Heat & Mass Transfer

Unit I

Heat transfer:

When there is a temperature gradient, heat flows from object at higher temperature to
lower temperature in the direction of temperature decrease.

Heat flux:

Amount of heat transfer per unit time per unit area.

Modes of heat transfer:

➢ Conduction
➢ Convection
➢ Radiation

Conduction:

Transfer of heat through fixed material (or) if a temperature gradient exists in a

continuous substance, heat can flow unaccompanied by any observable motion of
matter.

Fourier law:

This law states that the rate of heat flow by conduction in a given direction is
proportional to the area normal to the direction of heat flow and to the temperature
gradient in that direction.

𝐝𝐓
𝐐 = −𝐊𝐀 𝐝𝐱

Where Q = rate of heat flow (Watt)

𝑊
K = proportionality constant or Thermal Conductivity ( 𝑚 𝐾)

A = Area normal to the direction of heat flow (m2)

 𝑑𝑇
= Temperature gradient
𝑑𝑥

T = Temperature (K)

x = Distance (m)

𝑸
q=𝑨

𝑊
Where, q = heat flux (𝑚2)

Q = Rate of heat flow (Watt)

A = Area (m2)

Thermal Conductivity:

Ability of the material to conduct heat.

➢ Solids have higher thermal conductivity than liquids & gases

➢ For smaller range of temperature, K may be considered constant, but for larger
temperature, K can be approximated as:

K = a + bT

K = Empirical Constants

a & b = Temperature

K = Thermal Conductivity

Convection:

Heat transfer between the fluid and solid surface takes place as a consequence of the
motion of the fluid relative to the surface.
Types:

➢ Natural Convection (or) free convection

➢ Forced convection

Fluid Temperature profile:

Consider a heat surface at Tw over which we have fluid flow at Tf.

𝐐
𝐀
= 𝐪 = 𝐡(𝐓𝐰 − 𝐓𝐟 )

𝑊
Where, h = heat transfer co-efficient (𝑚2˚𝐶)

𝑊
q = heat flux (𝑚2)

Tw = Surface temperature

Tf = Fluid temperature

Similarly if heat transfer from hot fluid to cold surface.

Then,

q = h (Tf – Tw)

Heat transfer co-efficient varies with

➢ Type of flow (laminar / turbulent)

➢ Geometry of body / flow passage area
➢ Physical property of the fluid.
➢ Mechanism of heat transfer (Natural / forced)

Natural convection:

➢ It is also known as free convection.

➢ If the fluid motion is set up by buoyancy effects resulting from density difference
caused by temperature difference in the fluid, the heat transfer is said to be free
or natural convection. E.g. A hot plate vertically suspended in stagnant cool air-
heat transfer by natural convection.

Forced convection:

If the fluid motion is artificially induced, say with a pump or fan that forces the fluid
over the surface, the heat transfer is said to be by forced convection.

Radiation:

Transfer of energy through space by electromagnetic waves. E.g. Heat transfer from sun
to earth.

Heat transfer by conduction:

Consider a flat water cooled furnace wall. Initially the wall is at 25˚C, in equilibrium
with cooling water at the same temperature. The temperature distribution in the wall is
represented by line I.
Assume now that one side of the wall is suddenly exposed to furnace gas at 700˚C. The
temperature at the gas side of the wall immediately rises to 700˚C that at the other side
remains at 25˚C.

Heat flow begins and after the elapse of time, temperature distribution can be
represented by a curve II. Temperature (T) depends on both time and location. The
process is called unsteady state conduction.

If the wall is kept in contact with hot gas and cool air for a sufficiently long time, the
temperature distribution shown by line III is obtained and this distribution will remain
unchanged with further elapse of time. Conduction under the condition of constant
temperature distribution is called steady state condition.
Steady state condition:

Consider a flat walled insulated tank contains a refrigerant at -10˚C. While the air
outside the tank is at 28˚C. The temperature falls linearly with distance across the layer
of insulation as heat flows from air to the refrigerant fig(a).

Similarly consider a tank containing boiling water at 100˚C losing heat to air at 20˚C.
Here also temperature profile is linear but flows in the opposition direction. (i.e. from
tank surface to layer of insulation).

The rate of heat flow is found, assuming that K is independent of temperature.

