Transformer (Basic)

Stream / Branch of Engineering :- Electrical Engineering
Subject :- Electrical Machines

Topic:- Single Phase Transformer
Note:- If not mentioned in the question, question belongs to topic - Single Phase Transformer,
otherwise topic is mentioned in the question itself
Numbering of questions is corresponding to the selection of some questions from my
personal question bank , therefore are NOT from 1 to 55
Transformer (Basic)
Q2. (Done)
Sub Topic Difficulty Level Source Time to solve (sec)
Principle of Transformer Action 2 Book (EM PSB) 90
For the circuit shown as in the figure, the turns ratio from Primary to secondary for maximum
power transfer shall be _ _ _ _ :1.
(a) 2 (b) 2.5 (c) 3.8 (d) Can not be determined

Ans:- (b) Range is 2.4 to 2.6
Solution: -
For maximum power transfer, source and load impedance should be conjugate to each other.
Accordingly, real part resistance of both source and load shall be equal. Therefore,
N1 2
R [20∠ 60 °] = ( )
N2
∗R ¿ ]
N1 2 N1 2
R [10 + j17.32] =
N2 ( )
∗R ¿ ] =>10 = ( )
N2
∗1.6
N 1 2 10 N
( )
N2
=
1.6
=6.25 => 1 =2.5
N2
Q5. (Done)
Losses and Efficiency 2 Book (EM PSB) 120
A single phase transformer has eddy current loss of 100W and hysteresis of 120W. For the same
supply voltage, if both lamination thickness and operating frequency are reduced by 10%, new
value of core loss shall be..............watt. (Take Steinmetz constant = 2.)
(a) 214.33 (b) 187.22 (c) 198 (d) 200.45

Ans:- (a), Range 214.0 to 214.5
Solution: - Pc =k h V x f 1−x +k e V 2 t 2 (core loss) =(Hysteresis loss)+(Eddy current loss)

where V and f =>supply voltage and frequency, k h&k e=> constants, x =>Steinmetz constant
New Hysteresis loss = 120∗( 0.90 )1−2=133.33New Eddy Current Loss = 100∗( 0.9 )2=81.00 So
total core loss (new) = 133.33 + 81 = 214.33 watt
Q6. (Done)
For a 2000/200V, 20KVA, 1-φ transformer, the load current at which maximum efficiency
occurs is 90A. Its equivalent resistance is 0.015pu. Then its half rated load efficiency at 0.8 pf
shall be _ _ %.
(a) 96.17 (b) 98.05 (c) 86,46 (d) 93.49

Ans:- (a)
Range 96.0 to 96.30, Solution: -
20000 20000
Rated current of HV & LV sides are =10 A & =100 A respectively. Therefore 90A
2000 200
90
current belongs to secondary winding. So pu current at ηmax = =0.9 pupu cu loss at
100
ηmax =( I 2 pu ) 2 ( r e 2 pu ) = ( 0.9 )2∗0.015 = 0.01215pu
As core loss = cu loss at ηmax , therefore core loss = 0.01215pu

output ( HflKVA∗powerfactor)inpu
ηh alfload∧ pf =0.8 = ¿
output+losses ( Hfl KVA∗Powerfactor ¿inpu ) + ( culossat h flinpu )+ ( Ironlossinpu )
1
∗0.8
2
= = 96.177%
1
( 2 )
∗0.8 + ( 0.52∗0.015 ) + ( 0.01215 )
Q14.(Done)
Parallel Operation 1 Book (EM PSB) 45
Two number, two windings transformers having KVA ratings as 100KVA, and 50KVA with
equal voltage ratios are working in parallel. If leakage impedance of first transformer is 0.02 pu,
then the pu leakage impedance of second transformer on its own base so that load is shared by
these transformers in proportion to their KVA ratings shall be _ _ _ _ _ pu.
(a) 0.04 (b) 0.01 (c) 0.02 (d) 2
Ans:- (c) , Range 0.02 to 0.02

Solution: - To meet the required condition of sharing of load in proportion to their KVA rating,
pu leakage impedance of transformers on their own base should be equal. Accordingly, pu
impedance of 2nd transformer should be equal to 2% on its own base.
Q23. (Done)
A, B & C are three windings of a transformer having 200, 100 and 60 turns. When a voltage of
100V is applied across A, then voltage of terminal ‘x’ w.r.t ‘y’ as shown in the figure shall be_ _
(a) 80 (b) -80 (c) -20 (d) 20
Ans:- (d), Range 20 to 20
Solution: -
To find out voltage across xy, it is necessary to find out the instantaneous polarities and value of
voltage induced across each winding.
Polarity making: -If terminal a is marked +ve in the A winding, then current enters at a, flux
developed due to this current shall be Clockwise as per Right hand thumb rule.
To counter this flux due to current in the ‘A’ winding, NOTIONAL direction of current in
winding ‘B’ shall be from z to x and current in winding ‘C’ shall be from w to y. These
NOTIONAL direction of currents shall develop flux in the anti-clockwise. As current in winding
‘B’ leaves at terminal x and in the winding ‘C’ leaves at terminal y, So they are marked +ve w.r.t
their other terminals.
Amplitude of induced voltage: -
100 60
Across windingB= ∗100=50 V , Across windingC= ∗100=30V Voltage Vxy: -Now, if
200 200
we traverse from terminal y to x (ywzx) then voltage Vxy is
V xy=−30+50=20 V
Q25. (Done)
In a test for determination of losses of a 440V, 50Hz transformer, the total iron losses were found
to be 2500 watts at normal voltage & frequency. When the applied voltage and frequency were
220V and 25Hz, the iron losses were found to be 850 watts. Then Hysteresis losses at normal
voltage and frequency shall be _ _ _ watt.
(a) 1000 (b) 800 (c) 900 (d) 850

Ans:- (c), Range 900 to 900
Solution: -
( Pc ) TotalIronLoss=Ph ( HysteresisLoss ) + Pe ( EddyCurrentLoss) -- (At normal voltage&

frequency)
Pc =k h V x f 1−x +k e V 2 ---------- (1)
At normal frequency & voltage, Pc = 2500W,
So 2500=P h+ P e ------------ (2)
1 x 1 1−x 1 x+1−x
Ph 1 2 Pe
Sonew Ph =Ph1=Ph∗ ()
2
∗( ) =Ph∗
2 2 () =
2
New P e =Pe1 =P e∗
2()=
4
Ph Pe
So 850= + -------------- (3)
2 4
Ph Pe
1250= + -----------(2)
2 2
−Pe
=>−400= =¿ P e=1600 watt, Putting this value of Pe in (2)
4
2500=P h+ 1600=¿ Ph=900 watt
Q29. (Done)
Voltage Regulation 2 Book (EM PSB) 120
A 200 KVA, 1-φ transformer has full load Cu loss of 800W and the leakage reactance is 0.032
pu. Then pu voltage regulation of transformer at 0.7 pu load at power factor 0.6 leading shall be
_ _ _ _ _ per unit.
(a) -0.0151 (b) -0.0162 (c) -0.0171 (d) -0.0181

