Institute of Rural Management Anand: Devp Batch: PRM 39 01/04/2020 Section A Answer 1

Institute of Rural Management Anand
Shivangi Bolia, Roll Number: P39106
DEVP
Batch: PRM 39
01/04/2020
SECTION A
AN
Answer 1.
DEVELOPMENT GOAL
Goal:
I want to establish a social enterprise, scaling up to cover more than 150
varieties of handicrafts across Indian states and to use this handicrafts item in
urban India to build indigenous lives.
Desired Outcomes—results I want to see from developing this skill

Self:
I want to develop myself as a dynamic leader with grass root strategic intent. I want to
develop prospective to understand and derive insights from artesian groups.
Organization:
Formation and facilitation of up to 50 artesian group having a minimum of 50
members each.
Self-Understanding—strengths that I can build on and development needs I can address
Strengths:
Grass root understanding, community belongingness, strategic understanding,
adaptability, culture & tradition understanding, interpersonal skills, agility
Development Needs:
Trust building with communities, linking the development goals to their cultural aspect,
creating network for supporting each other and managing resources better
Business Context—challenges in my business environment that require this skill
How to promote the handicraft culture and tradition to the customers?

How to communicate with the artisan about their benefits from the development goals?
How to mobilize them from their existing livelihood activities?
How to lobby the government institutions for support in the initiatives?
DEVELOPMENT ACTIONS
AWAKEN (Activities for gaining personal insight into my impact as a leader)

 Direct communication with artisans
 Understanding their ideal lifestyle
 Seeing the world through their lenses
 Study of various art forms present in the community.
 Identifying master artisans from the community and making myself accountable
to them
ALIGN (Actions for connecting my leadership development goals with my business outcomes)
 Conducting large number of FGDs and interviews with potential customers and
artisans.
 Exposure visits of artisan groups for better understanding.
 Identifying one-one leader/ influencer for each community among the
 Identifying existing skill set and training then as per requirement
ACCELERATE (Experiences, people, and education that will provide

new concepts, skills, and knowledge)
 Tie ups with State artisian authorities for skill development.
 Participation in state and national handicraft exhibitions
 Tie ups with university professors and researchers for publishing research paper.
 Workshops with designers for ongoing trends.
DEVELOPMENT SUCCESS FACTORS
Timeline: Within the next 10 - 15 years
Support Needed (Who and what I need to effectively implement my plan):

Community leaders and artisan families should support the middle level managers
and grass root Organization employees. The government and CSR bodies should
support in terms of financial support.
Indicators of Success (How I will measure progress and evaluate my enhanced skill):
 Feedback from grass root level managers

 Feedback from peers and colleagues
 Feedback from funding authorities and third-party audits

 Develop an M&E program internally and externally.
 Continuous development of current business plan based on the result
Ladder Snake
Internal Internal
 Right now I am not in a position
Patience where I can have access to other
Job orientation
resources except knowledge. I can
Perseverance start planning and strategizing apart
Rigidity
from
Inter gaining
personal knowledge about
skills artisan
Over communities.
thinking
 The strategies will be made. But, the regular reviews; quarterly or
annually or semiannually has to be done and the reporting has to be
External External
efficient.
Artisan community Political influence
 Communitization will play a very significant role in achieving my
leaders
leadership target.
Connections with Western influence
development personnel
State authority (Govt.) Quality utility comparison Answer 3
Activities to benefit the world for 10days (30 minutes per day)
The account of the activities and its impact has been listed below. These activities cover multiple
facets of need of the world right now. It may be a small step, but it’s the beginning, not the end.
Sl No. Day Activity Impact
1 Day 1 Purchased 5 mango When it comes to environmental changes and

plants for nearby nursery ecological sustainability, it’s clear that the world is
and planted them with dying. Hence to preserve the ecology and save the
the help of my brother world from the environmental changes this plantation
is a small step. These plants will grow up faster,
given oxygen to the world, give fruits to the hungry,
give shadow to the needy.
2 Day 2 Collected plastic Plastic is like the major pollutant in our modern day’s
garbage from the local marvels. Plastic can act as a pollutant in all the three
neighborhood with the mediums; air, water and soil. It has major harmful
help of children from effects, when it releases poisonous fumes upon
neighborhood. burning or when it reduces fertility of soil upon
filling. Hence, cleaning the plastic garbage will
generate awareness among neighborhood for the
lower usage of the plastic.
3 Day 3 Switched off my mobile Mobile phone emits infra-red radiations in high
phone for 30minutes and frequency, which is harmful for animal and insects,
5
also made all the phones especially for honeybees as per researches. This
in my house switched animal kingdom is very necessary for our ecosystem.
off for 30minutes. Then When I posted this activity online, I got a lot of
posted this activity on responses, like people; loved the idea of 30min
social media handles. challenge and they will love to try this. This will
create a revolution and concern for environmental
changes.
4 Day 4 Purchased single used These days the world is crying for COVID-19.
masks and distributed Awareness by government and private institutions is
them among nearby at its peak. But there is a very small fraction of
slum. populations who are actually practicing these
suggested measures. These slum people they live in
harsh conditions and they are the most exposed as
they are industrial workers. Hence, I distributed them
mask and suggested how to wear. They were quite
excited and also, they said we will inform other
households.
5 Day 5 Purchased single used These days the world is crying for COVID-19.
masks and distributed Awareness by government and private institutions is
them among nearby at its peak. But there is a very small fraction of
slum. populations who are actually practicing these
suggested measures. These slum people they live in
harsh conditions and they are the most exposed as
they are industrial workers. Hence, I distributed them
mask and suggested how to wear. They were quite
excited and also, they said we will inform other
households.
6 Day 6 Went to visit progressive Farmers always were the worst hit livelihood in the
farmers along with my country like India. To run the country`s food demand,
father as he is the in it’s necessary the farmers should continue farming.
charge of the lift To make them continue we have to show them higher
irrigation in that region. income with diversifying their livelihood options.
I discussed with the That why horticulture is one of the best options. The
farmers regarding the response was great. It was a sudden plan of action,
horticulture crop but it went quite well.
cultivation and also gave
a small presentation to
them for 20min.
6
changes.
8 Day 8 Collected plastic Plastic is like the major pollutant in our modern day’s
garbage from the local marvels. Plastic can act as a pollutant in all the three
neighborhood with the mediums; air, water and soil. It has major harmful
help of children from effects, when it releases poisonous fumes upon
neighborhood. burning or when it reduces fertility of soil upon
filling. Hence, cleaning the plastic garbage will
generate awareness among neighborhood for the
lower usage of the plastic.
9 Day 9 I shut down the main In those 30minutes I saved electricity. The world is
electricity connection of going through crisis of renewable energy. In such
the house for the scenario as a responsible citizen we should try to
30minutes. I told my minimize the usage of electricity. This 30-day
family to come out of challenge will really help and most importantly it’s
the home and sit outside easier.
just for a casual talk.
changes.
Answer 5
NATIONAL RURAL LIVELIHOODS

MISSION
7
About
Aajeevika - National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) was launched by the Ministry of Rural
Development (MoRD), Government of India in June 2011.
Aided in part through investment support by the World Bank, the Mission aims at creating efficient
and effective institutional platforms of the rural poor, enabling them to increase household income
through sustainable livelihood enhancements and improved access to financial services.
NRLM set out with an agenda to cover 7 Crore rural poor households, across 600 districts, 6000
blocks, 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats and 6 lakh villages in the country through self-managed Self-Help
Groups (SHGs) and federated institutions and support them for livelihoods collectives in a period of
8-10 years.
In addition, the poor would be facilitated to achieve increased access to rights, entitlements and
public services, diversified risk and better social indicators of empowerment. DAY-NRLM believes
in harnessing the innate capabilities of the poor and complements them with capacities (information,
knowledge, skills, tools, finance and collectivization) to participate in the growing economy of the
country.
In November 2015, the program was renamed Deendayal Antayodaya Yojana (DAY-NRLM)
Framework of implementation
NRLM Mission
“To reduce poverty by enabling the poor households to access gainful self-employment and skilled
wage employment opportunities, resulting in appreciable improvement in their livelihoods on a
sustainable basis, through building strong grassroots institutions of the poor.”
NRLM Guiding Principles

