TOPIC THREE

LITERATURE REVIEW
1.0 Introduction
Literature refers to materials documented or recorded based on research findings or
investigation. There must be some form of investigation or fact finding for the
documented (or recorded) information to be considered to be literature.

2.0 Literature documents

The following documents are considered to be literature;

i) Newspaper articles with researched information: In Uganda, New Vision,

Monitor, Observer and The Daily Nation among others of similar nature, are
considered to be literature. Newspapers such as RED PEPPER and ONION
cannot be referred to as literature because most of the information contained
in there is from “undisclosed” sources. These sources are unreliable from the
research point of view.0
ii) Articles in research journals: These are published by an acclaimed
publishing company or publishing group. This kind of company/group,
makes these findings available to the whole world to view and learn.
iii) Articles in conference proceedings: These are research articles presented
in a conference. After presentations have been made and articles accepted for
publication, the articles get published in the conference proceedings for the
whole world to view and learn.
iv) Books published: There is need to differentiate books considered to be
literature from pamphlets and novels. The latter two are not literature.
v) Government reports: These are reports published based on investigations
commissioned by a relevant government office. For instance, reports from the
office of Auditor General, Bank of Uganda, Ministries and office of the
president. Though the focus is on investigation, government reports also
present facts of what happens in government work. This therefore means that
reports that indicate the activities and accomplishments of a government
department also constitute literature. These could include reports on progress
of completion of dam construction, road construction and any other work of
similar nature.
vi) Reports published from acclaimed international organizations: These
include reports from international bodies such as United Nations, World
Bank, IMF and others of similar nature. The same consideration as that
provided under “government reports” applies when considering the reports
from international organizations.
vii) Websites: These are websites with research information. These include
websites of online newspaper companies and tabloids. Common examples
could be Chimp Reports (chimpreports.com), Uganda Radio Network
(ugandaradionetwork.net) and Investopedia (investopedia.com). These and
others of similar nature contained well researched information that could be
of use to a researcher.

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 NB:
 Though the last category is the only one referred to as website, the previous 6
types of literature could also be found online.
 The above documents are also referred to as sources of literature. They are
therefore the literature documents from which relevant literature can be
accessed by a researcher.

3.0 Steps in carrying out a review of literature

The following need to be considered before one commences the review of literature
exercise.

Step one: Identification of the field of study. This is the field of specialization of a
research study. It could be marketing, law, management, medicine etc.
Every research has a field of specialization where a researcher is based.
It is the angle that a researcher wants to consider to conduct a research
study (and or investigation).
Step two: A researcher needs to go ahead and select the tools that are relevant to
conduct a review of literature. These include a note book, a pen, and any
electronic gadget that may be useful such as a laptop or Ipad. When using
the electronic gadgets, it is recommended that the gadget should have
access to internet.
Step three: Start the searching exercise. This could be done physically in a library
or electronically using the gadgets that have access to internet. If the
option is to use a physical library, then a researcher needs to seek
guidance from the librarian especially in locating the right set of literature
documents. If using the approach of online documents, use of Google
search or any other relevant search engine should be considered. Online
libraries such as emerald.com could be considered at this point.
Step four: After getting hold of a literature document, first read the abstract (if it is
an article), book summary or executive summary. This information
should provide a clue as to whether the document obtained is the
appropriate document or not. If it is appropriate document, go ahead and
read the details of it.
Step five: For every document that has been reviewed in detail, capture the details
of the document. The information to be captured includes the name of the
author, the year of publication, title of the document, name of publisher
(for books only), city of publisher (for books only), name of
journal/newspaper (only for journal articles and newspapers), page
number where relevant information was found, edition (for books only)
and an online link (if the document reviewed in detailed is an online
document). In addition to the information about the document reviewed
in detail, a researcher needs to also capture the relevant information
about his/her research from the literature material reviewed. For

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 instance, if the document has information about road construction
challenges, then the researcher should be able to capture information
about those challenges.

4.0 Referencing (Bibliography) and citation

This is an important phase in the exercise of review of literature. There are many formats
that can be used when preparing references for a research study. In MUBS, the use of
APA format is prioritized.

A reference page contains a detailed documentation of information about the of the

different literature materials that a researcher uses in his/her research. This
information helps to identify the literature materials in case future researchers want to
use them for a related research study. This page is also referred to as bibliography.

