“THEORY, RESEARCH AND

INNOVATION IN APPLICATIONS”

9th International Conference on Intelligent
Systems 2018 (IS’18)

Conference Proceedings

Editors
Ricardo Jardim-Gonçalves Maria Marques
UNINOVA, Portugal UNINOVA, Portugal
João Pedro Mendonça João Martins
Universidade do Minho, Portugal FCT/UNL, Portugal
Vladimir Jotsov Robert Bierwolf
SULSIT, Bulgaria IEEE TEMS, USA



Organizers:

 Proceedings




9th International Conference on Intelligent
Systems 2018 (IS’18)

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IEEE Part Number: CFP18802-ART

ISBN: 978-1-5386-7097-2

ii
 Welcome to the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Systems (IS’18)

This year, we are honored to host the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Systems in Madeira
Island (Portugal), the Pearl of the Atlantic. It is both our pleasure and honor to have you with us for this
out- standing event supported by IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Society (IEEE TEMS),
looking forward to pave the way for Theory, Research and Innovation in Intelligent Systems Applications.
An impressive line-up of speakers has been brought together and interactive sessions and workshops
await your presence and participation. And this is not all as you will have plenty of time for networking
and making new friends, with the social events making the whole experience even more enjoyable.
Don’t miss this opportunity to join us and experience IS/IEEE ITMC 2018.
The IS’18 Conference took place on the 25th, 26th and 27th September 2018, in Madeira Island (Portugal),
organized by Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNINOVA together
with Universidade do Minho. IS is a place where research, science and innovation is called for original
ideas, papers, debates, initiatives and projects. Authors, workshop / tutorial organizers, and participants
are invited to contribute to the shaping of the prospective on engineering, technology and innovation
solutions for industry and societal challenges.
The 9th IS’18 conference included distinguished keynote speakers, an original set of paper sessions,
workshops, presentations, an exhibition booth and round tables. At IS’18 outstanding papers will be
selected for submission in special issues organized by prestigious indexed international journals, with fast
track selection.

Welcome to IS’2018 Conference

Welcome to Madeira Island
Welcome to Portugal
Ricardo Jardim-Gonçalves
IS’18 General Conference Chair

iii
 9th International Conference on Intelligent Systems (IS’18) Editors

Ricardo Jardim-Gonçalves
UNINOVA, Portugal
João Pedro Mendonça
Universidade do Minho, Portugal
Vladimir Jotsov
SULSIT, Bulgaria
Maria Marques
UNINOVA, Portugal
João Martins
FCT/UNL, Portugal
Robert Bierwolf
IEEE TEMS, USA

iv
 9th International Conference on Intelligent Systems (IS’18)

Table of Contents

Copyright and Reprint Permission ii

Messages iii
Organizing Committees iv
Author index xiii
Ontology-driven multilevel sequential pattern mining: mining for gold in 1
event logs of photovoltaic plants
Dagnely, Pierre; Ruette, Tom; Tourwé, Tom; Tsiporkova, Elena
The birth of an Internet of Things ecosystem 8
Per J. Nesse
Rough Controller Design for a Position Control System of a DC Motor 15
Anjos Filho, Genival A., Crepaldi, Paulo C., Vermaas, Luiz L. G., Ramos, Anderson R.
Unsupervised Change Detection using Thin Cloud-Contaminated Landsat 21
Images
Yavariabdi, Amir; Kusetogullari, Huseyin; Mendi, Engin; Karabatak, Begum
Real-Time Resistor Color Code Recognition using Image Processing in Mobile 26
Devices
Demir, Muhammed Fatih; Cankirli, Aysenur; Karabatak, Begum; Yavariabdi, Amir; Mendi, Engin;
Kusetogullari, Huseyin
Self Learning in Flexible Manufacturing Units: A Reinforcement Learning 31
Approach
Schwung, Dorothea; Reimann, Jan Niklas; Schwung, Andreas; Ding, Steven X.
Use of Wavelet Transform for Fetal Phonocardiography Processing 39
Martinek, Radek; Jaros, Rene; Bilik, Petr; Pucan, Tomas; Fajus, Marcel; Nedoma, Jan
Ballistocardiography Signal Processing by Wavelet Transform 45
Martinek, Radek; Jaros, Rene; Bilik, Petr; Lancova, Jana; Fajus, Marcel; Nedoma, Jan
Determination of Academic Performance and Academic Consistency by Fuzzy 50
Logic
Salam, Shaikh Diya; Paul, Pias; Tabassum, Rehnuma; Mahmud, Ifaz; Ullah, Md. Ayat; Rahman,
Ashiqur; Rahman, Rashedur M.
Crime Prediction Using Multiple-ANFIS Architecture and Spatiotemporal Data 58
Islam, Mashnoon; Karim, Redwanul; Roy, Kalyan; Mahmood, Saif; Hossain, Sadat; Rahman,
Rashedur M.

 Detection of Exoplanet Systems in Kepler Light Curves Using Adaptive Neuro- 66
Fuzzy System
Amin, R. M. Asif; Khan, Abu Talha; Raisa, Zareen Tasnim; Chisty, Nawar; Khan, Sumayra Samiha;
Khaja, Mohammad Sultan; Rahman, Rashedur M.
Fuzzy Predictive Model for Estimating the Risk Level of Maternal Mortality 73
while Childbirth
Sumon, Shakil Ahmed; Rahman, Rashedur M.
Energy Routing Algorithms for the Energy Internet 80
Abdella, Juhar; Shuaib, Khaled; Harous, Saad
Early Detection of Glaucoma Using Fuzzy Logic in Bangladesh Context 87
Diptu, Nazmul Alam; Khan, Md. Asif; Debnath, Sujit; Imam, Abdullah Al; Rakib, Al Mahadi Hasan;
Ador, Kazi Asfaq Ahmed; Rahman, Rashedur M.
Apollo - A Hybrid Recommender for Museums and Cultural Tourism 94
Pavlidis, George
Expanded dual hesitant fuzzy sets 102
Fatimah, Fatia; Alcantud, José Carlos R.
Cluster Validation Measures for Label Noise Filtering 109
Boeva, Veselka; Lundberg, Lars; Angelova, Milena; Kohstall, Jan
Learning from Virtual Experience: Mapless Navigation with Neuro-Fuzzy 117
Intelligence
Khaksar, Weria; Uddin, Md Zia; Torresen, Jim
Data-Driven Fuzzy Modelling Methodologies for Multivariable Nonlinear 125
Systems
Silveira Júnior, Jorge Sampaio; Costa, Edson Bruno Marques
Recreating Historical Landscape: Implementation of Digital Technologies in 132
Archaeology. Case Study of Rab, Croatia
Krleža, Palmira; Behaim, Jelena; Kranjec, Ivor; Jurković, Miljenko
A Comparison of Data-Driven Approaches for Mobile Marketing User 140
Conversion Prediction
Matos, Luis Miguel; Cortez, Paulo; Mendes, Rui; Moreau, Antoine
On-line Energy Optimization of Hybrid Production Systems Using Actor-Critic 147
Reinforcement Learning
Schwung, Dorothea; Schwung, Andreas; Ding, Steven X.
Smart City Platform Enabling Digital Twin 155
Ruohomäki, Timo; Airaksinen, Enni; Huuska, Petteri; Martikka, Mikko; Kesäniemi, Outi; Suomisto,
Jarmo
Smart City Resilience with active citizen engagement in Helsinki 162
Martikka, Mikko Ilmari; Salo, Sonja; Siilin, Kristiina; Ruohomäki, Timo; Tuomaala, Pekka; Nykänen,
Esa

