International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration

Vol. 21, No. 4 (2013) 1350029 (8 pages)

© World Scienti¯c Publishing Company
DOI: 10.1142/S2010132513500296

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
OF PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF
HOUSEHOLD REFRIGERATOR USING PHASE
CHANGE MATERIAL
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MD. IMRAN HOSSEN KHAN* and HASAN M. M. AFROZ†

Mechanical Engineering Department
Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology
Int. J. Air-Cond. Ref. 2013.21. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Gazipur, Gazipur-1700, Bangladesh

*imran.duet56@gmail.com
†hafroz@yahoo.com

Received 29 June 2013

Accepted 30 October 2013
Published 10 December 2013

An experimental investigation has been carried out to know about the performance improvement
of a household refrigerator using phase change material (PCM). PCMs are used as latent heat
thermal storage system to enhance the heat transfer of the evaporator. PCM is located behind the
¯ve sides of the evaporator cabinet in which the evaporator coil is immersed. Water (melting point
0
C) and Eutectic solutions (melting point 5
C) are used as PCMs for this experiment at
di®erent thermal loads. Depending on the types of PCM and thermal load, around 20–27% COP
improvement of the refrigeration cycle has been observed with PCM with respect to without
PCM. With the increase of the quantity of PCM (0.003 to 0.00425 m 3 Þ COP increases about 6%.
Between two di®erent PCMs the COP improvement for Eutectic solution is higher than Water.
The experimental results with PCM con¯rm that, depending on the thermal load and the types
of PCM average compressor running time per cycle is reduced signi¯cantly and it is found about
2–36% as compared to without PCM.

Keywords: Household refrigerator; latent heat storage; COP; energy consumption; compressor.

Nomenclature R : Refrigerant
Temp. : Temperature (
C)
COP : Coe±cient of performance Tev : Evaporation temperature (
C)
h : Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
: Density (kg/m 3 Þ
L : Load (Watt)
MT : Melting temperature (
C)
PCM : Phase change material Subscript
Pev : Evaporation pressure (bar)
Q : Quantity of PCM (m 3 ) ev : Evaporator

