ABSTRACT

This paper presents a design of an Automatic Baby Cradle System which gives a reliable
and efficient baby monitoring system that can play a significant role in providing better infant
care. This system monitor parameters such as baby cry, wet condition, and using cloud this
information is accessed by parents to initiate the proper control actions. The system architecture
consists of sensors for monitoring vital parameters, dc motor for cradle movement, cloud where
data is stored and a sound buzzer all controlled by a single Arduino microcontroller core.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform

one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. It is usually
embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In contrast, a
general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different tasks depending
on programming. Embedded systems control many of the common devices in use today .Since
the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks; design engineers can optimize it, reducing
the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance. Some embedded
systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.

Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches
and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the
systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single
microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a
large chassis or enclosure

In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems have
some element of programmability. For example, Handheld computers share some elements with
embedded systems — such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power them —
but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different applications to be loaded and
peripherals to be connected. Embedded systems span all aspects of modern life and there are
many examples of their use. Telecommunications systems employ numerous embedded systems
from telephone switches for the network to mobile phones at the end-user. Computer networking
uses dedicated routers and network bridges to route data.
Characteristics:

1. Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-
purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must
be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance
requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.
2. Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consist
of small, computerized parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For
example, the Gibson Robot Guitar features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the
overall purpose of the Robot Guitar is, of course, to play music. Similarly, an embedded system
in an automobile provides a specific function as a subsystem of the car itself.
3. The software written for embedded systems is often called firmware, and is usually stored
in read-only memory or Flash memory chips rather than a disk drive. It often runs with limited
computer hardware resources: small or no keyboard, screen, and little memory.

CPU Platforms:

Embedded processors can be broken into two broad categories: ordinary microprocessors (μP)
and microcontrollers (μC), which have many more peripherals on chip, reducing cost and size.
Contrasting to the personal computer and server markets, a fairly large number of basic CPU
architectures are used; there are Von Neumann as well as various degrees of Harvard
architectures, RISC as well as non-RISC and VLIW; word lengths vary from 4-bit to 64-bits and
beyond (mainly in DSP processors) although the most typical remain 8/16-bit. Most architecture
comes in a large number of different variants and shapes, many of which are also manufactured
by several different companies.

ASIC and FPGA solutions:

A common configuration for very-high-volume embedded systems is the system on a chip (SoC),
an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), for which the CPU core was purchased and
added as part of the chip design. A related scheme is to use a field-programmable gate array
(FPGA), and program it with all the logic, including the CPU.

Peripherals: Embedded
Systems talk with the outside world via peripherals, such as

 Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-232, RS-422, RS-485 etc

 Synchronous Serial Communication Interface: I2C, JTAG, SPI, SSC and ESSI
 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
 Networks: Ethernet, Controller Area Network, LAN networks, etc
 Timers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time Processing Units
 Discrete IO: aka General Purpose Input/output (GPIO)
 Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog (ADC/DAC)

Tools: As for other

software, embedded system designers use compilers, assemblers, and debuggers to develop
embedded system software. However, they may also use some more specific tools:

 In circuit debuggers or emulators

 Utilities to add a checksum or CRC to a program, so the embedded system can check if
the program is valid.
 For systems using digital signal processing, developers may use a math workbench such
as MATLAB, Simulink, MathCad, or Mathematica to simulate the mathematics. They might also
use libraries for both the host and target which eliminates developing DSP routines as done in
DSPnano RTOS and Unison Operating System.
 Custom compilers and linkers may be used to improve optimization for the particular
hardware.
 An embedded system may have its own special language or design tool, or add
enhancements to an existing language such as Forth or Basic.
 Another alternative is to add a Real-time operating system or Embedded operating
system, which may have DSP capabilities like DSP nano RTOS.
Software tools can come from several sources:

 Software companies that specialize in the embedded market

 Ported from the GNU software development tools
 Sometimes, development tools for a personal computer can be used if the embedded
processor is a close relative to a common PC processor

