Chapter 5

Pseudo Symmetric and

Semipseudo Symmetric Γ-semirings

In this chapter we introduce the notions of pseudo symmetric ideals in Γ-semirings

and pseudo symmetric Γ-semirings. We characterize pseudo symmetric ideals in

Γ-semirings and exhibit some examples and some classes of pseudo symmetric Γ-

semirings. We also introduce a class of Γ-semirings known as semipseudo symmetric

Γ-semiring and characterize Archimedian Γ-semirings of this class. We obtain nec-

essary conditions for semipseudo symmetric Γ-semirings to possess semisimple ele-

ments. We also characterize maximal ideals in Archimedian semipseudo symmetric

Γ-semirings.

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5.1 Basic Definitions and Results

In order to make this chapter reasonably self contained, we present here some

basic definitions and a result which we require for the development of this chapter.

Definition 5.1.1. Let S and Γ be two additive commutative semigroups. Then S is

called Γ-semiring if there exists a mapping S × Γ × S → S(image to be denoted by

aαb for a, b ∈ S, α ∈ Γ) satisfying the following conditions.

(i) aα(b + c) = aαb + aαc

(ii) (a + b)αc = aαc + bαc

(iii) a(α + β)b = aαb + aβb

(iv) aα(bβc) = (aαb)βc, for all a, b, c ∈ S and for all α, β ∈ Γ.

It is obvious that every semiring S is a Γ-semiring where Γ = S and xαy denotes

the product of the elements x, y, α ∈ S. Every Γ-ring is also a Γ-semiring.

A Γ-semiring S is said to be commutative if aαb = bαa, for all a, b ∈ S and for all

α ∈ Γ.

Let S be a Γ-semiring and let A be a non empty subset of S. A is called a sub

Γ-semiring of S if A is a sub semigroup of (S, +) and AΓA ⊆ A.

Definition 5.1.2. A Γ-semiring S is said to be left(right) pseudo commutative pro-

vided aΓbΓc = bΓaΓc(aΓbΓc = aΓcΓb) for all a, b, c ∈ S.

Definition 5.1.3. A Γ-semiring S is said to be quasi commutative provided for any

a, b ∈ S, there exists a natural number n such that aΓb = (bΓ)n−1 bΓa.

Definition 5.1.4. An element ‘a’ of a Γ-semiring S is said to be an r-element provided

aΓs = sΓa, for all s ∈ S and if x, y ∈ S, we have aΓxΓy = bΓyΓx, for some b ∈ S.

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Definition 5.1.5. A Γ-semiring S is said to be a generalised commutative Γ-semiring

provided S contains 1 as an r-element.

Definition 5.1.6. A Γ-semiring S is said to be normal provided aΓS = SΓa, for all

a ∈ S.

Definition 5.1.7. An element ‘a’ of a Γ-semiring S is said to be an idempotent

provided aαa = a, for all α ∈ Γ. A Γ-semiring S is said to be an idempotent

Γ-semiring provided every element is an idempotent.

Definition 5.1.8. An element ‘a’ of a Γ-semiring S is said to be a mid unit provided

xΓaΓy = xΓy for any x, y ∈ S.

Definition 5.1.9. An element ‘a’ of a Γ-semiring S is said to be intra regular provided

a = x(aα)1 aβy, for some x, y ∈ S and α, β ∈ Γ.

Definition 5.1.10. A Γ-semiring S is said to be an Archimedian Γ-semiring provided

for any a, b ∈ S, there exists a natural number n such that (aΓ)n−1 a ⊆ SΓbΓS.

Definition 5.1.11. A Γ-semiring S is said to be a globally idempotent Γ-semiring

provided (SΓ)1 S = S.

Definition 5.1.12. Let S be a Γ-semiring with a zero element 0 and let A be an ideal

of S. Then A is said to be nilpotent if (AΓ)n−1 A = 0, for some integer n > 0.

Definition 5.1.13. An ideal A of a Γ-semiring S is called a prime ideal provided

XΓY ⊆ A ; X,Y are ideals of S, then either X ⊆ A or Y ⊆ A or xΓSΓy ⊆ A implies

either x ∈ A or y ∈ A. An ideal A of a Γ-semiring S is called a completely prime

ideal provided xΓy ⊆ A; x, y ∈ S implies either x ∈ A or y ∈ A.