1350029-1
 Md. I. H. Khan & H. M. M. Afroz
1. Introduction
Refrigeration and air conditioning systems are di-
rectly and indirectly responsible for present energy
crisis problem as their use in household, commer-
cial and transportation sector is increasing rapidly.
Household refrigerators are the most widely used
appliances of present world and it is consuming
massive portion of the total world energy. Liu et al.1
investigated the energy consumption of refrigerator-
freezers and he found about 15% to 20% of energy
has been consumed by a refrigerator. Mahlia et al.2
examined that about 26% of Malaysian energy has
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been consumed by refrigerator-freezer. In developed
countries, refrigerator production and application
have come to saturation, and they are growing up
rapidly: total production rose 30% in 2000.3 In this
Int. J. Air-Cond. Ref. 2013.21. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
situation improving the energy e±ciency of house-
hold refrigerator is an important issue in terms of
energy savings. Scientists, engineers and researchers
in the ¯eld of refrigeration and air conditioning are
now involving themselves to develop di®erent tech-
nical options for improving the energy e±ciency of
household refrigerators. Following are the well-
known technical options in this regard:
(i) Improving the e±ciency of compressors.
(ii) Developing an e®ective heat exchanger by heat
transfer.
(iii) Developing a good insulation for the cabinet
and door insulation to decrease heat losses.
(iv) Developing di®erent refrigeration cycles such as
ejector, expander, gas injection, and multi-
stage cycle.
Among the above mentioned technical options, im-
proving the e±ciency of heat exchangers (Condenser
and Evaporator) has got intense scrutiny. Many
researchers are involved in improving the heat
transfer performance of this heat exchanger in many
di®erent ways like:
(i) A liquid-suction heat exchanger is incorporated
in condenser.
(ii) Designing loop heat pipe-based evaporator.
(iii) Using micro ¯n tubes for both condenser and
evaporator, etc.
Using phase change material (PCM) as a latent
heat thermal energy storage system could be a new
option of performance improvement of a house-
hold refrigerator by enhancing heat transfer of the
evaporator.
1350029-2
Cerri4 has simulated a domestic refrigerator in-
cluding cold storage. His model, based on di®erential
equations, was used to determine appropriate op-
erating conditions in order to achieve a minimum
electrical power. From his investigation about 12%
COP improvement has been achieved by using
PCM. Yet, he used a little amount of PCM in his
study. Maltini et al.5 experimentally investigated
the performance of a household refrigerator using a
sodium chloride–water mixture as cooling storage
system and he examined that the PCM decreases
the temperature °uctuations inside the cabin, lead-
ing to a better preservation of food. Here the PCM
works as a temperature damper. Wang et al.6 have
studied a dynamic mathematical model for coupling
a PCM heat exchanger with a refrigeration system,
and located between the thermal expansion valve
and condenser. His model is capable to calculate the
dynamic COP and refrigerant states. However, none
of the investigation was carried out to examine the
e®ects of the PCM heat exchanger on the refriger-
ation system performance. Azzouz et al.7 showed a
mathematical model that has been established based
on the vapor compression cycle with the existence of
PCM and showed its experimental justi¯cation. The
results of this model show that using PCM increase
the heat transfer from the evaporator and consent to
a higher evaporating temperature, which ultimately
increases the energy e±ciency of the system as
compared to without PCM. The PCM stored the
energy and it is yielded to the refrigerator cell during
the o® cycle and allows for a number of hours of
continuous operation without power supply. Azzouz
et al.8 designed and developed a model of an im-
proved refrigerator using phase change material as
a cold storage. He found that about 72% COP has
been improved and a 25% decrease in the global
working time of the compressor. Azzouz et al.9 in-
vestigated the performance of a household refriger-
ator by using PCM. He observed that the thermal
loads strongly a®ect the e±ciency of the refrigerator
to the presence of PCM. Experimental results also
show that the PCM allows 5–9 h of continuous op-
eration without power supply as compared to 1–3 h
without PCM and depending on the thermal load
about 10–30% more COP improvement has been
observed. From the above mentioned discussion
it is clear that a very few experimental works of
performance improvement of household refrigera-
tor by PCM has been done. Concerning that this
work is devoted to obtain clear concept and more
 Experimental Investigation of Performance Improvement of Household Refrigerator

experimental data of performance improvement of a PCM

Inlet Evaporator Coil Insulator
household refrigerator by using di®erent PCMs of
di®erent quantities.
Annular
Space
2. Experimental Methodology 0.44 m (0.006m) Cabinet
A conventional household refrigerator is used in
the modi¯ed form with PCM box located behind
the evaporator cabinet to carry out the necessary
experiments. The experimental set up comprised a 0.56 m
refrigerator, pressure transducer, pressure gauge, Evaporator box
PCM
thermocouple, PCM box, and data acquisition sys- Outlet
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tem. Figures 1 and 2 show the details of the location

of the PCM box with the evaporator cabinet. The Fig. 2. Front view of the evaporator cabinet with PCM box.
PCM box is made up of galvanized iron (GI) sheet
of 1 mm thickness, which is 0.56 m width, 0.44 m
Int. J. Air-Cond. Ref. 2013.21. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