A citation refers to an in-text reference. This includes only the name of the author and
the year of publication. In some occasions, inclusion of page number is considered
appropriate.

In any research document, both citations and references must be included. These are
included following the APA format as long as a research document is examinable in
MUBS.

Information that is necessary for use when preparing the references and citations
should be obtained from the data documented by a researcher in STEP 5 of carrying out
a literature review exercise (Refer to the previous section to recall step 5). All the needed
information should be capture in this step and used when preparing the references and
citations.

Below is an example of reference format;

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 Referencing and citation is done basing on the source. Different sources have
different ways of citing and referencing them. These different sources are discussed
in detail in the subsections that follow.

One thing to note at this point is that for reports, the author could be a human being
or an institution. For instance, a report could authored by James Owagadugu of
Bank of Uganda. In this case, the author is a human being. There are however cases
when the author is an organization such as the case when a report is said to be
written by Bank of Uganda or Ministry of Finance. Examples indicating this are
provided in the sections that follow.
Because of the need to be current in our lectures, in this class, the 7th edition of APA
format of referencing is presented. All these materials with examples of referencing
and citation are sourced from https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-
referencing/getting-started-in-apa-referencing

4.1 Referencing and citing journal articles

A basic reference list entry for a journal article in APA must include:

 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.

 Year of publication of the article (in round brackets).
 Article title.
 Journal title (in italics).
 Volume of journal (in italics).
 Issue number of journal in round brackets (no italics).
 Page range of article.
 DOI or URL
 The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is
indented 5-7 spaces.

Example:
Ruxton, C. (2016). Tea: Hydration and other health benefits. Primary Health
Care, 26(8), 34-42. https://doi.org/10.7748/phc.2016.e1162

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 Further into referencing, the following details about referencing journal articles
needs to be taken into consideration.

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

Journal Article: "Black tea is the second most Ruxton, C. (2016). Tea: Hydration and other health
Single author consumed beverage in the world benefits. Primary Health Care, 26(8), 34-42.
after water” (Ruxton, 2016, p. 34). https://doi.org/10.7748/phc.2016.e1162
OR
Ruxton (2016) suggests Where a DOI is available it must be included at the end of
"Unsweetened tea can be part of the reference, in the format https://doi.org/10.xxxx
a recommended diet” (p. 40).
Include page numbers for
direct quotes.

Journal ... connection and optimism Aspy, D. J., & Proeve, M. (2017). Mindfulness and loving-
Article: 2 (Aspy & Proeve, 2017), but kindness meditation: Effects on connectedness to
authors others contend ... humanity and to the natural world. Psychological
OR Reports, 120(1), 102-117.
Aspy and Proeve (2017) have https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116685867
found ...
Cite both authors each time the
reference occurs.

Journal Article: ... nurses must care as well as be Geraghty, S., Lauva, M., & Oliver, K. (2016). Reconstructing
3 to 20 authors competent (Geraghty et al., compassion: Should it be taught as part of the
2016). curriculum? British Journal of Nursing, 25(15), 836-839.
OR https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2016.25.15.836
Geraghty et al. (2016) suggest ...
Provide the names of all authors in the reference list.
Cite only the surname of the
first author followed by et al.
and the year.

Journal Article: Research indicated that "lost
21 or more sense of smell is a factor" (Khan
authors et al., 2017, p. 344).
OR
Khan et al. (2019) used criteria
which included "reduced or lost
sense of smell" (p. 344).
Cite only the surname of the
first author followed by et al.
and the year. Include page
numbers for direct quotes.
Khan, A., Huynh, T. M. T., Vandeplas, G., Joish, V. N., Mannent,
L. P., Tomassen P., van Zele, T., Cardell, L.O., Arebro, J.,
Olze, H., Forster-Ruhrmann, U., Kowalski, M. L.,
Olszewska-Ziaber, A., Fokkens, W., van Drunen, C.,
Mullol, J., Alobid, I., Hellings, P.W., Hox, V., …Bachert,
C. (2019). The GALEN rhinosinusitis cohort: Chronic
rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps affects health-related
quality of life. Rhinology, 57(5), 343-
351. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin19.158
Provide the names of the first 19 authors, insert an ellipsis
[…] (but no ampersand [&]), then add the final author's
name.