Ans:- (b), Range -0.0161 to -0.0164
E2−V 2 I 2 r e2 cos θ2−I 2 x e2 sin θ2
Solution: - puvoltageregulationatleadingpu= =
E2 E2
If I 2=x I fullload =x I fl [x => Percentage of full load], E2 is rated voltage
So puvoltageregulation
x I fl r e2 cos θ2−x I fl x e2 sinθ 2 I r I x

¿
E2 [( ) ( ) ]
¿ x fl e2 cos θ2− fl e2 sin θ2 ¿ x [ r epu cos θ 2−x e2 sin θ2 ]
E2 E2
r e2 (actual ) I fl r e 2( actual ) I 2fl r e 2 (actual ) FullloadCuloss 800

r epu = = = = r epu = =0.004 So putting values
( E2|I fl ) E2 E 2 I fl RatedVA 200∗1000
of x = 0.7, r epu =0.004 , x epu=0.032

cos θ 2=0.6 and sin θ2=0.8
puVR=0.7 [0.004∗0.6−0.032∗0.8] = -0.01624
Q37. (Done)
Equivalent Circuit 1 Book (EM PSB) 60
A 100 KVA, 1000/400V, 1-φ transformer, when excited at rated voltage on hv side, draws a no
load current of 3.0A at 0.5 lagging pf. If it is excited from the lv side at rated voltage, the no load
current, power factor and power input shall be
(a) 1.2 Ampere, 0.2 lagging, 96 watt

(b) 1.2 Ampere, 0.5 lagging, 240 watt
(c) 7.5 Ampere, 0.2 lagging, 600 watt
(d) 7.5 Ampere, 0.5 lagging, 1500 watt
Ans:(d), Range 0 to 0
Solution: -
3.0∗Turns at hv side 3∗1000

(i) I at lv side= = =7.5 Amp(ii) At no load, effect of leakage
turns at lv side 400
reactance shall be negligible. Therefore power factor shall be same both the sides i.e. 0.5 lag
(iii) power input shall be same irrespective of hv or lv side. Therefore

powerinput=VI cos θ ( At hv side )=1000∗3∗0.5=1500 watt
Q38.(Done)
A 50 KVA, 6600/230V, 1-φ transformer has hv and lv winding resistances of 7Ω and 0.008Ω
respectively. With lv winding open, a current of 0.3A at a pf of 0.3 lagging is recorded on hv
side at rated voltage. Then to get maximum efficiency, load current shall be _ _ _ _ _ _ Ampere
at the primary side.
(a) 189.7 (b) 43.7 (c) 5.69 (d) 6.61

Ans:- (d), Range 6.58 to 6.65
Solution: -
During open circuit, power drawn is approximately equal to iron loss (if rated voltage is being
applied). So Iron Loss Pc is Pc =6600∗0.3∗0.3=594 watt
6600 2
Equivalent resistance at hv side=7 + ( 0.008 )∗ ( 230 )
=13.58 ΩAt maximum efficiency, Cu loss =
Iron Loss
So Culoss=I 2∗13.58=594
594
=> I =
√ 13.58
=6.61 Ampere
Q40.(done)
Topic :- Three Phase Transformer

Type and Construction of Three Phase Transformers 2 Book (GTEM PSB) 120
A 50Hz, 3-φ, Core type Y /∆ transformer of rating 11KV/440V has square core section core with
a circumscribing circle of 0.4m diameter. Then the number of turns per phase on high voltage
winding shall be _ _ _ _ _. Maximum flux density is 1.25T and insulator occupies 10% of the
core area.
(a) 318 (b) 551 (c) 286 (d) 496

Ans:- (a), Range 317 to 318
Solution: -
In the adjacent figure, a circle of dia (0.4m = b) is shown circumscribing the square of side a.
Then from right angled triangle opq
2
a b 0.4 0.4
pq= = cos 45° =¿ a=b cos 45 °=
2 2 √2
, So area of square ¿
√2 ( )
As 10% area is used in insulation. Therefore available net cross sectional area of core is
0.4 2
¿ ( )
√2
∗0.9=0.072 m2=A i
emf per turn per p h ase=√ 2 π Bm A i f =4.44∗1.25∗0.072∗50=20.
11000
Per phase voltage in the high voltage winding is
√3
11000
So number turns per phase in the winding is =317.5 ≅ 318
√ 3∗20
Q41. (Done)
Principle of Transformer Action 2 Amit K Jain 75
Three cores made up of iron(Fe), aluminium(Al) and wood(Wd) have the same dimensions and
are wound with the same number of turns. If these cores are fed from the same voltage at a fixed
frequency, then corresponding to the amplitude of flux produced in the cores, mark the right
option.
(a) ϕ fe >ϕ Al> ϕwd

(b)ϕ fe <ϕ Al < ϕwd
(c) ϕ Al> ϕfe > ϕwd
(d) ϕ Al=ϕ fe=ϕ wd
Ans:(d) Range 0 to 0
Solution: -
Applied Voltage
Max induced flux=
√ 2 πfNA
As applied voltage, source frequency, number of turns in the winding and cross sectional are of
the core are same. Therefore induced flux shall be same in all the cores.
Q44. (Done)
Losses and Efficiency 2 Amit K Jain 90
Three cores made up of iron(Fe), aluminium(Al) and wood(Wd) have the same dimensions and
are wound with the same number of turns. If these cores are fed from same voltage at a fixed
frequency, then corresponding to amplitude of eddy current loss (P e) in the cores, mark the right
option.
(a) ( Pe ) Al < ( Pe )Fe < ( Pe )wd

(b) ( Pe ) Al >( Pe )Fe >( Pe )wd
(c) ( Pe ) Fe <(Pe ) Al <( Pe )wd
(d) ( Pe ) Fe >(Pe ) Al >( Pe )wd
Ans: (b) Range 0 to 0
Solution: -
In addition to windings, emf is also induced in the transformer cores. This emf cause
development of circulating currents which are called eddy current and loss caused by them (i 2r)
is called eddy current loss. For the applied voltage being same across all the transformers,
induced emf shall also be almost same in all cores.
V2
Therefore eddy current loss ( ) shall be inversely proportional to resistance of the core
R
material. For the given core dimensions, resistance of core shall be directly proportional to
resistivity of core material. As resistivity of Al, Fe and Wd are in increasing order, so eddy
current loss shall be opposite to this order.
Q47.(Done)
A 1-ϕ transformer is designed to operate at rated voltage and frequency as 230V & 50Hz
respectively. If its primary voltage is increased by 10% at no load, then match the change in
various operating components as mentioned below: -
Operating components Change
(list -1) (list - 2)
i Operating maximum flux of the core(ϕ m ¿ p Increases
ii Exciting current (i e) q Reduces

iii Core Loss r Remains Same
iv Operating power factor
v Effect of third harmonics in the exciting
current
(a) i-p, ii-q, iii-q, iv-r, v-r