 Poor have a strong desire to come out of poverty, and they have innate capabilities to do so.
 Social mobilization and building strong institutions of the poor is critical for unleashing the innate
capabilities of the poor.
 An external dedicated and sensitive support structure is required to induce the social mobilization,
institution building and empowerment process.
 Facilitating knowledge dissemination, skill building, access to credit, access to marketing, and
access to other livelihoods services underpins this upward mobility.
Approach
Towards building, supporting and sustaining livelihoods of the poor, NRLM harnesses the innate
capabilities of the poor, complements them with capacities (information, knowledge, skills, tools,
finance and collectivization) to deal with the rapidly changing external world. Being conscious of the
livelihood’s activities being varied, NRLM works on three pillars – enhancing and expanding
existing livelihoods options of the poor; building skills for the job market outside; and nurturing self-
8
employed and entrepreneurs (for microenterprises). Dedicated support structures build and
strengthen the institutional platforms of the poor. These platforms, with the support of their built-up
human and social capital, offer a variety of livelihoods services to their members across the value-
chains of key products and services of the poor. These services include financial and capital services,
production and productivity enhancement services, technology, knowledge, skills and inputs, market
linkages etc. These platforms also offer space for convergence and partnerships with a variety of
stakeholders, by building an enabling environment for poor to access their rights and entitlements,
public services and innovations. The aggregation of the poor, through their institutions, reduces
transaction costs to the individual members, makes their livelihoods more viable and accelerates their
journey out of poverty.
The interested rural BPL youth are offered skill development after counselling and matching the
aptitude with the job requirements, and placed in jobs that are remunerative. Self-employed and
entrepreneurial oriented poor would be provided skills and financial linkages and nurtured to
establish and grow with micro-enterprises for products and services in demand. NRLM
implementation is in a Mission Mode. This enables (a) shift from the present allocation based
strategy to a demand driven strategy enabling the states to formulate their own livelihoods-based
poverty reduction action plans, (b) focus on targets, outcomes and time bound delivery, (c)
continuous capacity building, imparting requisite skills and creating linkages with livelihoods
opportunities for the poor, including those emerging in the organized sector, and (d) monitoring
against targets of poverty outcomes. As NRLM follows a demand driven strategy, the States have the
flexibility to develop their livelihoods-based perspective plans and annual action plans for poverty
reduction. The overall plans would be within the allocation for the state based on inter-se poverty
9
ratios. In due course of time, as the institutions of the poor emerge and mature, they would drive the
agenda through bottom-up planning processes.
Key Features
• Universal Social Mobilization
In order to ensure that no poor family is left out, NRLM would uses differential strategies for
social inclusion/mobilization of all identified BPL households into functionally effective and
self-managed institutions, with particular focus on more vulnerable sections. The
mobilization would begin with them first. The mobilization effort would progress with the
satisfactory community readiness and milestones for various stages of mobilization and
graduation as evolved and tested in a participatory manner. Existing institutions, their leaders,
staff and community resource persons (CRPs) would support the processes of inclusion and
mobilization.
• Institution Building
Strong institutions of the poor such as SHGs and their village level and higher-level
federations are necessary to provide space, voice and resources for the poor and for reducing
their dependence on external agencies. They empower them and also act as instruments of
knowledge and technology dissemination, and hubs of production, collectivization and
commerce. NRLM, therefore, would focus on setting up these institutions at various levels. In
addition, NRLM would promote specialized institutions like Livelihoods collectives,
producers’ cooperatives/companies for livelihoods promotion through deriving economies of
scale, backward and forward linkages, and access to information, credit, technology, markets
etc. The Livelihoods collectives would enable the poor to optimize their limited resources.
• Financial Inclusion
Making poor the preferred clients of the banking system and mobilizing bank credit is core to
the NRLM financial inclusion and investment strategy.
 Access to credit is key to come out of poverty

 Minimum Rs.100,000 per family required, in repeat doses, around 90% has to come from banks.
 4 banks – S.H.G, V.L.F,C.L.F and banks
 Interest subvention – loans at 7% per annum
• Livelihoods promotion
 NRLM would look at the entire portfolio of livelihoods of each household and facilitate support
for the activities at the individual/household level, or in a collective, or at both levels. Thus, the
three pillars of NRLM Livelihoods Inclusion are –
 ‘vulnerability reduction’ and ‘livelihoods enhancement’ through deepening/enhancing and
expanding existing livelihoods options and tapping new opportunities within the key livelihoods
10
that are virtually universally practiced like agriculture, livestock, fisheries, forest produce
collection, etc.;
 ‘employment’ - building skills for the job market outside; and
 ‘enterprises’ - nurturing self-employed and entrepreneurs (for micro-enterprises).
• Support structures
NRLM would set up dedicated sensitive support units at the National, State, district and
subdistrict levels, to catalyse social mobilization, build institutions, capacities and skills,
facilitate financial inclusion and access to financial services, support livelihoods and
convergence and partnerships with various programmes and stakeholders. These units would
be staffed with professionally competent and dedicated human resources.
• Partnerships, and Convergence
Government of India and State Governments are implementing a wide range of programmes
to address different dimensions of poverty and deprivation. Major Government programmes
impacting on the poor can broadly be classified as –
 Entitlements – PDS, MGNREGS, social security, Right to education etc.
11
 Improving quality of life – Health & nutrition, clean drinking water, sanitation, permanent
housing, electricity etc.
 Enhancing capabilities – Elementary education, vocational, technical education, skills

enhancement, etc.
 Creating livelihoods opportunities – Institutional finance, Agriculture, animal husbandry,

watersheds, MSME development, food processing, etc.
 Physical Infrastructure Schemes – Roads, electricity, telecommunications, etc. These are

not exclusive; and a particular programme may cover several categories. Effectiveness of
these programmes can be vastly enhanced with linkages between the institutions of the poor,
PRIs and the respective line ministries. These partnerships would enable them to develop
different models for service delivery and the poor to access the services bet
Current Scenario
NRLM has transited into 35 States and Union Territories with intensive work happening in 649
districts, 6055 blocks, and 218543 Gram Panchayats across the country. 6.86 crore households have
been mobilized into 63 lakh SHGs, 2.13 lakh Village Organizations and 26,669 Cluster Level
Federations. 3 lakh Community Resource Persons have been trained and deployed. So far, SHG
members have mobilized Rs.21 lakh Crore savings. NRLM has provided - Rs. 1998 Cr as Revolving
Fund; Rs. 5395 Cr as CIF and VRF; and Rs.7 lakh Cr as cumulative bank linkage. Total cumulative
credit availed by members is about Rs.18 lakh Cr.
Agenda before NRLM

NRLM has set out with an agenda to reach out, mobilize and support 7.0 Crore BPL households
across 600 districts, 6000 blocks, 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats, in 6.0 lakh villages in the country into
their self-managed SHGs and their federal institutions and livelihoods collectives. NRLM’s long-
term dedicated sensitive support would be with them and extend facilitation support in all their
efforts to get out of poverty. In addition, the poor would be facilitated to achieve increased access to
their rights, entitlements and public services, diversified risk and better social indicators of
empowerment.
Fund Tracking System

NRLM have put in place a comprehensive financial management system at SRLM to ensure
transparency, efficiency and accountability. NRLM would position an IT-based fund tracking system
and promotes e-book keeping in institutions of the poor and in support structures. All the fiduciary
management systems/procedures relevant to Centrally sponsored schemes would, however, be
applicable. Economic Assistance/Financial Norms/Ceilings
1. Formation of SHGs - Rs. 10,000 per SHG to be given to NGOs/CBOs/Community

Coordinators/Facilitators/Animators towards group formation and development.
12
2. Revolving Fund (RF) – As a corpus to SHG with a minimum of Rs. 10,000 to a maximum of Rs.
15,000 per SHG. This is given to all SHGs that have not received RF earlier. SHGs with more than
70% BPL members are eligible for RF.
3. Capital Subsidy (CS) – Capital subsidy ceiling is applicable, both for members of SHGs and
individual beneficiaries @Rs. 15,000 per general category and Rs. 20,000 per SC/ST and differently
abled category. The maximum amount of subsidy that an SHG is eligible for is Rs. 2.50 lakh. Only
BPL members are eligible for individual subsidy, and, only those SHGs with more than 70% BPL
members are eligible for the subsidy to SHGs.
4. Capacity building and skills training - Rs. 7,500 per beneficiary – The amount available under this
component is used for training and capacity building not only of the beneficiaries but also of all other
stakeholders, including programme officers and staff, community professionals, concerned
government officials, NGOs, PRI functionaries etc. Expenditure on exposure visits and immersion
visits is also be covered under this component. The skill building training here refers to member
level training for self-employment and is distinct from the Placement-linked Skills training and the
RSETI training.
5. Interest subsidy - Subsidy on interest rate above 7% per annum for all SHG loans availed from
banks, based on prompt repayment. Interest subsidy is provided to SHGs for onward transmission to
their members till he/she has availed a bank loan up to an amount of Rs 1.00 lakh. It is expected that
there will be repeat doses of financing to members in SHGs and this limit of ` 1.0 Lakh is the
cumulative loan availed by a member. This subsidy is not available on such occasions when the SHG
is availing capital subsidy.
6. One-time grant for corpus fund for sustainability and effectiveness of federations –
 Rs 10,000 for Village/Panchayat level federation
 Rs 20,000 for Block level federation
 Rs 100,000 for District level federation
7. Administrative expenses – 5% of the allocation, net of the component relating to skill

development & placement and net of the component of RSETIs. This amounts to 5% of Central
release to the State and the corresponding State share. NRLM 44/61
8. Infrastructure and Marketing - Up to 20% (25% in case of north eastern states and Sikkim) of the
Central share and the corresponding State share of allocation i.e. the state’s programme outlay.
9. Skills and Placement Projects and Innovations (20% of the Central allocation) - Expenditure on
innovative projects should not exceed 5%; and the remaining 15% is for placement linked skill
development projects. 50% of the allocation for placement linked skill development projects (7.5%
of the Central allocation) is retained at the centre for multi-state skill development projects and the
balance is allocated to states to implement state specific skill development and placement projects.
The States have to add the corresponding state share to the amount released to them.
13
Impact
The impact assessment of the National Rural Livelihood Mission had been assessed in a study
conducted by IRMA, Anand, Gujarat. The study indicates that the households covered under NRLM:
a) have a higher number of livestock assets as compared to uncovered areas;
b) show a higher proclivity to save in formal institutions, though the difference in the quantum of
savings is not statistically significant;
c) have a higher loan size (about 67% more than the loan size in the uncovered areas) and are more
likely to borrow from formal financial sources;
d) spend less on food consumption but more on education. However, the total household consumption
expenditure is similar in covered and uncovered areas.
e) have 22% higher (net) income than the households in the uncovered areas, largely due to income
from enterprises. In fact, the propensity scores estimate that covered villages on an average have 25
enterprises compared to an average of 14 enterprises in the uncovered villages.
Overall, the report states that the Mission has largely been successful in creating sensitive support
structures right up to the block level. Further, several State Missions have customised the
implementation strategy to suit their local context. The report also takes cognizance of the rapid
growth in the promotion of Self-Help Groups, federations and the increase in disbursement of bank
credit. The program had most impact on women’s empowerment, access to microfinance, increase in
livestock production and high cost debt reduction, while lesser impact on augmentation of natural
resources, increase in agricultural production and infrastructure development.
Recommendations
Several recommendations to improve the Mission implementation viz. (i) The pace of promotion of
the primary and secondary level federations should be increased and they should be registered under
the appropriate acts; (ii) While the sequential model of social mobilisation followed by livelihoods
promotion has worked well in some states, the two could go hand-in-hand provided adequate
emphasis is paid on the principles of collective action. (iii) Efforts should be made towards
developing value chains and the creation of sustainable enterprises; (iv) Experience of leading
agencies in livelihoods sector should be leveraged for promotion of sustainable livelihoods -
innovative solutions such as creation of sector-specific corridors should be explored; (v) Efforts to
enable the SHG members in accessing bank credit in the traditionally poorly banked areas should be
increased and; (vi) Systems (HR, MIS and financial management) need be strengthened in all State
Rural Livelihoods Missions. The experienced professional manpower also needs to be retained.