As the complexity of embedded systems grows, higher level tools and operating systems are
migrating into machinery where it makes sense. For example, cell phones, personal digital
assistants and other consumer computers often need significant software that is purchased or
provided by a person other than the manufacturer of the electronics. In these systems, an open
programming environment such as Linux, NetBSD, OSGi or Embedded Java is required so that
the third-party software provider can sell to a large market.
 CHAPTER-2

INTRODUCTION

Both the parents in today’s life are working and busy. Thus, they don’t get enough time
to take care of their babies. Many parents don’t want to hire caretakers because of safety issues
and expenses. An automatic baby care system can help the parents to look after their babies
without being physically present with the baby all the time. Those mom's who are excessively
occupied and don't have a baby sitter to deal with their infants find it so difficult to take care of
the baby. The parents who cannot afford costliest comfortable cradles has to swing the
conventional cradle to make the baby sleep. On the other hand people who could afford costliest
cradle are not happy with the features provided. To add on the infants do have certain
discomforts. Inventing smart, powerful and profitable products to satisfy the needs and
expectations of the market and then turning the insights that emerge into ideas that deliver
change is more important than creating junk or crap. We are trying to soothe the baby's distress
and to serve as a helping hand for the parents.

A cradle is a baby's bed or cot, typically one mounted on rockers. In the present scenario
where both the parents are busy in their professional life, it has become very difficult for them to
get sufficient time to take care of their infants. Sometimes it is not affordable for them to hire a
care taker. This results in admitting their child to child homes during their job timings. It is found
that most of the times baby stops cry and sleeps well when they are in a cradle. In today's life
style, it is very difficult for parents and care takers to sit nearby their child and sooth them
whenever they cry or sleep. Thus, the designed system would help the parents in the child care
without physical attention. Automatic cradle is a device that provides an aid to swing the baby
cradle automatically. Once the crib is manually tilted in one direction and released, this permits
the inertia to actuate the locking and actuating arms to operate under the biasing force of spring
in conjunction with the gear. Thus, the spring loaded motor begin to operate and the lever which
is attached to crib is oscillated in back and forth movement
BACKGROUND

The traditional method to make the baby sleep was to put him into a saree tied at the two
corners of a room. The traditional method proved to be uncomfortable for the child as it gave
some jerks to the baby. Moreover the problem of the baby making its mattress wet was also not
detected. This resulted into the occurrence of the diseases like pneumonia, rashes, cough, etc.
This may sometimes prove even fatal. The baby sometimes is more cunning. It may try to come
out of the cradle. Many-a-times it has been seen that in the absence of the mother the baby tries
to come out of the cradle. This may cause serious injuries to the baby. From the above
discussion, it is clear that the traditional cradle systems are not as comfortable as the proposed
system. They are comparatively less reliable.
 CHAPTER-3

LITERATURE SURVEY :

A Detection System of Infant’s Cry Using Fuzzy Classification from Theory

to Practice:

Nowadays, it is inconvenient for housekeeper parents to constantly watch over their

newborn baby while doing their work or chores. This paper proposes a simple voice recognition
system which can be applied practically for designing a device with capability to detect a baby's
cry and informing the parents automatically. There are a lot of similar projects and experiments
which have been performed recently, but most of them are about recognizing and classifying
different types of crying (like for hunger, etc.) and have used complex methods of
implementation such as neural network. But in this paper our aim is to merely detect infant's
crying, and our solution is to use a fuzzy classifier which is easy to implement and fast to
execute. The overall algorithm is to evaluate the resemblance of the infant's voice signal with the
data stored in a database, which is already prepared by recording some cry and laughter samples,
using an automatic fuzzy classifier system which can lead to detection of cry or laughter. This
algorithm can serve as a reliable foundation on which the future creation of a portable real-time,
automatic voice detection device can be based. It is a pretty formidable task to implement
complex algorithms, such as neural networks, on common available microcontrollers, however
we proposed a much simpler algorithm which enables us to develop a real-time and low cost
device. To evaluate the algorithm, we have created a database of sample cry and laughter signals
and developed a sample Matlab program for carrying out the realtime frequency-
domaincalculations and a sample visual program in Labview programming environment for
interfacing with user.