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Definition 5.1.14. An ideal A of a Γ-semiring S is called a semiprime ideal provided

xΓSΓx ⊆ A; x ∈ S implies x ∈ A. An ideal A of a Γ-semiring S is called a completely

semiprime ideal provided (xΓ)n−1 x ⊆ A; x ∈ S for some natural number n implies

x ∈ A.

Definition 5.1.15. A Γ-semiring S is said to be a left(right) duo Γ-semiring provided

every left(right) ideal of S is a two sided ideal of S. A Γ-semiring S is said to be a

duo Γ-semiring provided it is both a left and a right duo Γ-semiring.

Definition 5.1.16. An ideal A of a Γ-semiring S is said to be left(right) primary

provided that the following conditions hold :

(i) If X,Y are ideals of S such that XΓY ⊆ A and Y * A (X * A), then X ⊆

MA (S) (Y ⊆ MA (S)), MA (S) is the intersection of all prime ideals of S containing A.

(ii) MA (S) is a prime ideal of S.

Theorem 5.1.1. Every (completely)semiprime ideal of a Γ-semiring S is the inter-

section of all minimal (completely)prime ideals of S containing it.

Definition 5.1.17. An element ‘a’ of a Γ-semiring S is said to be semisimple provided

a ∈ (hai Γ)1 hai, that is (hai Γ)1 hai = hai.

Definition 5.1.18. An ideal A of a Γ-semiring is called a maximal ideal provided A

is a proper ideal of S and is not properly contained in any proper ideal of S.

5.2 Pseudo Symmetric Ideals

Definition 5.2.1. An ideal A in a Γ-semiring S is said to be pseudo symmetric

provided xΓy ⊆ A ; x, y ∈ S implies xΓsΓy ⊆ A, for all s ∈ S.

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Definition 5.2.2. A Γ-semiring S is said to be pseudo symmetric provided every

ideal is pseudo symmetric ideal.

We remark that every commutative Γ-semiring is a pseudo symmetric Γ-semiring

and the converse need not necessarily be true.

Example 5.2.1. Let S = {a, b, c} and Γ = {a, b, c}. We define binary operations 0 +01

in S and 0 +02 in Γ as shown in the following tables :

+1 a b c +2 a b c

a a a a a a b a

b a a a b a b a

c a b c c a b c

Now, clearly (S,+1 ) and (Γ,+2 ) are semigroups. Define a mapping S×Γ×S →

S by aαb = ab, for all a,b ∈ S and α ∈ Γ. It is easy to see that S is a Γ-semiring.

Now clearly S is pseudo symmetric Γ-semiring which is not commutative Γ-semiring.

We now discuss the relationships among prime, completely prime and pseudo

symmetric ideals.

Theorem 5.2.2. Let S be a Γ-semiring. Then the following statements hold :

(i) Every completely prime ideal is both prime and pseudo symmetric.

(ii) Let A be a pseudo symmetric ideal of S. Then A is prime ⇔ A is completely

prime.

(iii) Let A be a prime ideal of S. Then A is pseudo symmetric ⇔ A is completely

prime.

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Proof.

(i) This statement is easy to observe. We hence omit the proof.

(ii) This result follows from lemma 1 in [5].

(iii) Let A be a pseudo symmetric ideal of S. If xΓy ⊆ A, for some x, y ∈ S, then

xΓSΓy ⊆ A. Since A is prime, we have x ∈ A or y ∈ A. This shows that A is

completely prime. Conversely if A completely prime ideal, then from (i) A is pseudo

symmetric ideal.

Theorem 5.2.3. The following statements are equivalent for an ideal A in a Γ-

semiring S.

(i) A is a pseudo symmetric ideal.

(ii) Ar (a) = {x ∈ S; aΓx ⊆ A} is an ideal of S for all a∈S.

(iii) Al (a) = {x ∈ S; xΓa ⊆ A} is an ideal of S for all a∈ S.

Proof.

(i) ⇒ (ii) :

Let x ∈ Ar (a). Then aΓx ⊆ A. Since A is a pseudo symmetric ideal, aΓsΓx ⊆ A and

clearly aΓxΓs ⊆ A. Therefore sΓx, xΓs ⊆ Ar (a) and hence Ar (a) is an ideal in S.

(ii) ⇒ (i) :

Let xΓy ⊆ A. Then y ∈ Ar (x). Since Ar (x) is an ideal, we have sΓy ⊆ Ar (x) and

hence xΓsΓy ⊆ A, for all s ∈ S. Therefore A is a pseudo symmetric ideal.