 Modeling and Control of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems 168
Jafari, Raheleh; Razvarz, Sina; Gegov, Alexander; Paul, Satyam
Data-driven optimization of energy efficiency and comfort in an apartment 174
Nieves Avendano, Diego; Ruyssinck, Joeri; Vandekerckhove, Steven; Van Hoecke, Sofie; Deschrijver,
Dirk
Towards Human Pulse Rate Estimation from Face Video: Automatic 183
Component Selection and Comparison of Blind Source Separation Methods
Prathap, Geesara; Ostankovich, Vladislav; Afanasyev, Ilya
Parallel Distributed Compensation for Voltage Controlled Active Magnetic 190
Bearing System using Integral Fuzzy Model
Tatchum, Martial; Gegov, Alexander; Jafari, Raheleh; Razvarz, Sina
Analysis of Data Exchanges, Contribution to Data Interoperability Assessment 199
Amokrane, Nawel; Laval, Jannik; Lanco, Philippe; Derras, Mustapha; Moalla, Nejib
Lookup Table Based Intelligent Charging and Balancing Algorithm for Li-ion 209
Battery Packs
Velho, R. L.; Pombo, J. A. N.; Fermeiro, J. B. L.; Calado, M. R. A.; Mariano, S. J. P. S.
Challenges in the Interpretation of Crowdsourced Road Condition Data 215
Sillberg, Pekka; Grönman, Jere; Rantanen, Petri; Saari, Mika; Kuusisto, Markku
Towards Blockchain-Based Robonomics: Autonomous Agents Behavior 222
Validation
Danilov, Konstantin; Rezin, Ruslan; Afanasyev, Ilya; Kolotov, Alexander
A Fully Unsupervised Framework for Scoring Driving Styles 228
Ozgul, Ozan Firat; Cakir, Mehmet Ulas; Tan, Mehmet; Amasyali, Mehmet Fatih; Hayvaci, Harun
Taha
Autonomous Drifting Control in 3D Car Racing Simulator 235
Zubov, Igor; Afanasyev, Ilya; Gabdullin, Aidar; Mustafin, Ruslan; Shimchik, Ilya
CurvMaps: A Novel Feature for 3D Model Classification 242
Ioannakis, George; Arnaoutoglou, Fotis; Koutsoudis, Anestis; Pavlidis, George; Chamzas,
Christodoulos
Voice Controlled Robotic Manipulator with Decision Tree and Contour 249
Identification Techniques
Nallathambi, Daniel Jeswin; S, Arul Thileeban; Gajesh, Sailesh Kumar; D., Thenmozhi
An On-Line Statistic Algorithm to Fault Detection in Controlled Systems: A 253
Study Case
Ponce de Leon Puig, Nubia Ilia; Acho, Leonardo; Rodellar, José
GA-based Fractal and Neuroevolution Compressions 260
Tkachuk, Vladislav; Koreneva, Maria; Afanasyev, Ilya; Rivera, Victor; Mazzara, Manuel
Towards Document Flow Discovery in e-health Systems 267
Repta, Dragos; Sacala, Ioan Stefan; Moisescu, Mihnea Alexandru; Dumitrache, Ioan

 A Digital Twin-based Privacy Enhancement Mechanism for the Automotive 272
Industry
Damjanovic-Behrendt, Violeta
A Meta-Model to connect Model-based Systems Engineering with Product 280
Data Management by Dint of the Blockchain
Heber, Dominik T.; Groll, Marco W.
Modeling and Validation of the Dynamics and Energy Consumption for Train 288
Simulation
Morais, Vítor A.; Afonso, João L.; Martins, António P.
Heuristic-based Speed Profile Generation for Multi-Train Simulator 296
Morais, Vítor A.; Rocha, Agostinho A.; Afonso, João L.; Martins, António P.
Intelligent Self-Adaptive Decision Model for Product Innovation in FE 304
Kurt, Onur Emre; Ucler, Caglar; Vayvay, Ozalp
Neural Networks for Food Export Gain Forecasting 312
Deviatkin, Dmitrii; Suvorov, Roman; Tikhomirov, Ilya; Otmakhova, Yulia
VC-Dimension Based Fuzzy Sigmoid Neural Network (VC-FSNN) 318
Pinto, Linu; Gopalan, Sasi; S., Sundararajan
Strategic brand decisions in the food market: an empirical approach 324
Gouveia, Sandra; Nunes, Luis Lopes; Braga, Ana Cristina
Implementation of Robo-Advisors Using Neural Networks for Different Risk 332
Attitude Investment Decisions
Snihovyi, Oleksandr; Ivanov, Oleksii; Kobets, Vitaliy
Position control of linear switched reluctance machine using flower 337
pollination algorithm
Nunes, Hugo; Pestana, Luis; Mariano, Sílvio; Calado, Maria R.
ViMM - Virtual Multimodal Museum: a Manifesto and Roadmap for Europe’s 343
Digital Cultural Heritage
Ioannides, Marinos; Davies, Robert
Short-Term Load Forecasting using optimized LSTM Networks via Improved 351
Bat Algorithm
Bento, Pedro; Pombo, José; Mariano, Sílvio; Calado, Maria do Rosário
Conceptualizing Embodied Automation to Increase Transfer of Tacit 358
knowledge in the Learning Factory
Fast-Berglund, Åsa; Thorvald, Peter; Billing, Erik; Palmqvist, Adam; Romero, David; Weichhart,
Georg
Managing costs in software development 365
Oliveira, Jorge; Nunes, Manuel; Afonso, Paulo

 Exploration of Known Environments with a Multi-Robot System using a 371
Genetic Algorithm with a Novel Terrain Partitioning Algorithm
Mazumder, Md Maksudur Rahman; Phillips, Chris
А Novel Algorithm for Distributed Control of Conveyor Systems 379
Andonov, Ivaylo; Tsvetanov, Simeon
A Domain Specific ESA Inspired Approach for Document Semantic Description 383
Mazzola, Luca; Siegfried, Patrick; Waldis, Andreas; Kaufmann, Michael; Denzler, Alexander
An Agent- and Role-based Planning Approach for Flexible Automation of 391
Advanced Production Systems
Weichhart, Georg; Fast-Berglund, Åsa; Romero, David; Pichler, Andreas
Comparison of Various SLAM Systems for Mobile Robot in an Indoor 400
Environment
Filipenko, Maksim; Afanasyev, Ilya
Evolutionary based on selfish and altruism strategies - An approach to path 408
planning problems
Salgado, Paulo; Igrejas, Getúlio; Afonso, Paulo
An Approach to Common Framework in Smart Management of Heritage 413
Buildings
Bueno Benito, Gumersindo; Granić, Andrina; Bregón Bernabé, Silvia; Monteiro, Fernando; Martins,
João
A New Architecture for Controlling Smart Manufacturing Systems 421
Romero, David; Jones, Albert T.; Wuest, Thorsten
Advanced CPS Service Oriented Architecture for Smart Injection Molding and 428
Molds 4.0
Siller, Hector R.; Romero, David; Rabelo, Ricardo J.; Vazquez, Elisa
Fast Online Analytical Processing for Big Data Warehousing 435
Correia, José; Santos, Maribel Yasmina; Costa, Carlos; Andrade, Carina
Time bounded incompressible theorem reversed 443
Souto, André
Interpretable Machine Learning: Convolutional Neural Networks with RBF 448
Fuzzy Logic Classification Rules
Xi, Zhen; Panoutsos, George
A robust and fast deep learning-based method for defect classification in 455
steel surfaces
Saiz, Fátima A.; Serrano, Ismael; Barandiaran, Iñigo; Sánchez, Jairo R.
Deep Learning Approach for Building Detection in Satellite Multispectral 461
Imagery
Prathap, Geesara; Afanasyev, Ilya

