F E A T U R E A R T I C L E

Dissolved Gas Analysis Technique for

Incipient Fault Diagnosis in Power
Transformers: A Bibliographic Survey
Key words: dissolved gas analysis (DGA), power transformer, fault diagnosis, total dissolved com-
bustible gases (TDCG)

Introduction Sukhbir Singh and M. N. Bandyopadhyay

Transformers are one of the most important and complex Electrical Engineering Department,
components of electricity transmission and distribution. To have
a reliable electricity supply, it is necessary to give considerable
National Institute of Technology,
attention to the maintenance of transformers. To maximize the Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
lifetime and efficacy of transformers, it is important to be aware
of possible faults that may occur and to know how to prevent
them. These faults can all lead to the thermal degradation of the This article presents a bibliographic
oil and paper insulation in the transformer. The composition and
quantity of the gases generated depend on the types and severity survey over the last 40 years on the
of the faults, and regular monitoring and maintenance can make research and development and on
it possible to detect incipient flaws before damage occurs.
The four main types of transformer faults are
the procedures for evaluating faults
by dissolved gas analysis of power
• Arcing, or high current breakdown; transformers.
• Low energy sparking, or partial discharges;
• Localized overheating, or hot spots; and
• General overheating due to inadequate cooling or sus-
tained overloading.
nature and intensity of the fault. Different gases can serve as
The regular monitoring of dissolved gases can provide use-
markers for different types of faults.
ful information about the condition of the transformer and prior
information of the faults. Monitoring can best be done by ob-
• Large quantities of hydrogen and acetylene (C2H2) can
serving the trend of the production of the various gases. The
indicate heavy current arcing. Oxides of carbon may
relative distribution of the gases is used to evaluate the origin of
also be found if the arcing involves paper insulation.
the production of these gases, and the rate at which the gases are
• The presence of hydrogen and lower-order hydrocar-
formed can be used to assess the intensity of the fault. Together,
bons can be a sign of partial discharge.
these kinds of information provide the necessary basis for the
• Significant amounts of methane and ethane may mean
evaluation of any fault and the necessary remedial actions.
localized heating or hot spots.
One way to detect these faults is by evaluating the quantities
• Carbon monoxide and CO2 may evolve if the paper in-
of hydrocarbon gases, hydrogen and oxides of carbon that are
sulation overheats, which can be a result of prolonged
present in the transformer. Gases produced inside the transform-
overloading or impaired heat transfer.
er remain in the insulating oil in a dissolved state, but sometimes
To locate faults in use, the following techniques can be used:
transformer faults lead to degradation of the insulating oil. The
types and quantity of hydrocarbon gases formed depend on the
• Buchholz relay safety device,

November/December — Vol. 26, No. 6 0883-7554/07/$25/©2010IEEE 41

Authorized licensed use limited to: Xian Jiaotong University. Downloaded on March 18,2020 at 15:41:03 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 • Dissolved gas analysis (DGA), and
• Tests to detect oil contaminants and oil quality.
In more than four decades many off-line and on-line monitor-
ing devices have been developed. These evaluations are easily
done manually or automatically with software. However, chemi-
cal analysis by gas chromatography remains the backbone of
DGA. The results so obtained are interpreted based on key gas
methods. Presented in this article is a thorough literature sur-
vey of the research and development work done over the last 40
years on the procedures for the evaluation of faults through the
use of DGA of power transformers.
DGA
Dissolved gas analysis is a test used as a diagnostic and main-
tenance tool for oil-filled apparatus. Under normal conditions,
the dielectric fluid present in a transformer will not decompose
at a rapid rate. However, thermal and electrical faults can ac-
celerate the decomposition of the dielectric fluid, as well as the
solid insulation. Gases produced by this process are all of low
molecular weight and include hydrogen, methane, ethane, acet-
ylene, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, and these gases
will dissolve in the dielectric fluid. Abnormal conditions within
a transformer can be detected early by analyzing the gases that
accumulate within it. Analyzing the specific proportions of each
gas is helpful in identifying faults. Faults detected in this way
may include processes such as corona, sparking, overheating,
and arcing. If the right countermeasures are taken early in the
detection of these gases, damage to equipment can be mini-
mized.
