Q.1 Different type of file system in linux?

Linux file system or any file system generally is a layer which is under the
operating system that handles the positioning of your data on the storage
,without it the system cannot knows file starts from where and ends where.

Linux file system types:-

1.Ext:-
The full form of ext is extended file system was implemented in April 1992
as the first file system.This is an old one and no longer used due to limitation.

2. Ext2:-
First linux file system that allows 2 terabyte of data allowed.The ext2 file
system is a file system for Linux kernel.It was initially desined by Remy Card as a
replacement for the ext file system.

ii) In this file system max size can be 16 TB to 2 TB(INDIVIDUAL) and overall size
can be 2 TB to 32 TB.
Supported operating systems:  Linux,BSD etc.

3. Ext3:-
It was coming in 2001.Came from Ext2,but with upgrade and backward
compatibility.

The only problem about that the servers do not use the kind of the file system
because this file system does not support file recovery or disk snapshot.

ii) Starting from linux Kernal 2.4.15 ext3 was available.

iii) Journaling was the main benefit of ext3.

4. Ext4:-
 i) faster and allow large file with significant speed.

ii) we can change the size of this file(SCALABLE) and it is a scalable

extension of the ext3 file system.Ext4 is the default file system of RHEL 6 .

iii) Max. individual file size can be from 16 GB to 16 TB.

iv) Overall max ext4 file system is 1 EB(1024 PB) to 1 PB(1024 TB).

5. JFS:-
It’s full name is JOURNALED file system .Old file system made by IBM. It
works very well with small and big files,but it failed and files corrupted after long
time use,reports say.

ii) it is a 64-bit journaling file system.

iii) Max file size is 4 PB.

iv) it supports AIX, OS/2.

6. XFS:-
XFS is a highly scalable ,high performance file journaling file
system.Which was designed by at Silicon Graphics, in 1993.

ii) Old file system and works slowly with small files.

iii) It is a 64-bit journaling file system.

iv) XFS is a default file system for REHL 7.

v) it supports max file system size of 500 TB and max file size of 16 TB.

7. Btrfs:-
Made by Oracle . it is not stable as Ext in some distros, but you can say
that it is a replacement for it if you have to. It has a good performance.
ii) Btrfs is licensed under the GPL and open for contribution from anyone..

iii) it is a modern copy on write (CoW) file system for Linux aimed.It stores the
internal file system.

Q.2 History of Linux Operating System?

In 1991, Linux Torvalds a student at the university of Helsinki,Finland,through to
have a freely available acadmic version of Unix starting typing is own code.Later
this project became the Linux kernel.

Linux is freely distributed version of Unix and it is open source operating

syatem .Linux released the initial version of Linux for free on the
internet,inadvertently spawning one of the largest software development
phenomena of all time. Linux in particular lamented MINIX inability to do terminal
emulation, which he needed in order to connect to the university's Unix
computers. Linux decided to create a terminal emulation program himself,
independently of MINIX. These were the first steps toward creating Linux.

TYPE:-
Ubuntu,Linux kali,Redhat enterprises Linux,Fedora,CentOs

RUN LEVEL-:
Level 0----- shut down

Level 1-----single user mode used maintenance

Level 2-----Multiuser mode with graphical interface

Level 3---- Multiuser text mode that starts the system normally

Level 4---- Undifined

Level 5---  Multiuser mode with graphical

Level 6------ system reboot

FEATURES OF LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM:-

 Portable(Multiplatform)
 Multitasking
 Multi user
 Multiprocessor support
 Multithreading support
 Virtual memory
 Hierarchical file system

Q.3 Explanation of Linux Loader GRUB and LILO.

GRUB(Grand Unified Bootloader):
GRUB(Grand Unified Bootloader) is a boot loader package that supports
multiple operating systems on a computer. During boot-up, the user can select
the operating system to run. GRUB is based on earlier multi boot package ,GRUB.
It can decompress operating system before launching them. This boot method is
called direct loading because instructions are used to directly load the operating
system, with no intermediary code between the boot-loaders and the operating
system's main files.

Operating system: Linux, macOS, BSD, Solaris 

FEATURES:
 Recognize multiple executable formats
 Support non multi boot kernals
 Load multiple modules
 Load a configuration file
 Provide a menu interface
 Have a flexible command-line interface
 Support multiple file system types
  Support automatic decompression
 Detect all installed RAM
 Support network booting

LILO-(LINUX LOADER):