(i) ⇒ (iii) :

Let x ∈ Al (a). Then xΓa ⊆ A. Since A is a pseudo symmetric ideal, xΓsΓa ⊆ A and

clearly sΓxΓa ⊆ A. Therefore xΓs, sΓx ⊆ Al (a) and hence Al (a) is an ideal in S.

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(iii) ⇒ (i) :

Let xΓy ⊆ A. Then x ∈ Al (y). Since Al (y) is an ideal of S, xΓs ⊆ Al (y), for all s ∈ S

and hence xΓsΓy ⊆ A, for all s ∈ S. Therefore A is a pseudo symmetric ideal of S.

We now describe the relationship between the one-side duo Γ-semiring and the

pseudo symmetric Γ-semiring.

Corollary 5.2.4. Every left(right)duo Γ-semiring S is a pseudo symmetric Γ-semiring.

Proof. Let A be any ideal in S. Since for all a ∈ S, Al (a) is a left ideal and hence by

theorem 5.2.3, A is a pseudo symmetric ideal. Therefore S is a pseudo symmetric Γ-

semiring. Similarly every right duo Γ-semiring is a pseudo symmetric Γ-semiring.

Remark 5.2.1. In fact pseudo symmetric Γ-semirings are in abundance.

(1) Every left(right) pseudo commutative Γ-semiring is a pseudo symmetric Γ-

semiring.

(2) Every quasi commutative Γ-semiring is a pseudo symmetric Γ-semiring.

(3) Every generalized commutative Γ-semiring is a pseudo symmetric Γ-semiring.

(4) Every normal Γ-semiring is a pseudo symmetric Γ-semiring.

Lemma 5.2.5. Every idempotent Γ-semiring S is a pseudo symmetric Γ-semiring.

Proof. Let A be any ideal in S and let aΓb ⊆ A. Then bΓa = bΓaΓbΓa ⊆ A and

hence aΓsΓb = aΓsΓbΓaΓsΓb ⊆ A. Therefore A is a pseudo symmetric ideal.

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Lemma 5.2.6. If S is a Γ-semiring in which every element is a mid unit, then S is

a pseudo symmetric Γ-semiring.

Proof. Let A be an ideal in S and let aΓb ⊆ A. Now, for any s ∈ S, aΓsΓb = aΓb ⊆ A.

So, A is a pseudo symmetric ideal.

Lemma 5.2.7. Every completely semiprime ideal A in a Γ-semiring S is a pseudo

symmetric ideal and the converse is not true.

Proof. Let xΓy ⊆ A. Then (yΓxΓ)1 yΓx = yΓxΓyΓx ⊆ A. Since A is a completely

semiprime ideal, yΓx ⊆ A. Now, (xΓsΓyΓ)1 xΓsΓy = xΓsΓyΓxΓsΓy ⊆ A, for all

s ∈ S and hence xΓsΓy ⊆ A. Therefore A is a pseudo symmetric ideal.

Remark 5.2.2. Let S be a Γ-semiring. An element a ∈ S is called a left identity(resp.

right identity) of S if x = aαx(resp. x = xαa) for all x ∈ S and α ∈ Γ. If ‘a’ is both

a left and right identity, then ‘a’ is called an identity of S.

Let S be a Γ-semiring. If S has an identity element 1, set S 1 = S and if S does

not have an identity element 1, let S 1 be the Γ-semiring S with an identity element

1 adjoined.

The following theorem gives a characterization for a pseudo symmetric ideal to be

a one sided primary ideal.

Theorem 5.2.8. Let S be a Γ-semiring and A be a pseudo symmetric ideal of S.

Then A is left primary if and only if the following condition holds :

/ A imply (xΓ)n−1 x ⊆ A, for some n > 0−−−(∗)

For all x, y ∈ S, xΓy ⊆ A and y ∈

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Proof. Suppose that A is a left primary ideal of S and xΓy ⊆ A with y ∈
/ A. Then,

since A is pseudo symmetric and xΓy ⊆ A, we have hxi Γ hyi = S 1 Γ(xΓS 1 ΓS 1 Γy)ΓS 1 ⊆

S 1 ΓAΓS 1 ⊆ A. Thus, we have hxi ⊆ MA (S), where MA (S) is the intersection of all

prime ideals of S containing A. Then we have MA (S) = NA (S), where NA (S) is the

set of all elements of S nilpotent with respect to A. This implies that x ∈ NA (S) and

so (xΓ)n−1 x ⊆ A, for some n ≥ 1. Hence (∗) holds.

