Number System

Natural Number: All counting numbers and the set of natural number is dented by N and is
N= {1, 2, 3…}
n ( n+1 )
Sum of first is natural numbers is .
2
n ( n+1 ) (2 n+1)
Sum of squares of first ‘n’ natural numbers is .
6
2
Sum of cubes of first ‘n’ natural numbers is natural numbers is =[ n ( n+1)/2 ) ]

Whole Numbers: 0 and all natural numbers and the set is denoted by W and is W={0,1,2,3,
………….}

Integers: Natural Numbers, Zero and negative natural numbers and the set is denoted by
I (or)Z and is Z={………….-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3, ………….}

p
Rational Numbers: Numbers of the form of , where p,q,∈Z & q ≠0, are called rational numbers
q
p
and the set is denoted by Q ={ /p,q, ∈Z & q ≠0}.
q
1 2
Ex:- , , 0,-3 etc are rational numbers
4 3
Case 1: terminating decimal form
125
Ex:- = 0.125
100
 If a fraction (rational number) in its lowest terms has no other prime factors except 2
and 5. We get a terminating decimal.
Case 2: Non terminating but recurring decimal form
39
Ex:- 0.393939=
99
 If a rational number in its lowest terms has prime factors other than 2 and 5, we get a
non-terminating (division does not end) decimal.
 Every non-terminating, recurring decimal fraction is a rational number.
 The recurring part is called the period, and the number of digits in the recurring part is
called the periodicity of the-decimal.
p
Irrational Numbers:-Cannot be written in
q
form, where q≠0. i.e. Non terminating and
non-recurring decimal form is an irrational number.
Ex:-√ 2 , √ 5 , √ 7 ,3+√ 13 , π , e, log7 6 etc.,
√ 2 = 1.4142135623
 Number System

√ 3= 1.7320808075
π = 3.1415926535
Note: A number may be a rational number or an irrational number, but! It cannot be both.
Real numbers

The set of all numbers comprising rational numbers and irrational numbers is known as the
set of real numbers, denoted by R.

Note :

 On the number line, there is a point corresponding to every real number and to every
point on the number line, there is a real number. Hence the number line is called the
Real Number line.
 Real numbers are so called because they can be seen as points representing them on the
number line.
Complex numbers

The ordered pair (a, b) where a and b are real numbers, when expressed in the form a + ib, is
called a complex number.

 a is called the real part, and b is called the imaginary part.

 There is no real number, whose square is a negative number.
 E.g. x=√ (−1 ) is not a real number.

Place values

345 - 5 in units place (5),

4 in tens place (40), 345 = 300 + 40 + 5

3 in hundreds place (300)

i.e. 345 = 3×102+4×101+5×100

Similarly for decimal numbers

 Number System

0.456 = 0.4 + 0.05 +0.006 =4×10-1+5×10-2+6×10-3

123456789.123

= 1×108+2×107+3×106+4×105+5×104+6×103+7×102+8×101+9×100

+1×10-1+2×10-2+3×10-3

Indian Place Value Chart

Periods Crores Lakhs Thousands

Te
Hundred Unit
Places n
Ten Crores Crore Ten Lakhs Lakhs Ten thousand Thousand

100000000 10000000 1000000 100000 10000 1000 100 10 1

International Place Value Chart

Periods Billions Millions Thousands

Thousands

Thousand

Hundred
Hundred

Ten Hundred
Places Billions Ten Million Million Ten Unit
Billions Million

10000000000 1000000000 100000000 10000000 1000000 100000 1000 100 10 1

Example :

123456789 = 12, 34, 56, 789 (Indian place value)

= 123, 456, 789 (International place value)
Example : Find the difference of the place values of two 4 's in 57489245.

Solution : The place value of 4 in the ten's place = 40

 Number System

The place value of other 4 - 400000

The difference in the place values = 400000 – 40 = 399960

Note : - One billion = one million millions. (100 Crores in Indian place value)

Even Numbers: - Numbers which are divided by 2

Ex:- 2, 4, 6, 8, 10………….
2
 Sum of the first n even natural numbers =n ( n+1 )=n +n

Odd Numbers: - Numbers which are not divisible by 2. It is represented by 2n + 1 or 2n – 1.