(b) i-p, ii-p, iii-p, iv-q, v-p
(c) i-q, ii-q, iii-q, iv-r, v-p
(d) i-q, ii-p, iii-p, iv-q, v-r
Ans: (b) Range 0 to 0
Solution: -
ϕ m :−¿ As V ∝ϕ m f ; V being increased and f is constant, therefore ϕ mwill also increase.

i e:-As component of shunt branch are same, but applied voltage is being increased, so i eshall
increase. Or, in other words, to develop larger flux, more exciting current shall be required.
Core loss: -
AsCore loss=k h V x f 1−x +k e V 2.

f is constant but voltage V is being increased. Therefore, from above relation, Core loss shall be
increased (As x is approximately 1.65).
Power factor: - As transformer draws now more exciting current, therefore its power factor shall
reduce. Exciting current carries inductive characteristics.
Effect of third harmonics on the exciting current: - Due to increase in exciting current, third
harmonics shall be more prominent now.
Q49. (Done)
Primary winding of a 1-φ transformer is energised from fixed sinusoidal voltage with secondary
open circuited. If the shaded portion of the iron core is removed, then mark the correct match for
the change in below mentioned operating components.
Operating components Change
(list -1) (list - 2)
i Exciting current p Increases
(i e)
ii Core flux q Reduces
iii No load power r Remains Same

factor
(a) i-p, ii-r, iii-q

(b) i-p, ii-p, iii-q
(c) i-q, ii-p, iii-p
(d) i-q, ii-q, iii-p
Ans:-(a) Range 0 to 0
Solution: -
Core Flux: - As V ∝ϕf ; as applied voltage and frequency are fixed in the original core and
during the shaded portion removed condition, therefore flux will remain same.
Exciting Current: - After removal of shaded portion, in the cut section, reluctance of the
magnetic core shall be increased.
As mmf =i e N=ϕ∗Rl (ϕ → constant , Rl →incresed ¿ .Therefore to maintain sameϕ, high mmf

shall be required, i.e. i eshall be increased.
Power factor: - As exciting current increases, so power factor shall be reduced.

Q55.(Done)
Losses & Efficiency 2 Book (EM PSB) 120
A 100KVA, 11KV/400V, 3-φ transformer has its maximum efficiency of 98% when it delivers
80KVA at upf and rated voltage. Then efficiency of the transformer for rated KVA output at 0.8
pf lagging shall be _ _ _ _ _%.
(a) 97.45 (b) 97.75 (c) 97.95 (d) 97.65
Ans:-(a), Range 97.3 to 97.55
Solution: -
Total losses= ( 1η −1)∗output=( 0.981 −1)∗80,000=1632.65 wAs at max η, core losses = ohmic
1632.65
losses = =816.32 w
2
1 2
Rated load ohmic losses = ( )
0.8
∗816.32=1275.51 w
100,000∗0.8
So transfer efficiency η= ∗100=97.452 %
80,000+ 1275.5+ 816.32
Q57. (Done)
Parallel Operation 3 Book (EM PSB) 150
Two 1-φ, ideal transformers T1 and T2 of turns ratio 4: 1 and 3: 1 are connected in parallel across
a 120V, 50Hz supply. Their secondaries are connected in series and supplying power to a
resistor R of 10Ω. Then impedance seen by the source, current and power supplied by the
source shall be.
(a) 29.39Ω, 4.08A, 490watt
(b) 4.575Ω, 14.28A, 65.3watt
(c) 420.3Ω, 1.165A, 490watt
(d) 64.1Ω, 1.02A, 65.3watt
Ans:-(a) Range 0 to 0
Solution: -
120 120
Voltage induced across ab= =30Voltage induced across cd = =40So voltage across ad is
4 3
V ad =V cd +V ab (Polarities of c and a are same), V ad =30+40=70 V
V 2ad 70 2
So Power consumed by resister ¿ = = 490watt
R 10
Both the transformers are ideal, so power consumption seen by Primary side shall be equal to the
power consumption at Secondary side. So power supplied by source is 490watt.
Power supplied 490

Current supplied by source= = =4.08 Amp
Voltage of source 120
120
Impedance seen by source = =29.38 Ω
4.08
Q61. (Done)
Transformer as Magnetically Coupled Device 4 Book (EM PSB) 180
A single-phase two winding transformer gave the following test results:
(i) H.V. winding (590) turns when energised from 230V, 50Hz supply, takes a no-load current of
0.35A and induced e.m.f across open circuited l.v. winding is 110V.
(ii) L.V. winding (295 turns) when energised from 115V, 50Hz supply takes a no-load current of
0.72A and induced e.m.f across open circuited h.v. winding is 226V.
Then leakage inductance of H.V. side shall be _ _ _ _ _ _ (mH).
(a) 974 (b) 1090 (c) 97 (d) 92

Ans:-(d), Range 90 to 95
Solution:
ψ
Self inductance L=
i
E=√ 2 π fN ϕmax =√ 2 πf ψ max
Here ψ max are the maximum flux-linkages.
∴ Maximum value of flux-linkage with h.v. winding
V1 230
ψ m 1= = Self-inductance of h.v. winding
√ 2 πf √ 2 π (50 )
ψm1 230 1 E
L1=
√2 I
L1 =
[√ ] [√
2 π ( 50 )
∗
2∗0.35 ]
=2.092 H Max value of mutual flux linkages¿ 2 Mutual
√2 πf
inductance
E2 1 110 1
M= (√ ) (√ ) (√
2 πf
∗
2I
=
2 π ( 50 ) ) [ √ 2∗0.35
∗
]=1 H .
then primary (HV) leakage inductance = L1 – aM
N 1 590
where L1 = 2.092H; M = 1H and a= = =2
N 2 295
Therefore Primary (HV) leakage inductance shall be = 2.092 – (2 * 1)
= 0.092H = 92mH
Q63 (Done)
Transformer as Magnetically Coupled Device 2 Book (EM PSB) 60
Mutual inductance between Primary and Secondary windings in case of a transformer can be
increased by
(a) Increasing Primary or Secondary Turns

(b) Increasing permeance offered to the mutual flux
(c) Decreasing leakage flux
(d) By adopting any of the above measures
Ans:-(d) Range 0 to 0
Solution: -
As mutual Inductance M is given by