Although various techniques are available for maintenance
and fault diagnosis in power transformers, DGA is by far supe-
rior to all other methods because it provides very useful data on
the electrical and thermal abnormalities within transformers in
operation. Most of the faults of a transformer can easily be in-
terpreted [1]–[3] by DGA from the collected oil sample, and the
sampling methods that are commonly used include
[113], [114], one can see the relative amounts of gas produced
as a function of temperature. Hydrogen and methane begin to
form in small amounts at around 150°C, whereas ethane (C2H6)
begins to be produced at about 250°C and ethylene (C2H4) is
produced at about 350°C. Acetylene (C2H2) production starts
between 500 and 700°C. In the past, trace amounts of acety-
lene (C2H2) was considered to be an indication of a temperature
of at least 700°C; however, recent work has led to the conclu-
sion that a thermal fault (hot spot) of 500°C can produce a few
parts per million of the gas. Larger amounts of acetylene can
only be produced above 700°C by internal arcing. Notice that
between 200 and 300°C, the production of methane exceeds hy-
drogen. Starting at about 275°C and on up, the production of
ethane exceeds methane. At about 450°C, hydrogen production
exceeds all others until about 750 to 800°C; then more acetylene
is produced. It should be noted that small amounts of H2, CH4,
and CO are produced by normal aging. Thermal decomposition
of oil-impregnated cellulose produces CO, CO2, H2, CH4, and
O2. Decomposition of cellulose insulation begins at only about
100°C or less.
Therefore, operation of transformers at no more than 90°C is
imperative. Faults will produce internal hot spots of far higher
temperatures than these, and the resultant gases show up in the
DGA.
Dissolved gas analysis has become a popular preventative
maintenance technique and has been successfully used for many
years. The supported diagnostic methods for transformer DGA
include the Duval triangle method and the Rogers, Doernenburg,

• Doble Reference Book on Insulating Liquids and Gas-

es,
• ASTM D 923: Standard Practice for Sampling Electri-
cal Insulating Liquids,
• ASTM D 3613: Standard Practice for Sampling Elec-
trical Insulating Oils for Gas Analysis and Determina-
tion of Water Content,
• IEC 60475: Method of Sampling Liquid Dielectrics,
• IEC 60567: Guide for the Sampling of Gases and of
Oil from Oil-Filled Electrical Equipment and for the
Analysis of Free and Dissolved Gases, and
• IS: 1866 (2000)—Code of Practice for Electrical Main-
tenance and Supervision of Mineral Insulating Oil in
Equipment (3rd revision).

Total Dissolved Combustible Gas (TDCG)

Gases inside an oil-filled power transformer begin forming at
specific temperatures. From the gas generation chart in Figure 1
Figure 1. Gas generation chart [113], [114].

42 IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine

Authorized licensed use limited to: Xian Jiaotong University. Downloaded on March 18,2020 at 15:41:03 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Table 1. Permissible Concentration of Dissolved Gases in Oil References
With Time of Operation of a Healthy Transformer (mL/L).
Between 1975 and 2009
Gas <4 years <10 years >10 years [1] IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed
Transformers, IEEE Standard C57-104TM -2008, Sep. 2008.
CH4 70 150 300 [2] Mineral Oil Impregnated Equipments in Service—Guide to the Inter-
pretation of Dissolved and Free Gases Analysis, IEC Publication 60599,
C2H4 150 200 400 Mar. 1999.
[3] Indian Standard Method of Evaluating the Analysis of Gases in Oil-Filled
C2H6 50 150 1,000 Electrical Equipment in Service (first revision), IS 10593: 1992 (reaf-
firmed 2006) and IS 9434: (1992), 1995.
C2H2 30 50 150 [4] Procedure for Obtaining Samples of Gases and Oil From the Transformer
for Laboratory Analysis, ASTM D 923—Gas Dissolved in Oil; and
H2 150 300 300
Standard Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Ap-
CO 300 500 700 paratus, ASTM D 3487.
[5] Laboratory Methods for Analyzing the Gas Blanket and the Gases
CO2 3,500 5,000 12,000 Extracted From Oil, ASTM D 2945-90(2003) e2—Determination of Total
Dissolved Gases.
[6] Laboratory Methods for Analyzing the Gas Blanket and the Gases Ex-
tracted From Oil, ASTM D 3612—Determination of Individual Dissolved
and CIGRE gas ratio diagnostics. The method is very sensitive Gases.