The report concludes that ‘Expectations from DAY-NRLM are rightly high because it is one of the
most important poverty eradication programmes. Hence, the Mission requires higher order of
funding and commitment from both the implementing agencies and community-based organisations.

Answer 6
NATURAL FARMING
The closed system of natural farming is all about limiting all the anthropological interventions and
letting nature to work. It supports the idea of taking advantage of the local environment instead of
promoting importation of nutrients and chemicals. In India, natural farming is often referred to as
14
'Rishi Kheti', which is based on ancient Vedic principles of farming like the use of animal waste and
herbal juice for controlling pests and promoting growth of plants.
Natural farming includes the integrated approach of agroecology, which encompasses the
relationship between agricultural production systems and ecological processes. It allows
agricultural practices to be more focused on ecological specificities. It is also known as the science
of sustainable farming as well as a political movement that aims to improve the way food is grown
and processed globally. It provides a healthy environment for carrying out pollination, nutrient
cycle and erosion control. Agroecological farming is considered better than organic farming because
, these days organic farmers use ecological farming techniques for building healthy soil, conserving
water and keeping the environment clean. Government policies like the National mission for
sustainable agriculture (NMSA) have raised funds for practising agroecology.
This ecological farming approach is established by Masanobu Fukuoka. Natural farming method
proposes one of its important models of zero budget natural farming (ZBNF).
It is a set of farming methods, and also a grassroots peasant movement, which has spread to
various states in India. It refers to the process of natural farming without using any credit, and
without spending any money on purchased inputs.This model promises to cut down farming
expenditure drastically and ends dependence on loans. It also reduces dependence on purchased
inputs as it encourages use of own seeds and locally available natural fertilizers. Farming is done in
sync with nature, not through chemical fertilisers. Subhash Palekar, the man who coined the term
ZBNF has been asked by the government of 6 states for training farmers with his technique.
Natural farming method adopts the method of extension which is a bridge between research
stations and farmers.There are many variations of this approach, including farming systems
research, participatory technology development, look and learn visits, participatory rural appraisal,
farmer field schools, farmer to farmer extension, and lead farmer approaches. But, the agent for
agricultural extension should have the knowledge of agronomy, crops, animals and natural
resources. Farmer-to-farmer extension (FFE) is playing a complementary role to formal VFTs that
are trained during an intensive course by government extension staff. Extension approaches and
methods in the public sector continue to reflect a ... Sustainable farming and natural resource
management is relatively knowledgeable. Where agricultural information systems are dominated
by government research. Natural farming crops are more expensive, as the farmers do not get
much as compared to conventional farmers. Natural farming produces an average yield, which is
10-20% lesser than conventional farmer’s yield. But, it yields such vital benefits as preservation of
soil’s compositions. It improves fertility, bio-diversity and prevents erosion of the soil. It avoids the
exposure of humans and animals to toxic fertilisers and chemicals.
15
Subhash Palekar is an Indian agriculturist who practiced and wrote many books about Subhash
Palekar Natural Farming (SPNF) Formerly ZBNF (Zero Budget Natural Farming). Subhash Palekar was
born in 1949 in a small village Belora in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra in India, and he has an
agricultural background. It is a set of farming methods, and also a grassroots peasant movement,
has spread to various states in India. The history of agroecology depends on whether you are
referring to it as a body of thought or a method of practice, as many indigenous cultures around the
world historically used and currently use practices we would now consider utilizing knowledge of
agroecology. Examples include Maori, Nahuatl, and many other indigenous peoples. Famously, the
Mexica people that inhabited Tenochtitlan pre-colonization of the Americas used a process called
chinampas that in many ways mirrors the use of composting in sustainable agriculture today.The
use of agroecological practices such as nutrient cycling and intercropping occurs across hundreds of
years and many different cultures. Indigenous peoples also currently make up a large proportion of
people using agroecological practices, and those involved in the movement to move more farming
into an agroecological paradigm. Several social movements have adopted agroecology as part of
their larger organizing strategy. Groups like la Via Campesina have used agroecology as a method
for achieving food sovereignty. Agroecology has also been utilized by farmers to resist global
agricultural development patterns associated with the green revolution.
Agroecological techniques played an important role in alleviating the food crisis in Cuba following
the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Cuban organopónicos, part of Cuba's urban agriculture, have
been studied in terms of agroecology.
Josep Garí studied the agroecology of the indigenous peoples of the Pastaza region in Brazil. The
local agroecology evolves with new knowledge and resources, such as that provided by
development projects, research initiatives and exchanges of crops. Indigenous peoples advocated
development policies and programmes to support their systems, rather than replace them.
Garí wrote two papers for the FAO in the early 2000s about using an agroecological approach which
he called "agrobiodiversity" to empower farmers to cope with the impacts of AIDS on rural areas in
Africa.
In 2011 the 1st encounter of agroecology trainers took place in Zimbabwe and issued the Shashe
Declaration. Natural Farming is practiced in over twenty countries, recognized for its strength to
produce more at less cost. Being "farmer-friendly," it is also being used as a tool to improve the
living of the poor farmers in the world." Safe, cheap and easy to make and very effective.
Korean Natural Farming strives to create an ideal environment for microorganisms and plants to
grow. Certain plants grow best with certain bacteria and fungi. In the middle zone between old
growth forests and wild grasses is where cannabis plants and other farmed fruits and vegetables
thrive.
The system works along with the natural biodiversity of each farmed area, encouraging the
complexity of living organisms—both plant and animal—that shape each particular ecosystem to
16
thrive along with food plants. Fukuoka saw farming both as a means of producing food and as an
aesthetic or spiritual approach to life, the ultimate goal of which was, "the cultivation and
perfection of human beings". He suggested that farmers could benefit from closely observing local
conditions.Natural farming is a closed system, one that demands no human-supplied inputs and
mimics nature.
Fukuoka's ideas radically challenged conventions that are core to modern agro-industries; instead
of promoting importation of nutrients and chemicals, he suggested an approach that takes
advantage of the local environment. Although natural farming is considered a subset of organic
farming, it differs greatly from conventional organic farming, which Fukuoka considered to be
another modern technique that disturbs nature.
Natural farming recognizes soils as a fundamental natural asset. Ancient soils possess physical and
chemical attributes that render them capable of generating and supporting life abundance. It can
be argued that tilling actually degrades the delicate balance of a climax soil:
1. Tilling may destroy crucial physical characteristics of a soil such as water suction, its
ability to send moisture upwards, even during dry spells. The effect is due to
pressure differences between soil areas. Furthermore, tilling most certainly destroys
soil horizons and hence disrupts the established flow of nutrients. A study suggests
that reduced tillage preserves the crop residues on the top of the soil, allowing
organic matter to be formed more easily and hence increasing the total organic
carbon and nitrogen when compared to conventional tillage. The increases in organic
carbon and nitrogen increase aerobic, facultative anaerobic and anaerobic bacteria
populations.[18]
2. Tilling over-pumps oxygen to local soil residents, such as bacteria and fungi. As a
result, the chemistry of the soil changes. Biological decomposition accelerates and
the microbiota mass increases at the expense of other organic matter, adversely
affecting most plants, including trees and vegetables. For plants to thrive a certain
quantity of organic matter (around 5%) must be present in the soil.
3. Tilling uproots all the plants in the area, turning their roots into food for bacteria and
fungi. This damages their ability to aerate the soil. Living roots drill millions of tiny
holes in the soil and thus provide oxygen. They also create room for beneficial insects
and annelids (the phylum of worms). Some types of roots contribute directly to soil
fertility by funding a mutualistic relationship with certain kinds of bacteria (most
famously the rhizobium) that can fix nitrogen.
Fukuoka advocated avoiding any change in the natural landscape. This idea differs significantly from
some recent permaculture practice that focuses on permaculture design, which may involve the
change in landscape. For example, Sepp Holzer, an Austrian permaculture farmer, advocates the
creation of terraces on slopes to control soil erosion. Fukuoka avoided the creation of terraces in
17
his farm, even though terraces were common in China and Japan in his time. Instead, he prevented
soil erosion by simply growing trees and shrubs on slopes.
In India, natural farming of Masanobu Fukuoka was called "Rishi Kheti" by practitioners like Partap
Aggarwal. The Rishi Kheti uses cow products like buttermilk, milk, curd and its waste urine for
preparing growth promoters. The Rishi Kheti is regarded as non-violent farming without any usage
of chemical fertilizer and pesticides. They obtain high quality natural or organic produce having
medicinal values. Today still a small number of farmers in Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Maharashtra
and Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu use this farming method in India.Zero Budget Farming is a
variation on natural farming developed in, and primarily practiced in southern India. It is also called
spiritual farming .The method involves mulching, intercropping, and the use of several preparations
which include cow dung. These preparations, generated on-site, are central to the practice, and
said to promote microbe and earthworm activity in the soil. Indian agriculturist Subhash Palekar has
researched and written extensively on this method.
Organic farming methods combine scientific knowledge of ecology and some modern technology
with traditional farming practices based on naturally occurring biological processes. Organic
farming methods are studied in the field of agroecology. While conventional agriculture uses
synthetic pesticides and water-soluble synthetically purified fertilizers, organic farmers are
restricted by regulations to using natural pesticides and fertilizers. An example of a natural
pesticide is pyrethrin, which is found naturally in the Chrysanthemum flower. The principal
methods of organic farming include crop rotation, green manures and compost, biological pest
control, and mechanical cultivation. These measures use the natural environment to enhance
agricultural productivity: legumes are planted to fix nitrogen into the soil, natural insect predators
are encouraged, crops are rotated to confuse pests and renew soil, and natural materials such as
potassium bicarbonate and mulches are used to control disease and weeds. Genetically modified
seeds and animals are excluded.
While organic is fundamentally different from conventional because of the use of carbon based
fertilizers compared with highly soluble synthetic based fertilizers and biological pest control
instead of synthetic pesticides, organic farming and large-scale conventional farming are not
entirely mutually exclusive. Many of the methods developed for organic agriculture have been
borrowed by more conventional agriculture. For example, Integrated Pest Management is a
multifaceted strategy that uses various organic methods of pest control whenever possible, but
conventional farming could include synthetic pesticides only as a last resort.
Answer 2
18
“A machine does not have a heart, a machine does not have soul, and a machine does not have a
belief,” said Ma. “Human beings have the souls, have the belief, have the value; we are creative.”
So, what does leading with love look like in the workplace?
MAKE A GENUINE EFFORT TO UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER
Working in diverse workplaces with colleagues from around the world can make communicating a
challenge. But we only need to look at our relationships outside of work – with our parents or our
partners – to know that even if we are spending a considerable amount of time together, it’s still hard
to truly understand one another. It helps to assume that, most of the time, our colleagues have good
intentions – and to acknowledge that those good intentions can sometimes be quite literally lost in
translation.
This gets easier if we foster a deep sense of wonder and curiosity, becoming genuinely interested in
our colleagues. Listening deeply to what they are saying (and crucially: to what they are not saying),
asking lots of questions, exploring their perspectives from all angles. Judging and blaming are easy
and just as easily lead to disengagement and conflict. On the other hand, staying open and curious in
conversations generates an environment where people feel heard, seen, and truly cared about.
ACCEPT THAT WE ARE ALL FLAWED
No one is good at everything and everyone makes mistakes yet our natural tendency is to hide our
failures and cover our weaknesses. In intimate relationships, our flaws are only too visible to our
partners. Feeling accepted despite our shortcomings increases our own tolerance for the mistakes of
others and builds our generosity for forgiving them. It’s no different at work.
The key for leading with love is to nurture a culture where people feel safe enough to be vulnerable.
Vulnerability is one of those qualities we first look for in others, but is the last thing we want to show
ourselves. Being vulnerable takes courage. We need to know that we can ask our colleagues for help
when we are struggling and that we will be supported when things go wrong. Yes, we will get
feedback and are expected to learn from it, but we will not be rejected for making a mistake.
leading with love
Vulnerability is one of those qualities we first look for in others, but is the last thing we want to show
ourselves. Being vulnerable takes courage.
HAVE COURAGEOUS CONVERSATIONS
19
No relationship is free from rocky junctures and most of us want to walk away from addressing
conflict (and there are a million ways in which we do this). If we are willing to knowingly walk into
hard moments to have the kind of conversations that require us to show up fully, we can both work
on the issues and improve the way we relate to each other.
Courageous conversations are so difficult because they play both on our anxiety to upset the other
person as well as on our fear of not handling the conversation well and being rejected ourselves. We
need to go in with unconditional positive regard for the person sitting across from us and be prepared
for real emotional engagement. A courageous conversation blends mercy and truth, requires and
creates tenderness and, if done well, builds stronger connections.
LEADERSHIP IS ABOUT LOVE
Infusing the kind of love I have just described into our workplaces is more than just a humane thing
to do. Research shows that people who work in a culture where they feel free to express affection,
tenderness, care, and compassion for one another were more satisfied with their jobs, committed to
the organization, and accountable for their performance.
LEADING WITH LOVE
Research shows that people who work in a culture where they feel free to express affection, care, and
compassion for one another were more satisfied with their jobs and committed to the organization #
As leaders, what does all this mean? That we intentionally seek out to build connections with those
that are most different from ourselves. That we model curiosity and wonder. When we’re leading
with love, we embrace our own vulnerability, openly acknowledge our imperfections, and share how
these allow us to learn and grow. And that we build a culture where the tough love discussions can
happen that build ever deeper connections between co-workers.
Exercising leadership is as much an expression of our potential to make things happen as it is of our
humanity. If leadership would be less about love, our workplaces would turn into the very same
places we fear if the machines take over.
SECTION B
Answer 1
The sustainable livelihoods approach improves understanding of the livelihoods of the poor. It
organizes the factors that constrain or enhance livelihood opportunities, and shows how they relate. It
can help plan development activities and assess the contribution that existing activities have made to
sustaining livelihoods.
The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach
20
The sustainable livelihoods approach is a way of thinking about the objectives, scope, and priorities
for development activities. It is based on evolving thinking about the way the poor and vulnerable
live their lives and the importance of policies and institutions. It helps formulate development
activities that are.
 People-centered
 Responsive and participatory
 Multilevel
 Conducted in partnership with the public and private sectors
 Dynamic
 Sustainable
The sustainable livelihoods approach facilitates the identification of practical priorities for actions
that are based on the views and interests of those concerned but they are not a panacea. It does not
replace other tools, such as participatory development, sector-wide approaches, or integrated rural
development. However, it makes the connection between people and the overall enabling
environment that influences the outcomes of livelihood strategies. It brings attention to bear on the
inherent potential of people in terms of their skills, social networks, access to physical and financial
resources, and ability to influence core institutions.
Appreciative inquiry—originally developed as a tool for industry to avoid negative approaches to