Automatic Cradle System with Measurement of Baby’s Vital Biological Parameters

 There is a need to develop a new low cost indigenous electronic cradle because
the existing cradles are imported and costly. This paper presents the design and implementation
of a new indigenous low cost E-Baby Cradle that swings automatically when baby cries, for this
it has a cry analyzing system which detects the baby cry voice and accordingly the cradle swings
till the baby stops crying. The speed of the cradle can be controlled as per the user need. The
system has inbuilt alarm that indicates the condition - when baby does not stop crying with in a
stipulated time, which intimated that International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology. This system helps parents and nurses to take care of babies without physical
attention by already recorded voice input to FN-M16P model and at this same time Cradle also
moves according to the user need.

Auto baby Cry Detector Sleep Music Player

Parents in the present world are busy in their professional life, so they do not get
sufficient time to take care of their babies. It is inconvenient for parents to constantly watch over
their newborn baby while doing their work or chores. So we have designed an simple system
which helps parents in taking care of baby. This system proposes a simple voice detection system
which can be applied practically for designing a device with capability to detect a baby’s cry and
automatically turning on a Baby sleep music. The system is based on PIC microcontroller.
Whenever the baby cries it is detected by the controller with the help of Mic and in order to that
turns on the music and sleep mechanism which creates soothing sound as well as dim lights
which makes baby sleep again gently. In this project a program is implemented to detect an
infant’s crying. It can detect baby’s cry while ignoring other sounds like clap, sneeze, fan,
sudden sounds, environment sounds etc.

Design and Fabrication of Automatic Baby Cradle:

Cradle is an appliance which use to carry a baby and oscillate automatically with certain
speed for comfort sleep of a baby. Babies sleeps sound in mosses baskets or cradle, as they
afford a limited sleeping atmosphere which helps them feel secure. B-Care is a novel concept,
which enables the movements of a carriage, to raise the cradle, to move the machine from one
place to another, automatic movement of cradle when baby is disturbed and much more. The
equipment Baby care includes a dc motor, link, and an oscillating bed and sensors. The electric
powered motor will actuate the links by shaft. Links actuates the rod attached to the bed at
constant speed. The carriage is attached to the metal rod through springs which will provide a
vibratory motion. It will also ensure the cradle motion even when the baby cries or moves using
sensors. Motor, link and sensors are attached to the side of the cradle frame. High strength, light
weight material is used for the manufacturing of Baby care. Baby care is the most cost effective,
user friendly, automated mechanism for baby care in the modern nuclear family.

Automated Cradle

The project idea develops from the very fact that a woman finds it difficult to concentrate
on her child owing to her busy schedule of house life. The situation aggravates when she has a
job or has some household business, since she can neither compromise with her work nor she can
ignore her child’s needs. Many devices are available to ease her task and help her to balance
between her work and the needs of her child. Our Automated Cradle proposes to be one of them.
Unlike some of the existing designs, which uses a microprocessor as the controlling unit, the
proposed model uses IR wireless technology for less complexity and easy access and the slider
crank mechanism used for the swing makes the transition smooth. The user can control the
swinging speed of cradle by a remote. The model here has two variable speeds for the cradle
swing, which is advantageous in many ways. Once the baby is asleep, the cradle can be brought
to low power mode with normal swing.

Baby Cry Detection in Domestic Environment Using Deep Learning

Automatic detection of a baby cry in audio signals is an essential step in applications

such as remote baby monitoring. It is also important for researchers, who study the relation
between baby cry patterns and various health or developmental parameters. In this paper, we
propose two machine-learning algorithms for automatic detection of baby cry in audio
recordings. The first algorithm is a low-complexity logistic regression classifier, used as a
reference. To train this classifier, we extract features such as Mel-frequency cepstrum
coefficients, pitch and formants from the recordings. The second algorithm uses a dedicated
convolutional neural network (CNN), operating on log Mel-filter bank representation of the
recordings. Performance evaluation of the algorithms is carried out using an annotated database
containing recordings of babies (0-6 months old) in domestic environments. In addition to baby
cry, these recordings contain various types of domestic sounds, such as parents talking and door
opening. The CNN classifier is shown to yield considerably better results compared to the
logistic regression classifier, demonstrating the power of deep learning when applied to audio
processing. Smart Cradle Gear to Ensure Safety of Baby in the Cradle In today’s world we see
that most of the families consist of mainly the parents and children. When a baby is born in a
family there has to be someone to look after the baby. Some parents have to do a double task of
keeping a check on the baby as well as do the household work. Keeping a nanny could be an
option but not all can afford nannies and also it is International Research Journal of Engineering
and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-
ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal
| Page 2076 always difficult for parents to rely on some strangers to look after their baby. So to
help such parents we have decided to come up with a smart cradle gear which will help a mother
or a father have a track of their child and do some household work simultaneously. The idea is to
design a smart cradle alarming system that will signal the parents of the baby’s activities. The
gear will be such that it will fit most of the common cradles or cribs. The system will comprise
of sensors, which will detect the baby’s activities and alarm their parents.