𝒅𝑻
Q = -KA𝒅𝒙
 −𝑄
𝑑𝑇 = dx
𝐾𝐴

Integrating,

T −Q x
∫T 2 dT = KA ∫x 2 dx
1 1

−Q
(T2 – T1) = (x2 − x1 )
KA

Q (T − T )
 = K (x1 − x 2)
A 2 1

Q
−(T2 – T1 ) = (x2 − x1 )
KA

𝑸 (𝑻 − 𝑻 ) ∆𝑻
 = 𝑲 𝟏 𝟐
=K
𝑨 (𝒙 − 𝒙 ) 𝟐 𝟏 𝑩

Where,

x2 – x1 = B = Thickness of length of insulation

T2 – T1 = 𝛥T = Temperature drop across layer.

When thermal conductivity ‘K’ varies linearly with temperature, the above equation can
̅ for K.
still be used by taking an average value 𝐾

Q ∆T
̅
=K
A B

Q ∆T Q B
= (or) ∆T = . K̅
A R A

Where,

𝐵
R = 𝐾̅ is the thermal resistance of the solid.

The reciprocal of resistance is a heat transfer co-efficient h.

̅
𝑲
h=𝑩
R & h depends on the dimensions of the solid as well as on the thermal conductivity
‘K’ which is a property of the material.

Compound resistance in series:

Consider a flat wall constructed of a series of layers. Let the thickness of the layers be
BA, BB, & BC and the average conductivities of the materials of which the layers are
made be ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝐴 , 𝐾 ̅̅̅̅
𝐵 , 𝐾𝐶 respectively. Let the area of the compound wall at right angles to

the plane of illustration be ‘A’. Let 𝛥TA, 𝛥TB, 𝛥TC be the temperature drops across
layers A, B, & C respectively.

Three layers are in excellent thermal contact, so that no temperature difference

exists across the interface between the layers. 𝛥T is the total temperature drop across
the entire wall.

𝛥T = 𝛥TA + TB + 𝛥TC

QA BA QB BB QC BC
𝛥TA = ̅̅̅̅ ; 𝛥TB = ̅̅̅̅ ; 𝛥TC = ̅̅̅̅ ;
KA A K BA K CA

QA BA QB BB QC BC
𝛥T = ̅̅̅̅ + ̅̅̅̅ + ̅̅̅̅
K AA K BA K CA

𝛥T = 𝛥TA + TB + 𝛥TC
Since in steady heat flow QA, QB, &QC are equal and all can be denoted by Q.

Q ∆T ∆T
= BA B B BC =R
A + A + RB + RC
̅
KA K̅ B+ K
̅C

𝐐 ∆𝐓
=
𝐀 𝐑
Where, R = overall resistance

RA, RB & RC = Resistance of individual layers.

The rate of flow of heat through several resistances in series clearly is analogous to the
current flowing through several electrical resistances in series.

In an electric circuit the potential drop over any one of several resistances is to the total
potential drop in the circuit as the individual resistances are to the total resistance.

In the same way, the potential drops in a thermal circuit, which are the temperature
differences are to the total temperature drop as the individual thermal resistances are to
the total thermal resistance. This can be expressed mathematically as;

∆𝑇 ∆𝑇𝐴 ∆𝑇𝐵 ∆𝑇𝐶

= = =
𝑅 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐶

Heat flow through a cylinder:

Consider the hollow cylinder whose inside radius of the cylinder is ‘ri’, outside radius
is ‘r0’ and the length of the cylinder is ‘L’. The thermal conductivity of the material of
the cylinder is ‘K’. The temperature of the outside surface is ‘T0’ and that of the inside
surface is ‘Ti’.
Consider a very thin cylinder, concentric with the main cylinder of radius ‘r’, where ‘r’
is between ‘ri’, ‘r0’. Thickness of the wall of the cylinder is ‘dr’.

𝒅𝑻
Q = −𝒌𝑨 𝒅𝒓

dT
Q = −k2πrL dr

𝐝𝐫 −𝟐𝛑𝐋𝐤
= 𝐝𝐓
𝐫 𝐐

Integrating on both sides:

r0 dr −2πLk 0 T
∫r = ∫T dT
i r Q i

r0 dr 2πLk T
∫r r
= Q
∫T0i dT
i

2πLk
ln r0 – ln ri = (Ti − T0 )
Q

2πLk(Ti − T0 )
Q= r → (1)
ln( r0 )
i

̅̅̅̅̅
kA L
Q=r (Ti − T0 ) → (2)
0− ri

Equating equation (1) and (2)

2πLk(Ti − T0 ) ̅̅̅̅̅
kA L
r = (Ti − T0 )
ln( 0 ) r0− ri
ri

2πL (r0− ri )
Thus, ̅̅
A̅̅L = r
ln( r0 )
i

(r0− ri )
Where, r̅L = r
= logarithmic mean radius
ln( r0 )
i
Compound Resistance in series:

Consider a cylinder of outer radius ‘r’, being insulated by two layers of insulation of
thickness (r2 – r1) & (r3 – r2) respectively.

