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Choose two of the materials that surfaces don’t reflect as much light.
are obviously different. In your They appear flat and no images can
group, brainstorm at least five be reflected.
characteristics or properties of
a) In the table in your log, record
each material.
whether the material has a high
a) In your Active Chemistry log, use or low luster.
the characteristics to describe each
4. Electrical conductivity: Test each
material. Could someone else substance with a conductivity
reading your log be able to tester or multi-meter. To test each
identify the material? substance, touch the two leads to
2. Chemists use specific characteristics each end of the sample. Do not
or properties to describe and allow the leads to touch each other,
distinguish among materials. You or it will give a false reading. In the
investigated some of these properties example shown in the diagram,
in Activity 4 and Activity 5. the bulb will glow if the material
Additional properties used by is conductive. Your teacher will
chemists are described below. demonstrate how the specific
conductivity tester used in your
a) In your log, prepare a table for
lab works.
recording your observations.
a) In the table in your log, record
3. Luster: Is the material shiny or dull
whether the material is conductive.
in appearance? Does it look more
like a mirror or more like mud? If a You can use words to reflect
material has lots of luster it reflects this like nonconductive, slightly
light and you may be able to see conductive, or very conductive.
images reflected from the surface. If you are using a meter, you can
Polished metal has high luster. Dull record the reading.
light-emitting diode
(LED)
Safety
goggles
and a lab
apron
must be
worn.
resistor
object being
tested
battery
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METALS, NONMETALS,
AND METALLOIDS
In this activity you investigated specific Chem Words
properties of materials.You then used your metal: classes of materials
observations to classify a material as a that exhibit the
properties of conductivity,
metal or a nonmetal. Metals have luster. malleability, reactivity,
They exhibit conductivity.They conduct and ductility. Metal
elements readily lose
electricity and heat.They are malleable and electrons to form positive
ductile and they are often relatively ions.
reactive. Many metals form a compound on nonmetal: elements that
their surface that results from reactions do not exhibit the
properties of conductivity,
with air.When you scrape or sand a piece of malleability, reactivity,
metal you are removing that coating of metal compound. Sometimes and ductility. These
elements tend to form
that natural coating can prevent further reacting and will preserve the negative ions. The oxides
metal underneath. of the elements are
acidic.
Looking at the luster: the reflection of
drawing at the light from the surface of
a material described by its
right, you can quality and intensity.
see that in solid conductivity: the property
copper metal of transmitting heat and
the centers of electricity.
the copper ductility: a property that
describes how easy it is to
atoms are in pull a substance into a
fixed locations new permanent shape,
such as, pulling into
but they are wires.
surrounded by reactivity: a property that
a sea of describes how readily a
electrons. If an material will react with
other materials.
electric circuit
is set up, the
electrons are Electron-Sea Model for Copper Metal
free to move.
This is the basis
of the metallic property of electrical conductivity.
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1. a) List the names of three metals you are familiar with in your daily life.
b) For each metal you listed in (a), describe two different uses for each.
2. a) List the names of three nonmetals you are familiar with in your daily life.
b) For each nonmetal you listed in (a), describe two different uses for each.
3. Examine the following objects or machines that you use every day:
a) backpack
b) bicycle
c) car
Make a list of the metals and nonmetals that make up the major components
of the object. List the function and characteristics of each component.
4. a) List two properties of a material that you can observe using your senses.
b) List two properties of a material that require tests to observe.
5. Classify each of the following as a metal or nonmetal:
a) aluminum (Al)
b) iron (Fe)
c) oxygen (O)
d) carbon (C)
e) mercury (Hg)
6. The way materials are used can change with time. Milk was originally delivered
in glass bottles. Now cartons made from wax-coated paper and plastic jugs are
used for milk. Snow skis used to be made of wood. Now they are made from
fiberglass or graphite. What factors go into decisions about changing what
materials should be used when building a product?
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Inquiring Further
The effect of heat treatment own until it is safe to handle. Then try
on the property of a metal to break it again, being careful to bend
it back and forth exactly as you did
It is possible to change the
with the control. Record your results
characteristics of a material by treating
and try another heating scheme.
them in various ways. Determine the
Consider treatments such as heating to
effect of heat on a metal. Obtain a few
redness and then cooling by plunging
paper clips or bobby pins from your
into water, or heating and cooling
teacher. As a control, determine how
several times, or heating, but not to
many times it takes to bend the clip or
redness, only heating to a moderate
pin back and forth in order to break it.
amount.
The stress at the point of bending
causes the paper clip or bobby pin to Record your observations and
break. summarize what seems to be the
relationship of heat treatment to the
Now try some various types of heat
characteristics of the metal.
treatment to see what effect they have
on the metal. Try heating the piece in What characteristic of metals do you
the flame of a burner until it is red. To think is demonstrated by bending the
do this, hold the piece with tongs or metals back and forth until breaking?
forceps. Allow the piece to cool on its
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