M = N1N2ᴧ
where N1 and N2=> Py and Sy turns
ᴧ -> Permeance
So, by adopting any of the above mentioned measure, M can be increased.
Q65(Done)
Parallel operation 2 Book (EM PSB) 90
Two single phase transformers rated 1000KVA and 500KVA have per unit leakage impedance
of (0.02 +j0.06) and (0.025 + j0.08) respectively. What is the largest KVA load that can be
delivered by the parallel combination of these transformers without overloading any of them?
(a) 1825.3KVA
(b) 1377.44KVA
(c) 1523.87KVA
(d) 1447.56KVA
Ans:-(b) , Range 1375 to 1380
Solution: -
|Z e |=|0.02+ j0.06|=0.06325
1
|Z e |=|0.025+ j0.08|=0.0838These values are based on their own KVA ratings. As Z e < Z e , so
2 1 2
transformer 1 reaches its rated KVA first. Therefore largest KVA load on both the transformers
0.06325
shall be( KVA )Total =1000+ ∗500
0.0838
= 1377.34 KVA
Q66.(Done)
Parallel operation 3 Book (EM PSB) 150
x ea x eb
During parallel operation of two 1-φ transformers, if |Z e |=|Z e | but ≠ then which of the
a b
r ea r eb
following statements are true
(i) The total KVA output is equal to the sum of KVA ratings of individual transformers
(ii) The KVA shared by transformers A and B are equal
(iii) Transformer with greater leakage impedance angle operates at a poor power factor as
compared to the other with a lower leakage impedance angle.
(a) All the statements are true

(b) Only i and ii are true
(c) Only ii and iii are true
(d) Only iii is true
Ans:-(c), Range 0 to 0
Solution: -
x ea x eb
In the given condition of |Z e |=|Z e | but ≠ ; KVA shared by transformer A and B shall be
a b
r ea r eb
equal. But total KVA output is less than the sum of KVA ratings of individual transformer.
Statement (iii) is also correct
Q67. (Done)
Autotransformer 3 Amit K Jain 150
Equivalent two winding transformer diagram for a step down Auto-transformer with input side
voltage & current V1 and I1 AND output side voltage & current V2 and I2 can be shown by one of
the below mentioned one figure. Mark the correct figure.
(a) Fig. A
(b) Fig. B
(c) Fig. C
(d) Fig. D
Solution: -
One winding diagram of 1-φ auto-transformer (step-down) is given as shown.

transformer, V2< V1 and therefore I2> I1. Accordingly direction of current in AB & BC are
marked as transformer action occur in AB and BC section, So AB can be considered as
Primary winding and BC can be considered as Secondary & therefore two winding
equivalent diagram can be drawn as in the fig D. AB winding has N 1 turns, V1 – V2 voltage
across it and I1 current flowing through it. BC winding has N 2 turns, I2 – I1 current flowing
through it.
Q69. (Done)
Autotransformer 2 Book (EM PSB) 120
A 1-φ two winding transformer has 2.5% loss at rated load. If this transformer is used as an
auto-transformer, then at rated load of auto-transformer, percentage losses in case of auto-
transformer shall be: -
(a) 2.5%
(b) Less than 2.5%
(c) Less than 2.5% in case of step-down auto-transformer only
(d) More than 2.5%
Ans:- (b), RANGE 0 to 0
Solution:
Whether it is a step-down or step-up transformer, KVA rating of auto-transformer is more than

the two winding transformer from which it is made.
KVA rating∈case ofautotransformer= ( 1−k1 )∗KVA rating of two winding transformerWhere

V 1 V2
k= ∨ and is always less than 1.
V 2 V1
As at full load, voltage across same coils and current through them remains same from two
winding to auto-transformer. Therefore, losses in the transformer at a given load shall remain
irrespective of that they are used as two winding transformer or as auto-transformer.
As loss in watt remains same, but KVA base has increased in the case of auto-transformer,
therefore percentage loss reduces in case of auto-transformer irrespective of it being step-up or
step-down.
Q70.(Done)
A 1-φauto-transformer with tapes 0%, 25%, 75% and 100% positions is connected to 400V
primary supply and feeds two secondary load resistors connected as shown in the figure. Then
the power supplied by 400V source shall be _ _ _ _ _ watt. Consider ideal core and windings.
(a) 450 (b) 675 (c) 225 (d) 375

Ans(b) Range 675 to 675
Solution: -
(i) Voltage across 200Ω resistors = 300V
3002
So Power drawn by 200Ω resistor ¿ =450 watt
200
(ii) Voltage across 400Ω resistors = 300V
3002
So Power drawn by 400Ω resistor ¿ =225 watt
400
In ideal conditions powersupplied by source = Power consumed by load
= 450 + 225 = 675 watt
So power supplied by source is 675 watt.
Q 72 (Done)
A 20KVA, 2300/230V, two winding transformer is to be used as an Auto-transformer with
2300/2530V configuration. If the efficiency of two winding transformer at 0.6pf, full load is
96%. Then efficiency of Auto-transformer at same power factor and at full load shall be _ _ _ _
%.
(a) 97.36 (b) 86.42 (c) 99.62 (d) 98.85

Ans (c), Range 99.5 to 99.7
Solution: -
20000 20000
Rated current in 2300V and 230V windings are 8.695A (=
2300
) and 86.95A ¿
230 ( )
respectively. Therefore, winding diagram for 2300/2530 configuration becomes as shown
below.
So KVA rating of Auto-transformer becomes = 2530 X 86.95 = 220KVA (When no loss in

considered).
So input at full load shall be 220 KVA for Auto-transformer for two winding transformer at full
load and at 0.6pf
Losses= { 1η −1}∗output , so Losses in 2- winding = {0.961 −1} X ( 20000) X ( 0.6) = 500Watt.
For Auto-transformer
As in case of Auto-transformer also, windings are at the sated voltage and current, so loss
remains same 500Watt for same power factor and load.
500
Therefore, for Auto-tr η=1− = 99.623%
220000× 0.6+500
Q 74 (done)
In the figure of Auto-transformer shown, transformer action occurs between the two windings.
Mark the correct two windings between which transformer action occurs.
(a) AC and BC
(b) AC and AB
(c) AB and BC
(d) None of above
Ans:- (c), Range 0 to 0
Solution: -
Transformer action occurs between winding section AB and BC. To check the same mmf of both
the sections may be calculated, if mmf comes out to be same, then transformer action is
established.
Mmf of AB = I1 (N1 – N2)
= I1N1 – I1N2 (as, I1N1 = I2N2)
= I2N2 – I1N2 = (I2 – I1) N2 = mmf of BC
Therefore transformer action occurs between winding AB and BC.