height and 0.47 m depth. The evaporator cabinet
box of outer volume 0.04 m3 with cooling coil
[Fig. 1(a)] is inserted into the empty PCM box of
internal volume 0.11 m3 [Fig. 1(b)]. The thickness of
the annular space between PCM box and evapora-
tor cabinet box is 0.006 m. The open face of the
annular space is sealed by a third sheet metal. Two
copper tubes are attached with the top of the an-
nular space for PCM supply in the box and to
maintain the over°ow. Another tube is attached in
the bottom of the annular space to discharge the
PCM if necessary. Figure 3 shows details circuitry
of the setup. The modi¯ed PCM-based refrigerator
has a single evaporator cabinet with a single door.
The following are the major technical speci¯cations
PCM direct contact
with the evaporator
coil and cabinet box
PCM inlet
of the refrigerator.
(i) Cabinet: Internal volume, 0.03 m3.
(ii) Evaporator: Mode of heat transfer: Free con-
vection, Linear length of the coil/tube: 12.2 m,
Internal and external diameter of the tube:
0.0762 m and 0.0772 m respectively, Material of
the coil/tube: Copper tube.
(iii) Condenser: Mode of heat transfer: Free con-
vection, Linear length of the coil/Tube: 5.8 m,
Internal and external diameter of the tube:
0.003 m and 0.004 m respectively, Material of
the coil/tube: Steel and wire tube.
(iv) Compressor: Hermetic reciprocating Compres-
sor, HITACHI FL 1052-SK, 13 FL 220–240 V,
50 Hz.
(v) Expansion device: Capillary tube (Internal
diameter 1 mm) On/o® control and self-defrost.
(vi) Refrigerant: R-134 a.

Fig. 1. The arrangement of the PCM-based evaporator.

(a) Evaporator cabinet with coil, (b) empty PCM Box,
(c) evaporator box inserted into the PCM box and (d) shape of Fig. 3. Location of pressure transducer, pressure gauge and
solid PCM after phase change. thermocouple.

1350029-3
 Md. I. H. Khan & H. M. M. Afroz

Temperatures at various locations (compressor,
condenser, evaporator and cabinet) are measured
with K-type (copper–constantan) thermocouples
having 0.0005 m diameter as shown in Fig. 3. Three
thermocouples are also positioned at the bottom,
middle and the top of the PCM in the left face of the
cabinet to measure the temperatures of PCM.
Two pressure transducers are used to measure the
evaporation and condensation pressures at the inlet
and outlet of the compressor. Another pressure
transducer is placed at the inlet of the evaporator to
measure the pressure drop in the evaporator section.
Four pressure gauges are used to cross check
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with two di®erent PCMs as shown in Table 1 of
di®erent quantities like 0.003 and 0.00425 m3.
3. Experimental Results
and Discussion
The e®ects of di®erent PCMs of di®erent quantities
at di®erent thermal loads on the performance pa-
rameter of household refrigerator are given below.
3.1. E®ect of PCM on coe±cient
of performance (COP)

the pressure measurements of the pressure trans- Figure 4 shows the e®ects of di®erent PCMs of dif-
ducer and the deviations have been found within ferent quantity on COP improvement at di®erent
0:03 kg=cm 2 . The location of all of the pressure thermal loads. The followings are the signi¯cant
Int. J. Air-Cond. Ref. 2013.21. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

transducers and pressure gauges are shown in Fig. 3. ¯ndings:

A heater is used in the cabinet to do experiments at
di®erent thermal loads. The heater is located at the . Depending on the PCM and thermal load around
bottom of the cabinet box, which is linked with a 20–27% COP improvement has been achieved by
variable voltage transformer (variac) to control the the PCM with respect to without PCM.
supply voltage for required thermal load variation . With the increase of the quantity of PCM (0.003
into the cabinet. A K-type thermocouple is used for to 0.00425 m3) COP increases about 6%.
the measurement of the air temperature within the . Among the two PCMs, the COP improvement
cabinet, which is located at the center of the cabinet with Eutectic solution is higher than Water.
space. A thermostat is used to drive the compressor . In both the cases of without PCM and with PCM
cycling; the thermocouple of the thermostat is lo- the COP is higher at low thermal load while it
cated at the center of the cabinet. The experimental decreases with the increase of thermal load.
set-up is equipped with a data acquisition system The COP of a refrigeration cycle is de¯ned by
linked to a personal computer, which allows a high Eq. (1).
sampling rate and the monitoring of all the mea-
surements made by means of the thermocouples. Cooling Effect h  h4
COP ¼ ¼ 1 ; ð1Þ
The experiments have been carried out in a room Compressor work h2  h1
where the temperature and humidity are maintai-
ned constant with the aid of air conditioner. All the
6.4
data have been collected from the data acquisition 6.2
system after ensuring the steady state condition of 6.0
the refrigerator. To obtain the steady state condi- 5.8
tion the system is allowed to run for several minutes 5.6
5.4
(about 70 min). Experiments were carried out under 5.2
four di®erent thermal loads like 0, 5, 10 and 20 W 5.0
COP