Development of Smart Safety Cradle Sensor

The title of this project is Smart Safety Cradle Sensor. This project is designed to
provide maximum comfort to the baby in addition to maintaining their health. The main
objective of this project is to design the Smart Safety Cradle Sensor which this cradle can rock
on automatically when any movement of baby detected. This is because; experiments found that
using electric cradle are 2-4 minutes lesser than the traditional manual cradle for babies to fall
asleep. The experts confirmed that the traditional manual swing size and speed are not stable.
Unbalanced swing can make babies' brain not regulate smoothly, and then can affect their health
for entire life. Besides that, this baby’s cradle also is safe and comfortable for baby with the
timer that make a smooth rock on and not continuously that can affect the babies’ health. A Fully

Automated Approach for Baby Cry Signal Segmentation and Boundary Detection of
Expiratory and Inspiratory
 Episodes The detection of cry sounds is generally an important pre-processing step for
various applications involving cry analysis such as diagnostic systems, electronic monitoring
systems, emotion detection, and robotics for baby caregivers. Given its complexity, an automatic
cry segmentation system is a rather challenging topic. In this paper, a framework for automatic
cry sound segmentation for application in a cry-based diagnostic system has been proposed. The
contribution of various additional time- and frequency-domain features to increase the robustness
of a Gaussian mixture model/hidden Markov model (GMM/HMM)-based cry segmentation
system in noisy environments is studied. A fully automated segmentation algorithm to extract cry
sound components, namely, audible expiration and inspiration, is introduced and is grounded on
two approaches: statistical analysis based on GMMs or HMMs classifiers and a post-processing
method based on intensity, zero crossing rate, and fundamental frequency feature extraction. The
main focus of this paper is to extend the systems developed in previous works to include a post-
processing stage with a set of corrective and enhancing tools to improve the classification
performance. This full approach allows to precisely determine the start and end points of the
expiratory and inspiratory components of a cry signal, EXP and INSV, respectively, in any given
sound signal. Experimental results have indicated the effectiveness of the proposed solution.
EXP and INSV detection rates of approximately 94.29% and 92.16%, respectively, were
achieved by applying a tenfold cross-validation technique to avoid over-fitting.
 CHAPTER-4

IMPLEMENTATION

OBJECTIVE:

As we are very well familiar with the hurdles faced by Parents to nurture their infant and
especially in case if both the Parents are working. To give 24 hours of time in such cases is next
to impossible. Thus, we need to develop something unique that can help Parents to have a
continuous surveillance/watch on the Baby/Infant and can notify about the same.
Thus, we have come up with an idea to design a Smart Cradle System using IOT which will help
the Parents to monitor their child even if they are away from home & detect every activity of the
Baby from any distant corner of the world.

One of the biggest wealth an infant could get from their parent's is their love and care. It
can never be replaced by any other factor. But that precious person goes through tough time
when looking after her infant especially when the baby's age is less than 1. She sacrifices
everything including her health to look after her beloved child. As health is a cycle, when the
mothers health get affected, it influences the infant's health too due to mother feeding. Mother's
health need to be protected . Here comes the automatic electronic cradle to help her.