 Ontology-based software capability container for RESTful APIs 466
Belfadel, Abdelhadi; Amdouni, Emna; Laval, Jannik; Cherifi, Chantal; Moalla, Nejib
Adopting and Embedding Machine Learning Algorithms in Microcontroller for 474
Weather Prediction
Karvelis, Petros; Michail, Theofanis-Aristofanis; Mazzei, Daniele; Petsios, Stefanos; Bau, Andrea;
Montelisciani, Gabriele; Stylios, Chrysostomos
Improvement of Multistage Quality Control through the Integration of 479
Decision Modeling and Cyber-Physical Production Systems
Rocha, André Dionísio; Peres, Ricardo Silva; Barata, José; Barbosa, José; Leitão, Paulo
Anomaly detection in orthogonal metal cutting based on autoencoder 485
method
Maxime, Dawoua Kaoutoing; Raymond, Houé Ngouna; Olivier, Pantalé; Tibi, Béda
Network Flow Interpretation of Artificial Neural Networks 494
Sgurev, Vassil; Drangajov, Stanislav; Jotsov, Vladimir
Detection of Hurriedly Created Abnormal Profiles in Recommender Systems 499
Panagiotakis, Costas; Papadakis, Harris; Fragopoulou, Paraskevi
A Mobile Application for Personalized Movie Recommendations with 507
Dynamic Updates
Papadakis, Harris; Fragopoulou, Paraskevi; Michalakis, Nikos; Panagiotakis, Costas
A Methodology for Assessing the Resilience Against Email Phishing 515
Magalhães, João Paulo; Pinto, António
Dangerous Situation Prediction and Driving Statistics Accumulation Using 521
Smartphone
Kashevnik, Alexey; Fedotov, Alexander; Lashkov, Igor
Next Generation Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy Systems - A Study 528
exploring Design Implications
Koller, Marius; Schäfer, Philip; Sich, Magdalena; Diemer, Julia; Müller, Mathias; Meixner, Gerrit
Optimization method for cotton production process based on hierarchical 536
clustering
Li, Guochang; Du, Tao; Qu, Shouning
UH4SP: a software platform for integrated management of connected smart 541
plants
Santos, Nuno; Rodrigues, Helena; Pereira, Jaime; Morais, Francisco; Abreu, Ricardo; Fernandes,
Nuno; Martins, Diana; Machado, Ricardo J.
Investigating Body Transfer Illusion from Human to Monkey Body 549
Javorský, Tomáš; Škola, Filip; Sylaiou, Stella; Martins, João; Liarokapis, Fotis
Node-Based System for Optimizing the Process of Creation of Intelligent 557
Agents for Intrusion Detection and Analysis
Marinova, Iva; Jotsov, Vladimir

 A Scaffolding Design Framework for Developing Secure Interoperability 564
Components in Digital Manufacturing Platforms
Fraile, Francisco; Flores, José Luis; Anaya, Víctor; Saiz, Eduardo; Poler, Raúl
Towards IoT Analytics. A vf-OS approach 570
Anaya, Víctor; Fraile, Francisco; Aguayo, Amando; Garcia, Oscar; Ortiz, Ángel
Patient-centric e-Prescription services - An Integrated System Architecture 576
Proposal
Pereira, Jaime; Beir, Margarida; Teixeira, Juliana; Machado, Ricardo J.
Digital screen detection enabled by wearable sensors: application in ADL 584
settings
Martire, Tommaso; Nazemzadeh, Payam; Sanna, Alberto; Trojaniello, Diana
Recognition and Following of Dynamic Targets by an Omnidirectional Mobile 589
Robot using a Deep Convolutional Neural Network
Shakev, Nikola G.; Ahmed, Sevil A.; Popov, Vasil L.; Topalov, Andon V.
Leveraging Mixed Reality technologies to enhance museum experiences 595
Sylaiou, Stella; Kasapakis, Vlasios; Dzardanova, Elena; Gavalas, Damianos
Artificial Increase of 3D-Skeleton-Data for Human Motion Recognition using 602
supervised SVM and NN
Vox, Jan P.; Wallhoff, Frank
A negotiation cloud-based solution to support interoperability among 608
interconnected autonomous microgrids
Cretan, Adina; Coutinho, Carlos; Bratu, Ben; Jardim-Goncalves, Ricardo
Illegal Buildings Detection from Satellite Images using GoogLeNet and 616
Cadastral Map
Ostankovich, Vladislav; Afanasyev, Ilya
Intelligent Framework for Business Process Automation and Re-engineering 624
Torkhani, Rami; Laval, Jannik; Malek, Hedi; Moalla, Nejib
Sustainable Manufacturing: The impact of collaboration on SMEs 630
Cunha, Adriana; Mendonça, João Pedro; Catarino, Marta; Costa, Hélder; Nogueira, Raquel
Future Trends in Project Management 637
Paredes, Cátia; Ribeiro, Pedro
Designing Human Brain Interface Model for Interactive Cognitive Learning in 645
an Immersive System with Neurofeedback
Meriem, Khadhar; Makram, Mestiri; Farah, Imed Riadh
Virtual and Augmented Reality in the Valuation of the Tunisian Cultural 652
Heritage: Application to Thysdrus (ElJem) Amphitheater
Meriem, Khadhar; Makram, Mestiri; Farah, Imed Riadh

 Distributed Cooperative Path-Planning for Autonomous Vehicles Integrating 655
Human Driver Trajectories
Viana, Ícaro Bezerra; Aouf, Nabil
Sensor Event Prediction using Recurrent Neural Network in Smart Homes for 662
Older Adults
Dias Casagrande, Flávia; Tørrensen, Jim; Zouganeli, Evi
From Native to Cross-platform Hybrid Development 669
Pinto, Carlos Manso; Coutinho, Carlos Eduardo
Smart Heritage Management: The SHCity Project Approach 677
Monteiro, Fernando; Mar, Adriana; Amorim, Mário; Entrecanales, Rosa Ruiz; Henon, Aurélien; José
Alonso, Susana San; Gandini, Alessandra; Pérez, Rosa; Ángel Abián, Miguel; Garcia, José Carlos;
Garcia-Risco, Daniel Basulto
Business Process Modeling Languages and their Data Representation 685
Capabilities
Teixeira, Juliana M.; Santos, Maribel Yasmina;; Machado, Ricardo J.
Is popularity an indicator of software security? 692
Siavvas, Miltiadis; Jankovic, Marija; Kehagias, Dionysios; Tzovaras, Dimitrios
Methods and Tools for TD Estimation and Forecasting: A State-of-the-art 698
Survey
Tsoukalas, Dimitrios; Siavvas, Miltiadis; Jankovic, Marija; Kehagias, Dionysios; Chatzigeorgiou,
Alexander; Tzovaras, Dimitrios
Exploiting the digital twin in the assessment and optimization of 706
sustainability performances
Barni, Andrea; Fontana, Alessandro; Menato, Silvia; Sorlini, Marzio; Canetta, Luca
WalliD: Secure your ID in an Ethereum Wallet 714
Tavares, Miguel; Guerreiro, André; Coutinho, Carlos; Veiga, Filipe; Campos, Adriano
On the use of IEC 61850-90-7 for Smart Inverters Integration 722
Miranda, Tiago; Delgado-Gomes, Vasco; Martins, João F.
Long-term memory structure by hierarchized SOM 727
Salgado, Paulo; Igrejas, Getúlio; Afonso, Paulo
Design and implementation of a MPPT system based on PSO algorithm 733
Calvinho, Gonçalo; Pombo, José; Mariano, Sílvio; Calado, Maria do Rosário
CLARA: Cloud Learning Autonomous Reacting Algorithms, a Machine 739
Learning service for the Internet of Things
Branco, Sérgio; Ferreira, André G.; Cabral, Jorge
Multi-vehicle Route Planning for Efficient Urban Freight Transport 744
Mrazovic, Petar; Eser, Elif; Ferhatosmanoglu, Hakan; Larriba-Pey, Josep L.; Matskin, Mihhail
Mapping between PMI and OGC Artefacts for Project Portfolio Management 754
Lima, Ana; Fernandes, Gabriela; Machado, Ricardo J.