4.8
4.6
Table 1. List of PCM used in this experiment.
4.4
Melting Latent heat 4.2 Without PCM
temperature of fusion 4.0 Water PCM (Q= 0.00425m3)
PCMs (
C) (kJ/kg) 3.8 Eutectic PCM (Q= 0.00425m3)
3.6 Water PCM ( Q= 0.003m3)
Distilled water (H2 O) 0 333 3.4 Eutectic PCM (Q= 0.003m3)
3.2
Eutectic solution 5 289 0 5 10 15 20
(90% H2 O þ 10% NaCl), Thermal Load (Watt)
(%wt.)
Fig. 4. The e®ect of PCM on COP at di®erent thermal loads.

1350029-4

where h1 ; h2 ; h4 are the enthalpy (kJ/kg) of com-
pressor suction, compressor discharge and evapora-
tor inlet, respectively. The enthalpy values at the
corresponding pressure and temperature are calcu-
lated by using \REFPROP version 8.0" [see Ref. 10].
Figure 5 shows the refrigeration cycle change
with PCM in comparison to without PCM on the
p–h diagram. From this diagram we can observe
that the evaporating temperature and pressure is
higher for PCM as compared to without PCM which
ultimately increase the heat transfer rate of evapo-
rator. During the compressor running time the re-
frigerant takes the chamber heat by free convection
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in case of without PCM, which is a slower heat
transfer process with respect to conduction process.
For that reason the operating temperature of the
Int. J. Air-Cond. Ref. 2013.21. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
cooling coil drops very low to maintain the desired
cabinet temperature. But with PCM most of the
heat in the cabinet is stored in the PCM during
compressor o® time and this heat is extracted by the
( )
30.16 2009 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals (SI)
Licensed for single user. © 2009 ASHRAE,
Without PCM
Eutectic solution
Fig. 5.
Experimental Investigation of Performance Improvement of Household Refrigerator
refrigerant through conduction during compressor
running time. Since conduction heat transfer process
is faster than the free convection process the cooling
coil temperature does not require dropping very low
to maintain desired cabinet temperature. As a result
the evaporator works at high temperature and
pressure with PCM as shown in Figs. 6–10. From
Fig. 6 it can be observed that the increase of evap-
oration pressure for Eutectic solution is 0.146 bar
and for water is 0.132 bar with respect to without
PCM whereas from Fig. 7 it is clearly observed that
with PCM about 2–3
C evaporating temperature is
increased as compared to without PCM at no load
conditions. Figures 8 and 9 shows the e®ect of PCM
on evaporating pressure and temperature respec-
tively at 5 W thermal load condition and from this
¯gure it is clearly accomplished that with PCM
evaporating temperature and pressure has been in-
creased if load is increased as compared to no load
condition. Moreover, due to high operating pressure
Load = 05 watt
Q = 0.00425m3
Pressure–enthalpy (p–h) diagram of R-134a refrigerant with and without PCM.
1350029-5
 Md. I. H. Khan & H. M. M. Afroz

One Cycle 1.8

1.8
Compressor Off
Compressor suction Pressure (bar)

Compressor On 1.6

Compressor suction Pressure (bar)