Ex:-1, 3, 5, 7, 9………….
2
 Sum of the first n odd natural numbers =n

Note:- 1. Even + Even = Even 2. Even + odd = Odd

3. Odd+ Even = Odd 4. Odd + Odd = Even
5. Even x Even = Even 6. Even x Odd = Even
7. Odd x Odd = Odd 8.( Even)odd =Even
9.(Odd ) Even=Odd 10.(Odd )odd =Odd
11.( Even)Even =Even

Prime Numbers:- Numbers which are perfectly divisible by one and itself are called prime
numbers.

Ex:-1) 1,3,5,7,11,13……….
2) 2 is the only even prime number
3) All prime numbers greater than 5 can be expressed as (6n±1)(nϵ N) form

Composite Number:-Numbers having more than two factors

Ex:-4,6,9……..

Note : To check a number a prime or not

1) Take the square root of number
2) Take all prime numbers up to square root value or nearest higher
integer
3) If the no. is divisible by any of these prime numbers, then it is
composite number
 Number System

Ex: - 541 is a prime

187 is not prime (it is divisible by 11)
Note: 1 is neither prime nor composite. It is a unitary

Twin prime number:-The difference between two prime numbers is 2, than they are called
twin prime numbers.

Ex:- 3,5; 5,7; 11,13;………

Co Prime Number:-Numbers not having any common factors

Ex:-3,5 and 8 are co primes to each other

Some Important formulae:-

1) (a+ b)2=a2 +b 2+ 2ab

2) (a−b)2=a2+ b2−2 ab
3) (a+ b)2=(a−b)2 + 4 ab
4) ( a−b )2 =( a+b )2 −4 ab
5) a 2−b2= ( a+b ) ( a−b )
6) ( a+ b )3=a3+ b3 +3 ab ( a+ b )
7) ( a−b )3 =a3−b3−3 ab ( a−b )
8) a 3+ b3=( a+ b ) ( a2 −ab+b 2)
9) a 3−b3 =( a−b ) ( a2 +ab+ b2 )
10) ( a+ b+c )2=a 2+ b2 +c 2+ 2 ab+2 bc+2 ac
11) a 3+ b3 +c 3−3 abc=( a+b+ c ) ( a 2+b 2+ c 2−ab−bc−ac )
12)Three consecutive odd numbers are x,(x+2) and (x+4), or (x-2), x and (x+2) where x is
an odd number
13)Three consecutive even numbers can be taken as x,(x+2) and (x+4), or (x-2), x and
(x+2) where x is an even number

Test of Divisibility:-

1. Divisibility by 2:- A number is divisible by 2 if its unit digit is zero or divisible by 2

Ex:-24,36,84,3564 etc.,

2. Divisibility by 3:- A number is divisible by 3only when the sum of its digits is
Divisible by 3
Ex:-63453, Here 6+3+4+5+3=21, which is divisible by 3. Hence
63453is divisible by 3
 Number System

3. Divisibility by 6:- A number is divisible by 6 if the number is even and sum of digits
is divisible by 3
Ex:-91356 is an even number also sum of digits 9+1+3+5+6=24 is
divisible by 3

4. Divisibility by 9:- A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9

Ex:-342918 is divisible by 9

5. Divisibility by 4:- A number is divisible by 4 if its last two digits is divisible by 4

Ex:-467896 is divisible by 4, since 96 is divisible by 4

6. Divisibility by 8:- A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by last three

digits of it is divisible by 8
Ex:-561144 here 144 is divisible by 8, here this number 561144 is
divisible by 8

7. Divisibility by 10:- A number is divisible by 10 if its unit digit is 0

Ex:-30,330,900,950 etc.

8. Divisibility by 5:- A number is divisible by 5 if its unit digit is 0or 5

Ex:-50,635,555, etc.

