Equation Sheet AR1B025_D4_Thermal_January 2019

Heat transfer

dT
qcond = −λ [W/m2]
dx

d
rc = [m2K/W]
λ

=Q ∑U A (T − T ) with A = area
i
i i 1 2 [W]

qconv α conv (T1 − T2 ) [W/m2]

=

Rtot = ri + rc + ra [m2K/W]

aaaa
tot = conv + rad + cond [W/m K]
2

1
U= [W/m2K]
R tot

ρ c nV ∆T
Ventilation: Qventilation = = qv ⋅ ρ c ⋅ ∆T with n in h-1 [W]
3600

Fourier equation

∂T  ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T 
= a 2 + 2 + 2 
∂t  ∂x ∂y ∂z 

λ
a= [m2/s]
ρc

Radiation transfer between two parallel surfaces with temperature T1 and T2.

=qs e ress (T14 − T2 4 ) [W/m2]

1 1 1
= + −1 [-]
e res e1 e2

approximation:

qrad ≈ a res (T1 − T2 ) [W/m2]

3
 T1 + T2 
α res = 4e ress   when T1 and T2 are close to each other
 2 

α res = 6e res when T1 and T2 are close to each other and at room temperature [W/m2K]

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Moisture

pw
ϕ= 100% relative humidity [-]
ps

m
v= [kg water / m3air ] water vapour density (Watch out, here ν is NOT the velocity!)
V

vwater
x= [kg water / kg air ] humidity ratio
vair

p = v ⋅ R ⋅T [ Pa ] water vapour pressure

4030.18
18.956 −
T + 235
ps = 100 e with T in °C

Ground duct

heat flow through fluid or gas through a duct

qx = v A ρ c Tx [W/m2]

temperature in a round ground duct (radius r)

−2
x
(Tin − Tsoil ) e
Tx = R* v r r c
+ Tsoil [°C]

Solar collector

Qsun = qsun abs t A [W]

with abs the absorption coefficient and t the transmission coefficient

t + r + abs =
1 [-]

with t = transmission coefficient, r = reflection coefficient, abs = absorption coefficient

qconvection _ inside + qradiation _ transmitted + qradiation _ inside

g _ value = SHGC=Solar Transmission Factor =
qradiation _ outside

1-mass model

t
T=(T1 − T2 ) exp  −  + T2 [°C]
 RC 

RC = r cd ra [s]

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 1-room model

W  - ·t 
H
T
=i Te +  1 - e M
 [°C]
H  

n r cV
H e = H transmit tan ce + H ventilation = ∑ U j Aj + with n in h-1
j 3600

M = M material +M air = rr
mat ⋅ cmat ⋅ length ⋅ width ⋅ specific _ thickness + air ⋅ cair ⋅ Vair [J/K]

W Qintern + Qsun
= [W]

Contact temperature

b mat1Tmat1 + b mat 2 Tmat 2

Tc = [K]
b mat1 + b mat 2

b material = lr
⋅ ⋅ c contactcoefficient

Ventilation

Energy cost of mechanical ventilation

∆P
Qmechanical = qv η = ventilator efficiency [W]
h

Ventilation due to wind:

Pressure difference due to wind

a
 h 
v(h) = vboundary 

[m/s]
h
 boundary 

ρ v 2 ( h) ρv2 (H )
Pwind
= = Cp
2 2 with H the building height and Cp the pressure coefficient [Pa]

Ventilation due to stack effect:

Pressure difference due to stack effect

ghP0,0  1 1 
∆P=
( h)  −  with T in Kelvin [Pa]
R  T1 T2 

ghP0,0 ∆T ∆T
∆P (h) ≈ ≈ ρ gh with T in Kelvin [Pa]
R T1T2 T

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 Amount of ventilation

2∆P
qv = Cd Aeff [m3/s]
ρ

Effective opening area

1 1 1
= 2 2
+ 2 [m2]
Aeff A1 A2

Downdraught

=v 2
=
∆P
2 gh
(T2 − T1 ) [m/s]
ρ T2

Venturi effect

  A 2 
P1 − P2 = ρ(v2 − v ) = ρv   1  − 1
1 2
1
2 1
1
2
[Pa]
2
 A 2

 2  

General

ln ( e x ) = x

Area of a circle: Area _ circle = π r 2 [m2]

gravity constant: g = 9.81 m/s2

R-constant: 287 [J/kgK]

density of air: ρ = 1.2 [kg/m3]

specific heat of air: c = 1000 J/kgK

σ 5.67 ⋅10−8 W / m 2 K 4
Stefan-Boltzmann constant:=

Evaporation

Eevaporation _ water = 2257000 [ J / kg ] (water of 100 °C to watervapour of 100 °C)

Qevaporation =( xsat − x0 ) Ewater =Qair =(T0 − Tsat ) ⋅ cair [W]

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