The design of the system aims at following points:

1. Recognize baby cry through microphone and swing the cradle when baby cries.

2. Sounds an indication when mattress gets wet

3. It send information through GSM

The net framework of the proposed project is to break up the above block chain by
developing a smart electronic cradle to convoke all the data to assist the baby and to bridge the
gap between the parents and the infant.
 The main objective of our project is to bridge the gap between the children and parents
who are far away from the infant

AUTOMATIC E-BABY CRADLE SWING BASED ON BABY CRY:

Block Diagram:

POWER SUPPLY

MIC GSM
NODE MCU

WET SENSOR SERVO MOTOR

CLOUD

ANDROID APP

Technical details:

GSM: communication device

GSM model: sim800l

Baurd rate:9600

Protocol:UART
 Operating voltage: 12v

Pins: gnd ,tx ,rx

Wet sensor: Input device

Digital output: wet presence –output_0

Normal(dry state) –output_1

Operating voltage:5v

Pins: vcc,gnd,data(digital)

Servo motor: Output device

Rotation:0-360 Degree

Operationg voltage:5v

Pins: vcc,gnd,data(digital)

MIC: Input device

Digital output: sound presence –output_1

Normal state –output_0

Operationg voltage:5v

Pins: vcc,gnd,data(digital)

Circuit Interfacing:

Condenser gives digital output data(either 0 or 1) it is connected to pin-D3

Digital output pin of wet sensor is connected to pin-D7

 Servo motor is connected to Pin-D5

GSM _RX is connected to Pin-D1

GSM _TX is connected to Pin-D2

----VCC of any device is connected to vin of NodeMcu(5V)

---GND of any device is connected to GND of NodeMcu

Working:

There is a need to develop a new low cost indigenous electronic cradle because the
existing cradles are imported and costly. This paper presents the design and implementation of a
new indigenous low cost E-Baby Cradle that swings automatically when baby cries, for this it
has a cry analyzing system which detects the baby cry voice and accordingly the cradle swings
till the baby stops crying. The system indicates two conditions – first when the mattress is wet,
which is an important parameter to keep the baby in hygienic condition, second when baby does
not stop crying with in a stipulated time, which intimated that baby needs attention. This system
helps parents and nurses to take care of babies without physical attention.

Microcontroller continuously monitor all input devices (wet sensor, mic) ,so intial
defaults values(logic_1 for wet sensor ,logic_0 for mic) are present at nodemcu pins(D7,D3)

The entire system is monitor the two conditions:

1.Baby cry : It is identified by using Mic

Mic converts the audio signal into digital electrical signal, if baby starts crying mic
provides logic_1 signal to nodemcu ,so it will treat as a interrupt then immediately servo motor
starts swing up to 10 seconds if the baby stop the crying the system will be in normal condition
other wise it will sent a text message to the parents and also data will be uploaded to cloud.

2.Wet sensing: when ever Wet sensor detectes wet content it gives logic_0

So nodemcu will treat as a interrupt and send text message to the parents registered
mobile number and also data will updated in cloud
 CHAPTER-5

HARDWARE EQUIPMENT

SERVO MOTOR

Servo implies an error sensing feedback control which is utilized to correct the performance of a
system. It also requires a generally sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module designed
particularly for use with servomotors. Servo motors are DC motors that allows for precise
control of angular position. They are actually DC motors whose speed is slowly lowered by the
gears. The servo motors usually have a revolution cutoff from 90° to 180°. A few servo motors
also have revolution cutoff of 360° or more. But servo motors do not rotate constantly. Their
rotation is limited in between the fixed angles.

The servo motor is actually an assembly of four things: a normal DC motor, a gear reduction
unit, a position-sensing device and a control circuit. The DC motor is connected with a gear
mechanism which provides feedback to a position sensor which is mostly a potentiometer. From
the gear box, the output of the motor is delivered via servo spline to the servo arm. For standard
servo motors, the gear is normally made up of plastic whereas for high power servos, the gear is
made up of metal.

Working of a Servo Motor

The Servo Motor basically consists of a DC Motor, a Gear system, a position sensor and a
control circuit. The DC motors get powered from a battery and run at high speed and low
torque. The Gear and shaft assembly connected to the DC motors lower this speed into sufficient
speed and higher torque. The position sensor senses the position of the shaft from its definite
position and feeds the information to the control circuit. The control circuit accordingly decodes
the signals from the position sensor and compares the actual position of the motors with the
desired position and accordingly controls the direction of rotation of the DC motor to get the
required position. The Servo Motor generally requires DC supply of 4.8V to 6 V.
Controlling a Servo Motor

A servo motor is controlled by controlling its position using Pulse Width Modulation Technique.
The width of the pulse applied to the motor is varied and send for a fixed amount of time.