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 4.2 Referencing and citing books
A basic reference list entry for an e-book that you have retrieved from a Library
database (with no DOI) in APA must include:

 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.

 Year of publication of the book (in round brackets).
 Book title (in italics).
 Edition (in round brackets), if other than first.
 Publisher.
 DOI: Include a DOI for all works that have one, regardless of whether you used
the online version or print version.
 The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is
indented 5-7 spaces.

Example: Fletcher, D. P. (2018). Disrupters: Success strategies for women who

break the mold. Entrepreneur Press.

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

Book from a “Experience is the only perceived Fletcher, D. P. (2018). Disrupters: Success strategies from women
library indicator of capability” (Fletcher, who break the mold. Entrepreneur Press.
database: No 2018, p. 107).
DOI OR Do not include the database information in the reference.
Fletcher (2018) notes that
(Single “experience is the only perceived
Author) indicator of capability” (p. 107).
Add page numbers for direct
quotes.

Book from the In the late 1980's "medical authorities Power, J. (2011). Movement, knowledge, emotion: Gay activism
web: No DOI and many individual doctors strongly and HIV/AIDS in Australia. ANU Press.
advocated the HIV test" (Power, https://www.doabooks.org/doab?func=search&query=rid:15033
(Single 2011, p. 84).
Author) If a URL 'jumps' down a line, leave it. Do not 'break' URLs
OR across lines, as this will stop the link from working.

Power (2011) notes that "medical

authorities and many individual

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 Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

doctors strongly advocated the HIV

test" (p. 84).

Book: 2 According to Moran and Toner Moran, A., & Toner, J. (2017). A critical introduction to sport
Authors, and (2017)… psychology (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Edition OR
… this is evident (Moran & Toner, The edition number is included after the title of the work (not
2017). necessary for first editions).

Cite both authors each time the

reference occurs.

Book: 3 to 20 Interval training involves "performing
Authors, with for a comparatively shorter time
DOI period during each exercise session"
(Haile et al., 2015, p. 135).
OR
Haile et al. (2015) note that interval
training involves "performing for a
comparatively shorter time period
during each exercise session"
(p.135).
Where there are 3 or more authors
cite only the first author's
surname followed by et al.
Haile, L., Gallagher, M., & Robertson, R. J. (2015). Perceived
exertion laboratory manual: From standard practice to
contemporary application. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1917-8
Provide the names of all authors in the reference list, up to and
including 20 authors.
For a book with 21 or more authors follow the same author
format as for a journal article with 21 or more authors.

4.3 Referencing and citing newspapers

The basics of a reference list entry for a newspaper article retrieved online

 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.

 Year and publication date.
 Article title.
 Newspaper title (in italics).
 Page number (if available).
 URL
 The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is
indented 5-7 spaces.

Example:
Spring, A., & Earl, C. (2018, May 22). ‘Just not blond’: How the diversity push is
failing Australian fashion. The Guardian: Australia Edition.
https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2018/may/22/just-not-blonde-how-the-
diversity-push-is-failing-australian-fashion

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Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

Newspaper: …brunette not blonde (Spring
From a Website & Earl, 2018).
OR
Spring and Earl (2018)
discuss diversity…
Spring, A. & Earl, C. (2018, May 22). ‘Just not blond’: How the
diversity push is failing Australian fashion. The Guardian:
Australia
Edition. https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2018/may/22/just-
not-blonde-how-the-diversity-push-is-failing-australian-fashion
If an article already contains punctuation, such as the single
quotes around 'Just not blonde' in the above example, retain
these in your reference.

Newspaper: …work integrated learning Woodman, D. (2018, May 16). Internships have much to offer but
From a Library programs (Woodman, 2018). provisions are necessary to ensure the young truly benefit. The
Database Australian, 29.
OR
A newspaper article retrieved from a Library database can be
Woodman (2018) highlights referenced as though it were the print version.
the need…

Newspaper: There will be a "fiscal tsunami Tillett, A. (2018, May 9). Australians encouraged to age at home. The
Print of Baby Boomers reaching Australian Financial Review, 5.
retirement age" (Tillett, 2018,
p. 5).
OR
If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page
Tillett (2018) warns of a numbers, and separate the numbers with a comma.
"fiscal tsunami of Baby
Boomers reaching retirement
age" (p. 5).
Add page numbers for
direct quotes.