problem solving—extends this constructive outlook. Appreciative inquiry is a highly inclusive
process that maximizes the positive (as opposed to minimizing the negative) in which a community
takes responsibility for generating and gathering information and then forms strategies based on the
most positive experiences of the past.
Capital Assets
The sustainable livelihoods framework helps to organize the factors that constrain or enhance
livelihood opportunities and shows how they relate to one another. A central notion is that different
households have different access livelihood assets, which the sustainable livelihood approach aims to
expand. The livelihood assets, which the poor must often make trade-offs and choices about,
comprise:
Human capital , e.g., health, nutrition, education, knowledge and skills, capacity to work, capacity to
adapt
Social capital, e.g., networks and connections (patronage, neighborhoods, kinship), relations of trust
and mutual understanding and support, formal and informal groups, shared values and behaviors,
common rules and sanctions, collective representation, mechanisms for participation in decision-
making, leadership
21
Natural capital, e.g., land and produce, water and aquatic resources, trees and forest products,
wildlife, wild foods and fibers, biodiversity, environmental services
Physical capital , e.g., infrastructure (transport, roads, vehicles, secure shelter and buildings, water
supply and sanitation, energy, communications), tools and technology (tools and equipment for
production, seed, fertilizer, pesticides, traditional technology)
Financial capital,1 e.g., savings, credit and debt (formal, informal), remittances, pensions, wages
Family
Vulnerability Context
Vulnerability is characterized as insecurity in the well-being of individuals, households, and
communities in the face of changes in their external environment. People move in and out of
poverty and the concept of vulnerability captures the processes of change better than poverty
line measurements. Vulnerability has two facets: an external side of shocks, seasonalities, and
critical trends; and an internal side of defenselessness caused by lack of ability and means to cope
with these. The vulnerability context includes
 shocks, e.g., conflict, illnesses, floods, storms, droughts, pests, diseases
 seasonalities, e.g., prices and employment opportunities
 critical trends, e.g., demographic, environmental, economic, governance, and
technological trends
Answer 3
LEAP tool
The LEAP tool helps us to get the proper direction on how to ask people or how to ask the
community; the right question in the right way. There are more than 50 tools in the LEAP method,
which can be used to participate in participatory inclusion of PVM groups.
LEAP method says that we have to put their data before them. Then we should ask the PVM groups
for their solutions. Some of us might ask for PRA tool. Using the PRA tools we have to show the
pedagogy of the oppressed before the PVM community.
Using the PRA tools and other LEAP tools, we have to bring out the gaps. After finding the gaps, we
have to find the solutions based on feasibility, sustainability, cost effectiveness, productivity. Based
on these aspects we have to make a plan. Then the approval and implementation of the plan can be
through state to market to civil society. Also in LEAP tools we can do the value chain analysis.
In now days, the LEAP tool is very much important. In the LEAP methodology, there are transect
walk, social mapping, consumption pattern, income pattern etc.
Value chain analysis is the process of looking at the activities that go into changing the inputs
for a product or service into an output that is valued by the customer. Companies conduct value-
22
chain analysis by looking at every production step required to create a product and identifying
ways to increase the efficiency of the chain.
The primary activities focus on taking the inputs, converting them into outputs, and delivering the
output to the customer. The support activities play an auxiliary role in primary activities. When a
company is efficient in combining these activities to provide a superior product or service, then the
customer is willing to pay more for the product than the cost to make and deliver the product which
results in a higher profit
Answer 4
Climate change presents the single biggest threat to sustainable development everywhere and its
widespread, unprecedented impacts disproportionately burden the poorest and most vulnerable.
Urgent action to halt climate change and deal with its impacts is integral to successfully achieving all
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Collectively, the three post-2015 agendas for action – the Paris Agreement, the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction - provide the
foundation for sustainable, low-carbon and resilient development under a changing climate.
Achieving the primary goal of the Paris Agreement - to keep the average global temperature rise well
below 2C degrees and as close as possible to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels - is vital to the
achievement of all three Agendas. The global average temperature has already increased by around
one degree, since then underlining the urgency of action if we are to stay as close as possible to 1.5C
degrees.
The Paris Agreement builds on the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, bringing all
nations into a common cause to reduce greenhouse gas emissions rapidly and to strengthen the
ability of countries to build resilience and adapt to the impacts of climate change, including through
ensuring adequate support for developing countries.
The early entry into force of the Paris Agreement and successful operationalization through
achievement of the Katowice Climate Package, the world has entered a new era in our collective
efforts on climate change, focusing us on urgently increasing ambition and implementation, at all
levels of government, business and civil society.
Pursuing climate action and sustainable development in an integrated and coherent way offers the
strongest approach to enable countries to achieve their objectives efficiently and quickly under the
Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
Goal 1: No poverty
"End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
Extreme poverty has been cut by more than half since 1990. Still, around 1 in 10 people live on less
than the target figure of international-$1.25 per day. A very low poverty threshold is justified by
23
highlighting the need of those people who are worst off. SDG 1 is to end extreme poverty globally
by 2030.
That target may not be adequate for human subsistence and basic needs, however. It is for this reason
that changes relative to higher poverty lines are also commonly tracked. Poverty is more than the
lack of income or resources: People live in poverty if they lack basic services such as healthcare,
security, and education. They also experience hunger, social discrimination, and exclusion from
decision-making processes. One possible alternative metric is the Multidimensional Poverty Index.
Children make up the majority – more than half – of those living in extreme poverty. In 2013, an
estimated 385 million children lived on less than US$1.90 per day.] Still, these figures are unreliable
due to huge gaps in data on the status of children worldwide. On average, 97 percent of countries
have insufficient data to determine the state of impoverished children and make projections towards
SDG Goal 1, and 63 percent of countries have no data on child poverty at all.
Women face potentially life-threatening risks from early pregnancy and frequent pregnancies. This
can result in lost hope for an education and for a better income.[citation needed] Poverty affects age
groups differently, with the most devastating effects experienced by children. It affects their
education, health, nutrition, and security, impacting emotional and spiritual development.
Goal 2: Zero hunger[