 Adoption of Architecture Reference Models for Industrial Information 763
Management Systems
Monteiro, Paula; Carvalho, Márcia; Morais, Francisco; Melo, Mónica; Machado, Ricardo J.; Pereira,
Fernando
Behavioural monitoring of Alzheimer Patients with Smartwatch based System 771
Rodrigues, Daniel; Luís-Ferreira, Fernando; Sarraipa, João; Goncalves, Ricardo
CADAP: A student's emotion monitoring solution for e-learning performance 776
analysis
Paxiúba, Carla Marina; Calado, Jorge; Lima, Celson Pantoja; Sarraipa, João
STEM, high school students, gender: are they compliant issues? 784
Barros, Victor F. A.; Trigo, Ana Margarida; Andrade, Carina; Pinto Leão, Celina; Ramos, Isabel
Emotion Recognition using Spatiotemporal Features from Facial Expression 789
Landmarks
Golzadeh, Hamid; Faria, Diego R.; Manso, Luis J.; Ekárt, Anikó; Buckingham, Christopher D.
A Study on Mental State Classification using EEG-based Brain-Machine 795
Interface
Bird, Jordan J.; Manso, Luis J.; Ribeiro, Eduardo P.; Ekárt, Anikó; Faria, Diego R.
Sustainable Heritage Management Towards Mass Tourism Impact: the HERIT- 801
DATA project
Pereira, Pedro; Martins, João
Stepping-stones to Transhumanism: An EMG- controlled Low-cost Prosthetic 807
Hand for Academia
Tatarian, Karen; Couceiro, Micael S.; Ribeiro, Eduardo P.; Faria, Diego R.
Gesture Recognition on Human Pose Features of Single Images 813
Memmesheimer, Raphael; Mykhalchyshyna, Ivanna; Paulus, Dietrich
Puzzle Methods for Automatic Selection of Data Cleansing Techniques 820
Petrova, Pepa; Jotsov, Vladimir; Sgurev, Vassil
Evaluation Model for the Derivation of a Sustainable Digitisation Strategy 826
Knothe, Thomas; Oertwig, Nicole; Obenaus, Michael; Butschek, Peer
Model to evaluate the maturity of the organizational structure: a new 835
approach
Pereira, João Paulo; Grubich, Tatiana
Semantic Interoperability of Agent-based Cyber-Physical Systems 842
Batchkova, Idilia; Gocheva, Daniela; Ivanova, Tsvetelina; Belev, Yordan
Urban Mobility Digitalization: Towards Mobility as a Service (MaaS) 850
Barreto, Luís; Amaral, António; Baltazar, Sara
Mobility as a Service (MaaS) in Rural Regions: An Overview 856
Barreto, Luís; Amaral, António; Baltazar, Sara

 Decision Support System for Evaluation of Organizational Management 861
Structures: Methods and Models
Pereira, João Paulo; Loiko, Valeriy; Baranovskaya, Tatyana; Vostroknutov, Aleksandr
Smart Farming: Cyber Security Challenges 870
Barreto, Luís; Amaral, António
Embodied Cognitive Architecture of Attention to Support Driver Performance 877
Artifice, Andreia; Rajaonah, Bako; Sarraipa, João; Abed, Mourad; Jardim-Goncalves, Ricardo
On the Track of ISO/IEC 27001:2013 Implementation Difficulties in 886
Portuguese Organizations
Longras, Ana; Pereira, Teresa; Carneiro, Pedro; Pinto, Pedro
Study of the Knowledge and Impact of Artificial Intelligence on an Academic 891
Community
Pinto Leão, Celina; Gonçalves, Pedro; Cepeda, Tiago; Botelho, Lourenço; Silva, Carlos
An ontology based semantic data model supporting a MaaS digital platform 896
Landolfi, Giuseppe; Barni, Andrea; Izzo, Gabriele; Montini, Elias; Bettoni, Andrea; Vujasinovic,
Marko; Gugliotta, Alessio; Soares, António Lucas; Silva, Henrique Diogo
Modelling of the Cuttlery Process for CPPS Experimentation 905
Sousa, João; Ferreira, José; Mendonça, João; Lopes, Fábio; Doumeingts, Guy; Agostinho, Carlos
Complex workflows implementation in stream data processing 913
Tsvetanov, Simeon; Zografov, Boris; Dimitrova, Stela
IT Project Management Tool Requirements to Support Collaborative 917
University-Industry R&D
Silva, Sofia; Fernandes, Gabriela; Lima, Ana; Machado, Ricardo J.
Cyber-Physical Production Systems to Monitor the Polishing Process of 926
Cutlery Production
Ferreira, José; Lopes, Fábio; Ghimire, Sudeep; Doumeingts, Guy; Agostinho, Carlos; Jardim-
Goncalves, Ricardo
Simulation-based system dynamics optimization modelling of supply chain 934
working capital management under lead time uncertainty
Badakhshan, Ehsan; Humphreys, Paul; Maguire, Liam; McIvor, Ronan

These are last proofs of the published paper. For any citation, use this:
P. Krleza, J. Behaim, I. Kranjec and M. Jurkovic, "Recreating Historical Landscapes:
Implementation of Digital Technologies in Archaeology. Case Study of Rab,
Croatia," 2018 International Conference on Intelligent Systems (IS), Funchal -
Madeira, Portugal, 2018, pp. 132-139.
doi: 10.1109/IS.2018.8710549
keywords: {Iron;IP networks;Frequency modulation;historical landscape;digital
technologies;archaeology;art history;Rab},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8710549&isnumber
=8710451
2018 International Conference on Intelligent Systems (IS)

Recreating Historical Landscapes: Implementation

of Digital Technologies in Archaeology. Case Study
of Rab, Croatia
Jelena Behaim
Palmira Krleža Ivor Kranjec
International Research Centre for Late
International Research Centre for Late International Research Centre for Late
Antiquity and Middle Ages
Antiquity and Middle Ages Antiquity and Middle Ages
University of Zagreb
University of Zagreb University of Zagreb
Zagreb, Croatia
Zagreb, Croatia Zagreb, Croatia
jelenabehaim@gmail.com
pkrleza@ffzg.hr kranjec.ivor@gmail.com
Miljenko Jurković
Faculty of Humanities and Social
Sciences
International Research Centre for Late
Antiquity and Middle Ages
University of Zagreb
Zagreb, Croatia
mjurkovic@ffzg.hr