Suppose that (∗) holds. Then we have the following situations :

(i) X and Y are ideals of S with XΓY ⊆ A but Y * A. Then there exists an

element y ∈ Y but y ∈
/ A such that for all x ∈ X, xΓy ⊆ XΓY ⊆ A. By (∗), we

immediately obtain that x ∈ MA (S), for all x ∈ X. This implies that X ⊆ MA (S).

(ii) Assume that xΓy ⊆ MA (S). Then we have xΓy ⊆ NA (S) and hence we find

a smallest positive integer n such that (xΓyΓ)n−1 xΓy ⊆ A. If n = 1, then xΓy ⊆ A.

By (∗), we have (xΓ)k−1 x ⊆ A, for some integer k > 0 or y ∈ A. This means that

x ∈ MA (S) or y ∈ MA (S). Now, we assume that n > 1.

We have the following cases :

Case (i): If yΓ(xΓyΓ)n−2 xΓy * A, then by (∗) and xΓ(yΓ(xΓyΓ)n−2 xΓy) =

(xΓyΓ)n−1 xΓy ⊆ A, we have (xΓ)n−1 x ⊆ A, for some n > 0. This implies that

x ∈ NA (S) = MA (S).

Case (ii): If yΓ(xΓyΓ)n−2 xΓy ⊆ A, then since (xΓyΓ)n−2 xΓy * A, we have

y ∈ NA (S) = MA (S).

Hence, in all cases we must have x ∈ MA (S) or y ∈ MA (S). This shows that

MA (S) is completely prime, and so MA (S) is prime.

Corollary 5.2.9. If S is a one-side duo Γ-semiring, then an ideal A of S is left

primary if and only if (∗) holds.

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 We now make an attempt to characterize pseudo symmetric ideals in Γ-semirings.

Lemma 5.2.10. Let A be any pseudo symmetric ideal in a Γ-semiring S. Then

a1 α1 a2 α2 ......an−1 αn−1 an ∈ A if and only if ha1 i Γ ha2 i ......Γ han i ⊆ A.

Proof. Let A be any pseudo symmetric ideal in a Γ-semiring S. Clearly if

ha1 i Γ ha2 i ......Γ han i ⊆ A, then a1 α1 a2 α2 ......an−1 αn−1 an ∈ A.

Conversely if a1 α1 a2 α2 ......an−1 αn−1 an ∈ A, then for any t ∈ ha1 i Γ ha2 i ......Γ han i, we

have t = s1 α1 a1 β1 s2 α2 a2 β2 ......αn an βn sn+1 , where si ∈ S 1 and αi , βi ∈ Γ. Since A is

a pseudo symmetric ideal, we have t ∈ A. Therefore ha1 i Γ ha2 i ......Γ han i ⊆ A.

Corollary 5.2.11. If A is a pseudo symmetric ideal in a Γ-semiring S, then for any

natural number n, (aα)n−1 a ∈ A; α ∈ Γ implies (hai Γ)n−1 hai ⊆ A.

Proof. The proof of this corollary follows from lemma 5.2.10 by taking a1 = a2 =

a3 = ... = an = a.

Theorem 5.2.12. Every prime ideal P minimal relative to containing a pseudo sym-

metric ideal A in a Γ-semiring S is completely prime.

Proof. Let T be the sub Γ-semiring generated by S\P . First we show that A ∩ T = φ.

If A ∩ T 6= φ, then there exist x1 , x2 , x3 , ..., xn ∈ S\P such that x1 α1 x2 ...αn−1 xn ∈ A.