Newspaper …leading exponent of Economics nudging people away from war. (2017, December 16). The
article: Without behavioural economics Age, 33.
Author (“Economics Nudging,” 2017).
Use the first word of the title to place this reference in the
OR alphabetical sequence of your reference list.

As discussed in “Economics
Nudging” (2017),
governments…
Use a shortened title (or full
title if it is short) in
Headline Case enclosed in
double quotation marks.

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4.4 Referencing and citing reports
The basics of a reference list entry for a report

 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials. The Author may be a
government or corporate entity.
 Year
 Title of report (In italics. Include the report number in brackets where relevant)
 Publisher information (if the author and the publisher are the same, omit the
publisher)
 DOI or URL
 The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is indented 5-
7 spaces.

Example: Note that in this example, the author is an institutional author.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017). Childhood education and care (No.
4402.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/
4402.0Main+Features1June%202017?OpenDocument

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

Report: Organisation as …population growth (Australian Bureau Australian Bureau of Statistics.

Author of Statistics, 2017). (2017). Childhood education and
care (No.
According to the Australian Bureau of 4402.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/AUS
Statistics (2017) … STATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/
4402.0Main+Features1June%202017
?OpenDocument

Report: Organisation as …laws relating to children (Australian
Author Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW],
2018).
Use of abbreviations
When citing from a report more than
once, in the first citation provide the
full name of the organisation, along
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
(2018). Family, domestic and sexual
violence in Australia
2018. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getme
dia/d1a8d479-a39a-48c1-bbe2-
4b27c7a321e0/aihw-fdv-
02.pdf.aspx?inline=true

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 Material Type In-Text Example
with the abbreviation in [square
brackets], as above.
In subsequent citations use
the abbreviated organisational title.
e.g.
…administered by the States and
Territories (AIHW, 2018).
Report: Government …listen to women and girls from these
Agency or other communities (Department of Prime
Organisation Minister and Cabinet [PM&C], 2017).
Report: Individual Ambiel et al. (2019) found "fruits
Authors at a showed greater losses than
Government Agency or vegetables" in most states and
other Organisation territories (p.58).
OR
"Fruits showed greater losses than
vegetables" in most states and
territories (Ambiel et al., 2019, p. 58).
Report by a task force, The Mental Health
working group or other Integration Taskforce (2019) noted that
group "services are provided by dedicated,
hard-working and skilled staff" (p. 26).
OR
"Services are provided by dedicated,
hard-working and skilled staff" (Mental
Health Integration Taskforce, 2019, p.
26).
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Reference List Example
Provide the full name of
the organisation in the reference list.
Note: if the URL 'jumps' down a line,
leave it. Do not 'break' URLs by hitting
'Enter' at the end of the line.
Department of the Prime Minister and
Cabinet. (2017). Understanding the
needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander women and girls: A joint
project with the Australian Human
Rights Commission. Australian
Government. https://pmc.gov.au/sites/
default/files/publications/factsheet-
supporting-indigenous-women-
girls.pdf
For Government Departments, provide
the specific name of the department as
the Author, and the 'parent' agency as
the publisher. In this example the
Department of the Prime Minister and
Cabinet is a specific department of the
Australian Government.
Titles of reports are in italics. Capitalize
the first word of the title and subtitle and
any proper nouns.
Ambiel, C., Adell, A., Sanguansri, P., Krause,
D., Gamage, T., Garcia-Flores, R., &
Juliano, P. (2019). Mapping Australian
fruit and vegetable losses pre-retail.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation.
https://doi.org/10.25919/5d28d8ba0fad5
</p
Mental Health Integration Taskforce.
(2019). Better integration of mental
health services in Southern Tasmania:
Mental Health Integration Taskforce
report and recommendations. Mental
Health, Alcohol and Drug Directorate,
Department of Health, Tasmanian
Government.
https://www.dhhs.tas.gov.au/news/201
9/mental_health_integration_taskforce
_report
 Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

Capitalise the name of the Taskforce

wherever it appears, as it is a proper
noun.

For Government Departments, provide

the specific name of the department as
the Author, and the 'parent' agencies (in
order) as the publisher.

Annual Report (Western Health, 2019) Western Health. (2019). 2018-19 annual
report.
http://www.westernhealth.org.au/Abou
tUs/CorporatePublications/Documents
/
AnnualReport/WH_Annual_Report_%
202018-19.pdf
Where the author and publisher are the
same, omit the publisher.