"End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
Goal 2 states that by 2030 we should end hunger and all forms of malnutrition. This would be
accomplished by doubling agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers
(especially women and indigenous peoples), by ensuring sustainable food production systems, and by
progressively improving land and soil quality. Agriculture is the single largest employer in the world,
providing livelihoods for 40% of the global population. It is the largest source of income for poor
rural households. Women make up about 43% of the agricultural labor force in developing countries,
and over 50% in parts of Asia and Africa. However, women own only 20% of the land.
Other targets deal with maintaining genetic diversity of seeds, increasing access to land, preventing
trade restriction and distortions in world agricultural markets to limit extreme food price volatility,
eliminating waste with help from the International Food Waste Coalition, and ending malnutrition
and undernutrition of children.
Goal 3: Good health and well-being for people[
"Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages."
Significant strides have been made in increasing life expectancy and reducing some of the common
killers associated with child and maternal mortality. Between 2000 and 2016, the worldwide under-
five mortality rate decreased by 47 percent (from 78 deaths per 1,000 live births to 41 deaths per
1,000 live births). Still, the number of children dying under age five is extremely high: 5.6 million in
2016 alone. Newborns account for a growing number of these deaths, and poorer children are at the
greatest risk of under-5 mortality due to several factors SDG Goal 3 aims to reduce under-five
mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births. But if current trends continue, more than 60
countries will miss the SDG neonatal mortality target for 2030. About half of these countries would
not reach the target even by 2030
Goal 3 also aims to reduce maternal mortality to less than 70 deaths per 100,000 live births. Though
the maternal mortality ratio declined by 37 percent between 2000 and 2015, there were
24
approximately 303,000 maternal deaths worldwide in 2015, most from preventable causes. In 2015,
maternal health conditions were also the leading cause of death among girls aged 15–19. Data for
girls of greatest concern – those aged between 10-14 - is currently unavailable. Key strategies for
meeting SDG Goal 3 will be to reduce adolescent pregnancy (which is strongly linked to gender
equality), provide better data for all women and girls, and achieve universal coverage of skilled birth
attendants.
Similarly, progress has been made on increasing access to clean water and sanitation and on
reducing malaria, tuberculosis, polio, and the spread of HIV/AIDS. From 2000–2016, new HIV
infections declined by 66 percent for children under 15 and by 45 percent among adolescents aged
15–19.[30] However, current trends mean that 1 out of 4 countries still won't meet the SDG target to
end AIDS among children under 5, and 3 out of 4 will not meet the target to end AIDS among
adolescents.[30] Additionally, only half of women in developing countries have received the health
care they need, and the need for family planning is increasing exponentially as the population grows.
While needs are being addressed gradually, more than 225 million women have an unmet need
for contraception.
Goal 4: Quality education[
"Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities
for all."
Major progress has been made in access to education, specifically at the primary school level, for both
boys and girls. The number of out-of-school children has almost halved from 112 million in 1997 to
60 million in 2014.Still, at least 22 million children in 43 countries will miss out on pre-primary
education unless the rate of progress doubles.
Access does not always mean quality of education or completion of primary school. 103 million
youth worldwide still lack basic literacy skills, and more than 60 percent of those are women. In one
out of four countries, more than half of children failed to meet minimum math proficiency standards
at the end of primary school, and at the lower secondary level, the rate was 1 in 3 countries. Target 1
of Goal 4 is to ensure that, by 2030, all girls and boys complete free, equitable, and quality primary
and secondary education.
for each country to help identify areas lagging behind.
Goal 5: Gender equality
"Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls."
According to the UN, "gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary
foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world." ] Providing women and girls with equal
access to education, health care, decent work, and representation in political and economic decision-
making processes will nurture sustainable economies and benefit societies and humanity at large. A
record 143 countries guaranteed equality between men and women in their constitutions as of 2014.
However, another 52 had not taken this step. In many nations, gender discrimination is still woven
into the fabric of legal systems and social norms. Even though SDG5 is a stand-alone goal, other
SDGs can only be achieved if the needs of women receive the same attention as the needs of men.
Issues unique to women and girls include traditional practices against all women and girls in the
public and private spheres, such as female genital mutilation.
Child marriage has declined over the past decades, yet there is no region that is currently on track to
eliminate the practice and reach SDG targets by 2030. [30] If current trends continue, between 2017
and 2030, 150 million girls will be married before they turn 18.[30] Though child marriages are four
25
times higher among the poorest than the wealthiest in the world, most countries need to accelerate
progress among both groups in order to reach the SDG Goal 5 target to eliminate child marriage by
2030.[30]
Achieving gender equality will require enforceable legislation that promotes empowerment of all
women and girls and requires secondary education for all girls. The targets call for an end to gender
discrimination and for empowering women and girls through technology Some have advocated for
"listening to girls". The assertion is that the SDGs can deliver transformative change for girls only if
girls are consulted. Their priorities and needs must be considered. Girls should be viewed not as
beneficiaries of change, but as agents of change. Engaging women and girls in the implementation of
the SDGs is crucial.
Answer 5
 Poverty line and poorest
Below Poverty Line is a benchmark used by the government of India to indicate economic
disadvantage and to identify individuals and households in need of government assistance and aid. It
is determined using various parameters which vary from state to state and within states. The present
criteria are based on a survey conducted in 2002. Going into a survey due for a decade, India's
central government is undecided on criteria to identify families below poverty line.
Internationally, an income of less than ₹150 per day per head of purchasing power parity is defined
as extreme poverty. By this estimate, about 12.4% of Indians are extremely poor. Income-based
poverty lines consider the bare minimum income to provide basic food requirements; it does not
account for other essentials such as health care and education
The poverty line was originally fixed in terms of income/food requirements in 2000. It was stipulated
that the calorie standard for a typical individual in rural areas was 2400 calorie and was 2100 calorie
in urban areas. Then the cost of the grains (about 650 g) that fulfil this normative standard was
calculated. This cost was the poverty line. In 1978, it was Rs.61.80 per person per month for rural
areas and Rs.71.30 for urban areas. Since then the Planning Commission calculates the poverty line
every year adjusting for inflation. The poverty line in recent years is as follows – (Rs. per month per
head)
India
Year India urban
rural
2000–2001 328 454
2005–2006 368 558
This income is bare minimum to support the food requirements and does not provide much for the
other basic essential items like health, education etc. That is why some times the poverty lines have
been described as starvation lines.
26
 Poorest and vulnerable groups