By lemma 5.2.10, we have hx1 i Γ hx2 i Γ......Γ hxn i ⊆ A ⊆ P . Since P is a prime ideal,

we have hxi i ⊆ P for some i, a contradiction. Thus A ∩ T = φ. Consider the set

Σ = {B; B is an ideal in S containing A such that B ∩ T = φ}. Since A ∈ Σ, Σ

is not empty. Now, Σ is a poset under set inclusion and satisfies the hypothesis of

Zorn’s lemma. Thus by Zorn’s lemma, Σ contains a maximal element, say M . Let X

and Y be two ideals in S such that XΓY ⊆ M . If X * M and Y * M , then M ∪ X

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and M ∪ Y are ideals in S containing M properly and hence by the maximality of

M , we have (M ∪ X) ∩ T 6= φ and (M ∪ Y ) ∩ T 6= φ. Since M ∩ T = φ, we have

X ∩ T 6= φ and Y ∩ T 6= φ. So there exists x ∈ X ∩ T and y ∈ Y ∩ T . Now,

xΓy ⊆ XΓY ∩ T ⊆ M ∩ T = φ, a contradiction. Therefore M is a prime ideal

containing A. Now, A ⊆ M ⊆ S\T ⊆ P . Since P is a minimal prime ideal relative

to containing A, we have M = S\T = P . Therefore P is a completely prime ideal.

Corollary 5.2.13. Every prime ideal P minimal relative to containing a completely

semi prime ideal A in a Γ-semiring S is completely prime.

Proof. By lemma 5.2.7, A is a pseudo symmetric ideal and hence by theorem 5.2.12,

P is a completely prime ideal.

5.3 Semipseudo Symmetric Ideals

Definition 5.3.1. For any ideal A in a Γ-semiring S, we call A1 , the complete prime

radical or simply complete radical of the ideal A and denote it by c.rad A.

Definition 5.3.2. For any ideal A in a Γ-semiring S, we call A3 , the prime radical
√
or simply radical of the ideal A and denote it by rad A or A.

We now state without proof a few properties of the complete prime and prime

radicals.

Proposition 5.3.1. For any two ideals A and B of a Γ-semiring S, the following are

true :

(i) rad(rad A) = rad A and c.rad(c.rad A) = c.rad A.

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 (ii) If A ⊆ B, then rad A ⊆ rad B and c.rad A ⊆ c.rad B.

(iii) rad(AB) = rad(A ∩ B) = rad A ∩ rad B and

c.rad(AB) = c.rad(A ∩ B) = c.rad A ∩ c.rad B.

Definition 5.3.3. An ideal A in a Γ-semiring S is said to be semipseudo symmetric

provided for any natural number n, (xΓ)n−1 x ⊆ A; x ∈ S implies (hxi Γ)n−1 hxi ⊆ A.

In view of corollary 5.2.11, every pseudo symmetric ideal is a semipseudo sym-

metric ideal. But every semipseudo symmetric ideal need not be a pseudo symmetric

ideal.

Example 5.3.2. Let S be the free Γ-semiring over the alphabet {a, b, c} and let

A = haαbi ∪ hbβai; α, β ∈ Γ. Since aΓb ⊆ A and aΓcΓb * A, A is not a pseudo

symmetric ideal. Suppose (xΓ)n−1 x ⊆ A, for some natural number n. Now the word

x contains either aαb or bβa; α, β ∈ Γ and hence (hxi Γ)n−1 hxi ⊆ A. So A is a

semipseudo symmetric ideal.

Lemma 5.3.3. Every semiprime ideal P minimal relative to containing a semipseudo

symmetric ideal A in a Γ-semiring S is completely semiprime.

Proof. Write T = {(xΓ)n−1 x ; x ∈ S\P , n is any natural number }. If A ∩ T 6= φ,

then there is an element x ∈ S\P such that (xΓ)n−1 x ⊆ A. Since A is a semipseudo

symmetric ideal, (hxi Γ)n−1 hxi ⊆ A ⊆ P . Therefore x ∈ P , a contradiction. Thus

A ∩ T = φ. Consider Σ = {B; B is an ideal in S containing A such that B ∩ T = φ}.

Since A ∈ Σ, Σ is non empty. Now Σ is a poset under set inclusion and satisfies

the hypothesis of Zorn’s lemma. By Zorn’s lemma Σ contains a maximal element,

say M . Suppose (hai Γ)1 hai ⊆ M and a ∈

/ M . Then M ∪ hai is an ideal containing

A. Since M is maximal in Σ, we have (M ∪ hai) ∩ T 6= φ. So there exists an

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x ∈ S\P such that (xΓ)n−1 x ⊆ hai ∩ T for some natural number n. Therefore

(xΓ)2n−1 x ⊆ (hai Γ)1 hai ∩ M . Thus M ∩ T 6= φ, a contradiction. So M is a semiprime

ideal containing A. Now A ⊆ M ⊆ S\T ⊆ P . Since P is minimal semiprime ideal

relative to containing A, we have M = S\T = P . So P is a completely semiprime

ideal.

