfate and natural coagulant tannin. The
percentage of removal, according to the best optimiza-
tion test, was 93.12, 99.06, and 99.29% for COD, color,
and turbidity, respectively, using the coagulant alumi-
num sulfate, and 94.81, 99.17, and 99.65% for COD,
color, and turbidity, respectively, using the coagulant
tannin.
Sequencing coagulation (with AlCl3) and photo-
catalytic degradation using UVA/MgO nanoparticles
process was investigated for the removal of COD
from raw effluent of a textile factory, achieving
yielded considerable total COD removal of 98.3%
(Jorfi et al. 2016)
Therefore, in view of the obtained information from
CFS assays and zeta potential behavior, it is possible to
Water Air Soil Pollut (2018) 229:92
Fig. 11 Turbidity removal over time (10, 20, and 30 min) in the presence and absence of external magnetic field
infer that the mechanism involved in the process are
composed of combined mechanisms such as charge
neutralization and adsorption (Kim et al. 2004; Lee
et al. 2006). In addition, the presence of saline com-
pounds usually causes compression of the double layer,
resulting in the destabilization of the particles in the
wastewater over electrostatic repulsion interactions, be-
ing attracted by the forces of Van der Waals (Sulaiman
et al. 2017).
The results obtained in the present study demon-
strates that the coagulant used is characterized as an
efficient alternative for textile wastewater treatment,
especially due to the reduced time of sedimentation
necessary for satisfactory removals of the physical–
chemical parameters analyzed. Considering the sat-
isfactory results obtained by the treatment H
(60 mg of α-Fe2O3 and 400 mg L−1 of MO), it
was chosen for the realization of the complementa-
ry studies, like the kinetics of sedimentation and
the reuse of the residual material formed after the
new refunctionalization.
Page 11 of 17 92
3.4 Settling Kinetics
The sedimentation kinetics were performed using the
best treatment obtained in the CF step (treatment H—
60 mg of α-Fe2O3 and 400 mg L−1 of MO), under the
same operating conditions as described previously
(RMR of 100 rpm for 2 min and SMR of 20 rpm for
20 min). The results are shown in Fig. 13.
As shown in Fig. 13, in the early sedimentation
minutes, elevated removals were obtained, without sig-
nificant increases in removals after 10 min (92.37% for
apparent color, 91.43% for turbidity, and 46.09% for
UV254nm), demonstrating that 10 min is a sufficient time
to obtain satisfactory results when compared to the
following times (whose difference would not be signif-
icant at a level of 5%).
Other studies using only MO as a coagulant to treat
different wastewaters required 20 min (Ströher et al.
2012) and 60 min (Mateus et al. 2017a, 2017b) of
sedimentation to remove the quality parameters in
actual wastewaters from the textile and the dairy
92 Page 12 of 17 Water Air Soil Pollut (2018) 229:92

Fig. 12 UV254nm removal over time (10, 20, and 30 min) in the presence and absence of external magnetic field

industries, respectively, differing from the time found in with the compounds present in the saline extract of
the present study, in which 10 min of sedimentation MO increased the efficiency of removal of the eval-
was enough to obtain satisfactory results, demon- uated parameters and allowed a reduction of sedi-
strating that the presence of nanoparticles associated mentation time.