̅̅̅̅
kA L ∆T ∆T
In general Q = = x
x ̅̅̅̅̅
kA L

Where, 𝛥T = Temperature drop

x = Thickness

̅̅̅𝐿 = Area of cylinder of length L & radius r̅L

𝐴

Q = Heat flow rate.

∆𝑇
For concentric cylinder Q =∑ 𝑥
̅̅̅̅
𝑘𝐴𝐿

For two layers of insulation;

∆𝑇
Q = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 𝑟3 − 𝑟2
̅̅̅̅̅̅ + ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑘1𝐴𝐿 𝑘2𝐴 𝐿2
1

Where, k1, k2 = Thermal conductivity of two layers of insulation.

(𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )
̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐿1 = 2𝜋𝑟̅̅̅̅𝐿
𝐿1 = 2𝜋𝐿 𝑟2
𝑙𝑛( )
𝑟1

(𝑟3 − 𝑟2 )
̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐿2 = 2𝜋𝑟̅̅̅̅𝐿
𝐿2 = 2𝜋𝐿 𝑟3
𝑙𝑛(𝑟 )
2

∆𝑇
Q= (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 ) (𝑟3 − 𝑟2 )
+
2𝜋𝐿𝑘1 ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑟𝐿 2𝜋𝐿𝑘2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑟𝐿
1 2
 2𝜋𝐿∆𝑇
Q=
(𝑟2 − 𝑟1 ) (𝑟3 − 𝑟2 )
(𝑟2 − 𝑟1 ) + (𝑟 − 𝑟 )
𝑘1 𝑟2 𝑘2 3 𝑟 2
𝑙𝑛(𝑟 ) 𝑙𝑛( 3 )
( 1 ) ( 𝑟2 )

𝟐𝝅𝑳∆𝑻
Q= 𝒓 𝒓
𝒍𝒏(𝒓𝟐 ) 𝒍𝒏(𝒓𝟑 )
( 𝒌 𝟏 )+( 𝒌 𝟐 )
𝟏 𝟐

Condensation:

If vapour strikes a surface that is at a temperature below the corresponding saturation

temperature, vapour will immediately condense into the liquid.

Types:

▪ Filmwise condensation
▪ Dropwise condensation

Filmwise condensation:

If condensation takes place continuously over the surface which is kept cooled by some
cooling process and the condensed liquid is removed from the surface by the motion
resulting from gravity. Then the condensing surface is usually covered with a thin layer
of liquid and the situation is known as Filmwise condensation.

Dropwise condensation:

If traces of oil are present during the condensation of steam on a highly polished surface,
film of condensate is broken into droplets, and then it is called Dropwise condensation.

Dropwise condensation is obtainable only when the cooling surface is not wetted by the
liquid.
Since the entire condensing surface is not covered with a continuous layer of liquid film,
the heat transfer for ideal Dropwise condensation of steam is much higher than that for
filmwise condensation (i.e.) offers less resistance to heat flow.

Boiling:

When a liquid is in contact with a surface maintained at a temperature above the

saturation temperature of the liquid, boiling occurs.

Pool boiling of saturated liquid:

When boiling is accomplished by a hot immersed surface, the temperature of the mass
of the liquid is the same as the boiling point of the liquid under the pressure existing in
the equipment. Bubbles of vapour are generated at the heating surface, rise through the
mass of the liquid, and disengage from the surface of the liquid. Vapour accumulates in
a vapour space over the liquid; a vapour outlet from the vapor space removes the vapour
as fast as it is formed. This type of boiling is described as pool boiling of saturated
liquid.

When a liquid is boiled under natural circulation inside a vertical tube, relative cool
liquid enters the bottom of the tube and is heated as it flows upward at a low velocity.
The liquid temperature rises to the boiling point under the pressure prevailing at that
particular level in the tube. Vaporization begins, and the upward velocity of the two
phase liquid vapor mixture increase enormously. Liquid and vapour emerge from the
top of the tubes at very high velocity.