Corollary 5.3.4. Every prime ideal P in a Γ-semiring S minimal relative to con-

taining a semipseudo symmetric ideal A is completely prime.

Proof. Since every prime ideal is a semiprime ideal, we have P is a completely

semiprime ideal. By theorem 5.1.1, P is a completely prime ideal.

Corollary 5.3.5. Every prime ideal P minimal relative to containing a pseudo sym-

metric ideal A in a Γ-semiring S is completely prime.

Proof. Since every pseudo symmetric ideal is a semipseudo symmetric ideal, the proof

follows from corollary 5.3.4.

The following theorem is an analogue of Krull’s theorem in ring theory.

Theorem 5.3.6. Let A be a semipseudo symmetric ideal in a Γ-semiring S. Then

the following are equivalent.

(1) A1 =The intersection of all completely prime ideals in S containing A.

0
(2) A1 = The intersection of all minimal completely prime ideals in S containing A.
00
(3) A1 =The minimal completely semiprime ideal relative to containing A.

(4) A2 = {x ∈ S; (xΓ)n−1 x ⊆ A, for some natural number n}.

(5) A3 = The intersection of all prime ideals containing A.

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 0
(6) A3 = The intersection of all minimal prime ideals containing A.
00
(7) A3 = The minimal semiprime ideal relative to containing A.

(8) A4 = {x ∈ S; (hxi Γ)n−1 hxi ⊆ A, for some natural number n}.

Proof. Since completely prime ideals containing A and completely prime ideals con-

taining the minimal completely semiprime ideal relative to containing A are coincide,
0 00
we have by theorem II.3.7 of [51], A1 = A1 = A1 . Since prime ideals containing A

and prime ideals containing the minimal semiprime ideal relative to containing A are
0 00
coincide, we have by corollary II.3.4 of [51], A3 = A3 = A3 . Since A is a semipseudo
00 00
symmetric ideal, we have A2 = A4 and by lemma 5.3.3, we have A1 = A3 . This

completes the proof of the theorem.

We now present some of the consequences of the above theorem.

Corollary 5.3.7. If A is an ideal in a Γ-semiring S, then the following are equivalent:

(i) A is completely semiprime.

(ii) A is semiprime and pseudo symmetric.

(iii) A is semiprime and semipseudo symmetric.

Corollary 5.3.8. If A is an ideal in a semisimple Γ-semiring S, then the following

are equivalent:

(i) A is completely semiprime.

(ii) A is pseudo symmetric.

(iii) A is semipseudo symmetric.

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Corollary 5.3.9. If A is an ideal in a Γ-semiring S, then the following are equivalent:

(i) A is completely prime.

(ii) A is prime and pseudo symmetric.

(iii) A is prime and semipseudo symmetric.

Corollary 5.3.10. If M is a maximal ideal in a Γ-semiring S with M4 6= S, then the

following are equivalent:

(i) M is completely prime.

(ii) M is completely semiprime.

(iii) M is pseudo symmetric.

(iv) M is semipseudo symmetric.

5.4 Semipseudo Symmetric Γ-semirings

Definition 5.4.1. An ideal A in a Γ-semiring S is said to be semipseudo symmetric

provided for any natural number n, (xΓ)n−1 x ⊆ A; x ∈ S implies (hxi Γ)n−1 hxi ⊆ A.

A Γ-semiring S is said to be semipseudo symmetric provided every ideal in S is

semipseudo symmetric.

We now characterize semipseudo symmetric Γ-semirings.

Theorem 5.4.1. A Γ-semiring S is semipseudo symmetric if and only if every prin-

cipal ideal is semipseudo symmetric.

Proof. If S is a semipseudo symmetric Γ-semiring, then every principal ideal is semipseudo

symmetric. Conversely, suppose that every principal ideal is semipseudo symmet-

ric. Now for any ideal A in S, (xΓ)n−1 x ⊆ A implies h(xα)n−1 xi ⊆ A, α ∈ Γ.

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Since h(xα)n−1 xi,α ∈ Γ is a semipseudo symmetric ideal, we have (hxi Γ)n−1 hxi ⊆

h(xα)n−1 xi,α ∈ Γ. So (hxi Γ)n−1 hxi ⊆ A. Therefore A is a semipseudo symmetric

ideal. Thus S is a semipseudo symmetric Γ-semiring.

