Reviewer In General Chemistry 11.
Magnetic- attract metals
States of Matter
Solid- particles are packed tightly together.
- Very low kinetic energy
- Definite shape
- Definite volume
Liquid- more kinetic energy
- Particles are not held in regular
arrangement
- Cannot be compressed
- Indefinite shape
- Definite volume
Gas- high kinetic energy
- Indefinite shape
- Indefinite volume
- Particles will spread out indefinitely
Plasma- highly charged particles
- Extremely high kinetic energy
- Ionized gas
Bose- Einstein Condensates- combination of
lasers and magnets
- No kinetic energy
- Flowing without friction
Properties of Solid
1. Elasticity- return to original shape after
its stretched
2. Porosity- hold much liquid
3. Solubility- material to be dissolved
4. Brittleness- material to be broken easily
5. Malleability- hammered into sheets
6. Flexibility- bent without breaking
7. Ductility- drawn into fine and several
sheets
8. Hardness- hardly be bent, broken nor
hammered into thin sheets
9. Electrical- conduct electricity
10. Luster- reflect light
12. Thermal- conduct heat
Properties of Liquid
1. Capillarity- rise in small fine tubes
2. Fluidity- ability to flow
3. Viscosity- resist flowing
4. Surface Tension- cohesive forces
between liquid molecules
Properties of Gas
1. Compressibility- to be placed in a
container
2. Diffusibility- to spread out faster
3. Low Density- easily rise
4. Pressure- to move things
Physical Property- phase, color, solubility,
density, melting and boiling points,
volatility, viscosity and conductivity
Extensive Property- mass, length, size &
volume depend on the amount of matter.
Intensive Property- density, color, physical
state, melting, boiling & freezing point, &
thermal conductivity
Chemical Property- change in chemical
composition of a substance
Classification of Matter
Matter- anything that exists in time,
occupies space and has mass
Pure substance- fixed composition and
distinct properties
Element- one kind of atom and cannot be
separated
Metals- shiny luster, various colors most are
silvery.
Non-metals- do not have luster, low
densities and poor conductor of heat &
electricity.
Metalloids- intermediate between metallic
and non metallic properties
Compound- two or more elements
Acids- substance that have a sour taste.
Contain Hydrogen ion
Bases- Bitter taste
Salts- formed when acids combined with
bases
Mixture- combination of two or more pure
substance
Homogeneous Mixture- do not contain
visibly different parts.
Heterogeneous Mixture- has visibly
different parts/components
Accuracy- how close the result to the true
value
Precision- consistent
Significant Figures- significant digits that
implies accuracy of the measurement
Measurement- process of comparing a
property of an object
Weight- amount of matter in object. Pull of
gravity on an object
Volume- amount of space occupied by an
object
V= l x w x h
Density- intrinsic property of matter
P= m/v
Isotopes- atom with the same atomic no.
but different mass no.
¹²₆X
Protons= 6
Electrons= 6
Neutrons (mass no. – atomic no.) = 6
Fundamental Laws of Chemistry
1. Law of Conservation of Mass- no
change in mass takes place; total mass
of the product = total mass of the
reactant
2. Law of Definite Proportions- a
compound always contains the same
constituent elements in a fixed/definite
proportion by mass.
3. Law of Multiple Proportions- if two
elements can combine to form more
than one compound, the masses of one
element that will combine with a fixed
mass of the other element are in a ratio
of small whole number.
Ions- when neutral atoms becomes electrically
charged.
Cations- Metals lose electrons and become
positively charged.
Anions- Non metals gain electrons and become
negatively charged.
Charged Number- number of electrons lose or
gained.
Ionic bond- the attraction between oppositely
charged ions. Metal to Non-metal.
Covalent Bond- sharing of electrons between
two non metals.
Molecule- electrically neutral
Diatomic molecule- 2 atoms of the same
element (N₂, O₂, H₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂ and I₂)
Crisscross rule- setting the charge of one ion as
the subscript of the other ion.
Remember!
*Group 1A tend to loose one electron
*Group 2A tend to loose two electrons
*Group 3A tend to loose three electrons 3 oxygen (O)= ______ ate

*Group 5A (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) tend to 4 oxygen (O)= per______ate

gain three electrons

*Group 6A (Oxygen, Sulfur and Selenium) tend

Remember!
to gain two electrons
If the oxygen atom is substituted with sulfur
*Group 7A (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and
atom, add the prefix thio- to the name of anion.
Iodine) tend to gain one electron
Ex: OCN⁻ = SCN⁻ (thiocynate)

Remember!

In naming the Group 1A(except Hydrogen),

Group 2A and Group 3A( except Boron), just Remember!
add ion on the name after the English name
*When ternary polyatomic ions combine with
Transition Metals Naming hydrogen atom, the prefix bi- is added.
Remember! Ex: CO₃ ²⁻ (carbonate) +H HCO₃
(bicarbonate)
*Only Transition Metals (Group 1B to 8B) can
have the suffixes. Classical method, ions that PO₄³⁻ (phosphate) +H HPO₄⁻(hydrogen
have lower charge ends with –ous. Ions that phosphate)
have higher charge ends with –ic. Stock
Method, Roman numeral is written after the *If there are several types of ions formed,
English name. Greek prefixes will be used.

Non Metals Ex: PO₄³⁻ (phosphate) +2H H₂PO₄

(dihydrogen phosphate
Remember!

In naming the Group 7A, Carbon, Nitrogen,

Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Selenium just add the
suffix -ide to the roots of Non-metals. AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS
Remember! Li-6 Li-7
6.015 amu 7.016 amu
When naming polyatomic ions with oxygen, the
7.59% 92.41%
anion with lesser oxygen ends with –ite and if
Average= (6.015 amu x 0.0759)+(7.016 amu x
more oxygen ends with –ate. 0.9241)
Remember! = 0.4565 amu + 6.483 amu
= 6.9395 amu
Halogens Group: Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine = 6.940 amu
and Iodine can name the ff:

1 oxygen (O= hypo_______ite

2 oxygen (O)= _____ite

 PERCENT COMPOSITION

C₈H₉NO₂

• C= 12.01 amu
• H= 1.008 amu
• N= 14.01 amu
• O= 16.00 amu

= (12.01 amu x 8)+(1.008 amu x 9)+(14.01 amu x

1)+(16.00 amu x 2)

= 96.08 amu + 9.072 amu + 14.01 amu + 32.00

amu

= 151.162 amu

Take Note!
Measurement ( Volume )
1 cubic meter = 1,000 L
1 cubic meter = 1,000,000 mL
1 cubic centimeter = 0.001 L
1 cubic centimeter = 1 mL
1 gal = 3.79 L