[7] W. Chen, C. Pan, Y. Yun, and Y. Liu, “Wavelet networks in power trans-
and gives an early indication of incipient faults. The gases, if formers diagnosis using dissolved gas analysis,” IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
produced beyond the saturation limit of the oil, come out and vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 187–194, 2009.
get collected in Buchholz relay. When this occurs, the insula- [8] M. Duval, “The Duval triangle for load tap changers, non-mineral oils
tion strength of the transformer oil is greatly reduced, which can and low temperature faults in transformers,” IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag.,
vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 22–29, 2008.
lead to further failures. A diagnostic code; warnings of any gas [9] M. Duval, “Calculation of DGA limit values and sampling intervals in
concentrations, increments, rates of change, or ratios that exceed transformers in service,” IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag., vol. 24, no. 5, pp.
standard limits; and short interpretive remarks and recommen- 7–13, 2008.
dations become proper fault diagnosis. The permissible concen- [10] X. Zhang and E. Gockenbach, “Asset-management of transformers based
on condition monitoring and standard diagnosis,” IEEE Electr. Insul.
tration of dissolved gases in the oil of a healthy transformer is Mag., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 24–40, 2008.
given in Table 1 [3]. [11] J. Singh, Y. R. Sood, and R. K. Jarial, “Condition monitoring of power
Faults in paper insulation are generally considered as more transformers – bibliography survey,” IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag., vol. 24,
serious than faults in insulating oil. Paper is located in the area no. 3, pp. 11–24, 2008.
[12] R. Naresh, V. Sharma, and M. Vashisth, “An integrated neural fuzzy ap-
of high electric field, and the destruction of paper insulation may proach for fault diagnosis of transformers,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol.
lead to short circuiting or severe arcing. Fortunately, faults in 23, no. 4, pp. 2017–2024, 2008.
paper are less frequent than those in oil. Because of the more [13] S. Singh, “New trends on power transformer fault diagnosis,” presented
serious consequences, their detection by DGA or by some other at the National Conference on Recent Advances in Electrical Engineering
(RAEE-2008), National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur (H.P.), India,
method is of great interest. In DGA, the fault is detected by the 2008.
ratio of CO2 to CO, and a ratio >10 is an indication of a ther- [14] S. Singh, “Comparative study on fault diagnosis on power transformers,”
mal fault in paper. Such thermal faults have only a long-term presented at the International Conference on Transformers TRAFOS-
aging effect on paper and on the reduction of the transformer EM-2008, ITMA, New Delhi, 2008.
[15] Z. J. Richardson, J. Fitch, W. H. Tang, J. Y. Goulermas, and Q. H. Wu,
life (mostly evaluated by Furan formation). A sharp increase in “A probabilistic classifier for transformer dissolved gas analysis with a
the Furans, in many cases, is a confirmation of faults in paper particle swarm optimizer,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 2, pp.
at temperatures >250°C. The IEEE Standard C57.104TM-2008 751–759, 2008.
Rogers ratio typical faults analysis in power transformers with [16] I.-U. Khan, Z. Wang, I. Cotton, and S. Northcote, “Dissolved gas analysis
of alternative fluids for power transformers,” IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag.,
gases dissolved in oil is given in Table 2. vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 5–14, 2007.
[17] J. Singh and Y. R. Sood, “Dissolved gas analysis for power transformers,”
Electr. India, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 72–82, 2007.
[18] J. Singh, Y. R. Sood, P. Verma, and R. K. Jarial, “Novel technique for
Table 2. Typical Faults as Identified by the Ratios of Various Gases. sampling of transformer oil,” Electr. Rev., vol. XIV, no. 2, pp. 4–9, 2007.
[19] D. R. Morais and J. G. Rolim, “A hybrid tool for detection of incipient
Case Typical fault C2H2/C2H4 CH4/H2 C2H4/C2H6 faults in transformers based on the dissolved gas analysis of insulating
oil,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 673–680, 2006.
PD Partial discharge Not significant <0.1 <0.2 [20] X. Hao, S. Cai-Xin, C. Wei-Gen, D. Lin, and L. Yu-Xiang, “Artificial
immune network classification algorithm for fault diagnosis of power
D1 Discharge of low energy >1 0.1–0.5 >1 transformers,” in Conference Proceedings on Automation of Electric
Power Systems, vol. 30, no. 6, Mar. 2006, pp. 57–60.
D2 Discharge of high energy 0.6–2.5 0.1–1 >2 [21] X. Hao, S. Cai-Xin, L. Rui-Jin, D. Lin, “Study of kernel-based possibilis-
tic and dissolved gas analysis for fault diagnosis of power transformer,”
T1 Thermal fault (<300°C) Not significant >1 <1
in Proceedings of the Chinese Society of Electrical Engineering, vol. 25.,
T2 Thermal fault (300–700°C) <0.1 >1 1–4 no. 20, Oct. 2005, pp. 162–166.