Fig. 13 α-Fe2O3-MO settling

kinetics in the presence of
external magnetic field
Water Air Soil Pollut (2018) 229:92
Fig. 14 Removal parameters of
apparent color, turbidity, and
UV254nm in CFS process using
refunctionalized sludge using
treatment H (60 mg α-Fe2O3 and
400 mg L−1 of MO) under
external magnetic field
3.5 Refunctionalized Sludge
The sludge reuse assays were performed using resulting
sludge of CFS process for two consecutive times, fol-
lowing the conditions applied on the optimal treatment
found in previous CFS tests (60 mg of α-Fe2O3 and
400 mg L−1 of MO). Therefore, the resulting sludge
containing nanoparticles was again associated to MO
saline extract, following the methodology previously
described. After new CFS tests with refunctionalized
sludge as coagulant, the removal efficiencies were cal-
culated and the results are expressed in Fig. 14.
Regarding the results expressed in Fig. 14, it is
possible to observe that the refunctionalized sludge
presents great reuse potential, confirmed through
obtained results after the first refunctionalization
and use in new CFS test. The removal after the first
Fig. 15 Elementary composition
of resulting sludge from the first
reuse obtained by EDX spectra
Page 13 of 17 92
reuse was of 90.81% for apparent color, 90% for
turbidity, and 43.64% for the UV254nm, presenting
similar efficiency in this first use (92.37% removal
of apparent color, 91.43% for turbidity, and 46.09%
for UV254nm). A possible reason for removal effi-
ciency had been maintained after the first sludge
refunctionalization by the compounds present in
MO saline extract that they do not alter the electro-
static energy involved in the interaction among the
components of the coagulant (Okoli et al. 2012).
Another possibility consists of functional groups
disponibilization by the new refunctionalization with
soluble compounds present in MO saline extract
which makes its efficiency very similar to the effi-
ciency obtained of the first use.
Furthermore, as expressed by EDX, in the sludge
from the first reuse (Fig. 15), the common elements to
92 Page 14 of 17
Fig. 16 Elementary composition
of resulting sludge from the
second reuse obtained by EDX
spectra
the textile wastewater as well as the constituent elements
of the magnetic coagulant are in large quantity in the
waste material.
In the second reuse, the removals obtained were
79.90% for apparent color, 80% for turbidity, and
36.82% for UV254nm. The most probable reason for
the reduction in coagulant activity after the second
reuse consists of the increase of elements such as C,
S, Na, and Cl in the sludge, being C and S common in
chromosphore composition, elements of high stain-
ing present in the textile dyes (Christie 2001); Cl and
Na originate from the extraction method of MO com-
pounds present, according to elemental analysis
expressed in Fig. 16. Another fact that must be ob-
served is the reduction of the percentage of the ele-
ments Fe and O, common to the iron oxide and
present in the carbonyl, carboxylic acid, and amide
groups, available in soluble extracts of MO (Tavares
et al. 2017).
The result sludge allowed new functionalization
and application in new CFS assays leads to a poten-
tial coagulant material economy and effective reduc-
tion in the produced sludge (Golob et al. 2005),
reducing inherent costs to the process. Besides, an-
other advantage related to natural products-based
coagulants use is the reduction in formation of sub-
products even more harmful to the environment and
to human health (Verma et al. 2012).
In this sense, the proposed coagulant can be con-
sidered as an effective coagulant for this type of
wastewater, especially because the residue generated
in the CFS process (composed by MO and α-Fe2O3)
is biodegradable and common to soil composition.
For reuse purposes, the association of treatments can
be an alternative to the conventional treatments used
for treating wastewater from textile industry, being
Water Air Soil Pollut (2018) 229:92
the treated wastewater obtained suitable for indirect
industrial reuse.
4 Conclusion
In this study, the removal of apparent color, turbidity,
and UV254nm was investigated using MO soluble
compounds and α-Fe2O3-MO in CFS process of tex-
tile wastewater in the presence and in the absence of
external magnetic field. It was possible to observe
that the composite material presented the best removal
efficiencies, reaching values of 92.37% for apparent
color, 91.43% for turbidity, and 46.09% for UV254nm,
indicating that the proposed association was efficient in
the treatment of this type of wastewater; in addition, it
was possible to obtain high removals with reduced
sedimentation time when submitted to magnetic field,
differing from other treatments which require a high
sedimentation time.
Reuse studies demonstrated the possibility of
sludge destination as a component of new coagulant
material, which presented similar removal efficiency
as its first use, reducing sludge generation and con-
sequently reducing expenses with the final disposal
of this material, resulting in a reduction of costs in the
process.
Therefore, the new proposed material composed of
α-Fe2O3-MO and the compounds present in MO seed
extract have applicability for textile industry wastewater
treatment, demonstrating high removals for all evaluat-
ed parameters, characteristics that are favorable and
consistent with environmental issues.
Acknowledgments The authors thank the financial support of
CAPES and Fundação Araucária.
Water Air Soil Pollut (2018) 229:92
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