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Finance
M.Sc. Investment & Finance
M.Sc. International Banking & Finance
and
M.Sc. International Accounting & Finance
2011/2012
40901 Finance I: Tutorial One – A Workshop
SOLUTIONS
Some straightforward questions on the use of future values and present value factors. The relevant
concepts will be developed in the lecture on Wednesday and the examples will be developed in the
tutorials.
Q1. a) You have £100 available today to invest for twenty years and the annual interest rate is 8 per
cent. The interest payments are to be reinvested, also at a rate of 8 per cent. How much will
you have available twenty years from now?
100(1 + .08) = 100 × 4.6610 = 466.10
20
b) Assume that the interest rate is 4 per cent rather than 8 per cent and repeat the calculation
carried out to answer part (a). [Observe the difference in the sums available in year twenty.]
100(1 + .04) = 100 × 2.1911 = 219.11
20
Sum accumulated at 4 per cent is less than 50 per cent of that built up at 8 per cent – reflects
the lower interest rate and the effects of “compounding” over time.
Q2. a) You decide to save £1,000 per annum and place the savings in a deposit account at the end of
each of the next five years. If you can invest your savings at 12 per cent how much will you
have accumulated by the end of year five?
V5 = 1,000 × FVAF5 / 0.12 = 1,000 × 6.3528 = 6,352.8
b) You are given £1,000 today and intend placing this in a savings account which will earn
interest at 12 per cent. You also decide to save and add £1,000 to the account at the end of
each of the next four years . How much will you have in the savings account by the end of
year five?
V5 = 1,000(1 + 0.12) 5 + 1,000 × FVAF4 / 0.12 × FVF1 / 0.12
= 1,000 × 1.7623 + 1,000 × 4.7793 × 1.12
= 1762.34 + 5352.82 = 7115.16
Can you develop a formula to do the calculation? Draw a timeline for (a) and (b) to put the
cash flows into perspective.
(1 + r ) ( n −1) − 1
PVAF * = x (1 + r ) + (1 + r ) n
r
(1 + r ) n − (1 + r ) + r (1 + r ) n
PVAF * =
r
(1 + r )(1 + r ) − (1 + r )
n
PVAF * =
r
(1 + r ) n +1 − (1 + r )
PVAF * =
r
PVAF * =
[ ]
(1 + r ) (1 + r ) n − 1
r
1
Q3. a) You expect to receive a payment of £20,000 in four years. What is the value of this sum
today if the interest rate is 14 per cent?
1
V0 = 20,000 = 20,000 × 0.5921 = 11,841.61
(1 + .14) 4
b) A cash flow of £3,000 is anticipated in thirty years from now. What is the present value of
this sum given the prevailing interest rate of 14 per cent?
1
V0 = 3,000 = 3,000 × 0.0196 = 58.88
(1 + .14) 30
c) i. An investment of £18,000 is expected to produce net cash flows of £5,000 in year 1,
£6,000 in year 2, and £7,000 in years 3 and 4. What is the net present value of the
investment if the relevant interest rate is 9 per cent?
Time NCF PVF(9%) PV
0 (18,000) 1.0000 (18,000)
1 5,000 0.9174 4,587.16
2 6,000 0.8417 5,050.08
3 7,000 0.7722 5,405.28
4 7,000 0.7084 4,958.98
NPV = 2001.50
ii. Assume that the investment is financed by a bank loan and the loan is paid off as the
investment generates net cash flows. When the loan is repaid the cash flows that
continue to be produced by the investment are paid into a deposit account at the bank. If
the bank pays interest on the deposit at 9 per cent determine how much can be expected
to be held in the deposit account at the end of year 4?
Loan or deposit Loan or deposit at Loan or deposit at
at the beginning the end of the NCF at end of the end of the period
Period of the period Interest period period adjusted for NCF
1 ‐18000.00 ‐1620.00 ‐19620.00 5000.00 ‐14620.00
2 ‐14620.00 ‐1315.80 ‐15935.80 6000.00 ‐9935.80
3 ‐9935.80 ‐894.22 ‐10830.02 7000.00 ‐3830.02
4 ‐3830.02 ‐344.70 ‐4174.72 7000.00 2825.28
PV(2825.28)= 2001.50
d) Determine the present value of a payment of £5,000 anticipated at the end of years one to
eight if the interest rate is 12 per cent.