Abstract — A relatively recent and negative phenomenon of
rapid and extensive transformation of the eastern Adriatic coast
has annihilated much of its historical landscape, often resulting in
total negation of the original context of the monuments,
sometimes even in their destruction. Contemporary remote
sensing technologies and non-invasive methods of digital scanning
of the landscape, sites and particular monuments enable us to
reconstruct and preserve them at least virtually, with precise and
interactive 3D models suitable either for further scientific
research or their presentation to the general public. Once
digitized, the material becomes easy to suit personalized needs
and easy to distribute, whilst the current condition of the
monuments is permanently documented and stored even in the
case of their further degradation or devastation. This paper
presents the results of an interdisciplinary project of the
reconstruction of the historical landscape of the island of Rab,
Croatia. An international team of archaeologists and art
historians has paired traditional methodologies with the
implementation of advanced digital technologies, enabling the
creation of a relevant model of development based on the island's
historical landscape throughout two millennia. Such integration
of two approaches presents a valuable resource in scientific
research and a significant step forward in the process of
rediscovering and reconstructing the original context of the
monuments, and, on the other hand, enables decision makers to
develop the landscape without annihilating its historical value.
Keywords — historical landscape; digital technologies;
archaeology; art history; Rab
I. INTRODUCTION
It seems that, even if it exists for at least a century in
sciences such as archaeology or art history, and a few decades
in practical disciplines as urban or rural planning, the recreation
of historical landscape as a scientific discipline has become not
only fashionable but also very productive with the
implementation of new technologies. Their development and
the IT sector in general have given huge possibilities to
different fields of research, no doubt about it. A slight question
can, however, be raised when defining what is the priority —
the technologies or the subject? When dealing with cultural
heritage, we often see an overwhelming presence of IT experts
not really knowing the subject that they are dealing with.
However, in general, the implementation of new technologies
in cultural heritage has been a breakthrough for all disciplines
in humanities.
Recreating historical landscapes has become a priority as
we witness contemporary society practically devastating them,
using the general excuse of progress. This pitiful trend is
unfortunately worldwide and non-regressive. Therefore,
dealing with it, and dealing with it immediately is the only
chance of preserving them. New technologies have brought
tools enabling us to give autopsies faster than ever before. As it
has already been stated: in the recreation of historical
landscapes archaeologists and art historians needed nearly 20–
30 years just for a serious survey of a territory; now it can be
done in one year, or even faster. This statement is important for
the understanding why archaeology and art history have so
willingly accepted new technologies in their work. It is on the
other hand important to understand historical landscapes and
value them as cultural heritage [1].
It has to be stressed once more that the threat of “progress”
has already played a crucial role in devastating the historical
landscape. Being a worldwide phenomenon, it also has a huge
impact on the Croatian coast. It is worth saying that all
available data show practically the same way of using the
landscape from remote times until the sixties of the 20th
century. Historical maps, graphics or paintings, the 19th c.
cadastre, orthophoto, aerial photos from the fifties all show an
untouched landscape. Only after that the changes have started,
annihilating much of it. The case of the island of Rab shows the
rapid devastation of the historical landscape. That is why we
have chosen it as a case study.