1.6

1.4
Evaporation Pressure or

1.4

Evaporation Pressure or
Evaporation Pr. increase
1.2 1.2

0.132 bar
1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6
0.146bar
0.4 0.4 Load = 05W
Without PCM Load = 0W Without PCM
0.2 Water PCM Water (MT = 0°C) Q = 0.00425m3
Eutectic Solution PCM
Q = 0.00425 m3 0.2
Eutecticsolution (MT= -5°C)
0.0
0.0
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0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120

0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120
Time (min) Time (min)

Fig. 6. The e®ect of PCM on evaporating pressure of the Fig. 8. The e®ect of PCM on evaporating pressure of the
system (Load ¼ 0 W; Q ¼ 0:00425 m 3 ). system (Load ¼ 05 W; Q ¼ 0:00425 m 3 ).
Int. J. Air-Cond. Ref. 2013.21. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

and temperature of the evaporator the density of the

refrigerant vapor increases, as a result the mass °ow PCM is higher than that with 0.003 m3 of PCM,
extracted from the evaporator by the ¯xed volu- which is simply for the higher total latent heat
metric rate compressor is higher than without PCM. transfer of higher quantity of PCM.
Table 2 shows the refrigerant thermo-physical Between the two PCMs, Eutectic solution shows
properties in the evaporator during di®erent test higher COP because of its lower phase change
runs. In all the cases the results show that the temperature. Eutectic solution starts to change its
density of the refrigerant vapor entering the com- phase at 5
C while water at 0
C. As a result Eu-
pressor is higher than without PCM, and, as a tectic solutions stores more latent heat by phase
consequence, a higher refrigerating capacity is change than water during the o® mode of the com-
obtained. pressor and transfer this heat to the refrigerant by
Figure 4 shows the e®ects of PCM of two di®erent faster conduction method during on period of com-
quantities like 0.00425 and 0.003 m3 on the COP of pressor which ultimately increases the evaporation
the system. From the comparison of these ¯gures it temperature also the evaporation pressure of the
can be observed that the COP with 0.00425 m3 of evaporator as shown in Figs. 7–10.

8 8
6 Load = 0W Without PCM 6 Load = 05 W Without PCM
4 Q = 0.00425m3 Water (MT = 0°C ) Q = 0.00425 m3 Water (MT = 0°C )
4
Eutectic solution (MT = -5°C) Eutectic solution (MT = -5°C)
Evaporation Temperature (°C)

2 2
0 0
Evaporation Temperature (°C)

-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
-8 -8
-10 -10
-12 -12
-14 -14
-16 -16
-18 -18
-20 -20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Time (min) Time (min)

Fig. 7. The e®ect of PCM on evaporating temperature of the Fig. 9. The e®ect of PCM on evaporating temperature of the
system (Load ¼ 0 W; Q ¼ 0:00425 m 3 ). system (Load ¼ 05 W; Q ¼ 0:00425 m 3 ).

1350029-6
 Experimental Investigation of Performance Improvement of Household Refrigerator