Definition 5.4.2. A Γ-semiring S is said to be srongly Archimedian Γ-semiring pro-

vided for any a, b ∈ S, there is a natural number n such that (hai Γ)n−1 hai ⊆ hbi.

It is clear that every strongly Archimedian Γ-semring is an Archimedian Γ-semiring.

Theorem 5.4.2. If S is a semipseudo symmetric Γ-semiring, then the following are

equivalent:

(i) S is a strongly Archimedian Γ-semiring.

(ii) S is an Archimedian Γ-semiring.

(iii) S has no proper completely prime ideals.

(iv) S has no proper completely semiprime ideals.

(v) S has no proper prime ideals.

(vi) S has no proper semiprime ideals.

Proof. (i) ⇒ (ii) is clear. Suppose S is an Archimedian Γ-semiring. Let P be any

completely prime ideal in S. Let a ∈ S and b ∈ P . Since S is an Archimedian

Γ-semiring, (aΓ)n−1 a ⊆ SΓbΓS ⊆ P . Therefore a ∈ P and hence P = S. By

theorem 5.1.1, (iii) and (iv) and (v) and (vi) are equivalent. By corollary 5.3.9, (iii)

and (v) are equivalent. If S has no proper prime ideals, then for any b ∈ S, the

intersection of all prime ideals containing hbi is S itself. Since hbi is a semipseudo

symmetric ideal, by theorem 5.3.6, {x ∈ S; (hxi Γ)n−1 hxi ⊆ hbi, for some natural

number n } = S. Therefore for any a ∈ S, (hai Γ)n−1 hai ⊆ hbi, for some natrual

number n. Thus S is a strongly Archimedian Γ-semiring. This completes the proof

of the theorem.

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Corollary 5.4.3. A commutative Γ-semiring S is Archimedian if and only if S has

no proper prime ideals.

Proof. Since every commutative Γ-semiring is a semipseudo symmetric Γ-semiring,

the proof follows from theorem 5.4.2.

We now characterize semisimple elements in a semipseudo symmetric Γ-semiring.

Theorem 5.4.4. In a semipseudo symmetric Γ-semiring S, an element a is semisim-

ple if and only if a is intra regular.

Proof. If a ∈ S is semisimple, then hai = (hai Γ)1 hai. Since S is a semipseudo sym-

metric Γ-semiring, we have (hai Γ)1 hai = h(aα)1 ai,α ∈ Γ. Therefore a = sα(aβ)aγt,

for some s, t ∈ S 1 and α, β, γ ∈ Γ and hence a is intra regular. Conversely if a is intra

regular, then clearly a is semisimple.

We now establish the existence of semisimple elements in some classes of Γ-

semirings.

Theorem 5.4.5. If a Γ-semiring S satisfies any one of the following conditions, then

it contains semisimple elements.

(i) S is a globally idempotent Γ-semiring with maximal ideals.

(ii) S is a semipseudo symmetric Γ-semiring and contains a nontrivial maximal ideal.

Proof.

(i) In a globally idempotent Γ-semiring, every maximal ideal M is prime. Now if

a ∈ S\M , then (hai Γ)1 hai * M and hence S = M ∪ hai = M ∪ (hai Γ)1 hai.

Therefore a ∈ (hai Γ)1 hai and hence hai = (hai Γ)1 hai. Thus a is semisimple.

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(ii) Let M be a maximal ideal which is not trivial. Suppose M is not prime. Then

there exist a, b ∈ S\M such that hai Γ hbi ⊆ M . Now for any x ∈ S\M , we have

S = M ∪ hbi = M ∪ hxi. Since b, x ∈ S\M , we have b ∈ hxi and x ∈ hbi. So

hbi = hxi. Therefore (hbi Γ)1 hbi ⊆ M . If a 6= b, then a = sαbβt, for some s, t ∈ S 1

and α, β ∈ Γ and one of them is not an empty symbol. So a ∈ hsi Γ hbi Γ hti. If either

s ∈ M or t ∈ M , then a ∈ M , which is a contradiction. If s ∈

/ M and t ∈
/ M , then

hsi Γ hbi Γ hti ⊆ (hbi Γ)1 hbi ⊆ M . Therefore a ∈ M , which is a contradiction. Thus

a = b and hence M is trivial, which is not true. So M is prime. As in the proof of

(i), S contains semisimple elements.

