Faculty Of Computer Studies

T325
Technologies for Digital Media
Midterm Assessment - Backup
Form A – Answer Key
Fall – 2012/2013
Day and Date
Number of Exam Pages:
(7) Time Allowed: (2) Hours
(Including this cover sheet)

Instructions:

The use of calculators is allowed

Write the answers on the separate answer booklet
The exam consists of three parts:
Multiple choice part (10 marks): You should answer All 10 questions
Short questions part (40 marks): You should answer 8 questions out of 10
Long questions/Exercises part (50 marks): You should answer all 4 questions

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Part I: Multiple Choice questions (10 marks)
This part consists of 10 questions carrying a WEIGHT OF 1 mark each. You must answer ALL
of the following Multiple-choice questions.

1. Which of the following is correct concerning the voltage of a battery

a. The voltage of a battery cell is determined primarily by the materials used for the
electrodes and the electrolyte
b. To get higher voltages, cells are connected in series, with the result that the voltages
add.
c. The voltage determined by the chemistry will only be found at its maximum when
no current is being drawn from the battery.
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
2. Watt-hours is a unit of
a. Power
b. Energy
c. Capacity
d. Resistance
e. Volumetric power density
3. In _________________, magnetic bits may be thought of as tiny bar magnets which points
along the track
a. Right-angle magnetic recording
b. Perpendicular magnetic recording
c. Longitudinal magnetic recording
d. Classical magnetic recording
e. Transversal magnetic recording
4. Which of the following is a non-volatile memory
a. ROM
b. PROM
c. EPROM
d. EEPROM
e. All of the above
5. A code has a code rate of 2/7. What is its redundancy?
a. 2
b. 5
c. 7
d. 2/7
e. 5/7
6. A hamming code that adds 4 redundant bits is capable of correcting one error bit in a
codeword of ________ bits
a. 4
b. 7
c. 11
d. 15
e. 31

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 7. What is the frequency of a visible light wave that has a wavelength of 400 nm given that
the speed of light is 3 * 10^8 m/s?
a. 750 Hz
b. 750 KHz
c. 750 MHz
d. 750 THZ
e. None of the above
8. A display where each picture element emits light through the conversion of electrical
energy belongs to
a. Electrical displays
b. Electro-light displays
c. Emissive displays
d. Electro-emissive displays
e. None of the above
9. Which of the following standards was designed mainly for the efficient storage of moving
pictures on CD-ROM
a. MPEG-1
b. MPEG-2
c. MPEG-3
d. MPEG-4
e. MPEG-7
10. An encoding scheme in which the exact data can be recovered after decoding is known as
a. Exact coding
b. Lossy coding
c. Lossless coding
d. Recoverable coding
e. None of the above

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Part II: Short essay/problem questions (40 marks)
This part consists of 10 questions carrying a WEIGHT OF 5 marks each. You must answer
ONLY 8 of these questions.

11. Explain the difference between primary batteries and secondary batteries providing an
example of each one.

Primary batteries cannot be recharged. they are used once and then thrown away.
Examples: Alcaline and Lithium batteries. Secondary batteries are rechargeable such as
Nickel Metal Hybrid (NiMH) batteries, Lithium-Ion batteries, etc.

12. Explain battery self-discharge. what are the factors that influence this phenomenon

When not in use, all batteries gradually lose charge, a process referred to as self-discharge.
The different battery chemistries and the physical design of the battery affect self-discharge
rates.

13. Explain how read, write and erase operations are done in a two-level cell flash memory.

 Reading a cell is the process of detecting which of the two states it is in.
 Erasing a block of memory sets all the cells in a block to the same known state, that
representing a data 1.
 Writing to the cells (programming the memory) is the process of setting some of the
cells to the other state, that which represents a data 0. Since the remaining cells are
already in the state representing a data 1, there is no need to do anything to them.

14. Explain the effect of magneto-resistance and Giant magneto-resistance.

 The effect of Magneto-resistance is a change in the electrical resistance of a conductor
when it is placed in a magnetic field
 Giant magneto-resistance is when the change of resistance is huge (50%)
15. Calculate the latency (in bits) of an interleaving mechanism that groups 4 codewords of
(15, 11) hamming codes?
 p=4
 n = 15
 Latency = 2 * p *n = 2 * 4 * 15 = 120 bits
16. Explain the difference between hard decision and soft decision in decoding
• Hard decision: At each stage the decision about a bit is just 1 or 0.
• Soft decision: Giving an output that includes a measure of the degree of
confidence in the output. This could be done with a score, between 0 and 7, for
example, where 0 means ‘very little confidence’ and 7 means ‘very confident’.

17. Briefly explain the principle of operation of microphone and speakerphone

 A microphone transforms sound waves in air to an electrical signal. Any process that
converts mechanical movements to electrical energy can potentially form the basis of a
microphone
 A loudspeaker, or speaker for short, performs the converse operation to a microphone,
converting electrical energy to sound waves. It does this by moving a stiff cone backwards
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 and forwards, together with the air surrounding it.