to without PCM which is almost similar to the

Percentage of average running time per cycle
40 Without PCM
Water (MT = 0°C) ¯ndings of Azzouz et al.9 that show good agreement.
36
Eutectic solution (MT = -05°C)
32 Rrs = Relative running time saving
Rrs = 22.86%
Rrs = 35.38%
3.2. E®ect of PCM on compressor
28 Q = 0.00425 m3
running time at di®erent
24
thermal load
20
Figure 10 shows percentage of average compressor
16 running time per cycle at di®erent thermal loads.
12 The following are the signi¯cant ¯ndings:
8 . Average compressor running time per cycle is
4 signi¯cantly reduced for the system with PCM
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0
with respect to without PCM, which ultimately
Load = 0 Load = 05 Load = 10 Load = 20 reduce the energy consumption for the system
Thermal Load (W) with PCM.
Int. J. Air-Cond. Ref. 2013.21. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Fig. 10. The e®ect of PCM on compressor running time at . Depending on the thermal load and the types of
di®erent loads (Q ¼ 4:25 L). PCM the reduction of average compressor run-
ning time per cycle is found about 2–36% as
compared to without PCM.
In both the cases of without PCM and with PCM,
. Among the two PCMs, the percentage of com-
COP decreases with the increase of thermal load;
pressor running time for Eutectic solution is
this is because of higher operating temperature and
higher than Water at low load condition. In case
pressure of condenser.
of high load opposite result has been observed.
This higher operating temperature and pressure
decreases the sub cooling e®ect of the condenser. As At lower thermal load (0–5 W) the relative com-
a result refrigeration capacity is decreased. More- pressor running time savings for Eutectic solution is
over higher operating pressure of the condenser better as compared to another PCM, this is because
mean higher compressor work done, which reduces of their higher melting point (5
C) which en-
the COP of the system. hanced higher heat transfer rate and ultimately
Cerri4 has simulated a domestic refrigerator in- prolonged the o® cycle of the compressor as com-
cluding cold storage and he found about 12% in- pared to on cycle. As a result percentage of running
crease with PCM as compared to without PCM. time reduced. In case of water at zero load it is does
Azzouz et al.9 investigated the performance of a not participate in any phase change process because
household refrigerator by using PCM and he found of its lower melting temperature (0
C) which ulti-
depending on the thermal load about 10–30% more mately reduces o® cycle as compared to on cycle, as
COP improvement has been observed with PCM as a result increase the percentage of running time.
compared to without PCM. From the present re- At higher thermal load this phenomena is com-
search it is clearly observed that depending on the pletely changed, where water shows better perfor-
PCM and thermal load around 20–27% COP im- mance than other PCMs. At high thermal load of the
provement has been achieved by the PCM in respect cabinet some heat is extracted by solid water PCM

Table 2. Average values of the thermo-physical properties of refrigerant for di®erent run.

Evaporation pressure (Pev ) (bar) Evaporation temperature (Tev ) (
C) Vapor density (
) (kg/m 3 )

Without Eutectic Without Eutectic Without Eutectic

Run Load (W) PCM Water solution PCM Water solution PCM Water solution

1 00 0.574 0.684 0.690 7.5 0.5 0.2 2.69 3.13 3.16

2 05 0.593 0.688 0.711 7.3 0.4 0.1 2.78 3.15 3.26
3 10 0.606 0.708 0.740 3.3 0.6 1.0 2.80 3.23 3.38
4 20 0.623 0.726 0.782 2.7 0.9 1.8 2.87 3.31 3.56

1350029-7
 Md. I. H. Khan & H. M. M. Afroz
during the compressor on mode and participate in
phase change partially before reaching the thermo-
stat setting temperature (5
C). As a result, due to
higher latent heat of vaporization of water, it shows
better performance as compared to other two PCMs.
Azzouz et al.8 designed and developed a model of
an improved refrigerator using PCM and found that
a decrease in the compressor running time about
25% with PCM as compared to without PCM. From
the present research it is clearly observed that de-
pending on the PCM and thermal load decrease the
compressor running time about 2–36% has been
achieved by the PCM with respect to without PCM
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which is almost similar to the ¯ndings of Azzouz
et al.8 that show good agreement.
Int. J. Air-Cond. Ref. 2013.21. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
4. Conclusion
Experimental tests have been carried out to inves-
tigate the performance improvement of a household
refrigerator using three di®erent phase change
materials of di®erent quantities at di®erent thermal
loads. Depending on the PCM and thermal load
around 20–27% COP improvement has been achie-
ved by the PCM with respect to without PCM.
With the increase of the quantity of PCM (0.003 to
0.00425 m3) COP increases about 6%. The COP
improvement between two PCM is maintained in
the sequence as Eutectic solution is higher than
Water as compared to without PCM. In case of
without PCM and with PCM, the COP is higher at
low thermal load while it decreases with the increase
of thermal load. Depending on the thermal load and
the types of PCM average compressor running time
per cycle is reduced signi¯cantly and it is found
about 2–36% as compared to without PCM.
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