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Let the unfolded state, have N number of microstates. E f or the attractive force within the
protein is equivalent to the difference in exchange in heat/enthalpy required to release during
bond formation in the folded state. This energy is also equivalent to the same energy acquired,
to break the bonds during unfolding. So, the expression in equation form will be different.
In terms of KBT,
ΔGfold= I+N*KBT, where I=attractive energy
ΔGfold= -381+N*KB*310
ΔGunfold= +381- N*KB*310
2. Quantification of the free energy of folding and unfolding is the same, but the probability of
beig driven will be under the influence of external factors like pH, temperature, solubility,
presence or absence of chaotropic agents etc.
3.
##I will try and answer as clearly as I see it. I will be answering vertically down, from the left
first.
Ans 51(I guess-as in the numbering of questions): I and II, considering the replication fork is
moving right.
As III is not the leading strand, but the 3'end of the template strand for lagging strand
synthesis.
IV is not the lagging but the leading strand, as it's formed on the 3' to ' template strand.
As, no glucose in the medium will lead to synthesis of more amount of cAMP under the
activation of adenylyl cylase under epinephrine action. This will inturn lead to more
activation of cAMP activator protein (CAP) on being bound to cAMP, and upregulating lac
operon proteins. More synthesis of Beta-galactosidase will lead to production of glucose and
galactose from lactose, which will somehow promote transglycosylation reaction of
lactose leading to allolactose formation.
Ans 53("): The rate of transcription will increase (considering the methylation site is a
promoter)
In eukaryotes, considering that methylation has taken place in the promoter place to repress
transcription of certain genes, addition of a drug which blocks DNA methylation will have
the opposing effect.
Ans 56: b
Ans 57: b
Ans 58: c
As, non disjunction of chromosome 21 during the formation of gametes lead to a n+1 and n-1
gametes. The n+1 gamete fused with the n gamete of the normal parent, to give a trisomy
condition of Down Syndrome.
Ans 59: c
As, individual A being affected can never be homozygous dominant/heterozygous, but will
always be an unaffected homozygous recessive individual. Individual E being affected will
always be homozygous dominant/heterozygous. This is true, in case of autosomal dominant
condition.
Second picture,
Ans 103: a
Ans 104: a