9. Divisibility by 11:- A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of

Its digits at odd places and the sum of its digits at even places is either 0 or a number divisible
by 11
Ex:-14641
(Sum of its digits at odd places) - (Sum of its digits at Even
places)
=(1+6+1)-(4+4)=0. So 14641 is divisible by 11

Cyclicity:- Cyclicity of a number is used mainly for the calculation of unit digits

1. Cyclicity of 1
n
For any n, the unit digit if 1 is 1
2. Cyclicity of 2
21=2, 22=4, 23=8, 24=16, 25=32, 26=64, 27=128, 28=256
After every four intervals it repeats. So cycle of 2 is {2, 4, 8, and 6}
Find unit digit of 2323 (=8)
Find unit digit of 12 x22 =6x4
12 22
(=24)

3. Cyclicity of 3
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31=3, 32=9, 33=27, 34=81, 35=243, 36=729, 37=2187, 38=6561

After every four intervals 3,9,7 and 1 are repeats. So cycle of 3 is {3, 9, 7, and 1}
Find unit digit of 381 =3.
Find unit digit of 133133=3, 96363 x7773=7x3, =21

Similarly 4 is 4,6
If n is odd, than unit digit is 4 and if n is even, then the unit digit is 6
Ex:-4425=4, 469x65=4x6=24
144145X126125=4X6=24

Cycle of 5 is 5
Cycle of 6 is 6  144145x126126=4x6=24
Cycle of 7 is 7,9,3,1 1717=7, 1717X2727=7X3=21
Cycle of 8 is 8,4,2,6  2828=6, 1818 X2828X288288=4
Cycle of 9 is 9,1

Cyclicity Table
1 1
2 2,4,8,6
3 3,9,7,1
4 4,6
5 5
6 6
7 7.9.3.1
8 8,4,2,6
9 9,1
0 0

a∗b∗c
Remainder Theorem:- Remainder of expression is equal to the expression
n
(an*bn*cn)/n, where an is remainder when a is divided by n
bn is remainder when b is divided by n
cn is remainder when c is divided by n
9∗12∗18 4∗2∗3 24 4
Ex:- The reminder of 5
= 5 = 5 =5 =4
i.e. 4 is the remainder when 9 is divided by 5
2 “ 12 “ 5
3 “ 18 “ 5
4 “ 24 “ 5
 Number System

(x +k )n n n
Remainder of : The remainder of (x +k ) is equal to the remainder of k
x x x

8 4
8
118 (7 +4 ) 4 ( 4 )
2
( 16 )4 ( 14+2 )4 24 16 14+2 2
Ex:- Remainder of = = = = = = = 7 = 7 = 7 =2
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
99 99 100 100 99
9 8 9 2 2
8
=1, =1, =
7 7 7
= =2
7

HCF and LCM of numbers:-

Before discussing the types of question let us first understand what HCF is
H -> Highest
C -> Common
F -> Factor
HCF :- (Highest Common facts) of two or more numbers is the greatest number that divides
each one of them exactly.
If ‘l’ is HCF of m and n than we wrote it as (m,n)=l
Ex:- 12 is the HCF of 24 and 60. HCF is also called greatest common divisor
(G.C.D)

Ex: - Find the HCF of 36 and 16.

[DIVISION METHOD]

Step 1: Divide the greater number by smaller number and find the remainder. In this
ease 36 is divided by 16 and 4 is the remainder.

Step 2: Now repeat this process with 1st remainder as divisor and 1st divisor as
dividend and continue this process until we get zero remainder. Last divisor is the
HCF. In this case 12 is exactly divisible by l st remainder i.e., 4,
so 4 is the HCF of 36 and 16.

16)36(2
32
4)16(4
16
0
 Number System

HCF OF THREE NUMBERS: - To find the HCF of three numbers we first have to
find the HCF of the two numbers (we can take any two numbers of the three) and then
we will find the HCF of the HCF so found and the third number.
Ex. Find the greatest number that divides 221, 1156 and 1462 without leaving any
remainder.
Sol: Now, it is quite clear that we have to find the HCF of above three numbers i.e.,
221, 1156 and 1462.
For this we will first of all find the HCF of 1156 and 1462. It comes out to be
34. [Illustration shown below] Then we will find the HCF of 34 and 221 which is 17.
So, 17 is the HCF of 221, 1156 and 1462.