978-1-5386-7097-2/18/$31.00
978-1- 5386-7097-2/18/$31.002018
2018IEEE
European Union
 II. THE ISLAND OF RAB – THE GEOHISTORICAL CONTEXT spatial context of the monuments and preserving the historical
landscape of the island.
Rab is a relatively small island (93.6 square kilometres)
positioned in the southern part of the Quarnero gulf north of Unfortunately, the landscape transformation rate has sped
the Eastern Adriatic. The east-northeast and northwest zones up dramatically in the last 50 years due to two main reasons.
are karstic, the northeast has numerous doline, but the south- The first one is the process of de-ruralisation, which has
southwest is a fertile zone. A huge presence of flysch fields caused people to abandon traditional agricultural practices,
and a system of streams and wells made it suitable for settling leaving large areas uncultivated. Together with the fields,
and exploitation, and offered favourable conditions for the cultural monuments in relation to the rural ambient have been
development of early human settlements already in the jeopardized by this neglect. The second, and much more
prehistoric period [2, 3]. Elevated and well protected hillfort destructive reason, is the phenomenon of unregulated new
settlements have used the protective characteristics of the construction related to mass tourism. New construction,
landscape [4]. Although the practices of prehistoric land primarily freestanding apartments made from modern
cultivation have changed significantly with the arrival of the materials without respect to the historical forms of traditional
Roman Empire in the 1st century BC [5], the best strategic houses, have flooded the landscape and have completely
positions were kept, such as the hillfort on a protruding annihilated not only the historical spatial context of the
peninsula, which would later become the Roman Municipium monuments, but in some cases even the monuments
Arba, or today’s town of Rab. The island was soon to be themselves, preventing any further archaeological research
defined by its single urban centre, well developed and (Fig. 1).
connected with other Roman centres of power on the Eastern
Adriatic coast along the maritime trade route, and the Finally, the lack of any systematic archaeological research
surrounding rural landscape where the aristocracy supervised prior to the beginning of the 2000s, when excavations of
agricultural and other production. The Roman landscape of the Kaštelina site began [6], has motivated the research team to
island is traceable by a number of field surveys and carry out a project which would finally recognize the
excavations such as the one of the luxurious maritime villa on archaeological potential of the island and explore the
Kaštelina [6], allowing to establish the presence of a very high possibilities of an alternative interdisciplinary approach to the
level of Roman society on the island [7]. During Late reconstruction of the much devastated historical landscape.
Antiquity, Christianization began to transform the landscape
with monumental edifices still being discovered [8], while
villas have slowly lost their splendour. Since it was a relatively
isolated entity, it seems that early medieval Slavic migrations
have not jeopardized the island's Latin culture [9]. Instead, a
slow process of social inclusion began, and Rab continued to
live on the former glory of its age-old diocese, participating in
contemporary political and ecclesiastical life on the Eastern
Adriatic. As of the 11th century, the island has embraced an
international Benedictine reform [10], reflected in a new layer
of sacral monuments occupying the territory, paired with the
progress of the medieval commune. In the Central Middle
Ages and its peak in the 13th and 14th century, Rab has
continued to develop, but never changing its original
organization: a single urban centre surrounded by many of the
island's rural settlements. Further processes, as a result of the
general crisis and impoverishment, have not changed the
landscape until the mid-20th century [5].
This geohistorical introduction was needed to illustrate the
archaeological potential of the island. Being continuously
inhabited for more than two millennia, it has preserved
archaeological layers from prehistory to the modern period in
a concentrated micro-topographical area, serving as an
example of how the history of the Eastern Adriatic as a whole
has developed. Another advantage and the reason it was Fig. 1. Example of drastic change in landscape. Spatial Planning Information
chosen as a case study was the model of its development, System, State Geodetic Directorate (SGD) / Ministry of Construction and
Physical Planning. https://ispu.mgipu.hr/
which has not surpassed the Roman situation of a single
urbanised centre dominating the rural landscape. Due to the
underdeveloped agricultural exploitation of the land until the III. NEW METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES
mid-20th century, people have used the island's landscape —
The main question for understanding the potential of
plains, roads and bays — the same way it was used in
digital tools in the research of historical heritage is their
medieval or even Roman times, thus preserving the original
relation to traditional methods, or the idea of what can be
accomplished by using a virtual 3D medium. One of the
misconceptions is that it serves only as another, more efficient
method of documentation of sites and monuments, and that the
only real advantage is related to the technical improvements of
the methods of data acquisition (work speed, improved
precision, much clearer visualization techniques, etc.).
Although such improvements are important, the main goal is
not the objective documentation of heritage — since it already
is a principle of methods based on planar 2D approach — but
the expansion of our possibilities of analysis and interpretation
[11]. In a similar way the introduction of GIS (Geographic
Information System) has significantly altered and improved
the way we document, manage and analyse geographic data
(geodata), digital 3D models have slowly started to influence
our perception of the research of spatial structures [11].
Therefore, a complete shift from analogue to digital has not
occurred when researchers have started to use digital software
in documenting heritage (e.g. CAD — Computer Aided
Design software used to produce plans, since it is still relying
on planar representation of objects). The medium has changed,
but the process and the way of thinking have remained the
same, relying on two-dimensional representation of objects.
The shift has to include a new spatial perception, the one
which includes new methods of three-dimensional data
acquisition, three-dimensional modelling and new methods of
data processing.
The International Research Centre for Late Antiquity and
Middle Ages (IRCLAMA, University of Zagreb) has long ago
recognized the potentials of the implementation of different
technologies in its research of Croatian medieval heritage,
mostly in international cooperation, complementing the
traditional archaeological and art historical methods. The key
moment and the methodological step forward in the research
of medieval heritage was the recognition of the historical
landscape as the starting point and as the main objective of
research, as opposed to the research of individual monuments
outside their spatial context. For a long time now, researchers
in Croatia have been using technologies that enable the
collection of three-dimensional spatial data, such as the total
station with laser technology, but the results are, in most cases,
still limited to 2D representations — ground plans, front and
side elevations and sections, which in a significant way limits
our perception of the real spatial proportions of the monument.
Moreover, this approach significantly limits our possibilities to
both accurately visually reconstruct the monument and
visually reconstruct it in its original surroundings i.e.
landscape. Efforts have been made to develop a different
methodological approach, one which focuses on gathering as
much relevant data about the changes in historical landscape
as possible prior to the actual archaeological research of the
monuments, while relying on contemporary tools and
technologies developed for precise visualization of spaces,
terrain and objects. By trying to reconstruct the changes in the
landscape and the patterns of how the natural terrain has been
exploited throughout the centuries, thus defining the context of
the monuments, the Centre’s team has embraced tools which
would otherwise have been reserved for architects, surveyors,
engineers and IT experts, e.g. GIS software, 3D visualization
of terrain, photogrammetry and 3D modelling of objects,
structures and terrain. As a result, in the last decade, they have
bridged the gap between the usual technological providers and
experts in humanities, evolving from being simply end
consumers to the actors directly involved in the very process
of digitisation from the beginning [12].
The first tool, suited for archaeological research and
implemented with the partners from the University of Padua,
consists of overlapping and cross-referencing various digitized
cartographic sources using GIS software. The method offers a
comparison of geographical data (terrain, vegetation, water)
and man-made objects (buildings, settlements, roads, harbours,
etc.) throughout the last two centuries. Historical maps and
historical cadastral schemes, WWII aerial footage, historic and
modern orthophoto footage and topographic maps are
georeferenced, compared and analysed, resulting in a closed
GIS database which serves as an invaluable source of data on
the changes in the landscape and the spatial context of
historical buildings — their position regarding the terrain,
settlements, communications in space, agricultural and natural
resources, etc. In order to enhance the understanding of the
terrain and to advance from traditional methods of 2D map
data analysis, the team has also started to build DEM (Digital
Elevation Model) out of digitized 2D cartographic sources.
This method offers the opportunity to recreate a more precise
historical spatial and geographical context of monuments, at
least visually, as well as to experiment with new ways of
interpretation of historical landscape (e.g. recreation of visual
communications between strategical points in the landscape).
(Fig. 2) 3D digital models of the monuments acquired by 3D
photogrammetry were paired with the digital models of the
landscape, which has helped to recreate their original spatial
context, at least visually.
The actual innovation in the implementation of these
methods was not the map comparison itself, but the shift
where the spatial context of the monuments, i.e. the landscape,
has become the objective of the research and the outset of the
research process, together with the orientation towards newer
and more comprehensive 3D tools. Only after the extensive
research of the monuments’ spatial context was it possible to
carry on with further research of individual monuments using
traditional archaeological and art historical methods, combined
with the implementation of contemporary methods of transfer
of physical objects and structures into a digital 3D medium.
Fig. 2. General 3D model of the island built from topographic map (scale