[22] M. Surya Kaiavathi, B. Ravindranath Reddy, and B. P. Singh, “Trans-
T3 Thermal fault (>700°C) <0.2 >1 >4 former fault diagnosis, using fuzzy logic and neural network,” in Annual
Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,

November/December — Vol. 26, No. 6 43

Authorized licensed use limited to: Xian Jiaotong University. Downloaded on March 18,2020 at 15:41:03 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Oct. 2005, pp. 486–489.
[23] A. Shahsiah, R. C. Degeneff, and J. K. Nelson, “A new dynamic model
for propagation of characteristic gases in transformer oil-cellulose struc-
tures due to temperature variations,” in Annual Report Conference on
Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Oct. 2005, pp. 269–272.
[24] W. Yongqiang, L. Fangcheng, and L. Heming, “The fault diagnosis method
for electrical equipment based on Bayesian network,” in Proceeding of
the Eighth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems,
vol. 3, Sep. 2005, pp. 2259–2261.
[25] Z. Limin, L. Zheng, M. Hongzhong, and P. Ju, “Power transformer fault
diagnosis based on extension theory,” in Proceeding of the Eighth Inter-
national Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, vol. 3, Sep.
2005, pp. 1763–1766.
[26] M. Duval and J. Dukarm, “Improving the reliability of transformer
gas-in-oil diagnosis,” IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 21–27,
2005.
[27] M. Denghua and M. Huaqing, “A fuzzy information optimization pro-
cessing technique for monitoring the transformer in neural network on-
line,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Dielectric
Liquids, Jul. 2005, pp. 273–275.
[28] W. Yongqiang, L. Fangcheng, L. Heming, and L. Yanqing, “The fault
diagnosis method for power transformer based on BN and DGA,” in
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Electrical Insulating
Materials, vol. 2, Jun. 2005, pp. 476–479.
[29] S. M. Dhlamini and T. Marwala, “Bushing diagnostics uses an ensemble
of parallel neural networks,” in Proceedings of the International Sympo-
sium on Electrical Insulating Materials, vol. 1, Jun. 2005, pp. 289–292.
[30] K. Spurgeon, W. H. Tang, Q. H. Wu, Z. J. Richardson, and G. Moss,
“Dissolved gas analysis using evidential reasoning,” IEE Proceedings—
Science, Measurement and Technology, vol. 152, no. 3, May 2005, pp.
110–117.
[31] D. V. S. S. Siva Sarma and G. N. S. Kalyani, “ANN approach for condi-
tion monitoring of power transformers using DGA,” in Proceedings IEEE
Region 10 Conference TENCON 2004, vol. 3, Nov. 2004, pp. 444–447.
[32] V. G. Arakelian, “The long way to the automatic chromatographic analy-
sis of gases dissolved in insulation oil,” IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag., vol. 20,
no. 6, pp. 8–25, Dec. 2004.
[33] Z. Jianhua, H. Minqiang, and T. Guoqing, “Hologamous integrating strat-
egies for incipient fault diagnosis of transformer,” in Proc. J. Southeast
Univ., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 503–509, Dec. 2004.
[34] D. Lixin, X. Dengming, L. Zhe, and L. Yilu, “Insulation fault diagnosis
for power transformers based on dissolved gas analysis data mining,” in
Conference Proceedings Automation of Electric Power Systems, Shanghai
Jiaotong University Shanghai, China, vol. 28, no. 28, Aug. 2004, pp.
85–89.
[35] S. Bin and P. Zhenghong, “Research of the FGA-ANN method for
transformer faults diagnosis based on the dissolved gas analysis,” in
Conference Proceedings of the World Congress on Intelligent Control and
Automation, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China, vol. 6,
2004.
[36] Y. Wang, R. Liao, C. Sun, L. Du, and J. Hu, “A GA-based grey prediction
model for predicting the gas-in-oil concentrations in oil-filled trans-
former,” in Conference Record of the IEEE International Symposium on
Electrical Insulation, 2004, pp. 74–77.
[37] M. Dong, D. K. Xu, M. H. Li, and Z. Yan, “Fault diagnosis model for
power transformer based on statistical learning theory and dissolved gas
analysis,” in Conference Record of the IEEE International Symposium on
Electrical Insulation, 2004, pp.85–88.
[38] J. Sheng, G. Wu, L. Tong, L. Zhou, and J. Zhang, “Study on gas and oil
separating plant used for online monitoring system of transformer,” in
Conference Record of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical
Insulation, 2004, pp. 93–96.
[39] J. Zhang, G. Wu, J. Sheng, L. Zhou, and L. Tong, “An online condition
assessment and diagnosis system for traction transformers based on dis-
solved hydrogen analysis,” in Conference Record of the IEEE Interna-
tional Symposium on Electrical Insulation, 2004, pp. 101–104.