PV = A × PVAF8 ,12%
= 5000 × 4.9676 = 24,838
e) You win a lottery that claims to pay a prize of £1 million in the form of a payment of £50,000
at the end of each year for the next twenty years. What is the real value of the prize if the
interest rate is 14 per cent?
Calculate present value
V0 = 50,000 x PVAF20 / 0.14
= 50,000 × 6.6231 = 331,156.3
2
f) A Government bond, issued many years ago with a nominal value of £100, promises to pay
interest of £4 per annum indefinitely into the future (it has no redemption date). If the
longterm interest rate has increased since the board was issued and is now 6 per cent, and is
not expected to change, determine a value for the bond.
V0 = 4 × PVAF∞ .08
1
= 4× = 66.67
.06
Q4. a) A loan of £30,000 is to be paid back in six annual and equal instalments. Interest of 8 per
cent is charged on the outstanding balance of the loan. Determine the annual instalments.
Present value of repayments must equal the loan at the specified interest rate.
Instalment = Loan / PVAF
= 30,000 / 4.6229 = 6,489.46
Year Loan at the Interest 8% Loan at the Repayment
start of the end of the
period period
1 30000.00 2400.00 32400.00 6489.46
2 25910.54 2072.84 27983.38 6489.46
3 21493.92 1719.51 23213.43 6489.46
4 16723.97 1337.92 18061.89 6489.46
5 11572.43 925.79 12498.22 6489.46
6 6008.76 480.70 6489.46 6489.46
b) A loan of £30,000 is to be paid back in six equal instalments of £7,297. Determine the
effective interest rate (i) on the loan.
If
Instalment = Loan / PVAF
PVAF = Loan / Instalment
and gives tables and values of PVAF and n it is possible to determine r
PVAF6 / r = 30,000 / 7,297 = 4.113
Using tables
PVAF6 / r = 4.113
r ≅ 12%
Year Loan at the Interest Loan at the Repayment
start of the 12% end of the
period period
1 30000.00 3600.00 33600.00 7296.77
2 26303.23 3156.39 29459.62 7296.77
3 22162.84 2659.54 24822.39 7296.77
4 17525.61 2103.07 19628.69 7296.77
5 12331.92 1479.83 13811.75 7296.77
6 6514.97 781.80 7296.77 7296.77
Q5. a) The present value annuity factor for seven years at an interest rate of 9.75 per cent is 4.9088.
Determine the annuity factors for years six and eight by adjusting the given annuity value
rather than by calculating new annuity factors from scratch.
3
To determine the present value annuity factor for year 6 deduct the discount factor for year
7 from PVAF (7,9.75%) , ie. 4.9088 – 0.5214 = 4.3874.
To determine the present value annuity factor for year 8 add the discount factor for year 8 to
PVAF (7,9.75%) , ie. 4.9088 + 0.4751 = 5.3839.
b) A contract specifies that a company will receive £80,000 each year for a period of 10 years,
but the first payment will not be received until three years from now. What is the present
value of these payments if the interest rate is 6 per cent? (Develop an appropriate annuity
factor to do the calculation)
YEAR NCF PVF(6%) PV
1 0 0.9434 0.00
2 0 0.8900 0.00
3 80000 0.8396 67169.54
4 80000 0.7921 63367.49
5 80000 0.7473 59780.65
6 80000 0.7050 56396.84
7 80000 0.6651 53204.57
8 80000 0.6274 50192.99
9 80000 0.5919 47351.88
10 80000 0.5584 44671.58
11 80000 0.5268 42143.00
12 80000 0.4970 39757.55
Present Value = 524036.10
PVAF (3‐12, 6%) = PVAF (10,6%) x PVF (2,6%) = 7.3601* 0.89000 = 6.5505
PV of 80,000 in years 3‐12 = 80,000 x 6.5505 = 524,037
Present Value Annuity factor
PVAF10|0.06 x PVF3|0.06
1
1−
(1 + 0.06)10 x
1
r (1 + 0.06)3
or
1 1
−
(1 + 0.06) (1 + 0.06)13
3
r