Vulnerable groups are the groups which would be vulnerable under any circumstances (e.g. where
the adults are unable to provide an adequate livelihood for the household for reasons of disability,
illness, age or some other characteristic), and groups whose resource endowment is inadequate to
provide sufficient income from any available source. There are different vulnerable groups present
in our society based on various parameters. They all have something in common, that is they lack
the vital part of their need. Hence different institutions always work towards these vulnerable
groups. Though their objective same for all vulnerable groups, but their approach make all the
difference. The details are given below in a tabular form.
 The s-curve
often forms the shape of an “s” because the growth of the project in the beginning stages is usually
slow: The wheels are just beginning to turn; team members are either researching the industry or
just starting to engage in the first phase of execution, which can take longer at first, before they get
the hang of it or before there are kinks to work out.
Then, as more progress is made, the growth accelerates rapidly—creating that upward slope that
forms the middle part of the “s.” This point of maximum growth is called the point of inflexion.
During this period, project team members are working heavily on the project, and many of the
major costs of the project are incurred.After the point of inflexion, the growth begins to plateau,
forming the upper part of the “s” known as the upper asymptote—and the “mature” phase of the
project. This is because the project is mostly finished at this point and is winding down: Typically,
only tasks such as finishing touches and final approvals are left at this point.
 Targeting & identification
For many government aid programs is based on the BPL census, conducted by the government to
identify those households living below the poverty line. This census, however, has been criticized
for systematic exclusion of extremely poor households. Moreover, there are concerns that the Önal
lists of BPL households are directly manipulated to include non-poor households
Answer 6
 Casual Employment
Casual employment refers to a situation in which an employee is only guaranteed work when it
is needed, and there is no expectation that there will be more work in the future. During
periods when the employee is not working for the employer, the two parties have no active
27
relationship, and neither one has any obligation toward the other. That means that a worker
with casual employment would not be allowed to file a personal grievance toward the employer
regarding unjustified dismissal during a time when the casual employee is not working. Casual
employees are only compensated for time worked, which means they would not receive paid
time off for holidays.
 part-time job
A form of employment that carries fewer hours per week than a full-time job. They work in
shifts. The shifts are often rotational. Workers are considered to be part-time if they commonly
work fewer than 30 hours per week. According to the International Labour Organization, the
number of part-time workers has increased from one-quarter to a half in the past 20 years in
most developed countries, excluding the United States. There are many reasons for working
part-time, including the desire to do so, having one's hours cut back by an employer and being
unable to find a full-time job. The International Labour Organisation Convention 175 requires
that part-time workers be treated no less favourably than full-time workers
 Self-employment –
Self-employment is the state of working for oneself rather than an employer. Generally, tax
authorities will view a person as self-employed if the person chooses to be recognized as such, or is
generating income such that the person is required to file a tax return under legislation in the
relevant authority. In the real world, the critical issue for the taxing authorities is not that the
person is trading but is whether the person is profitable and hence potentially taxable. In other
words, the activity of trading is likely to be ignored if no profit is present, so occasional and hobby-
or enthusiast-based economic activity is generally ignored by authorities. Self-employed people
generally find their own work rather than being provided with work by an employer, earning
income from a profession, a trade or a business that they operate.
 Entrepreneurship – it embarks leadership
The process of designing, launching and running a new business, which is often initially a small
business. The people who create these businesses are called entrepreneurs.[1][2]Entrepreneurship
has been described as the "capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a business
venture along with any of its risks to make a profit."[3] While definitions of entrepreneurship
typically focus on the launching and running of businesses, due to the high risks involved in
launching a start-up, a significant proportion of start-up businesses have to close due to "lack of
funding, bad business decisions, an economic crisis, lack of market demand, or a combination of all
of these."[4]
Business Enterprise, - Reliance industries
28
Social Enterprise – Accumen

Hybrid Enterprise, - BASIX
Enterprise Collective - GCMMF
and Individual - TATA
Family - Pestonji
Collective Enterprises. – AMUL
Answer 7
Strong institutional platforms of the poor empower the poor households and enable them to build-
up their own human, social, financial and other resources. They, in turn, enable them to access
their rights, entitlements and livelihoods opportunities, including services (both from the public and
private sector). The social mobilization process enhances solidarity, voice and bargaining power of
the poor. These processes enable them to pursue viable livelihoods based on leveraging their own
resources, skills and preferences. Thus, they come out of abject poverty and do not fall back into
poverty.
The most common livelihoods of the poor are wage labour, cultivation on small and marginal
landholdings or as tenants, cattle rearing, collecting forest produce, fishing etc. The most common
non-farm livelihoods are the traditional occupations – weaving, carpentry, black-smithy, washing
clothes etc. The poor are also looking for new alternative livelihoods options in the employment
continuum. Poor are not just producers and service providers. They are also consumers –
consumers of daily needs and inputs and raw material for their livelihoods activities. Therefore the
poor move gradually on the continuum from consumption  debt swapping  enhancement of
existing livelihoods  diversification.
The term institutional support refers to the part of economic environment of industry and business.
It consisting of authorities and institutions whose decisions and active support in form of laws,
regulation, financial and non-financial help brings a lot of changes in the functioning of any
business.
The institutions could be government owned, statutory, semi autonomous or autonomous. It is the
government or government supported institutions authorized to take up certain activities –
financing, marketing, project preparation, training the to promote industrial activities in the state.
There are three stages of promotion – inception stage, operational stage and expansion or
diversification stage. The Government through its plans and policies assisted the business houses in
facilitating in the above stages through various specialised institutions set up as per the law. An
entrepreneur who needs to set up a business unit of his own or with his friends and relatives is
supposed to know the various institutions or organizations working as per the law for the purpose.
Dissemination of information in this regard can only help them in achieving the very dream of
becoming a successful entrepreneur.
29
Answer 9
Vulnerable group How to work with them?

Women and girls Women face double discrimination being members of specific
caste, class or ethnic group apart from experiencing gendered
vulnerabilities as they have little control on the resources. In
India, early marriage and childbearing affects women’s health
adversely. About 28 per cent of girls in India get married below
the legal age and experience pregnancy. These have serious
repercussion on the health of women. Maternal mortality is very
high in India. The average maternal mortality ratio at the
national level is 540 deaths per 100,000 live births. In the case of
internal migration in India, they suffer greater vulnerability due
to reduced economic choices and lack of social support in the
new area of destination. Hence, there are same issues faces by
all women and girls irrespective of the geographic location.
Hence, while working with these groups, it’s necessary that we
should focus on their capacity building. Because, they have to
feel empowered, then only they can take a step to tackle the
social barriers.
Structural discrimination The concept of Structural discrimination can be understand as
(Scheduled Castes, the rules, norms, which are generally being accepted
approaches and behaviors in institutions and other social
Scheduled Castes, Dalits,
structures that amounts to certain obstacles for subordinate
Scheduled Tribes) groups to the equal rights and opportunities possessed by
dominant groups. Such discrimination may be visible or invisible,
and it may be intentional or unintentional. Hence while working
with such community, it’s very important to understand the root
cause of their issues, their social structure, norms etc. It’s very
important to have clearer objective in your mind that whether
you want to bring transactional or transformational changes in
the social existing structure and system. The intervention will
specific for specific caste or sub caste. May be specific to the
geographic region or related to past practices.
Tribal population Tribal population is always the last mile of the civilization. The
most prevalent issue related to this group is the lack of
penetration of the interventions. Also, as they are a kind of
diversified minority, so their voices are unheard. While working
with them, it’s very much necessary that, we have to make them
realize, what deficiencies they have, because most of the cases
they don’t even know that. Then ask for their solutions, base on
that design a solution where they can get livelihood in their own
area, rather than in urban centers. Also while working with
them, respecting their culture and tradition is very much
important.
30
Small and marginal farmer As per me this is the biggest vulnerable group. They are present
groups in all geographical locations and they all have different issues.
Out of all those issues only few are common. Hence, while
working with them, it’s very important to observe basic logics
from their daily practice to find solutions to their issues. Also for
this group technical assistance is necessary. So, institutional
support is necessary. Most of the cases the issues are geography
specific, in that case we may have to dig dipper.
Children and Old age These two groups put under one category as their physical and
vulnerable group mental status is almost same. The kind of treatment and support
both these groups need is quite similar. While working with
these groups, the development worker has to be highly
sympathetic, emotionally intelligence, patient and should able to
understand the innocence of them. These groups usually unable
to take care of them through any livelihood. Hence, they need
educational, health and financial support, which can be tackled
by institutional supports.
Disable population Disability poses greater challenges in obtaining the needed
range of services. Persons with disabilities face several forms of
discrimination and have compressed access to education,
employment and other socioeconomic opportunities. The
percentage of disabled inhabitants to the total inhabitants is
about 2.13 per cent. While working with them, it’s very much
necessary to not to make them feel disabled. It always necessary
to raise hope within these groups.
Immigrant groups This is a growing concern in the current global scenario. These
are the people who are forced to leave their land due to
unavailability of basic facility. Hence, while working with them,
it’s very important to provide them the basic necessity first. That
will stabilize them, and then we can go for livelihood generation
rather than imposing livelihood upon them. We have to also look
for legal restrictions.
Vulnerable groups due to These peoples are victims already due to their issues. But, the
social stigma society makes them victim again, by showcasing hypocrisy to
them. Hence, while working with them, it’s necessary to focus
Eg. HIV patients
on soft intervention, rather than hard intervention. The
awareness among these group and also awareness among their
surrounding is very much necessary. Medical assistance can be
needed.
Answer 10
Gender lenses and inclusion -