[40] F. Jakob, K. Jakob, S. Jones, and R. Youngblood, “Use of gas concentra-
tion ratios to interpret LTC & OCB dissolved gas data,” in Proceedings of
the Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing and
Coil Winding Technology Conference, Sep. 2003, pp. 301–304.
[41] K. F. Thang, R. K. Aggarwal, A. J. McGrail, and D. G. Esp, “Analysis
44 IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine
Authorized licensed use limited to: Xian Jiaotong University. Downloaded on March 18,2020 at 15:41:03 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
of power transformer dissolved gas data using the self-organizing map,”
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1241–1248, 2003.
[42] Y. Huang, “A new data mining approach to dissolved gas analysis of oil-
insulated power apparatus,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 4, pp.
1257–1261, 2003.
[43] S. A. Ward, “Evaluating transformer condition using DGA oil analysis,”
in Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric
Phenomena, 2003, pp. 463–468.
[44] M. Duval, “New techniques for dissolved gas-in-oil analysis,” IEEE
Electr. Insul. Mag., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 6–15, 2003.
[45] W. H. Hui, “A novel extension method for transformer fault diagnosis,”
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 164–169, 2003.
[46] F. Mosinski and T. Piotrowski, “New statistical methods for evaluation of
DGA data,” IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 260–265, 2003.
[47] N. Liu, K. Tan, and W. Gao, “Fault Diagnosis Method for Power
Transformers Based on Patterns of Dissolved gasses in the oil,” Proc. J.
Tsinghua Univ., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 301–303, Mar. 2003.
[48] D. Ming, M. Yuan-Yuan, Xu, C. Xiang, and Y. Zhang, “Fault diagnosis
model for power transformer based on support vector machine and dis-
solved gas analysis,” in Proceedings of the Chinese Society of Electrical
Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong Univ., China, vol. 23, no. 7, Jul. 2003, pp.
88–92.
[49] V. G. Arakelian, “Effective diagnosis for oil-filled equipment,” IEEE
Electr. Insul. Mag., vol. 18, no. 6, pp 26–38, Nov./Dec. 2002.
[50] B. Song, P. Yu, Y. Luo, and X. Wen, “Study on the fault diagnosis of
transformer based on the grey relational analysis,” in International
Conference on Power Systems and Technology, vol. 4, Oct. 2002, pp.
2231–2234.
[51] J. Sabau, L. Silberg, and P. Vaillancourt, “The impact of oil decay on
gassing and reliability of aging power transformers,” in Annual Report
Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Oct.
2002, pp. 408–411.
[52] J. Sabau, “Freeing power transformers from gassing and aging of oil,”
in Proceedings of the IEEE 14th International Conference on Dielectic
Liquids, Jul. 2002, pp. 274–278.
[53] P. Zylka and B. Mazurek, “Rapid dissolved gas analysis by means of
electrochemical gas sensors,” in Proceedings of the IEEE 14th Interna-
tional Conference on Dielectic Liquids, Jul. 2002, pp. 325–328.
[54] M. B. Ahmad and Z. B. Yaacob, “Dissolved gas analysis using expert
system,” in Proceedings of the Student Conference on Research and
Development, Jul. 2002, pp. 313–316.
[55] M. Duval, “A review of faults detectable by gas-in-oil analysis in trans-
formers,” IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 8–17, 2002.
[56] W.-S. Lin, C.-P. Hung, and M.-H. Wang, “CMAC-based fault diagnosis of
power transformers,” in Proceedings of the International Joint Confer-
ence on Neural Networks, vol. 1, May 2002, pp. 986–991.
[57] J. Lapworth, “A novel approach (scoring system) for integrating dissolved
gas analysis results into a life management system,” in Conference Re-
cord of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, Apr.
2002, pp. 137–144.
[58] J. L. Guardado, J. L. Naredo, P. Moreno, and C. R. Fuerte, “A compara-
tive study of neural network efficiency in power transformers diagnosis
using dissolved gas analysis,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 16, no. 4, pp.
643–647, 2001.
[59] K. F. Thang, R. K. Aggarwal, A. J. McGrail, and D. G. Esp, “Applica-
tion of self-organising map algorithm for analysis and interpretation of
dissolved gases in power transformers,” IEEE Power Engineering Society
Summer Meeting, vol. 3, Jul. 2001, pp. 1881–1886.