With forced circulation through horizontal or vertical tubes the liquid may also enter at
a fairly low temperature and be heated to its boiling point, changing into vapour near
the discharge end of the tube.

Natural and forced circulation boilers are called “Calandrias”

Sub cooled Boiling:

In some types of forced circulation equipment, the temperature of the mass of the liquid
is below that of its boiling point. But the temperature of the heating surface is
considerably above the boiling point of the liquid. Bubbles, form on heating surface but
on release from the surface are absorbed by the mass of the liquid. This type of boiling
is called sub cooled boiling.

Heat flux vs. temperature drop:

Consider the immersion of an electric resistance wire into a body of saturated water and
boiling on the surface of the wire initiated by passing current through it. This boiling
curve illustrates the variation of the heat transfer coefficient or the beat flux as a function
of temperature difference between the wire and water saturation temperature.

Natural convection (AB):

The energy transfer from the heater surface to the saturated liquid takes place by free or
natural convection. The surface is only a few degrees above the saturation temperature
of the liquid, but the free convection currents produced in the liquid are sufficient to
remove heat from the surface.

Nucleate boiling (BC):

During nucleate boiling, the bubbles occupy but only a small portion of the heating
surface at a time and most of the surface is in direct contact with liquid. The bubbles
are generated at localized active sites. Usually small pits or scratches on the heating
surface. As temperature drop is increased more sites become active improving the
agitation of the liquid and increasing the heat flux and the heat transfer co-efficient.

The heat flux increases rapidly with increasing temperature difference until the peak
heat flux. The temperature drop corresponding to point ‘C’ is called “critical
temperature drop” and the flux at point ‘c’ is called “peak flux” (or) “burn out
point” (or) “critical heat flux” (CHF) (or) departure from nucleate boiling (DNB)

Transition boiling (CD):

After the peak heat flux is reached any further increase in temperature difference cause
a reduction in the heat flux. This is due to the blanketing of the heater surface, with a
vapour film which restricts liquid flow to the surface. The vapour film is unstable
because miniature explosions send jets of vapour away from the heating element into
the bulk of the liquid.

Heat flux and heat transfer co-efficient both falls as the temperature drop is raised.

Film billing: (DE):

The hot surface becomes covered with a vapour film through which heat is transferred
by conduction and at very high temperature drops by radiation. Random explosions
replaced by slow and orderly formation of bubbles at the interface and rise through the
liquid. As temperature increases, heat flux rises slowly at first and then more rapidly by
radiation.

Problems:

1. Determine heat flux (q) and heat transfer rate (Q) across an iron plate
𝑾
with area A = 0.5 m2 and thickness L = 0.02m (k = 70 𝒎℃ ) when one

of its surface is maintained at T1 = 60℃ and the other at T2 = 20℃.

Data given:

A = 0.5m2
 L = 0.2 m

𝑊
K = 70
𝑚℃

T1 = 60℃

T2 = 20℃

Solution :

−𝑘𝐴∆𝑇
Q= 𝐿

−70 x 0.5 x (T1 − T2 )

Q= 0.2

−70 x 0.5 x (20− 60)

Q= 0.2

Q = 70kW

2. The heat flow rate through a wood board B = 2 cm thick, for a temperature
𝑾
difference of T = 25C between two surface is 150 . Calculate thermal
𝒎𝟐

conductivity of wood.

Data given:

Thickness B = 2 cm = 0.02m

∆𝑇 = 25℃

𝑄 𝑊
q= = 150
𝐴 𝑚2

𝑘𝐴∆𝑇
Q= 𝐵

𝑄 𝑘∆𝑇
𝐴
= 𝐵
 𝑘∆𝑇
150 = 𝐵

150 x 0.02
k= 25

𝑾
Thermal conductivity = k = 0.12 𝒎℃

3. An electrically heated plate dissipates heat by convection at a rate of q =

𝑾
8000 𝒎𝟐 into the ambient air at 𝑻𝒇 = 𝟐𝟓℃. If the surface of the hot plate is at

𝑻𝒘 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓℃. Calculate the heat transfer co-efficient for convection between

the plate and the air.