Q75 (done)
Whether an Auto-transformer is a constant flux device?
(a) Yes
(b) No
(c) Depends upon the configuration
(d) Yes, in case of set-up configuration only
Ans:-(a), Range 0 to 0
Solution: -
Auto-transformer is a re-arrangement of two minding transformer, where flux in the core

depends upon the applied voltage. As in auto-transformer also, voltage across the windings are
rated one, therefore flux remains same and does not vary with the change in load current.
Q77 (Done)
The ohmic, hysteresis and eddy current losses in a transformer at 50Hz and 60Hz are shown
below:-
At 50 Hz:
Pcu1 = 1.6%; Ph1 = 0.9%; Pe1 = 0.6%
At 60 Hz:
Pcu2= 1.6%; Ph2= 0.806%; Pe2= 0.6%
If total loses at 60 Hz has to be same as the total loses at 50Hz, then the output at 60Hz shall be _
_ _ _ times to the output at 50Hz. Supply voltage to remain same.
(a) 1.028 (b) 1.034 (c) 0.993 (d) 0.989

Ans (a) Range – 1.025 to 1.030
Solution: -
The core loss depends upon voltage and frequency, therefore core loss shall not vary with
variation of load and they will remain as per the given data. For the total losses to remain same,
ohmic losses alone can vary.
Since Total losses at 50Hz = Total losses at 60Hz

1.6 + 0.9 + 0.6 =New Ohmic losses at 60 Hz +0.6 + 0.806
So permissible value of ohmic loss at 60Hz = 3.1 – 1.406 = 1.694%
As ohmic loss are proportional to the square of current, so
NewPermissibleCurrent NewO h micLoss 1.694

{ ( OriginalC urrent ) } {
2
=
OriginalO h micLoss
=
1.60}
1.694
New Permissible Current = √ * original current = (1.028) (original current)
1.6
Therefore for the same voltage, output at 60Hz = 1.028 (output at 50Hz)
Q78 (Done)
Losses & Efficiency 4 Book (EM PSB) 180
An 11/0.4 KV, 25Hz, 1-ɸ transformer has ohmic, hysteresis and eddy current losses of 1.8, 0.8
and 0.3% respectively. What do these losses become, if the transformer is operated from 22KV,
50Hz supply system. The current remains same in both the cases.
(a) 1.8%, 1.6%, 1.2%

(b) 1.8%, 0.8%, 0.6%
(c) 0.9%, 1.6%, 1.2%
(d) 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.6%
Solution: -
At 50Hz, the voltage is doubled (= ( 2211 )), but current remains same, therefore output P at 50Hz
2
is double the output at 25Hz, i.e. base value for loss is doubled.
(a) As current is same, cu loss in watt will remain same, however as base value has been
1.8
doubled, so loss in (%) will be halved i.e. =0.9 %
2
(b) Phα vxf1-x , As v and f both are doubled so Phα (2) x (2)1-x α 2x+1-x α 21 α 2
So Ph in watt is doubled but base being doubled, in percentage, it remains same.
So Ph new = 0.8%
(c) Pe α v2 α (2)2 α 4
So in watts, Pe becomes 4 times to previous value, but as base has been doubled, so in
percentage it comes 2 times of earlier value.
So Pe new = 2∗0.3=0.6 %
So new values of losses are
PCu = 0.9%; Ph = 0.8%; Pe = 0.6%
Q80 (Done)
Losses & efficiency 1 Amit Kumar Jain 45
Eddy current loss in a transformer Pe , at any given voltage depends upon the frequency of
supply(f) as :-
(a) Pe α f
(b) Pe α f2
1
(c) Pe α
f
(d) Pe = constant
Solution: -
As Pe = Kef2Bm2 ---------------- (1)
And voltage of supply α fBm --------(2)
From (1) & (2), Pe α V2. So for given supply voltage, i.e. V is constant, therefore Pe shall remain
constant.
Q81 (Done)
In a 1-ɸ transformer, if mutual flux (ɸ) is measured with very high resolution measuring
equipment, then it is observed that
(a) ɸ remains same for all the loads

(b) Its marginally high in case of lagging Pf load vis-à-vis in case of loading Pf load
(c) Its marginally high in case of leading Pf load vis-à-vis in case of lagging Pf load
(d) Its highest at the upf and then reduces for leading or lagging Pf
Solution: -
Due to primary leakage impedance drop, the emf E 1 (or E2) and therefore, the mutual flux ɸ
decreases for lagging power factor loads and may increase for leading power factor leads.
Q83(Done)

Equivalent Circuit 3 Book (EM PSB) 180
A 200KVA, 11000/400V, ∆/ϒ distribution transformer gave the following open circuit test
result:-
Open circuit test: - 400V, 9A, 1.5Kw
Then core loss resistance (Rc) and magnetising reactance (Xm) referred to hv side shall be
respectively:-
(a) 242.2KΩ and 60.02 KΩ

(b) 80.76 KΩ and 20.01 KΩ
(c) 106.8 Ω and 26.47 Ω
(d) 5.085 KΩ and 1.26 KΩ
Solution:
Open circuit test. This circuit is performed on the l.v. side,
400
∴ Per p h ase voltage V 1= =231 V .Per p h ase exciting current I e=9 A .
√3
1500
Per p h ase core loss P c = =500 W .Now V 1 I e cos θ0 =Pc
3
P c 500
∴ Corelosscurrent =I e cos θ0=I c = = =2.165 A .
V 1 231
V 1 231
Magnetisingcurrent I m=√ I 2e −I 2c = √9 2−(2.165)2=8.73 A . RcL= = =106.8 Ω,
I c 2.165
V 1 231
X mL= = =26.47 ΩCore loss resistance referred to h.v. side
I m 8.73
Perp h asevoltageon h . v . side 2 11,000 2
RcH =RcL ( Perp h asevolatgeon h . v . side) RcH =106.8
231( )=242.2 kΩ.
11,000 2 ( 11,000 2
X mH =X cL ( 231 ) (
= 26.47 )
231 ) =60.02 kΩ.
Q84.(Done)
Auto Transformer 3 Book (EM PSB) 150
A 120:480V, 10KVA transformer is to be used as an auto-transformer as shown in the figure to
supply load at 480V side, then KVA rating of Auto-transformer shall be _ _ _ _ KVA.
(a) 30 (b) 50 (c) 12.48 (d) 40

Ans (b), Range 50-50
Solution: -
Rated current of 120V coil is ( 10000

120
=83.33 A ) and of 480V coil is (
10000
480
=20.8 A )
Rated current drawn by 120V winding is 83.33 and input voltage is = 480 + 120 = 600V
Therefore rated KVA shall be 600∗83.33=50 KVA
Q85. (Done)

Voltage Regulation 2 Book (EM PSB) 120
When a short circuit test is conducted on a single phase transformer, 30% of the rated voltage is
required to allow full load current. The short circuit power factor is found to be 0.2. Then
percentage regulation at UPF is
(a) 30 (b) 29.5 (c) 15 (d) 6
Ans:- (d), Range 6 to 6
Solution: -
As 30% voltage is required to draw rated current diagram short circuit test. Therefore
Ze pu = 0.3 and pf in sc is 0.2, Cosθ e = 0.2
Therefore Impedance Triangle becomes as above
Repu = ZepuCosθ e = 0.3∗0.2=0.06
So voltage regulation at upf= repu * 1 = 0.06 = 6%
Q86. (Done)