Press or Media Release (Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organisation
[CSIRO], 2007)
(Prime Minister of Australia, 2010)
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation. (2007, March
20). Cyclone science shows rainforest
impacts and recovery [Press release].
http://www.csiro.au/news/ps2wj.html

Prime Minister of Australia. (2010, July

7). Gillard Government to boost
resources to international border
patrols [Press release]. AGPS.

4.5 Referencing and citing conference proceedings

The basics of a reference list entry for a paper in a published conference proceedings:
 Author or authors of paper. Surname followed by first initials.
 Year.
 Title of paper.
 Editors of conference proceedings.
 Title of conference proceedings (in italics).
 Pages of paper (in round brackets).
 Publisher.
 DOI or URL
 The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is indented 5-
7 spaces.

Example:
Blakey, N., Guinea, S., & Saghafi, F. (2017). Transforming undergraduate nursing
curriculum by aligning models of clinical reasoning through simulation. In R.
Walker & S. Bedford (Eds.), Research and Development in Higher Education: Vol.
40. Curriculum Transformation (pp. 25-37). Higher Education Research and

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 Development Society of Australasia. http://www.herdsa.org.au/research-and-
development-higher-education-vol-40-25

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

Conference …skills in clinical Blakey, N., Guinea, S., & Saghafi, F. (2017). Transforming
Proceeding Paper: reasoning are undergraduate nursing curriculum by aligning models of clinical
Online vital (Blakey et reasoning through simulation. In R. Walker & S. Bedford
al., 2017). (Eds.), Research and Development in Higher Education: Vol. 40.
Curriculum Transformation (pp. 25-37). Higher Education
Research and Development Society of Australasia.
http://www.herdsa.org.au/research-and-development-higher-
education-vol-40-25
Capitalise the names of conferences, symposia and meetings that
appear in titles.

Conference Session (Fistek et al., Fistek, A., Jester, E., & Sonnenberg, K. (2017, July 12-15). Everybody's
2017) got a little music in them: Using music therapy to connect,
engage, and motivate [Conference session]. Autism Society
OR National Conference, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
https://asa.confex.com/asa/2017/webprogramarchives/Session95
Fistek et al.'s
17.html
(2017)
conference Provide the year, month and dates of the conference (not the
session specific day the session was presented).
addressed...
Conferences have specific locations, so this is included in the
format of City, State/Province/Territory (as applicable), and
Country, e.g. Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Paper Presentation (Maddox et al., Maddox, S., Hurling, J., Stewart, E., & Edwards, A. (2016, March 30-
2016) April 2). If mama ain't happy, nobody's happy: The effect of
parental depression on mood dysregulation in children [Paper
OR presentation]. Southeastern Psychological Association 62nd
Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, United States.
Discussed by
Maddox et al. Cite all authors of a presentation, even if they were not all present
(2016)... at the conference/meeting.

Poster Presentation (Pearson, 2018) Pearson, J. (2018, September 27-30). Fat talk and its effects on state-
based body image in women [Poster presentation]. Australian
OR

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Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

According to Psychological Society Congress, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Pearson (2018)... http://bit.ly/2XGSThP
Note that the use of a URL shortener, such as Bitly, is
permissible where the original URL is long and complex. Make
sure that your short URL works before submission.

4.6 Referencing and citing websites

The basics of a reference list entry for a webpage on a website (individual author):
 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.
 Year, Month Day (in round brackets). Use the most exact date possible
 Title (in italics).
 Website name.
 URL.
 The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is indented 5-
7 spaces.

Example:
Johnson, A. (2018, May 24). “It doesn’t need to be this way”: The promise of
specialised early intervention in psychosis
services. IEPA. https://iepa.org.au/network-news/it-doesnt-need-to-be-this-
way-the-promise-of-specialised-early-intervention-in-psychosis-services/

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Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

Webpage on a …family experience Johnson, A. (2018, May 24). “It doesn’t need to be this way”: The
Website: Individual with psychosis promise of specialised early intervention in psychosis
Author (Johnson, 2018). services. IEPA. https://iepa.org.au/network-news/it-doesnt-
need-to-be-this-way-the-promise-of-specialised-early-
OR intervention-in-psychosis-services/
Ava Johnson (2018) Where a title already contains punctuation, such as the
reflects on her own double quotes in the above example, retain these in your
experiences… reference.