1:25000, contour interval 10 meters). View from town’s peninsula towards
Barbat Channel
 A. Methods of 3D Data Acquisition
A number of technological tools which can transfer
physical objects, structures and terrain by various methods of
scanning into digital three-dimensional data have been
developed and perfected relatively recently, opening the
possibility for a wide interdisciplinary application in sciences,
including humanities, art history and archaeology. They offer a
vast range of possibilities for scientific purposes and for the
purposes of presentation of heritage to the general public since
it is a medium that can easily be adjusted according to
individual needs. Depending on the nature of the project, a
virtual 3D model can simultaneously contain complex
specialized data for experts (e.g. precise spatial coordinates,
surface textures, various data on stratigraphic layers, phases of
construction, material information, relation to other
monuments, etc.) and offer transparent visualization which
does not need a complex process of encoding to be understood
by the general public. As opposed to the traditional methods of
documenting heritage which are still being practiced, stored
datasets of precise digital models can always be accessed
again, be fragmented, changed and reassembled without
altering the original model. Even if the preservation of a
physical monument is not possible, 3D models have finally
become precise and versatile enough to sufficiently secure its
existence, at least indirectly through the virtual medium. The
final advantage of using digital 3D models in research of
cultural heritage is the rate of the technological progress itself.
It guarantees further development of software and formats of
output, which are already expanding and will continue to
expand the possibilities of cross-referencing the data, thus
securing the expansion of our existing knowledge.
Various methods of digital 3D data acquisition, here
presented only concisely, have either been tested and
implemented or are planned to be put into action in the near
future by the research team of IRCLAMA. Although widely
used in international science, these methods are yet to be fully
implemented in Croatian archaeology and art history, giving
IRCLAMA's initiative an innovative starting point. 3D
scanning technology can be roughly divided by the basic
principle of acquiring the spatial data which will later be
imported in a 3D graphic software tool. The process of
transformation from real spatial position of objects to digital
data is carried out by a scanner device — radar scanning
device, laser scanning device or digital camera in the case of
3D photogrammetry. Radar scanning devices differ since they
are being used to penetrate through terrain, for example to
establish underground positions of structures before the actual
excavations. Laser scanning relies on the principle of multiple
laser beams which are sent from the device to the object. The
device then calculates the time needed for the beam to return,
establishing extremely precise points positioned in a digital
XYZ coordinate system. Depending on the position of the
laser device, laser scanning can be classified as terrestrial [13]
or airborne (ALS — Airborne Laser Scanning) [12]. LiDAR
(Light Detection and Ranging) technology, also based on a
multiple beam laser device, is currently one of the most
advanced techniques of scanning Earth's surface and one of the
most helpful in the archaeological investigation of the
landscape with the possibility to scan through vegetation
canopy and give a clear Digital Elevation Model (DEM),
cleared out of any modern built objects. The cost of the
technology somewhat limits its wide use. However, the latest
development of LiDAR tools, primarily LiDAR scanners
adjusted for much smaller UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles)
promises its accessibility in the near future [14]. Despite its
obvious advantages, many researchers trade sub-millimetre
laser precision for a cost-efficient photogrammetric 3D
modelling [15]. Digital photogrammetry combines pixels from
multiple digital photos and assesses XYZ positions of points,
which correlate to the dimensions of a real object, creating a
digital 3D model.
A combination of laser technology and photogrammetric
3D modelling was chosen as the most appropriate method and
has been implemented in research projects of IRCLAMA. One
of the most promising results is the outcome of excavations
and in-deep survey of a micro-region around the early
medieval fortified settlement of Guran in Istria (Croatia).
Aside from the excavations of the settlement itself that showed
continuity in the “longue durée”, the excavations of the nearby
cemetery with its church, and a portion of a Roman villa
functioning still in the Middle Ages, a whole network of
Roman and medieval roads, fields and territory organization
was detected, enabling the re-creation of a long lost historical
landscape on a territory of just a few square kilometres [16].
B. Creation of the international Wiki-CARE platform
Having had in mind the necessity of international
dissemination of expert knowledge, together with the new
results obtained through the implementation of new methods
and technologies, IRCLAMA and its international partners
have initiated an international European project — Corpus
Architecturae Religiosae Europeae (IV-X saec.), led by M.
Jurković (IRCLAMA) and G. P. Brogiolo (University of
Padua) [17, 18]. The project aims to offer access to
information about sacral heritage buildings (from almost every
country in Europe) from Late Antiquity and Early Middle
Ages (regardless their current state of preservation, even when
the monument is only mentioned in sources) to any person
from any possible location who is interested in the subject,
using a specific online platform called Wiki-CARE [19, 20]
This platform, launched in 2008 by the French partners in the
project (UMR 6298 ARTEHIS: Archéologie, Terre, Histoire,
Sociétés) [21], and later modified and transformed regarding
the different heritage building requirements in different
countries, is a unique project of this kind being the first step in
completion of virtual musealization and/or digital mapping of
heritage buildings. A huge number of researchers from
different European universities, diverse research institutions
and heritage management institutions are involved in the
project. 1 Various categories of staff are collaborating: field
archaeologists, landscape archaeologists, historians, art
historians, urbanists, restorers, topographers, etc. The idea of
1
Università degli Studi di Padova; Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia
Cristiana, Rome; Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand; CRNS Dijon;
Universitat de Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Service public
de Wallonie (Belgium); Jagiellonian University, Kraków; University of
Chester, UK; University College Cork, Ireland; Academy of Sciences of the
Czech Republic; IRCLAMA, Zagreb University, etc.
digitisation of monuments, its 3D visualisation and Eastern Adriatic coast, strategically positioned in one of the
reconstruction is therefore one of the most important goals of island’s fertile valleys. At the same time an in-deep survey
the CARE project and it certainly represents an excellent basis was conducted on the whole island, by two parallel teams,
for further development of this initiative in Croatia. Since we ours, and the one from the Archaeological Institute in Zagreb
are all aware of the rapid change of the landscape, often [24], the joint results being presented in Fig. 3.
followed by destruction of cultural monuments, this kind of
initiative is helping the experts to transfer and share their Along with these studies, a geological analysis of the
expert knowledge into digital models (such as virtual maps or island has started in 2018, in order to create an
3D models of monuments, sculpture and/or archaeological interdisciplinary basis for further contextualization of different
sondages, digital elevation model DEM) which can be easily historical sites in the landscape. A study of geological maps
cross-referenced. This type of approach is offering a new, has been conducted, providing better understanding of the
virtual life to the cultural heritage, restoring the monuments structures and formations of terrain, along with the preliminary
and their surroundings in the virtual world where we can terrain survey of the monastic complex of St Peter in
create and/or recreate both urban surroundings and historical Supetarska Draga zone, where soil samples have been taken
landscape according to our knowledge. for further geological analysis. The results are to be compared
with the anthropological and carbon-14 dating analysis results
of the medieval burial site in front of the church that are being
studied by the team from Padua University. In addition,
IV. THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE OF THE ISLAND OF RAB — microscopic analysis of historic mortars from all
THE RESULTS OF A CASE STUDY
archaeological sites included in this study has been conducted
Before even starting to implement new technologies, a in collaboration between the Croatian and Italian team. The
research program was set by the International Research Centre results of these analyses are to be published in the upcoming
for Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages from Zagreb monograph of the island. After these extensive surveys and
University and the University of Padua, Italy. The lack of having in mind the transformations of the historical landscape,
previous excavations on the island made us first consider we have started the process of digitisation of the monuments
excavating some of the most important sites, at the same time and the landscape as a whole.
surveying the whole territory. Those traditional methods
eventually resulted with some unexpected outcomes in the few
chosen sites to be excavated. We started (IRCLAMA,
University of Padua and University of Lille 3) with the
peninsula Kaštelina, which was until then regarded as an Early
Byzantine fortress [6]. The goal of this pilot project was to
explore the model of long-life Roman settlements and their
subsequent transformations during the first millennium. In
2009, the magnetic survey and ground penetrating radar
survey have been used, significantly complementing the
preliminary conclusions on the imperial maritime villa. The
collaboration with the University of Padua continued on the
Early Byzantine fortress Saint Cosmas and Damian in Barbat,
where a revision of the layout has been conducted [22].
During the same period, a landscape survey of several
other sites, led to the decision of necessary excavations on a
few other focal points of this case study. The site of St
Lawrence church in Banjol was identified as an example
where the rural landscape was almost completely negated by
human hazards, mainly by uncontrolled new construction. Due
to its importance in the island’s cultural landscape, prompt
reaction in terms of scientific research was of major
importance. A similar example of neglecting the cultural
legacy of the island was identified on another part of the
island, on the site of Gožinka or Ciprijanovo, although the
basic problem was somewhat different. Despite the fact that
the scientific community was familiar with it [23], since it is Fig. 3. Map of the island with marked locations of its historical sites from Pre-