Type and Construction of Three Phase
2 Book (GTEM PSB) 90
Transformers
Three 1-φ, 11000 / 220V transformer are connected to form a 3-φtransformer bank. The high
voltage side is connected in star, and low voltage side is in delta. What is the turns ratio of 3-φ
transformer?
(a) 50 : 1 (b) 50√ 3 : 1 (c) 50/√ 3 : 1 (d) 50√ 2: 1
Ans:- (b), Range 0 to 0
Solution: -
Turns ration in 3-φ transformers is given as ratio of line voltages.
As at star connection side
Line voltage = P h ase voltage∗√ 3 = 11000∗√ 3 V
At Delta connection side
Line voltage = Phase voltage = 220V
Line voltage at star connection 11000∗√3

So T /Ratio= = = 50√ 3 : 1
Line voltage at Deltaconnection 220
Q90.(Done)
Open Circuit and Short Circuit Test 3 Amit K Jain 120
When short circuit test on a transformer is performed at 25V, 50Hz; then drawn current ' I ' 1 is at
a lagging pf-angle of ϕ 1. If the test is performed at 25V, 25Hz and the drawn current ' I ' 2 is at a
lagging pf-angle of ϕ 2, then
(a) I 2> I 1∧ϕ2< ϕ1

(b) I 2< I 1∧ϕ2< ϕ1
(c) I 2> I 1∧ϕ2> ϕ1
(d) I 2< I 1∧ϕ2> ϕ1
Ans (a) Range 0 to 0
Solution: -
At the reduced supply frequency, value of leakage impedance (x e = 2 πfl) shall reduce, therefore
V
at the same voltage, current drawn (I2 = ) shall increase.
ℜ+ jxe
As now circuit becomes less inductive (due to reduction of leakage impedance), therefore power
factor improves, i.e. power factor angle φ reduces.
Q91.(Done)
The efficiency of a transformer at full load 0.8 pf lag is 90%. Its efficiency at full load 0.8 pf lead
will be
(a) somewhat less than 90%
(b) somewhat more than 90%
(c) 90%
(d) 91%
Ans (a), Range 0 to 0
Solution: -
As at leading power factor, for the given supply voltage, induced voltage E, increases marginally
and therefore flux in the core φ increases, which marginally increase the core loss and therefore
cause nominal reduction in efficiency.
Q95. (done)
Open Circuit and Short Circuit Test 1 Book (EM PSB) 45
Following statements are made regarding the short-circuit test on a 1-phase transformer, correct
statements shall make the correct answer:
1. H.V. side is short circuited

2. It is performed at rated current
3. It gives the core loss
4. L.V. side is short-circuited
5. It is performed at rated voltage
6. It gives ohmic loss on the side instruments are connected
7. It helps in the calculation of voltage regulation
From these, the correct answer is
(a) 1, 2, 6, 7
(b) 2, 3, 4, 7
(c) 4, 5, 6, 7
(d) 2, 4, 7
Solution: -
Given option satisfied the required condition of short circuit test to run rated current while short
circuting the LV side, So that amplitude of short circuit current supplied from HV side is less and
easily measurable with the available laboratory equipment.
Q99.(done)
Tertiary Winding
The function of using delta-connected tertiary winding in a star-star transformers is
(A) to permit the flow of sufficient fault current for the operation of protective devices
(B) to permit the single-phase loading
(C) to supress harmonic voltages
(D) to provide low-reactance path for zero-sequence currents.
From above, the correct answer is
(a) A, B, C
(b) A, B, D
(c) B, C, D
(d) all
Solution: -
(a) Delta winding permits flow of fault current, triplen harmonic currents and zero sequence
currents, therefore causing operation of protective device and keeping the emf almost sine wave,
so avoiding adverse effect of harmonic voltages.
(b) Example of single phase load in case of a 1:1 phase to phase turns ratio Y /∆ Transformer is
shown below, mmf balance has been marked
From above, it is evident that 1-φ load can be supplied by ∆ winding.
Q102 (done)

Open Delta or V-Connection
Two 100 kVA single-phase transformers are connected in open delta. The maximum balanced 3-
phase load that the combination can deliver without overloading either unit is.....................KVA
(a) 173.2 (b) 200 (c) 300 (d) 115.5
Ans:-(a), Range 173 to 173.5
Solution: -
Let’s say rated phase voltage & phase current be Vph and Iph for each secondary winding of
transformer.
Then in closed Delta: -

Line voltage VL= Vph, IL= √ 3 Iph
So VA rating of bank of 3-transformers in delta√ 3 VL IL = 3 Vph Iph
It is given that Vph Iph = 100KVA.
So capacity of closed Delta configuration is 300KVA
In case of open Delta:-

Line voltage VL= Vph, IL= Iph
So VA rating of open delta configuration is
= √ 3 VL IL = √ 3 * 100 = 173.2KVA.
So open delta configuration can deliver 173.2 KVA.
Q105(done) Topic :- Three Phase Transformer

Excitation Phenomena
For a sinusoidal magnetizing current in a single-phase transformer, the waveforms of flux and
induced emfs in both the windings are respectively
(a) peaky, sinusoidal

(b) peaky, flat-topped
(c) flat-topped, peaky
(d) sinusoidal, peaky
Ans:-(c)
Solution: -
In a transformer
(a) For a sinusoidal applied voltage, the flux is a sine wave and the magnetising current due to
saturation is peaky containing a pronounced third harmonic current. This condition holds
good if transformer permits the flow of harmonic magnetising current.
(b) However, if harmonic magnetising currents are not permitted to flow in the transformer, then
for a sinusoidal magnetising current, the flux wave is flat topped and the induced emfs are in
primary and secondary windings are peaky.
The condition given in the question matches with the second situation.
Q107 (done) Topic :- Three Phase Transformer

Parallel Operation of Three Phase Transformer 3 Book (GTEM PSB) 120
Consider the following statements:
(A) Dy1 and Yd11 can operate in parallel
(B) Dy11 and Yd1 can operate in parallel
(C) Dy1 and Yd1 can operate in parallel
(D) Yd1 and Yz1 can operate in parallel.
From above, the correct statement(s) is / are
(a) C, D
(b) A, B
(c) A, C, D
(d) all
Solution: -
(i) Configuration of same phasor groups can be operated in parallel. Accordingly, as (Dy1 and
Yd1) AND (Yd1 and Yz1) belonging to same phasor group can be put for parallel operation.
(ii) In exception to above mentioned general rule, transformers with the below mentioned
configurations can also be operated in parallel
(a) Dy1 and Yd11 &
(b) Dy11 and Yd1
Q108(done) Topic :- Three Phase Transformer

Connection and Phasor Groups 2 Book (GTEM PSB) 90
Tick the correct combination of phasor groups from the following:
(a) Yd6, Yy1

(b) Dd6, Yd1
(c) Yd11, Dy6
(d) Yy11, Dy0.
Ans:-(b)
Solution: -
Phasor groups Yy1, Dy6 and Dy0 are not valid. In the option (b), Dd6 and Yd1 are valid groups.
Therefore, option (b) is right answer.
Q115. (done) Three Phase Transformer