1156)1462(1
1156
306)1156 (3
918
238) 306 (1
238
68) 238 (3
204
34) 6 8 (2
68
0

HCF of 1156 and 1462 is 34.

Now HCF of 34 and 221 is 17 (shown below)

34) 221 (6
204
17) 34 (2
34
0
So, 17 is the required number.
LCM: - (Least Common Multiple) of two or more numbers is the least number which is
exactly divisible by each of them.
Ex: - LCM of 9 and 15 is 45, because it is the first number which is divisible by
both 9 and 15
 Number System

LCM and HCF of Fractions :-

Numerator
We know that every fraction can be written in the form of (denominator≠ 0)
Denominator
HCF of Numerator
HCF of fraction=
LCM of Denominator
LCM of Numerator
LCF of fraction=
HCF of Denominator

Factors of composite Number:-

Composite numbers are the numbers which can be factorised into Prime factors,
or simply we can say that composite numbers are those numbers which are not prime.

Ex:- 12=4x3=2x2x3=22x31 is composite no.

At P1λ1xp2λ2x……..pnλn be a composite number where p1,p2………….pn are
distinct prime numbers and λ1,λ2………….. λn are their respective powers.

∴Factors of composite numbers= (λ1+1) (λ2+1)………….. (λn+1)

Ex:-18=2x3x3=21x32
∴Factors of 18=(1+1)x(2+1)=2x3=6
Clearly it contains six factors 1,2,3,6,9 and 18

Ex:- Find the factors of 360 and 120.

Ans:-24 & 16 respectively

Counting number of trailing Zero’s.

n n+n
Counting number of Zero’s at the end of n!value will be + + -----
5 52 53
The integer value of this sum will be the total no. of Zeros.

Ex. Number of zero’s at the end of 100 factorial are 24

100 100 + 100
i.e. + 2 = 24 (consider only the integral value)
5 5 53

Decimals
 Number System

If the denominators of the fractions are powers of 10, then those fractions can be expressed
as decimals.

Example : 255/100 = 2.55

3/10 = 0.3

Converting a decimal into fraction

Example : 0.53 = 53/100 (Since, there are two decimal places, write 1 followed by two zeros
in the Denominator)

0.121 = 121/1000 (3 decimal places - 1 followed by 3 zeros)

1/(0.77) = l/(77/100) = 100/77

0.23/0.31 = (23/100)/(31/100) = 23/31

0.11/0.237 = (11/100)(237/1000) = 110/237

Addition/Subtraction

Example : Add 7.892, 3.93, and 0.1234 7.8920

3.9300

0.1234

---------

11.9454

Example : Subtract 21.2391 from 43.56 43.5600

21.2391

----------

22.3209
 Number System

Multiplication

i. Multiplying with 10. 100, ...

Example : 23.452 × 100 = 2345.2

31.23 × 1000 = 31230

Move the decimal point to as many places to the right in the multiplicand as there are
zeros in the multiplier.

ii. Multiplying with any other number (except with a decimal)

Multiplying as in the case of the integers.

Place as many decimals as there in the multiplicand.

Example : 34. 678 × 19 = 658.882

123.2 × 12 = 1478.4

iii. Multiplying with a decimal

Multiplying as in the case of the integers.

Place as many decimals as the total number of decimals in the multiplicand and
multiplier.

Example : 23.45 × 48.962 = 1146.1589

32.4 × 12.46 = 403.704

Division

Dividing by 10, 100, …...

Example : 23.452/10 = 2.3452

 Number System

31.23/1000 = 0.031230

Move the decimal point to as many places to the left in the multiplicand as there are
zeros in the multiplier.