Advantages:

 If a heavy load is placed on the motor, the driver will increase the current to the motor
coil as it attempts to rotate the motor. Basically, there is no out-of-step condition.
 High-speed operation is possible.
Disadvantages:
 Since the servomotor tries to rotate according to the command pulses, but lags behind, it
is not suitable for precision control of rotation.
 Higher cost.
 When stopped, the motor’s rotor continues to move back and forth one pulse, so that it is
not suitable if you need to prevent vibration

MIC:

Condenser means capacitor, an electronic component which stores energy in the form of

an electrostatic field. The term condenser is actually obsolete but has stuck as the name for this
type of microphone, which uses a capacitor to convert acoustical energy into electrical energy.

Condenser microphones require power from a battery or external source. The resulting audio
signal is stronger signal than that from a dynamic. Condensers also tend to be more sensitive and
responsive than dynamics, making them well-suited to capturing subtle nuances in a sound. They
are not ideal for high-volume work, as their sensitivity makes them prone to distort.

How Condenser Microphones Work

A capacitor has two plates with a voltage between them. In the condenser mic, one of these
plates is made of very light material and acts as the diaphragm. The diaphragm vibrates when
struck by sound waves, changing the distance between the two plates and therefore changing the
capacitance. Specifically, when the plates are closer together, capacitance increases and a charge
current occurs. When the plates are further apart, capacitance decreases and a discharge current
occurs.

A voltage is required across the capacitor for this to work. This voltage is supplied either by a
battery in the mic or by external phantom power.
An electret microphone is a type of electrostatic capacitor-based microphone, which eliminates
the need for a polarizing power supply by using a permanently charged material.

An electret is a stable dielectric material with a permanently embedded static electric dipole

moment (which, due to the high resistance and chemical stability of the material, will not decay
for hundreds of years). The name comes from electrostatic and magnet; drawing analogy to the
formation of a magnet by alignment of magnetic domains in a piece of iron. Electrets are
commonly made by first melting a suitable dielectric material such as a plastic or wax that
contains polar molecules, and then allowing it to re-solidify Wet sensor:

The Moisture sensor is used to measure the water content(moisture) of medium .when

the medium is having water shortage,the module output is at high level, else the output is at low
level.This sensor reminds the user to water their plants and also monitors the moisture content of
medium.It has been widely used in agriculture,land irrigation and botanical gardening.

The Medium Moisture Sensor uses capacitance to measure dielectric permittivity of the
surrounding . In medium, dielectric permittivity is a function of the water content. The sensor
creates a voltage proportional to the dielectric permittivity, and therefore the water content of the
medium. The sensor averages the water content over the entire length of the sensor. There is a 2
cm zone of influence with respect to the flat surface of the sensor, but it has little or no
sensitivity at the extreme edges.The Medium Moisture Sensor is used to measure the loss of
moisture over time due to evaporation and plant uptake,evaluate optimum medium moisture
contents for various species of plants,monitor medium moisture content to control irrigation in
greenhouses and enhance bottle biology experiments.
  The above figure shows the working principle of the medium moisture sensor.
 Medium moisture sensor has two conducting plates. First plate is connected to the +5Volt
supply through series resistance of 10K ohm and second plate is connected directly to the
ground.
 It simply acts as a voltage divider bias network, and output is taken directly from the first
terminal of the sensor pin, which is shown in figure above.
 The output will change in the range of 0 – 5 Volt, in proportion with change in content of
water in the medium.
 Ideally, when there is zero moisture in medium, the sensor acts as open circuit i.e. infinite
resistance. For this condition, we get 5V at the output.

in a powerful electrostatic field. The polar molecules of the dielectric align themselves to the
direction of the electrostatic field, producing a permanent electrostatic "bias". Modern electret
microphones use PTFE plastic, either in film or solute form, to form the electret.