A Yyo transformer is fed from 3-φ supply leads marked as A2 B2 C2. If the primary leads are
cyclically interchanged from A2, B2, C2 to B2, C2, A2 then match the following.
List-1 List-2
i Primary line p remain unaffected
phasors
ii Secondary line q rotate through a time phase angle of 120° anticlockwise
r rotate through a time phase of angle of 120° clockwise
phasors
Correct match is
(a) i-q, ii-q
(b) i-r, ii-r
(c) i-p, ii-r
(d) i-p, ii-q
Ans:-(d),
Range 0 to 0
Solution: -
Connection diagram and phasor diagram after cyclic change are shown as below
Since the primary voltage those obtained from the supply, their phase orientation cannot change.
Now B2 is connected to A2, therefore lv phasor nb2 occupies the position of na2 and so on. In view
of this the lv line voltages are displaced by a time phase angle of 120° anti-clockwise.
Q116 (done) Three Phase Transformer

Parallel Operation 3 Book (GTEM PSB) 180
Two, 3-φ transformers, rated at 500KVA and 450KVA respectively are connected in parallel to
supply a load of 1000 KVA at 0.8 pf lagging. Leakage Impedance (pu) of first transformer is
0.025 + j 0.06 and of second transformer is 0.016 + j 0.07. Then the pf at which the transformer 1
operates_ _ _ __ .
(a) 0.843 (b) 0.863 (c) 0.883 (d) 0.823

Ans (a) , Range 0.840 to 0.85
Solution: -
As KVA ratings of both the transformers are different, so their pu leakage impedances are also
on different base. To bring them on common base of (say) 500KVA, new leakage impendences
are
Ze1 (pu) = 0.025 + j 0.06 (As it is already on 500 KVA base)

500
Ze2 (pu) = (0.016 + j 0.07) = 0.0178 + j 0.0778 = 0.0798 ∟77.11 °
450
(As pu impedance is proportional to the KVA of base)
So Ze1 + Ze2 = 0.0428 + j 0.1398
= 0.1443 ∟72.75°
S = 1000 ∟ -cos−1 0.8 = 1000 ∟-36.9°
So load shared by transformer 1 is given as
Ś∗( Ze´ 2 ) °∗0.0798∟ 77.11

Ś1 = =1000 ∟−36.9
Ze 1+ Ze2
´ ´ 0.1443∟ 72.75
So angle of Ś1 is – 36.9 + 77.11 – 72.75

= -32.54°
So transformer 1 is working at lagging pf (due to –ve sign) and cos 32.54 = 0.843

Parallel Operation 3 Book (GTEM PSB) 120
A 3-phase step down transformer is connected in Y /∆ and has a turn ratio per phase of 30 to 1.
Then corresponding ratio of a second transformer for parallel operation connected in ∆ /Y to
work on the same line voltages on each side shall be?
(a) 30:1 (b) 10:1 (c) 90:1 (d) 30√ 3:1
Solution: -
For working of two transformers in parallel, ratio of line voltages should be same. In case of γ /∆
transformer
V
So, if V voltage at line is applied to Y transformer, at ∆ side, line voltage shall be
√3∗30
Let’s say per phase voltage ratio, Py to Sy is K: 1 in case of ∆ /γ transformer then
However, for parallel operation, if i/p voltage to both the transformers are same, then o/p
V √3 V
voltages should also be same. So = => K = (√ 3)2 * 30 = 90
K √ 3∗30
So required turn in case of ∆ /γ transformer shall be 90: 1

Excitation 3 Book (GTEM PSB) 180
For magnetic saturation in a transformer (without hysteresis), mark the correct match, if
transformer is energised with a sinusoidal voltage and it is working at no load:-
List -1 List -2
i magnetising current ¿ i φ p peaked in nature
q symmetrical about its maximum value
ii flux φ r consists of series of add harmonics
s consists of series of even harmonics
iii Power loss in the t due to fundamental current component is zero
u due to harmonic current components is zero
transformer
(a) i-p, q, r; ii-q; iii-t, u
(b) i-p, s; ii-p, q, r; iii-t
(c) i-s; ii-p, q; iii-u
(d) i-p, r; ii-s; iii-t, u
Solution: -
Without hysteresis loss, but during magnetic saturation, if transformer is energised with
sinusoidal voltage. Then flux induced in the transformer shall also be sinusoidal. However.
Energising) current –im shall be drawn corresponding to B-H or (φ-im) curve and the waveform
comes out to be as shown below: -
¿ i φis peaky but symmetrical about the centre and consists of series of odd harmonics. But flux φ
is symmetrical to its maximum value.
In the absence of hysteresis, power drawn from the source is zero.
Power associated with fundamental voltage V1 and odd harmonic of ¿ i φ is always zero.
Q123(done) Three Phase Transformer

Excitation 3 Book (GTEM PSB) 150
The voltage applied to the primary winding of an unloaded 1-φ transformer is given by
V = 400 cos wt +100 cos 3 wt

The primary has 500 turns and frequency of the fundamental component of the applied voltage is
50Hz. Then maximum value of flux in mwb shall be: -
(a) 8.664
(b) 2.334
(c) 2.758
(d) 7.332
Ans:-(b), Range 2.32 to 2.35
Solution: -
dφ −1
So φ = vdt
N ∫
The applied voltage v = −N
dt
But as V =400 cos wt +100 cos 3 wt ,

−1
φ= (¿ 400 cos wt +100 cos 3 wt)dt ¿
500 ∫
100 4 1
= [ sin wt + sin3 wt ]
500 w 3w
1000 1
=
5∗2 π∗50 [
4 sin wt +
3w
sin3 wt mwb ]
As maximum value of flux occurs at wt = 90° then maximum value of flux
2 1
φ m=
π [ ]
4− = 2.334 mwb
3

Harmonics in Three Phase Transformer 3 Book (GTEM PSB) 150
For a 3-φ transformer having star connection arrangement, mark the correct statement
(a) Line voltages are free from triplen harmonics but phase voltages contain them
(b) Line voltages contain triplen harmonics but phase voltages are free from them
(c) Line and phase voltages both contain triplen harmonics
(d) Line and phase voltages both do not contain triplen harmonics
Solution: -
Triplen harmonic voltages are represented as below for each phase: -

VA3 = Vm3 sin 3 nwt
Vb3 = Vm3 sin 3 n ( wt −120° ) = Vm3 sin ( 3 nwt−360° n ) = Vm3 sin ( 3 nwt )
Vc3 = Vm3 sin 3 n ( wt −240 ° ) = Vm3 sin ( 3 nwt−720° n ) = Vm3 sin ( 3 nwt )
From above it is evident that all the triplen harmonic voltages are available in phase. So, triplen
voltages of equal magnitude appear in phase and so their scalar sum shall be carried out rather
than vector sum.
For line voltage, trace the path anc, then from a to n, there is voltage drop of E 3n and from n to c,
there is voltage gain of E3n, so net gain from a to c is zero, i.e. triplen voltages are absent in the
line voltages in star configuration.