[60] C. X. Sun, J. F. Guo, R. J. Liao, L. Du, and W. G. Chen, “Study on fault
diagnostic method of DGA for transformer oil with fuzzy model hierar-
chy classification,” in Proceedings of the Chinese Society of Electrical
Engineering, Coll. of Electr. Eng., Chongqing Univ., Chongqing, China,
vol. 21, no. 2 , pp. 37–41, Feb. 2001.
[61] M. Duval and A. dePablo, “Interpretation of gas-in-oil analysis using new
IEC publication 60599 and IEC TC 10 databases,” IEEE Electr. Insul.
Mag., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 31–41, 2001.
[62] J. Sabau and R. Stokhuyzen, “The side effects of gassing in transmission
power transformers,” in Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insula-
tion and Dielectric Phenomena, vol. 1, Oct. 2000, pp. 264–267.
[63] M. Denghua, “A new fuzzy information optimization processing
technique for monitoring the transformer,” in Proceedings of the Eighth
 International Conference on Dielectric Materials, Measurements and
Applications, Sep. 2000, pp. 192–195.
[64] K. F. Thang and R. K. Aggarwal, “Statistical and neural network analysis
of dissolved gases in power transformers,” in Proceedings of the Eighth
International Conference on Dielectric Materials, Measurements and
Applications, Sep. 2000, pp. 324–329.
[65] T. Yanming and Q. Zheng, “DGA based insulation diagnosis of power
transformer via ANN,” in Proceedings of the 6th International Confer-
ence on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, vol. 1, Jun.
2000, pp. 133–136.
[66] Q. Zheng, Y. Minzhong, and Y. Zhang, “Synthetic diagnostic method for
insulation fault of oil-immersed power transformer,” in Proceedings of the
6th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric
Materials, vol. 2, Jun. 2000, pp. 872–875.
[67] Q. Su, C. Mi, L. L. Lai, and P. Austin, “A fuzzy dissolved gas analysis
method for the diagnosis of multiple incipient faults in a transformer,”
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 593–598, 2000.
[68] W. J. Chatterton and J. L. Goudie, “An update on silicone transformer
fluid: Specification, manufacturing, maintenance and end of life options,”
in Conference Record 2000 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical
Insulation, Apr. 2000, pp. 412–416.
[69] Y. P. Aksyonov, A. Golubev A. Muchortov, V. Rodionov, V. Minein, B.
Romanov, C. Churtin, and A. Ignatushin, “On-line a off-line diagnostics
for power station HV equipment,” in Proceedings Electrical Insulation
Conference and Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding Conference,
Oct. 1999, pp. 637–643.
[70] G. Zhang, Y.-S. Liu, S. Ibuka, K. Yasuoka, S. Ishii, S. Yong, and Y. Zhang,
“Application of fuzzy data processing for fault diagnosis of power trans-
formers,” in Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium on
High Voltage Engineering, vol. 5, Aug. 1999, pp. 160–163.
[71] Y. H. Tzer and L. C. Chou, “Adaptive fuzzy diagnosis system for dis-
solved gas analysis of power transformers,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol.
14, no. 4, pp. 1342–1350, 1999.
[72] G. Zhang, K. Yasuoka, S. Ishii, Y. Li, and Y. Zhang, “Application of
fuzzy equivalent matrix for fault diagnosis of oil-immersed insulation,”
in Proceedings of the IEEE 13th International Conference on Dielectric
Liquids, Jul. 1999, pp. 400–403.
[73] B. Sparling, J. Aubin, and A. Glodjo, “Field experience with multi-
gas on-line monitoring of power transformers,” in Proceedings of the
IEEE Transmission and Distribution Conference, vol. 2, Apr. 1999, pp.
895–900.
[74] A. Mollmann and B. Pahlavanpour, “New guidelines for interpretation
of dissolved gas analysis in oil-filled transformers,” Electra, no. 186, pp.
30–51, 1999.
[75] B. Sparling, “Transformer monitoring and diagnostics,” in Proceeding of
the IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Power Meeting, vol. 2, 1999,
pp. 978–980.
[76] Z. Y. Wang, Y. L. Liu, and P. J. Griffin, “A combined ANN and expert
system tool for transformer fault diagnosis,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol.
13, pp. 1224–1229, Nov. 1998.
[77] N. Gao, G. J. Zhang, Z. Qian, Z. Yan, and D. H. Zhu, “Diagnosis of DGA
based on fuzzy and ANN methods,” in Proceedings International Sympo-
sium on Electrical Insulating Materials, Sep. 1998, pp. 767–770.