Gender stereotype refers to any action or ideology that specifically denies opportunities,
privileges, or rewards to a person (or a group) on the basis of their sexuality or sexual orientation.
Discrimination based on gender (or sex) is a common civil rights violation that takes many forms,
31
including sexual harassment, pregnancy discrimination, and unequal pay for women who do the
same jobs as men, educational exclusiveness, economic and political inequalities. Globally, women
are substantially less likely than men to participate in the labour market, and once in the
workforce, they are also less likely to find jobs than men. Most likely, females are assigned with the
domestic unskilled and unpaid labor. Even if it comes to paid labor, the class hierarchy never let
them pursue profitable and paid jobs as men do. Unprecedented investment on female education
and policies becoming a joke when it comes to the statistics of female job holders and employees.
Social Inclusion and convergence
1. Universal Social Mobilization: To begin with, NRLM would ensure that at least one member
from each identified rural poor household, preferably a woman, is brought under the Self
Help Group (SHG) network in a time bound manner. Subsequently, both women and men
would be organized for addressing livelihoods issues i.e. farmers organizations, milk
producers’ cooperatives, weavers associations, etc. All these institutions are inclusive and
no poor would be left out of them. NRLM would ensure adequate coverage of vulnerable
sections of the society such that 50% of the beneficiaries are SC/STs, 15% are minorities and
3% are persons with disability, while keeping in view the ultimate target of 100% coverage
of BPL families.
2. participatory livelihoods mapping and detailed livelihoods analysis, and identification of
gaps (in the value-chains) and opportunities (from market) for intervention and
collectivization, SHGs and Federations would evolve and implement the intervention plan
through livelihoods sub-committees in Federations. After adequate experience with running
them and members experiencing significant benefits, these sub-committees would be
transformed into separate livelihoods organizations – cooperatives, producers’ companies
etc. These organizations could also be facilitated directly where feasible.
3. mobilization process enhances solidarity, voice and bargaining power of the poor. These
processes enable them to pursue viable livelihoods based on leveraging their own
resources, skills and preferences. Thus, they come out of abject poverty and do not fall back
into poverty.
Answer 11
IRMA was founded with the belief, borne out by Verghese Kurien’s work in the dairy co-operatives
which revolutionized the dairy industry in the country (Operation Flood), that the key to effective
rural development is professional management. It is consistently ranked as one of India's best
business schools. Also, it is considered as the best business schools in the Rural and Agricultural
Business Management Sector of India.
32
The Institute was established with the support of the Swiss Agency for Development and
Corporation, the Government of India, the erstwhile Indian Dairy Corporation, the NDDB (National
Dairy Development Board) and the Government of Gujarat. IRMA campus was designed in a
common way it also reflects upon the solidarity of both the organizations.
IRMA provides management training, support and research facilities to students committed to rural
development; in this process it has brought within its ambit several co-operatives, non-government
organisations, government development agencies, international development organisations and
funding agencies.
Currently, GCMMF is the largest food products marketing organisation of India. It is the apex
organisation of the dairy cooperatives of Gujarat. It is the exclusive marketing organisation for
products under the brand name of Amul and Sagar. Over the last five and a half decades, dairy
cooperatives in Gujarat have created an economic network that links more than 3.1 million village
milk products with millions of consumers in India. All of these organizations have aided to the work
of other and have catered to excel in their field, IRMA with the help of FES have worked to
understand the rural space and wastelands better at the same time, it caters the batches of IRMA
to understand the approach towards knowing the rural space, livelihoods. It not only trains them in
PRAs but it also hosts competitions in collaboration with IRMA to attract and encourage researches
better.
IRMA still serves the rural space better than any other institution in India and at the same time a
large chunk of IRMANs lead the way ahead for Amul. They have that understanding that what a
cooperative works with. There is a strong sense of recognition, identification and a sense of
purpose that these organizations share, from where their roots come from.
A complete ecosystem like this is rarely identified in a country like India, it has enabled all of them
to work in the best of their ability and to build institutions around the real heart of India. The
synergy that they have created have provided an upper hand to the rural farmer upon all the
competition they face from the developed world. It has allowed them to compete in every sense –
scale, quality, variety, trust and most of all have provided them with a sense of financial security
which is still a dream for the larger chunk of the rural population. Together they can grow and help
the rural ecosystem across India thrive. They can help the rural of India to repeat the success story
of Gujarat.
Answer 12
Traditional backyard poultry production in India is practiced since time immemorial which was the
primary source of animal protein and supplementary income for the down trodden rural poor and
only source of poultry egg and meat for city dwellers before poultry industrialization. Importance of
backyard poultry production has been globally recognized to overcome the worsening problems of
poverty, hunger and malnutrition in developing countries. Poultry is one of the fastest growing
33
segments of the agricultural sector in India today. While the production of agricultural crops has
been rising at a rate of 1.5—2% per annum, that of eggs and broilers has been rising at a rate of 8—
10% per annum. National annual consumption is 37 billion eggs and one billion broilers.
Backyard poultry production forms the basis for transforming the rural poultry sector from
subsistence to a more economically productive base. Also, increased backyard poultry production
would result in a positive impact on household food security both in terms of increased dietary intake
as well as income generation. Hence, increasing meat and egg production from backyard poultry has
been a major concern of Government of India for many years and supported by various programmes
to improve backyard poultry production. This has resulted.
Thus the intervention revolves around providing one cock, two hen to each of the selected
household and to make a guideline for them to refrain them from engaging in trade and consumption
of these birds until the number of chicks reaches to thirty and that of growers reach around nine in
no. this would allow them to maintain them a healthy flock which would also help them to combat
adversities better.Another activity that need to be undertaken to make this intervention work is to
support it in back hand and provide services like vaccination, a structure to keep the birds safe from
animal attacks etc.
Backyard poultry would emerge as a successful income generating intervention when we look at the
case of women from Patiya a. Households within tribal belt settlement of Girwa settlements are
already experience of being engaged in both consumption and sell of these birds
SECTION C
Answer 1
Leaders in Livelihoods−Poverty Reduction−Development (LPRD) domain. A 50−hour exercise can be

the beginning. The workshop focuses on Leadership initially and slowly moves into Critical Thinking
arena.
Leadership focuses on Vision and Influence in general and the following in particular −
Understanding leading − authentic leading; Leading Leaders, Life, and Learning; Understanding and
Developing a Leader (Functions, Vision, Values, Mindset, Behaviour, Styles); Self; Relationships;
Interpersonal Leadership Skills; Team(s); Organization; Change; Biases; Ethics; Direct, Delegate,
Develop and Deliver; Performance; Communication; Accountability; Legacy
Antyodaya, means uplifting of the weakest section of the society and Sarvodaya, is a broader term,
which means development of all.
34
Gandhiji’s idea of development was of ‘Sarvodaya through Antyodaya’, an idea inspired from John
Ruskin’s book, Unto This Last. Phoenix farm was thus established in South Africa during Gandhi’s
stint there for the upliftment of the weak Indian minorities.
Historically in India, there were and are several weak sections in the society. Women,
untouchables, few religious minorities to name a few sections. British exploited these inequalities
and the lack of brotherhood in Indians to bolster their rule. Thus few Zamindars, Muslims etc.,
openly supported the Raj. Antyodaya was thus a required thing to develop the masses which were
poor and expolited and thus help in Sarvodaya, the development and independence of the country
Answer 2
Effective Communication meets the needs of the other party. It communicates Hope (of better life),
Faith (in the capacity or potential), and Promise (of being with you till you become better- off). It is
communication between the equals (peers) in multiple forms, through multiple media using multiple
technologies. The content is always friendly without hurting the sentiments. Multiple messages and
multiple times with variations in messages are required. Communication should be short. Simple (in
the local language and in the cultural context). Coherent. With all five sense organs of the Body.
With the gut. With the Hands. With the entire Body. With Heart. With Mind. With Soul. With all
Indriyas. With Sarvendriyas. With others around. Communication should be upwards, downwards,
sidewards and inwards. With the self. It should be authentic. Do what we say and say what we do.
Walk the talk and talk the walk. Leaders need to cultivate and practice Mindfulness. This includes
reflection (contemplation, mediation, etc.), and supportive relationships. Hope (and Faith) drive
Renewal. Realizable vision and dream gives us hope. Compassion is the third source of Renewal.
This includes understanding others’ feelings and experiences, care, and acting on these feelings and
care.
We are leaders. We communicate. We are accountable. We love. We give. We walk. We talk. We

have within us to be Useful Adaptive Servant Leaders for Transformation. Let us plan and get going
there.
Answer 4
 behavioural competencies of a development leader-

 tenacity,
 self control, development orientation,
 result orientation,
 concerned with impact,
 strategic influence,
Answer 5
35
1. Pollution: Pollution of air, water and soil require millions of years to recoup. Industry and motor
vehicle exhaust are the number one pollutants. Heavy metals, nitrates and plastic are toxins
responsible for pollution. While water pollution is caused by oil spill, acid rain, urban runoff; air
pollution is caused by various gases and toxins released by industries and factories and combustion
of fossil fuels; soil pollution is majorly caused by industrial waste that deprives soil from essential
nutrients.
2. Global Warming: Climate changes like global warming is the result of human practices like
emission of Greenhouse gases. Global warming leads to rising temperatures of the oceans and the
earth’ surface causing melting of polar ice caps, rise in sea levels and also unnatural patterns of
precipitation such as flash floods, excessive snow or desertification.
3. Overpopulation: The population of the planet is reaching unsustainable levels as it faces

shortage of resources like water, fuel and food. Population explosion in less developed and
developing countries is straining the already scarce resources. Intensive agriculture practiced to
produce food damages the environment through use of chemical fertilizer, pesticides and
insecticides. Overpopulation is one of the crucial current environmental problem.
4. Natural Resource Depletion: Natural resource depletion is another crucial current environmental

problems. Fossil fuel consumption results in emission of Greenhouse gases, which is responsible for
global warming and climate change. Globally, people are taking efforts to shift to renewable
sources of energy like solar, wind, biogas and geothermal energy. The cost of installing the
infrastructure and maintaining these sources has plummeted in the recent years.
5. Waste Disposal: The over consumption of resources and creation of plastics are creating a global
crisis of waste disposal. Developed countries are notorious for producing an excessive amount of
waste or garbage and dumping their waste in the oceans and, less developed countries. Nuclear
waste disposal has tremendous health hazards associated with it. Plastic, fast food, packaging and
cheap electronic wastes threaten the well being of humans. Waste disposal is one of urgent current
environmental problem.
Answer 6
Microfinance services
The rural poor and their forest-based enterprises need a variety of financial services, not only
microcredit but also savings, credit, leasing, insurance and cash transfers. To successfully address
these needs, microfinance services must be convenient, flexible, of easy and rapid access, and
reasonably priced.
36
The provision of microfinance services can be facilitated by business development services. These
services can help build financial and business management capacity of rural households, improve
their technical skills, provide local support services for enterprises with emphasis on marketing, and
establish linkages between forest communities and microfinance services. Business development
services should grow with the development of small-scale enterprises and cater to their evolving
needs.
Savings
As worldwide microfinance experience has shown, access to safe and flexible savings services can
play a critical role in poor people's strategies for minimizing risks, mitigating income fluctuations,
facing unexpected expenditures and emergencies, and building a small asset base over time. In
particular, the very poor living in rural areas, who may lack investment opportunities and safe ways
of keeping their savings, greatly value access to safe savings services.
Microcredit
Microcredit consists of small loans provided to poor households or micro-enterprises. Microcredit is

normally characterized by standardized loan products with short maturities, limited amounts, fixed
repayment schedules and high interest rates. Most microfinance institutions require potential
borrowers to save before applying for a loan in order to demonstrate their intention to develop a
long-term banking relationship. When the amount saved reaches a specific level, the lender will
consider granting a certain amount as a loan. Although forced savings might be effective in helping
to control moral hazard risks, they increase the effective interest rate and restrict potential
borrowing..
Leasing
A lease is a transaction in which an owner (the lessor) of a productive asset allows another party
(the lessee) to use an asset for a predefined period against a rent (lease payment). The lease
payment is calculated to cover all costs incurred by the lessor, including depreciation interest on
capital invested, insurance, administrative costs and profit margin. During the lease period, the
lessee is responsible for all operational costs including the maintenance and repairs of the asset.
The leased asset is assumed to generate the main source of income for the lease payment.
Answer 7
1. Identity
2. Solidarity
3. Capacity
4. Rights
5. Well being
6. Freedom
37
Answer 8
1. Poverty
2. Employment
3. Child marriage
4. Poor education infrastructure
5. Low literacy
Answer 9
Expenses – food 20000