Theorem 5.4.6. If S is a semipseudo symmetric Γ-semiring, then the following are

true.
p
(i) T = {a ∈ S; hai =
6 S} is either empty or a prime ideal.

(ii) S\T is either empty or an Archimedian sub Γ-semiring of S.

Proof.

(i) If T is not empty, then clearly T is an ideal in S. Suppose aΓb ⊆ T and a ∈

/ T,
p p p
b ∈/ T . Then hai = hbi = S. Since aΓb ⊆ T , haαbi 6= S, α ∈ Γ. Now
p p p p
S = hai ∩ hbi = hai ∩ hbi = hai Γ hbi = c.rad(hai Γ hbi) = c.rad(aΓb) =
p
haΓbi =6 S, a contradiction. Therefore either a ∈ T or b ∈ T and hence T is a

prime ideal.
p p p
(ii) Let a, b ∈ S\T . Then hai = hbi = S. Now b ∈ hai and hence by

theorem 5.3.6, we have (bΓ)n−1 b ⊆ hai, for some natural number n. So (bΓ)n+1 b ⊆

SΓaΓS and hence (bΓ)n+1 b = sΓaΓt, for some s, t ∈ S. If either s or t ∈ T , then

(bΓ)n+1 b ⊆ T and hence since T is prime, b ∈ T , a contradiction. Therefore s, t ∈ S\T

and hence S\T is an Archimedian sub Γ-semiring of S.

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 We now characterize maximal ideals in a semipseudo symmetric Archimedian Γ-

semiring.

Theorem 5.4.7. Let S be a semipseudo symmetric Archimedian Γ-semiring. Then

an ideal M is maximal if and only if it is trivial and S has no maximal ideal if

S = (SΓ)1 S.

Proof. If M is trivial, then clearly M is a maximal ideal. Suppsose M is maximal and

not trivial. As in the proof of theorem 5.4.5, it can be seen that M is prime. Since S

is an Archimedian Γ-semiring, it is a contradiction. So M is trivial. If S = (SΓ)1 S,

then every maximal ideal is prime and hence S has no maximal ideals.

Theorem 5.4.8. Let S be a semipseudo symmetric Γ-semiring containing maximal

ideals. If either S has no semisimple elements or S is an Archimedian Γ-semiring,

then S 6= (SΓ)1 S and (SΓ)1 S = M ∗ ,where M ∗ denotes the intersection of all maximal

ideals.

Proof. Suppose S has no semisimple elements. By condition (ii) of theorem 5.4.5,

every maximal ideal is trivial. So if M is maximal, then S = M ∪ {a}, a ∈

/ M

/ (SΓ)1 S. Therefore S 6= (SΓ)1 S and (SΓ)1 S ⊆ M . Thus (SΓ)1 S ⊆ M ∗ .

and a ∈

Let t ∈ M ∗ . If t ∈
/ (SΓ)1 S, then S\{t} is a maximal ideal and hence t ∈ S\{t}, a

contradiction. Therefore M ∗ ⊆ (SΓ)1 S.

Suppose S is an Archimedian Γ-semiring. By theorem 5.4.7, S 6= (SΓ)1 S. If

x ∈ (SΓ)1 S\M ∗ , then there exists a maximal ideal M , such that x ∈

/ M . So by

theorem 5.4.7, M = S\{x}. Since x ∈ (SΓ)1 S, x = yαz; y, z ∈ S and α ∈ Γ. If either

y or z ∈ M , then x ∈ M , a contradiction. Therefore y = z = x and hence x = (xα)1 x;

α ∈ Γ. So M is prime, which is also a contradiction. Thus (SΓ)1 S ⊆ M ∗ . As above,

we can show that M ∗ ⊆ (SΓ)1 S. Therefore (SΓ)1 S = M ∗ .

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Corollary 5.4.9. Let S be a commutative Γ-semiring containing maximal ideals. If

either S has no idempotents or S is an Archimedian Γ-semiring, then S 6= (SΓ)1 S

and (SΓ)1 S = M ∗ .

Proof. Suppose S has no idempotents. If S contains a semisimple element a, then

since S is commutative, a is regular and hence there exists an element x ∈ S such

that aαxβa = a; α, β ∈ Γ. Now aαx is an idempotent in S, a contradiction. So

S has no semisimple elements and hence the proof of this corollary follows from

theorem 5.4.8.

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