18. Define the following terms : Luminance, Chrominance and Gamut

Luminance is a measure of how bright something is, while chrominance or chromaticity refers to the
particular shade of colour.
The range of colours available on a display is called its gamut

19. Explain the principle of 4:2:2 sampling format. Support your answer with a diagram

the two chrominance signals are each sampled at half the luminance rate, and an obvious way of
doing this is to take chrominance samples which coincide with alternate luminance ones.

20. What are the two stages of MPEG compression?

 Spatial compression uses the fact that, in most pictures, there is considerable correlation
between neighboring areas in a picture (and, hence, a high degree of redundancy in the data
directly obtained by sampling) to compress separately each picture in a video sequence.
 Temporal compression applies to video, and uses the fact that, in most picture sequences,
there is normally very little change during the 1/25 s interval between one picture and the
next. The resulting high degree of correlation between consecutive pictures allows a
considerable amount of further compression.

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Part III: Long essay/problem (50 marks)
This part consists of five questions. You must answer all the questions.

21. A 1.25V battery has a volumetric energy density of 180 Wh/L, and a gravimetric energy
density of 55 Wh/Kg. The volume of the battery is 9 mL.
a. Calculate the energy stored in the battery in Joules (2 marks)
VED = E / V => E = VED * V = 180 Wh/L * 9*10^-3 = 1.62 Wh = 1.62 * 3600 = 5832 J
b. Calculate the weight of the battery (2 marks)
GED = E / M => M = E/ GED = 1.62 / 55 = 0.02945 Kg= 29.45 g

c. Calculate the capacity of the battery in mAh (3 marks)

E = C * U => C = E / U= 5832 / 1.25 = 4665.6 A.s = 4665.6 * 1000/3600= 1296 mAh
d. The battery is connected to an external load of 90 Ohms and the current drawn from the
battery is 12.5 mA.
a. Calculate the internal resistance of the battery (2 marks)
R int + R ext = U / I = 1.25 /12.5*10^-3 = 100 => Rint = 100 -90 = 10 Ohms
b. How much time the battery can last under that load (2 marks)
T = C / I = 1296 mAh / 12.5 mA = 103.68 h
c. Calculate the volumetric and gravimetric power density in SI units(4 marks)
VPD = P / V
P = 1.25 * 12.5*10^-3 = 15.625 mW
VPD = 15.625 * 10^-3 / 9 * 10-6 = 1736 W/m^3
GPD = P / M = 15.625*10^-3/ 29.45*10^-3 = 0.53 W/Kg
22. Verify if the following EAN-13 code is correct or not: 9780201134454.
Detail your answer (8 marks)

Sum the numbers at the odd positions: O = 9 + 8+2+1+3+ 4+4=31

Sum the numbers at the even positions: E= 7 + 0 +0+1+4+5 = 17
O + 3E = 31 + 51 = 82 % 10 = 2 different than zero => error

23. A rectangular code takes a (5 x 4) block message as input and produces the corresponding
codeword by adding the redundancy bits.

a. What is the codeword corresponding to the following message? (4 marks)

1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

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 b. Represent the code using (n, k) representation of this code? Justify your answer (3 marks)
The size of a message = 5 * 4 = 20 bits
The size of a codeword = 5 * 6 = 30 bits
The representation of the code is (30, 20)

c. What are the code rate and redundancy of this code (2 marks)
code rate = k /n = 20/30 = 2/3
redundancy rate = n – k / n = 10 / 30 = 1/3

d. What is the maximum number of bits this code can detect? can correct? (2 marks)
the code can detect two erroneous bits and can correct one erroneous bits.

e. What is the hamming distance of this code? Justify your answer (2 marks)
The hamming distance of the code is 3.
This can be calculated based on the answer of the previous question
A code with hamming distance n can detect n -1 errors.

24. A 800 bytes Packet Elementary Stream (PES) is mapped onto a transport stream (TS).
a. Calculate the number of transport stream packets (3 marks)
Dividing the size of the PES over the size of the payload of a TS : 800/184 = 4.34 => 5
TS packets
b. Explain the role of the adaptation field in the mapping of a PES into a transport stream
(3 marks)
The role of the adaptation field is to make the byte count of the last TS packet payload
up to 184 if the PES data does not fill this packet.
c. Indicate the location (in which packet) of the adaptation field and calculate the size of
this field (4 marks)
The adaptation field is located at the start of the last transport packet (5th) of the set
The last TS packet contains 800 – 4*184 = 64 bytes of the payload
The size of the adaptation field is 184 – 64 = 120 bytes
d. What will be the value of the first byte of the adaptation field? Give your answer in
decimal and binary format. (4 marks)
The first byte of the adaptation field indicates the size of the adaptation field => it
contains the value of 120 in decimal (2 mark) and 01111000 in binary (2 mark)

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