Data given:

𝑊
q= 8000 𝑚2

𝑇𝑓 = 25℃

𝑇𝑤 = 125℃

Solution:

q = h (𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑓 )

8000 = h (125 – 25)

8000
h = 125−25 = 80

𝑾
h = 80 𝒎𝟐℃

4. Hot air at 𝑻𝒇 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎℃ flows over a flat plate maintained at 𝑻𝒘 = 𝟓𝟎℃.

𝑾
The forced convection heat transfer co-efficient is h = 75𝒎𝟐 ℃ . Calculate the

heat transfer rate into the plate through an area A = 2 m 2.

Data given:
 𝑇𝑓 = 150℃

𝑇𝑤 = 50℃

𝑾
h = 75𝒎𝟐 ℃

A = 2 m2

Solution:

Q = hA (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑤 )

Q = 75 x (150 – 50) x 2

Q = 15000 W (or) 15 kW

Heat transfer rate = 15 kW

5. A layer of pulverized cork 6” (152 mm) thick is used as a layer of thermal

insulation in a flat wall. The temperature of the cold side of the cork is 40℉
(4.4℃) and that of the warm side is 180 ℉ (𝟖𝟐. 𝟐℃). Thermal conductivity
𝑩𝑻𝑼 𝑾
of the cork at 32℉ (𝟎℃) is 0.021 𝒉𝒓 𝒇𝒕 ℉ (0.036 𝒎℃) and that at 200 ℉ (93.3℃)

is 0.032 (0.055). The area of the wall is 25 ft 2 (2.32m2). What is the rate of
heat flow through the wall in BTU per hour (watt)?

Data given:

A = 25 ft2 = 2.32 m2

T = 180 – 40 = 140℉ (or) T = 82.2 – 4.4 = 77.8 ℃

B = 6” = 6/12 = 0.5 ft = 0.1524 m

40 + 180
Average temperature = = 110℉ (43.3℃)
2

Using linear function at 110℉

 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑾
𝑘̅ = 0.026 ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 ℉ (0.045 𝒎℃)

Solution:

̅ 𝐴∆𝑇
𝑘
q= 𝐵

0.026 x 25 x 140 BTU

= = 182
0.5 hr

BTU
q = 182 hr

(or)

0.045 x 2.32 x 77.8

q= 0.1524

𝑾
q = 53.29 𝒎℃

6. A flat furnace wall is constructed of a 4.5” (114mm) layer of sil – o – cel brick,
𝑩𝑻𝑼 𝑾
with a thermal conductivity of 0.08 (0.138 ) backed by a 9” (229 mm)
𝒉𝒓 𝒇𝒕 ℉ 𝒎℃
𝑩𝑻𝑼 𝑾
layer of common brick of conductivity 0.8 𝒉𝒓 𝒇𝒕 ℉ (1.38 𝒎℃). The temperature of the

inner face of the wall is 1400℉ (760℃) & that of the outer face is 170℉ (76.6℃).

a) What is the heat loss through the wall?

b) What is the temperature of the interface between the refractory brick
and the common brick?
c) Supposing that the contact between the two brick layer is poor and that
℉ 𝒉𝒓 𝒇𝒕𝟐 ℃ 𝒎𝟐
a contact resistance of 0.5 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟖 ) is present. What would
𝑩𝑻𝑼 𝑾

be the heat loss?

Solution:

4.5
Thickness of sil – o – cel (BA) = 4.5” = = 0.375′
12
 𝐵𝑇𝑈
Thermal conductivity of sil – o – cell (kA) = 0.08ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 ℉

9
Thickness of common brick (BB) = 9” = 12 = 0.75′

𝐵𝑇𝑈
Thermal conductivity of common brick (kB) = 0.8ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 ℉

T1 = 1400℉

T2 = 170℉

Consider A = 1 ft2

Thermal resistance of sil – o – cel layer is

𝐵𝐴 0.375
𝑅𝐴 = = = 4.687
𝑘 0.08

Thermal resistance of common brick is;