Webpage on a Of course, massage Association of Massage Therapists. (n.d.). Benefits of

Website: Group Author is also effective for massage. http://www.amt.org.au/massage-and-
and no date many you/benefits-of-massage.html
musculoskeletal
disorders Use the abbreviation n.d. (no date) in place of the year of
(Association of publication.
Massage Therapists, When the author and the site name are the same, omit the
n.d). site name.

Webpage on a Australia's population Australian Bureau of Statistics. (n.d.). Population clock. Retrieved
Website: Retrieval date as at January 2020 January 22, 2020, from
required is 25,577,330, and is https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff
increasing at the rate 1425ca25682000192af2/
of one person every 1 1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument
minute and 23
seconds (Australian
Bureau of Statistics, Use (n.d.) in place of the year and include a retrieval
n.d.). statement for any webpage where the contents are
continuously updated and not archived.
Where the author and name of a webpage are the same, omit
the site name.

Web Document: Exercise may be the Black Dog Institute. (2017). Managing depression with
Organisational author last thing you feel like exercise. https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/docs/default-
doing, but it can help source/factsheets/managingdepressionwithexercise.pdf?sfv
(Black Dog Institute, rsn=16
2017).

Web Document: No …may not predict Researchers replicate famous marshmallow test, make new
Author outcomes in later life observations. (2018, May 25). Medical Xpress.
(Researchers https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-05-replicate-famous-
Replicate marshmallow.html?utm_source=tabs&utm_medium=link&ut
Famous, 2018). m _campaign=story-tabs
OR

A recent
article, Researchers
Replicate
Famous (2018),
revisited earlier
findings…
When a work has no
identified author,
cite in-text the first
few words of the
reference entry

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Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

(usually the title)

and the year. If the
title is italicised in
the Reference List,
also use italics in
the in text citation.
Use Title Case in
the in text citation,
even though
sentence case is
used in the
Reference List.

Plavix, generic MIMS Australia. (2019, December 1). Plavix. In MIMS

name Clopidogrel ha Online. https://www-mimsonline-
Web Document: s been effective in com-
MIMS Online treating… (MIMS au.ap1.proxy.openathens.net/Search/FullPI.aspx?ModuleN
Australia, 2019). ame=Product%
20Info&searchKeyword=plavix&PreviousPage=~/Search/Q
uickSearch.
aspx&SearchType=&ID=40890001_2

Publication date: Use revision date as listed.

Blog Post & Comment …attempts to Stafford, T. (2018, January 3). The backfire effect is elusive. Mind
dissuade Hacks. https://mindhacks.com/2018/01/03/the-backfire-
inadvertently effect-is-elusive/
entrench a mistaken
belief (Stafford, A blog comment where the author uses a username or
2018). screen name would be referenced as follows:

markps2. (2017, May 31). For researchers to study… when

people stop taking “Antipsychotics also known as
…withdrawal from neuroleptics or major tranquilizers” they can have
antipsychotic withdrawal [Comment on the article "What triggers that
medications feeling of being watched?"]. Mind Hacks.
(markps2, 2017). https://mindhacks.com/2017/05/26/what-triggers-that-
feeling-of-being-watched/#comments
Note that the
author's screen If the comment has no title, use the first up to 20 words of
name does not have the comment as the title, retaining punctuation.
any capitals, so we
retain it exactly as Provide the URL that takes the reader directly to the
found, both in-text comment (if possible).
and in the
Reference list (see
right).

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For class use only.
Prepared by Donatus Mugisha.
5.0 Position of literature review in research
Literature review is an integral part of any research activity. The beginning point of any
research activity is consciousness of existence of a problem followed by the review of
literature to ascertain the existence of that problem (Recall the process of problem
identification discussed in Topic one).
In a research proposal/report, literature review outcome is documented in chapter two.
The documentation is done following the order of research objectives.

Assignment
Together with these notes, there are 10 documents that need to be reviewed. A small
report needs to be written about each of these documents. Together with the report,
appropriate references and citations have to be documented. This should be done as a
class exercise under the guidance of a lecturer.

THE END

16 | P a g e
For class use only.
Prepared by Donatus Mugisha.