BINARY NUMBERS

The number systems commonly used are

 Binary system
 Octal system
 Decimal system (POSITIONAL)
 Hexadecimal
system
 Roman number system (NON-POSITIONAL)
Binary system

Base = 2

(0, 1)

Octal system

Base = 8

(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

Decimal system

Base- 10

(0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)

Hexadecimal system

Base = 16
 Number System

(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F)

Roman numerals

I 1 XI 11 XXV 25 C 100

II 2 XII 12 XXIX 29 D 500

III 3 XIII 13 XXX 30 M 1000

IV 4 XIV 14 XL 40

V 5 XV 15 L 50

VI 6 XVI 16 LX 60

VII 7 XVII 17 CD 400

VIII 8 XVIII 18 DC 600

IX 9 XIX 19

X 10 XX 20

Conversion of binary number to decimal

n 3 2 1 0 −1 −2 −3 −n
2 . .. .. . .. 2 2 2 2 . 2 2 2 . .. .. . .. .. . .2

Example 1 : Convert the binary number 1101 to decimal.

Solution : Binary number 1 1 0 1

23 22 21 20

Decimal value 8 4 2 1

(1101)2 = 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0× 21 + 1 × 20
 Number System

= (1 × 8) + (1 × 4) + (0 × 2) + (1 × 1) = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1= (13)10

Example 2 : Convert the binary number 11.1101 to decimal.

Solution :

Binary number 1 1 0 1

2–1 2–2 2–3 3–4

Decimal value 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625

= (1 × 21 + 1 ×20).(1 × 0.5 + 1 × 0.25 + 0 × 0.125 + 1 ×

0.0625)

= (2+ 1).(0.5 + 0.25 + 0 + 0.0625) = (3. 8125)

Conversion of a decimal to binary

To convert decimal to binary, repeated division by 2 is done as shown in the following

example. First remainder is the least significant bit in the binary number. The last remainder
is the most significant bit in the binary number.

Example : Convert the decimal number 24 into binary

Solution :
2 24
12 –
2
0
2 6–0
2 3–0
1–1

(24)10 = 110002 [the last remainder is the most significant bit, and the first remainder 0 is
the least significant bit in the binary number]

Example : Convert 0.62510 to binary

 Number System

Solution :

0.625 × 2 = 1 .25 [1 + .25, 1 is the most significant digit in the binary]

1 .25 × 2 = 0.50 [0 + .50, 0 is the next significant digit in the binary]

0.50 × 2 = 1.00 [1 + .00, 1 is the next significant digit in the binary]

Note :– To covert decimal fraction 0.625 to binary, multiply 0.625 with 2, then multiply each
resultant fractional part of the product with 2 until the fractional part of the product is zero.

Conversion of octal to decimal

n 3 2 1 0 −1 −2 −3 −n
8 .... .. ..8 8 8 8 . 8 8 8 .. ........ .. 8

Example 1. Convert 342/y to decimal. Solution.

Octal number 3 4 2 7

83 82 81 80

Decimal value 512 64 8 1

(3427)8 = 3 × 83 + 4 × 82 + 2 × 81 + 7 × 80

= (3 × 512) + (4 × 64) + (2 × 8) + (7 × 1)

= 1536 + 256 + 16 + 7= (1815)10

Conversion of a decimal to octal

To convert decimal to octal, repeated division by 8 is done as shown in the following

example. First remainder is the least significant bit in the binary number.

The last remainder is the most significant bit in the binary number.

Example : Convert the decimal number 248 into binary

 Number System

Solution :

8 248

8 31 – 0 (least sig. digit)

8 3–7

0–3 (most sig. Digit)

(248)8 = 3702

Conversion of binary to octal, octal to binary

Each octal digit is represented by three tits as given below

Octal digit Binary equivalent

0 000

1 001

2 010

3 011

4 100

5 101

6 110

7 111

Example : Convert 1208 to binary Solution.

1208 = (001)(010)(000) = 0010100002

Example : Convert 1010012 to octal.

 Number System

Solution :

1010012 = (101)(001) = 518

1's complement, 2's complement

1's complement of a binary number is the number that results when each 0 is changed to 1
and each 1 is changed to 0.

Example :

1’s complement of 1010 is 0101

1’s complement of 1100 is 0011

2's complement of a binary number is the number that results when 1 is added to its 1’s
complement.

Example :

2’s complement of 1010 is 0101 + 1 = 0110

2’s complement of 1100 is 0011 + 1 = 0100