Health -15000
Clothing 4000
Electricity 5000
Total - 44000
Answer 11
From 1st session onwards we discussed the various aspects of a development organization like – it
revolved around discussion on agenda, leadership and people and capacity building and how these
things are formulated in a development organization. It talked about the importance and need of
having an agenda in a development organization, the class further asked us to reflect upon the role
of leadership and people in an organization. How every individual is a leader and have nothing to
do with his/ her position in an organization . further we talked on capacity building in context of an
organization. The class was focused around leadership. Leadership is the ability to influence, inspire
and motivate others to achieve or even go beyond their goals. It is also the ability to anticipate and
respond to change. Leadership is not necessarily synonymous with a position of authority; it can
also be informal and be held at many levels. Although leadership is most commonly associated with
an individual leader, from a village elder to a country’s prime minister, it also exists within the
enabling environment and at the organizational level. Think of a government unit that takes the
lead in pushing for public administration reform, or of large social movements that bring about
change at the more systemic level.
Also talked about - Having an image of where you see yourself in the next few years allows to
follow a direction or to be more clear thinking this leads to emergence of a path for a better
leadership. Thus understanding your own strengths and weakness helps in understanding the fields
that you can contribute better.
behavioural competencies of a leader
tenacity, self control, development orientation, result orientation, concerned with impact, strategic
influence,
38
7R --- Read, wRite, aRithmetic, Reflect, unleaRn, pRactice, puRsue
3 value a leader must posses
hope, faith, promis
demonstrative actions of a leader
communication, accountability, showing love
types of audit
peer audit, social audit, HR audit, community audit, external audit, system audit, public audit, CAG,
leader should walk the talk and talk the walk (you should practice what you preach and you should
preach what you practice)
SMHB -- Soul, mind, heart and body should be aligned
things to practice for better leader
Silence, stillness, meditation (reflect on time with you), unedited thoughts, be with nature, watch
life, unlearning, reading, music/art
Answer 12
Article 1 - Reframing Human Services for Greater Impact - Review
By Susan N. Dreyfus & Tracy Wareing Evans
The article focuses around the need to realize the full value of human services community-based
organizations and in order to do that we need to change both the narrative around what they do
and the structures for funding them. Apart from it we need to focus on shared value and building a
commitment towards outcomes.
Article 2 - Big Enough. Simple Enough. Cheap Enough.
By Kevin Starr, Dec. 4, 2019
The article talks about daunting social problems and the need for scalable solutions to combat the
ever-rising issues in the world. The article describes scale in a unique way, “ Scale isn’t just another
word for growth. Scale is about busting out of a linear trajectory into an ever-steepening—
exponential, even—curve of impact over time. A scalable solution is one that has the potential to
make a big dent in a big social problem, maybe even solve the whole thing.”
BOOK – The kite runner
39
The book deals with multiple aspects of Amir's life with different lenses. It covers the journey that
Amir chooses for redemption. And how guilt is the biggest factor that shapes a human behaviour.
Answer 13
A human goes through multiple phases in life, experiences all emotions. The grief deaths bring with
them to the happiness one associates with the emergence of life. One such story is about me, a
narration that may be boring for some, interesting for others irrelevant for most a good storytelling
for some and most important for my parents. Life often is said to be a full circle and we as humans
are supposed to experience that. I wonder when would that happen with me. When would I
experience something like other people and would be able to claim to have the deep integral
knowledge of this phenomenon called life? Maybe everyone around us fake or maybe not everyone
is an atheist and thus have a quiet rosy lens to look towards thus find deep meaning in whatever
goes around. Like everyone else my life too had been shaped by a number of experiences. Some of
them can be as cliched as being the child who was not favorite to being happy about the recitation
coemption that I stood second in. but if I like others try to understand that on a much more deeper
level I would realize that being second made me happy and if there would be someone who is too
ambitious than they would have thought the reason they are second and not first. So this was a gist
of who I am as a person and how half my life exists only in my head and not in reality, but at the
same time I have come a long way. From someone who believed that things would happen
however they are supposed to happen to the fact that effort makes all the difference. From a child
who didn’t wanted to think about planning about career and lived in dreams of being a painter. To
an individual who have developed keen interest in the field of development and thus opted for an
institute that would provide a deep understanding of the rural space. So this is my story shaped
with a pinch of anger, guilt, passion, and a lot of honesty care and love.
Answer 15
Demonetization in GoI and Monetization in Dairy Board. First one took away liquidity and
motivation second took that away
Answer 16
Education funnel meansas we enter education system and as we go about exiting it nearly 90%
drop out and these are the people we work with for improving the livelihood scenario.
Answer 17
# Component Cost per farmer ($) Percentage

1 ZBNF Capacity Building 255 73.40%
2 Support to Community Institutions 58 16.60%
3 PGS Certification, Quality Assurance, Tracking 28 8.00%
and Monitoring
40
4 Technical Support and Overall Programme 7 2.00%

Management
Total 348
Answer 18
Scaling-Sustainability-Legacy triad, 3.5% Rule (Erica Chenoweth) and 7-10% Rule (Kurien-Tushar)
Scaling me either increase in number or size or quantity in an area, suatainablity means its
surgance throught its own.7-10% rule
41

Institute of Rural Management Anand: Devp Batch: PRM 39 01/04/2020 Section A Answer 1

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Institute of Rural Management Anand: Devp Batch: PRM 39 01/04/2020 Section A Answer 1

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Institute of Rural Management Anand

Shivangi Bolia, Roll Number: P39106

Desired Outcomes—results I want to see from developing this skill

Self-Understanding—strengths that I can build on and development needs I can address

Business Context—challenges in my business environment that require this skill

How to promote the handicraft culture and tradition to the customers?

AWAKEN (Activities for gaining personal insight into my impact as a leader)

ACCELERATE (Experiences, people, and education that will provide

DEVELOPMENT SUCCESS FACTORS

Timeline: Within the next 10 - 15 years

Support Needed (Who and what I need to effectively implement my plan):

 Feedback from grass root level managers

 Feedback from funding authorities and third-party audits

Sl No. Day Activity Impact

1 Day 1 Purchased 5 mango When it comes to environmental changes and

NATIONAL RURAL LIVELIHOODS

NRLM Guiding Principles

• Universal Social Mobilization

 Access to credit is key to come out of poverty

• Partnerships, and Convergence

 Entitlements – PDS, MGNREGS, social security, Right to education etc.

 Enhancing capabilities – Elementary education, vocational, technical education, skills

 Creating livelihoods opportunities – Institutional finance, Agriculture, animal husbandry,

 Physical Infrastructure Schemes – Roads, electricity, telecommunications, etc. These are

Agenda before NRLM

Fund Tracking System

1. Formation of SHGs - Rs. 10,000 per SHG to be given to NGOs/CBOs/Community

 Rs 10,000 for Village/Panchayat level federation

 Rs 20,000 for Block level federation

 Rs 100,000 for District level federation

7. Administrative expenses – 5% of the allocation, net of the component relating to skill

MAKE A GENUINE EFFORT TO UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER

ACCEPT THAT WE ARE ALL FLAWED

leading with love

HAVE COURAGEOUS CONVERSATIONS

LEADERSHIP IS ABOUT LOVE

LEADING WITH LOVE

The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach

 Responsive and participatory

 Conducted in partnership with the public and private sectors

Appreciative inquiry—originally developed as a tool for industry to avoid negative approaches to

Goal 2: Zero hunger[

 Poverty line and poorest

2000–2001 328 454

2005–2006 368 558

 Poorest and vulnerable groups

 Targeting & identification

 Entrepreneurship – it embarks leadership

Business Enterprise, - Reliance industries

Social Enterprise – Accumen

Vulnerable group How to work with them?

Gender lenses and inclusion -

Leaders in Livelihoods−Poverty Reduction−Development (LPRD) domain. A 50−hour exercise can be

We are leaders. We communicate. We are accountable. We love. We give. We walk. We talk. We

 behavioural competencies of a development leader-

3. Overpopulation: The population of the planet is reaching unsustainable levels as it faces

4. Natural Resource Depletion: Natural resource depletion is another crucial current environmental

Microcredit consists of small loans provided to poor households or micro-enterprises. Microcredit is

Expenses – food 20000

behavioural competencies of a leader

7R --- Read, wRite, aRithmetic, Reflect, unleaRn, pRactice, puRsue

3 value a leader must posses

hope, faith, promis