[78] R. Liao, C. Sun, W. Chen, and C. Wang, “On-line detection of gases
dissolved in transformer oil and the faults diagnosis,” diagnosis,” in
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Electrical Insulating
Materials, Chongqing Univ., Chongqing, China, 1998, pp. 771–775.
[79] T. McGrail and A. Wilson, “On-line gas sensors,” in IEE Colloquium on
Condition Monitoring of Large Machines and Power Transformers, Jun.
1997, pp. 1/1–1/4.
[80] Y. H. Tzer and H. Y. Chang, “Intelligent decision support for diagnosis of
incipient transformer faults using self-organizing polynomial networks,”
in Proceedings 20th International Conference on Power Industry Com-
puter Application, May 1997, pp. 60–66.
[81] W. Xu, D. Wang, and Z. Zhou, “Application of artificial neural network
combined by genetic algorithm in fault diagnosis of power transformer,”
in Proceedings of the Chinese Society of Electrical Engineering, South-
east Univ., Nanjing, China, vol. 17. no. 2, Mar. 1997, pp. 109–112.
[82] Y. M. Tu, J. M. Huang, N. Gao, Z. S. Zhu, and Z. Yan, “Transformer insu-
lation diagnosis based on improved ANN analysis,” in Proceedings of the
5th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric
November/December — Vol. 26, No. 6 45
Authorized licensed use limited to: Xian Jiaotong University. Downloaded on March 18,2020 at 15:41:03 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Materials, vol. 1, May 1997, pp. 263–266.
[83] H. Y. Chang, H. T. Yang, and C. L. Huang, “Developing a new transform-
er fault diagnosis system through evolutionary fuzzy logic,” IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 761–767, 1997.
[84] J. Jalbert and R. Gilbert, “Decomposition of transformer oils: A new
approach for the determination of dissolved gases,” IEEE Trans. Power
Del., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 754–760, 1997.
[85] B. Pahlavanpour and A. Wilson, “Analysis of transformer oil for trans-
former condition monitoring,” in IEE Colloquium on an Engineering
Review of Liquid Insulation, Jan. 1997, pp. 1/1–1/5.
[86] A. J. Kachler, “Diagnostic and monitoring technology for large power
transformers,” presented at CIGRE SC 12, Sydney Colloquium, Sydney,
Australia, 1997.
[87] W. Xu, D. Wang, Z. Zhou, and H. Chen, “Fault diagnosis of power
transformers: Application of fuzzy set theory, expert systems and artificial
neural networks,” in IEE Proceedings Science, Measurement and Tech-
nology, vol. 144, 1997, pp. 39–44.
[88] Y.-C. Huang, H.-T. Yang, and C.-L. Huang, “An evolutionary computa-
tion based fuzzy fault diagnosis system for a power transformer,” in
Proceedings of the Asian Fuzzy Systems Symposium, ‘Soft Computing in
Intelligent Systems and Information Processing,’ Dec. 1996, pp. 218–223.
[89] A. De Pablo and A. Mollmann, “New guidelines for furans analysis as
well as dissolved gas analysis in oil-filled transformers,” presented at the
International Council on Large Electric Systems (CIGRÉ), Paris, France,
1996.
[90] Y. Zhang, X. Ding, Y. Liu, and P. J. Griffin, “An artificial neural network
approach to transformer fault diagnosis,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol.
11, pp. 1836–1841, Oct. 1996.
[91] J. P. Gibeault and J. K. Kirkup, “Early detection and continuous monitor-
ing of dissolved key fault gases in transformers and shunt reactors,” in
Proceedings of the Electrical Electronics Insulation Conference and
Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding Conference, Sep. 1995, pp.
285–293.
[92] T. Woolley, F. Fetherston, and D. Frost, “Changes in levels of dissolved
gas in normally operating generator transformers, the effect of a nitrogen
breathing system and the effects on interpretation of dissolved gas analy-
sis,” in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Properties
and Applications of Dielectric Materials, vol. 2, Jul. 1994, pp. 903– 906.
[93] K. Tomsovic, M. Tapper, and T. Ingvarsson, “A fuzzy information ap-
proach to integrating different transformer diagnostic methods,” IEEE
Trans. Power Del., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1638–1646, 1993.
[94] C. E. Lin, J.-M. Ling, and C.-L. Huang, “An expert system for transform-
er fault diagnosis using dissolved gas analysis,” IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 231–238, 1993.
[95] J. J. Dukarm, “Transformer oil diagnosis using fuzzy logic and neural
networks,” in Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engi-
neering, vol. 1, Sep. 1993, pp. 329–332.
[96] Guide for the Sampling of Gases and Oil from Oil-Filled Electrical
Equipment and for the Analysis of Free and Dissolved Gases, IEC Publi-
cation 567, 1992.