situated in an area that was not yet erased by uncontrolled Roman period to Romanesque
urbanism, this site almost got completely hidden due to natural
hazards, caused by dense vegetation rapidly changing its
immediate surroundings and consequently the landscape itself. A breakthrough came with the EU funding project in 2014:
The next site that was to be studied was the well-known Integrated systems of sources, technologies and methods –
monastic complex with the church of St Peter in Supetarska remote sensing of historical landscape (IntSYSTEM), within
Draga, one of the best preserved 11th century churches on the the Erasmus Lifelong Learning Programme. The programme
was held on Rab, in collaboration with universities from
Zagreb, Padua, Paris-Est Créteil and Blaise Pascal – Clermont-
Ferrand and was aimed at educating students in the new
methodologies of the historical landscape research, using Rab
as a case study.
In spring and autumn of 2015, a workshop and a summer
school for students were held in Padua and on Rab
respectively, following the success of the IntSYSTEM
Programme. One of the major results of the summer school
was the educational mobile application Rab – a Walk through
the Past. The application was a success, being an interesting
and easily accessible way in which different consumers could
acquaint themselves with the cultural heritage of the town of
Rab. Indeed, in order to understand all the transformations of
the historical landscape of the island, it was necessary to
understand the monumental landscape of its only urban centre,
the town of Rab itself, a town mostly marked by its medieval
skyline. As all historical layers before the 11th century have
disappeared, it was necessary to conduct several excavations
in the town and to match the results with those obtained in the
countryside. As it is not the focal point of this paper, we just
give the town map with the results incorporated (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Map of urban development of Rab with 2015–2017 archaeological sites: 1 – Roman domus (1st c.), 2 — Roman mauseoleum.
After N. Budak, “Urban Development of Rab: a Hypothesis”, Hortus Artium Medievalium 12, 2006, pp. 123-135 (edited by authors).
The main goal of the research projects carried out on Rab
was a complete digitisation of the excavated sites. Structures
and archaeological layers were scanned using 3D
photogrammetry and transferred into three-dimensional virtual
data meant for further scientific analysis, virtual reconstruction
and presentation to the public. It is important to emphasize
once again the value of such methods of documentation. Not
only has it sped up the process of data acquisition and
improved the precision of documenting, but it has opened new
possibilities for scientific interpretation, e.g. easier comparison
with other monuments, which has helped to develop new
hypotheses and conclusions, while simultaneously offering
digital material more applicable in visual presentation of the
monuments. The transfer into digital has also secured the
preservation of the structures, objects and monuments, at least
indirectly. In the particular case of local Rab community,
which does not have a central museum institution where the
material could be physically presented, virtual media offers a
useful alternative of presentation.
Thus, two campaigns of archaeological excavations were
carried out by the international Italian-Croatian team on the
site of St Lawrence church in Banjol, which turned out to be a
monumental early Christian church with later construction
phases [25].
Due to its importance in the island’s cultural landscape, it
was extremely important to make a precise documentation of
all the structures and archaeological layers. Terrestrial
photogrammetric 3D digital modelling was chosen as the best
method for documentation and was carried out by the team
from the University of Padua. Spatial coordinates, later paired
with the dense cloud created in the Agisoft Photoscan [26], a
stand-alone software product that performs photogrammetric
processing of digital images and generates 3D spatial data to
be used in GIS applications, from RAW images taken by
DSLR camera, were taken by Leica TS02 total station. A
detailed ground plan of the site has been made in Autodesk
AutoCAD and has been imported in the local cadastral map.
Since the island does not have a centralized museum
institution, it was decided to create detailed digital 3D models
of sculpture found on the site (Fig. 5), as well as a complete
3D virtual reconstruction of the church that would be
presented to the public (Fig. 6).
At the monastic complex and church of St Peter in
Supetarska Draga about 50 digital RAW images were obtained
using the UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), type DJI Phantom
4 (Fig. 7). A consistent light source (in this case, it was the sun
in the afternoon/evening) was essential for the production of a
clean, evenly lit model. Captured images were processed in
Agisoft Photoscan, in order to obtain the following results:
dense point cloud, full meshed model and finally textured
model and orthomosaic exported document — a high-
resolution imagery based on the source photos and
reconstructed model. In order to produce properly scaled,
georeferenced images for GIS and spatial analysis,
professional computer-readable photogrammetry targets for
indicating the location of spatial reference points were
combined with spatial coordinates taken with total station
during the process. This document, together with the manual
notes collected during the excavation allowed us to create a
ground plan of different, previously excavated, archaeological
layers, designed in Autodesk AutoCAD. 3D models of capitals
from the interior of the church were obtained and are to be
included in the digital corpus of Croatian medieval sculpture,
which is in an initial phase but connected to the European
project CARE.
Fig. 5. Left: sculpture fragment found in Banjol, Rab. Right: 3D model created
in Agisoft Photoscan software
Fig. 6. Virtual reconstruction of Early Christian phase of St Lawrence church
in Banjol. Author: J. Behaim
A similar process has been carried out during the
excavations on another site, known as Ciprijanovo, or
Gožinka. The data of ruins of the late antique–early medieval
church, situated on the other part of the island, hidden by the
trees and unreachable by the UAV, had to be obtained only by
DSLR camera, therefore using the terrestrial imaging method.
Since nothing but the apse of the church has remained
preserved (and/or excavated) above the ground level, it was
the only part of the site that was 3D modelled using the
photogrammetry method in order to use it for the conservation
study. Numerous spatial coordinates, following the perimeter
of building walls were taken with total station and combined
with computer-readable photogrammetry targets to create a
ground plan of the entire site. Sculptural fragments found at
the site were documented and image-based 3D models were
created in Agisoft Photoscan software. They are to be included
in the digital corpus of Croatian medieval sculpture as well. In
addition, a digital elevation model (DEM), and eventually a
digital surface model (DSM) of the area of Kampor and
Kalifront, together with nearby bays, based on planar
topography maps (scale 1:25000, contour interval 10 meters)
are currently in the process of creation and are expected to be
finished in due time.
V. CONCLUSION
One of the key aspects of medieval heritage, often
overlooked, is their spatial context, which has to be taken into
consideration. Another achievement has been the result of the
work, which has started from a different perspective, focusing
on a wider spatial context of the monuments. Every historic
building, Rab's monuments being no exception, has been built
in a close and inextricable relationship to its surroundings. The
researchers have implemented various methods of analysis of
the landscape in order to gather as much data as possible on
the geomorphological and topographic context of the
monuments. The first step was the creation of a closed GIS
dataset where historic and contemporary cartographic sources
have been overlapped, including the locations of medieval
monuments together with a number of differentiating
categories. Such an approach offered spatial contextualization
of the existing monuments, but also gave the team an
opportunity to speculate about new potential archaeological
sites. In expectation of a complete LiDAR scanning of the
Croatian territory, which would uncover invaluable data and
speed up the process of digital reconstruction of historical
landscape significantly, our approach seems as a reasonable
alternative and an innovative way in recreating the
development of the historical landscape. Based on the results
obtained through GIS dataset, the second step has been
initiated and is currently in progress. A 3D digital terrain
model of the island will be made and will include all the
models of medieval monuments, which is the first step
towards a complete digital reconstruction of the development
of the historical landscape of Rab.
Fig. 7. Process of image capturing with UAV (Unmanned aerial vehicle),
monastic complex and church of St Peter in Supetarska Draga.
New digital datasets obtained with new technologies are
easily shared since they do not require a tangible medium for
distribution. Nevertheless, all the advantages mean little if the
data remains isolated. That is why IRCLAMA has begun with
the transfer of all the data from the Rab project into the
international WikiBridge platform. The scientifically founded
database will secure proper dissemination of the knowledge
and will help to place the monuments in a wider context. It is
the best example of how digital technology can help in
overcoming modern borders and help to trace back the original
cultural context of the monuments.
Finally, there is no doubt of the usefulness of digital
technologies in archaeology and art history. Digitising of the
monuments and making the data available to the larger public
will be extremely useful for further research in the field,
especially in the field of art history, which, at least in Croatia,
is still largely based on the traditional methodology, even
more than the field of archaeology. Besides its obvious
usefulness in research, the results of the implementation of
digital technologies will also be useful in cultural heritage
education, of not only future experts, but also the wider public,
thus contributing to the tourism potential of the area.
Digitising should not just be an end in itself, but used for well-
determined purposes. Databases of digitised monuments
extracted from their surroundings have a poor value for
scientific research: they might be useful in presentation when
reconstructing a monument for example, or for studying a
single monument. But the enormous potential of digital
technologies is placing the monuments in their historical
context, as we have tried to show on the example of the island
of Rab; in the recreation of long lost historical landscapes, and
not only for scientific purposes, but for intelligent
development planning, in valorising the cultural landscape as
cultural heritage, perhaps even in preventing further
destruction.
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