Master List of Formulas and Symbology Descriptions

Video Camera Image Size

Disclaimer: Here are some common 𝐴

𝐼𝐼 = 2 ∗ 𝐷 ∗ tan � �
formulas; however this is not an 2
exhaustive list and you may not need all
Where IS is the image size
of them.
D is the distance from the lens to the subject
A is the lens angle of view

Projector Lumens Output

𝐿∗𝐶∗𝐴
𝑆𝑆 � �
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵ℎ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =
𝐷𝐷
Where L is ambient light at screen location⋆
C is the desired contrast ratio
7:1 – Passive Viewing – television
15:1 – Basic Decision Making Presentations
50:1 – Analytical Decision Making – Art work, Medical
80:1 – Full Motion Video – Home Theater
A is the area of screen ⋆⋆
Sg is the gain of the screen. Assume a screen gain of 1 unless otherwise noted.
Dr is the projector derating value. Assume a derating value of 0.75 unless otherwise noted.

⋆ Light units are in either lux or footcandles

⋆⋆ area in square meters or square feet

Loudspeaker Coverage Pattern (Ceiling Mounted) Loudspeaker Spacing (Ceiling Mounted)

𝐶∠ 𝐷 =2∗𝑟 (Edge-to-edge)
𝐷 = 2 ∗ (𝐻 − ℎ) ∗ tan � �
2 𝐷 = 𝑟 ∗ √2 (Minimum overlap)

Where D is diameter of coverage circle at ear height

𝐷=𝑟 (Center-to-center)
H is overall ceiling height
h is height of the listener’s ears (48 inches) Where D is the distance between loudspeakers
C ∠ is off-axis coverage angle of polar pattern r is the radius of loudspeaker coverage circle

Wattage at the Loudspeaker

𝐷
𝐿𝑝 +𝐻−𝐿𝑠 +20log� 2 �
𝐷𝑟
� �
10
𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 10^ ∗ 𝑊𝑟𝑟𝑟

Where EPR is electrical power required at loudspeaker

L P is SPL required at distance D 2
H is required headroom
L S is loudspeaker sensitivity at 3.28 feet (1 m)
D 2 is distance from loudspeaker to listener
D r is distance reference value
W ref is the wattage reference value. Assume a wattage reference value of 1 unless otherwise noted.

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Loudspeaker Impedance Ohm’s Law Related

1 𝑃
𝑍𝑇 = 𝐼=
1 1 1 1 𝑉
+ + …
𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍3 𝑍𝑁
Where I is current
𝑍1 V is circuit voltage
𝑍𝑇 = P is power ⋆
𝑁
Where Z T is the total impedance of the loudspeaker
system
⋆ Look up amplifier power in owner’s manual before adding
Z 1 is the measured impedance of a to the other AV devices.
loudspeaker
N is the quantity of loudspeakers in the
circuit

Needed Acoustic Gain Potential Acoustic Gain

𝐷0 ∗ 𝐷1
𝐷0 𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 20 log � �
𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 20 log � � 𝐷2 ∗ 𝐷𝑠
𝐸𝐸𝐸
Where PAG is Potential Acoustic Gain
Where NAG is Needed Acoustic Gain D 0 is distance from source to listener
D 0 is distance from source to listener D 1 is distance from loudspeaker to mic
EAD is Equivalent Acoustic Distance D 2 is distance from loudspeaker to listener
D S is distance from source to microphone

Audio System Stability (PAG NAG Complete Formula)

𝐷𝑂 𝐷0 𝐷1
20 log10 � � < 20 log10 � � − 10 log10 (𝑁𝑁𝑁) − 𝐹𝐹𝐹
𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐷2 𝐷𝑆
Where NOM = Number of Open Microphones
FSM = Feedback Stability Margin
EAD = Equivalent Acoustic Distance
D 0 = the distance between the talker and the farthest listener
D 1 = the distance between the closest loudspeaker to the microphone and the microphone
D 2 = the distance between the loudspeaker closest to the farthest listener and the farthest listener
D s = the distance between the sound source (talker) and the microphone

Power Amplifier Wattage (Constant Voltage) Power Amplifier Heat Load

𝑊𝑡 = 𝑊 ∗ 𝑁 ∗ 1.5 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑊 ∗ 3.4 ∗ (1 − 𝐸𝐷 )

Where W t is required wattage Where Total BTU is the total British Thermal Units released
W is watt tap used at individual loudspeaker W is the wattage of the amplifier
N is total number of loudspeakers E D is the efficiency of the device
1.5 is 50 percent amplifier headroom

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Heat Load Jam Ratio
𝐼𝐼
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑊𝐸 ∗ 3.4 𝐽𝐽𝐽 =
𝑂𝐷 + 𝑂𝐷2 + 𝑂𝐷3
� 1 3 �
Where Total BTU is the total British Thermal Units
released
W E is the total watts of equipment in the room
Where ID is the inner diameter of the conduit
OD is the outer diameter of each conductor

Conduit Capacity
𝑂𝑂2
Where ID is the inner diameter of the conduit
𝐼𝐼 > � One Cable
0.53
OD is outer diameter of each conductor

𝑂𝑂²+𝑂𝑂²
𝐼𝐼 > � Two Cables
0.31

𝑂𝑂²+𝑂𝑂²+𝑂𝑂²…
𝐼𝐼 > � 3+ Cables
0.40
Image Height to Farthest Viewer Distance Ratio

𝐼𝐻 𝐷𝑇 The relationship between image height, viewing task, and

= farthest viewer distance can also be represented as a
𝐼𝐷 𝑉𝑇 wheel:

Where I H = Image height

I D = Distance from the farthest viewer to
the image
V T = Viewing Task Ratio: distance
4 for Inspection Viewing Tasks
6 for Reading with Clues Viewing
Tasks
8 for General Viewing Tasks
D T = Viewing task: height ratio. This will
be 1.

Computer Video Signal Bandwidth Minimum Video System Bandwidth

𝐻𝑝𝑝𝑝 ∗ 𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝 ∗ 𝑓𝑣 𝑆𝑆 = 𝐻𝐻 ∗ 2
𝐻𝐻 = ∗3
2 Where SF is the system frequency in Hertz
Where HF is the highest frequency in Hertz HF is the highest frequency in Hertz of the
H pix is the total number of horizontal pixels computer signal
V pix is the total number of vertical pixels
f v is the refresh rate

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