0.75
𝑅𝐵 = = 0.938
0.8

Total resistance = R = RA + RB

= 4.687 + 0.938

℉ 𝒉𝒓 𝒇𝒕𝟐
R = 5.625 𝑩𝑻𝑼

Overall temperature drop is 𝛥T = 1400 – 170 = 1230 ℉

∆T 1230 BTU
Q= R
= 5.625
= 219 hr

𝐵𝑇𝑈
Q = 219 ℎ𝑟

∆T ∆TA
b) =
R RA

∆T
∆TA = x RA
R
 1230
= 5.625 x 4.687

∆𝐓𝐀 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟓℉

 Temperature at the interface is: 1400 – 1025 = 375 ℉

c) Total resistance including contact resistance

R = 5.625 + 0.5 = 6.125

The heat loss from 1 ft2 is

∆T 1230 BTU
Q= = = 201
R 6.125 hr

7. A tube of 60 mm (2.36”) outer diameter is insulated with a 50 mm (1.97”)

𝑾 𝑩𝑻𝑼
layer of silica foam for which the conductivity is 0.055 ( 0.032 )
𝒎℃ 𝒉𝒓 𝒇𝒕 ℉
𝑾
followed with a 40 mm (1.57”) layer of cork with a conductivity of 0.05 𝒎℃
𝑩𝑻𝑼
(0.03𝒉𝒓 𝒇𝒕 ℉). If the temperature of the outer surface of the pipe is 150℃

(302℉) and the outer surface of the cork is 30℃ (86℉). Calculate the heat
𝑾
loss in 𝒎 of pipe.

Solution:

Data given:

r1 = 30mm = 0.03m

r2 = 30 + 50 = 80 mm = 0.08 m

r3 = 80 + 40 = 120 mm = 0.12 m

Ti = 150℃

To = 30℃

𝑾
kA = 0.055𝒎℃
 𝑾
kB = 0.05 𝒎℃

Formula:

2πL∆T
𝑄= r r
ln( 2 ) ln( 3 )
r1 r
( k )+( k 2 )
A B

Q 2π (150−30)
= 0.08 0.12
L ln(
0.03
) ln (
0.08
)
+
0.055 0.05

Q 2π x 120
=
L 17.83 + 8.109

𝐐 𝑾
= 𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟏
𝐋 𝒎

8. A long insulation of hollow cylindrical shape has 10 cm inner diameter and

𝑾
16 cm outer diameter. The conductivity of the material is 0.15 . The inner
𝒎𝑲

surface is at 0˚C and outer surface is 30˚C. Determine the heat flow per 4m
length. Calculate the temperature gradient based on inner & outer surface.

Solution:

Data given:

r1 = 5 cm = 0.05m

16
r2 = 2 = 8 cm = 0.08m

Ti = 0℃ = 273 𝐾

To = 30℃ = 303 K

L=4m
 𝑾
K = 0.15 𝒎𝑲

Formula:

Rate of heat flow Q:

2πLk(Ti − T0 )
Q= r
ln( 2 )
r1

2 π x 4 x 0.15 x (30−0)
Q= 0.08
ln( )
0.05

Q = 240.63 W

Temperature gradient based on inner surface:

dt
Q = −kAi dxi

Ai = 2πriL

= 2π x 0.05 x 4

= 1.256 m2

dti 𝑄
=
dx kAi

240.631 𝑘
= 0.15 𝑥 1.256 = 1277.2 𝑚

dti 𝑘
dx
= 1277.2 𝑚

Temperature gradient based on outer surface:

𝑑𝑇
Q = kA0 𝑑𝑥0

dT0 Q Q 240.631
= = =
dx kA0 k x 2πr0 L 0.15 x 2π x 0.08 x 4
 𝐝𝐓𝟎
= 𝟕𝟗𝟕. 𝟖𝟔 𝒎𝒌
𝐝𝐱

9. A pipe of 6.5 cm outside diameter is ragged with a 5 cm layer of asbestos

(conductivity = 0.12) and a 4 cm lay6er of cork (conductivity = 0.03). If the
temperature of outer surface of the pipe is 150˚C and the temperature of
outer surface of the cork is 35˚C. Calculate the heat loss in calories per hour
per meter.

Solution:

r1 = 6.5 / 2 = 3.25 cm = 0.0325 m

r2 = 3.25 + 5 8.25 cm = 0.0825 m

r3 = 8.25 + 4 = 12.25 cm = 0.1225 m

𝑘 𝑐𝑎𝑙
k1 = 0.12ℎ𝑟 𝑚 ℃

𝑘 𝑐𝑎𝑙
k2 = 0.03 ℎ𝑟 𝑚 ℃

T1 = 150 ℃

T2 = 35℃

𝑄 2π∆T
= r r
𝐿 ln(r2 ) ln(r3 )
( k 1 )+( k 2 )
1 2

Q 2π (150−35)
= 0.0825 0.1225
L ln(0.0325) ln (0.0825)
+
0.12 0.03

𝐐 𝐤 𝐜𝐚𝐥
= 𝟑𝟒. 𝟓𝟏𝟏
𝐋 𝐡𝐫 𝐦