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1.

ΔGfold= ΔH-TΔS KJ/mole


ΔGfold= ΔH+310ΔS KJ/mole,
as there is a decrease in the change in entropy of the protein system, due to its folding and
leading to decrease in disorder. Here, the protein folding is completely driven by change in
enthalpy due to the incumbent hydrophobic forces, Van der Waals forces, electrostatic
interactions etc., which is a hugely negative term due to the release of heat, indicating an
exothermic process, driving the reaction of folding.
ΔGunfold= ΔH-310ΔS KJ/mole, in case of straight chain form, where enthalpy term will be
exceedingly positive due to huge absorbance of energy.

Let the unfolded state, have N number of microstates. E f or the attractive force within the
protein is equivalent to the difference in exchange in heat/enthalpy required to release during
bond formation in the folded state. This energy is also equivalent to the same energy acquired,
to break the bonds during unfolding. So, the expression in equation form will be different.

In terms of KBT,
ΔGfold= I+N*KBT, where I=attractive energy

ΔGfold= -381+N*KB*310
ΔGunfold= +381- N*KB*310

2. Quantification of the free energy of folding and unfolding is the same, but the probability of
beig driven will be under the influence of external factors like pH, temperature, solubility,
presence or absence of chaotropic agents etc.
3.

##I will try and answer as clearly as I see it. I will be answering vertically down, from the left
first.

For first picture,

Ans 51(I guess-as in the numbering of questions): I and II, considering the replication fork is
moving right.

As III is not the leading strand, but the 3'end of the template strand for lagging strand
synthesis.

IV is not the lagging but the leading strand, as it's formed on the 3' to ' template strand.

Ans 52("): I, II, III and IV

As, no glucose in the medium will lead to synthesis of more amount of cAMP under the
activation of adenylyl cylase under epinephrine action. This will inturn lead to more
activation of cAMP activator protein (CAP) on being bound to cAMP, and upregulating lac
operon proteins. More synthesis of Beta-galactosidase will lead to production of glucose and
galactose from lactose, which will somehow promote transglycosylation reaction of
lactose leading to allolactose formation.
Ans 53("): The rate of transcription will increase (considering the methylation site is a
promoter)

In eukaryotes, considering that methylation has taken place in the promoter place to repress
transcription of certain genes, addition of a drug which blocks DNA methylation will have
the opposing effect.

Ans 56: b

Ans 57: b

Ans 58: c

As, non disjunction of chromosome 21 during the formation of gametes lead to a n+1 and n-1
gametes. The n+1 gamete fused with the n gamete of the normal parent, to give a trisomy
condition of Down Syndrome.

Ans 59: c

As, individual A being affected can never be homozygous dominant/heterozygous, but will
always be an unaffected homozygous recessive individual. Individual E being affected will
always be homozygous dominant/heterozygous. This is true, in case of autosomal dominant
condition.

Second picture,

Ans 103: a

As social learning encompasses mating, resource partitioning, involving in acts like altruism,


which are all required for survival, the reduction in that will just lead to the reduction in
genetic fitness.

Ans 104: a

As because this is a phase dependent learning independent of any peculiar or ''bracketed'


social behaviour. All the others are associated with social behavior. Classical conditioning is
associated with repetitiveness, operant conditioning is associated with punishment while
associative learning is achieved when ideas, thoughts are meant to reinforce and be linked to
each other. Imprinting is more natural, and under no set of rules. It is a more natural and
organic form of inculcation.

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