[97] J. Samat, “Interpretation of DGA data and its use in the detection of
malfunctions [transformers],” in IEE Colloquium on Assessment of Deg-
radation Within Transformer Insulation Systems, Dec. 1991, pp. 3/1–3/4.
[98] M. Duval, H. Dupas, F. Langdeau, P. Gervais, and G. Belanger, “Ac-
ceptable gas-in-oil levels in instrument transformers (current Vs voltage
equipment),” in Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and
Dielectric Phenomena, Oct. 1991, pp. 506–511.
[99] IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed
Transformers, IEEE Standard C57.104–1991, 1991.
[100] M. Duval, F. Langdeau, P. Gervais, and G. Belanger, “Acceptable gas-in-
oil levels in generation and transmission power transformers,” in Annual
Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,
Oct. 1990, pp. 325–330.
[101] C. Lamarre, M. Duval, and J.-P. Crine, “On the influence of metal deacti-
vators on some properties of transformer oils,” in Conference Record 10th
International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric
Liquids, Sep. 1990, pp. 510–513.
[102] S. J. Ferrito, “A comparative study of dissolved gas analysis techniques:
The vacuum extraction method versus the direct injection method,” IEEE
Trans. Power Del., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 20–25, 1990.
[103] Y. Inoue, K. Suganuma, M. Kamba, and M. Kikkawa “Development of
 oil-dissolved hydrogen gas detector for diagnosis of transformers,” IEEE
Trans. Power Del., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 226–232, 1990.
[104] M. Duval, “Dissolved gas analysis: It can save your transformer,” IEEE
Electr. Insul. Mag., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 22–27, 1989.
[105] M. Duval, F. Langdeau, P. Gervais, and G. Belanger, “Influence of paper
insulation on acceptable gas-in-oil levels in transformers,” in Annual
Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,
Nov. 1989, pp. 358–362.
[106] S. Palmer, “Detection of faults in new and old transformers by dissolved-
gas analysis,” Power Eng. J., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 52–54, 1988.
[107] R. R. Roger, “IEEE and IEC codes to interpret incipient faults in trans-
formers, using gas in oil analysis,” IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul., vol. 13, no.
5, pp. 349–354, 1978.
[108] Interpretation of the Analysis of Gases in Transformers and Other Oil-
Filled Electrical Equipment in Service, IEC Publication 599, 1978.
[109] B. Fallou, “Detection of and research for the characteristics of an incipi-
ent fault from analysis of dissolved gases in the oil of an insulation,”
Electra, no. 42, pp. 31–52, 1975.
[110] Q. Su, “A fuzzy logic tool for transformer fault diagnosis,” in Proceed-
ings of the International Conference on Power Systems and Technology,
vol. 1, Dec. 2000, pp. 265–268.
[111] Y.-C. Huang, H.-T. Yang, and C.-L. Huang, “Design of robust trans-
former fault diagnosis system using evolutionary fuzzy logic,” in IEEE
International Symposium on Circuits and Systems ‘Connecting the
World’, vol. 1, May 1996, pp. 613–616.
[112] H. Kan and T. Miyamoto, “Proposals for an improvement in transformer
diagnosis using dissolved gas analysis (DGA),” IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag.,
vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 15–21, 1995.
[113] Transformer Lecture, “The Transformer and its Maintenance,” Kim
Kjnar, March 2005. Available: www.klassenhydrolics.com.
[114] Case study on dissolved gas analysis in transformer by NDPL India.
Available: www.drumindia.org.
46 IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine
Authorized licensed use limited to: Xian Jiaotong University. Downloaded on March 18,2020 at 15:41:03 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Sukhbir Singh received his bachelor’s de-
gree in electrical engineering in 1987 and
Master of Engineering from Delhi College
of Engineering, Delhi, India, in 1993. He
is a research scholar pursuing a PhD at
NIT Kurukshetra, India, since 2006. Since
1993, he has been teaching in India and
abroad. He also has an interest in fuzzy and
neuro logic systems.
M. N. Bandyopadhyay received his PhD
from Jadhavpur University, Kolkatta, In-
dia, in 1976. He has more than 40 years of
experience in industry, research, and teach-
ing. He has visited various countries, pre-
senting his research papers as well as on
other assignments. He has authored many
books in the disciplines of electrical and
electronics engineering. He has received
prizes and prestigious awards for his work,
for example, the Socrates International Award for his contribu-
tions. His present research areas are transformer diagnostics and
noise analysis on machines using digital signal processing.