The secondary of a transformer in interstar has an output voltage of 400V. If this secondary is
reconnected in star, then the output voltage becomes
(a) 400V (b) 461.87V (c) 692.82V (d) 450V
Ans:-(b), Range 460 to 462
Solution: -
An interstar winding is shown as below.
Half parts of the winding have been shown, if voltage across every half part is E (say) then live
voltage, viz.Va4b4= 3E
400
Therefore as line voltage in interstar is given as 400, so 3E=400 => E = .
3
But in star connection, two half parts make the phase winding, so phase voltage in star
2∗400
connection shall be . As line voltage in Y is = √ 3 phase voltage. So line voltage in Y shall
3
be
2∗√ 3∗400
=461.87
3

A delta-zigzag three-phase transformer can have the symbol
(a) Dz0 or Dz1

(b) Dz0 or Dz6
(c) Dz1 or Dz11
(d) Dz0 only
Solution: -
Delta-zigzag can have phase difference of 0° or 180°, therefore possible configuration are Dz0 or
Dz6.

Three single phase transformers are connected to form a 3 - φ transformer bank. The
transformers are connected in the following manner. The transformer connection will be
represented by.
(a) Yy0 (b) Yy6 (c) Yd1 (d) Yd6
Ans(b), Range 0 to 0
Solution:-
As in primary winding A, B, and C are inter connected, so in phasors also they have to be shown
interconnected, so in phasors also they have to be shown interconnected.
After drawing primary phasors as discussed above, secondary phasors have to be drawn in
parallel to the primary phasors but making connections as shown in the secondary winding
diagram
From above, it is evident that there is phase difference of 180°between line voltages of Vc2B2 and
vc1b1. Therefore given configuration isYy6.
Q131 Three Phase Transformer

Three single phase transformers are connected to form a 3-φ . Transformer bank. The
transformers are connected in the following manner: -
The transformer connection will be represented by

(a) Dy1
(b) Dy11
(c) Dy0
(d) Dy6
Ans:-(b) Range 0 to 0
Solution: -
(i) Primary phasors A1A2; B1B2; C1C2 are to be connected as shown in the winding diagram in the
question.
(ii) Thereafter, secondary phasors are to be drawn in parallel to the primary phasors but
connections are to be made as shown in the secondary winding in the question.
(iii) Now line voltage are to be compared on both the sides. In both the primary and secondary
windings, output is taken from A2B2C2 and a2b2c2. Therefore let’s compare VC2B2 and Vc2b2
phasors. Then angle between Vc2b2 and VC2B2 is 30° and Vc2b2 is leading by 30° to VC2B2.
As primary winding is in ∆ and secondary is inγ ; secondary (lv) line phasors are 30° ahead to
primary (Hv) phasors. Therefore given configuration is Dy11.

Open Delta or V-Connection 4 Book (GTEM PSB) 180
A bank of three-single-phase transformers has its primary in star and secondary in delta. The
primary is fed from 3-wire supply and the secondary per phase voltage is 230V. If the secondary
delta is opened, a voltage of 380V is measured across open delta.
In case the neutrals of primary and sources are connected together, the voltage across open-
circuited delta becomes
(a) 126.67V
(b) zero
(c) 103.33V
(d) 302.48V
Solution: -
When the neutral of primary and neutral of source are not connected, then the third harmonic
current cannot flow in the star connected winding of Yd transformer. So the magnetising current
derived from the supply must be a sine wave with other than triplen harmonics.
But a sinusoidal magnetising current requires flat topped φ with triplen harmonics
emfs in both primary and secondary winding phases. Therefore when voltage across open delta is
measured then it is 3 E3 (if per phase 3rd harmonic voltage is E3 ). So 3 E3 =380=¿ E3 =126.69V .
However, when source and Y neutrals are connected, then triplen harmonic currents can flow in
theY. Therefore magnetising current becomes peaky and flux and voltage induced becomes
sinusoidal (i.e. without triplen harmonics), so voltage measured across open delta now shall be
zero, as triplen harmonic voltage shall be absent.
Q141(done) Three Phase Transformer

Single Phasing in Three Phase Transformer 3 Book (GTEM PSB) 150
A 1-φ load is connected between two phases of secondary side of a ∆ /γ transformer, as shown
below: -
Load current is 1 Ampere as shown. Phase to phase turns ratio from Primary to Secondary is 1.
Then line current in supply wire ‘A’ of Primary shall be..........Ampere. Ideal transformers
considered.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
Ans:- (b), Range 2 to 2

Solution: -
To calculate the line current in ‘A’ supply, wire, mmf balance of load current has to be carried
out. For mmf balance, mmf of a particular phase of Primary and Secondary side should be equal.
As both the mmf’s counter each other (of Primary and Secondary phases), therefore current
direction are shown reversed in respective phases. As turns ratio is 1, therefore ratio of mmf is
proportional to current in the phases.
Accordingly current in ‘A’ supply line shall be 2 Ampere.
Q145. done Three Phase Transformer

Single Phasing in Three Phase Transformer 2 Book (GTEM PSB) 150
A Y /∆, 3-φ transformer is being supplied V voltage at the primary side by a feeder. If one supply
line feeding the Y gets disconnected, then line voltages at the secondary side shall be? Primary to
Secondary phase turns ratio is 1.
(a) 0.5V, 0.5V, 0

(b) 0.5V, 0.5V, 0.5V
(c) V, 0.5V, 0.5V
(d) V, 0, 0.5V
Solution:-
If one supply line feeding the Y gets disconnectd thenY is fed from 1-φ supply of line voltage V.
Under such conditions, voltage across two phases shall be V/2 and there shall be no voltage
across third phase. As primary to Secondary turn’s ratio is 1, therefore same voltage shall appear
across phase winding of secondary. This is shown below: -
V V
From above, it is evident that line voltages at the secondary side shall be , and zero.
2 2

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Transformer (Basic)

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Stream / Branch of Engineering :- Electrical Engineering

Subject :- Electrical Machines

(a) 2 (b) 2.5 (c) 3.8 (d) Can not be determined

(a) 214.33 (b) 187.22 (c) 198 (d) 200.45

Solution: - Pc =k h V x f 1−x +k e V 2 t 2 (core loss) =(Hysteresis loss)+(Eddy current loss)

(a) 96.17 (b) 98.05 (c) 86,46 (d) 93.49

Range 96.0 to 96.30, Solution: -

ηmax =( I 2 pu ) 2 ( r e 2 pu ) = ( 0.9 )2∗0.015 = 0.01215pu

As core loss = cu loss at ηmax , therefore core loss = 0.01215pu

(a) 0.04 (b) 0.01 (c) 0.02 (d) 2

Ans:- (c) , Range 0.02 to 0.02

(a) 1000 (b) 800 (c) 900 (d) 850

( Pc ) TotalIronLoss=Ph ( HysteresisLoss ) + Pe ( EddyCurrentLoss) -- (At normal voltage&

(a) -0.0151 (b) -0.0162 (c) -0.0171 (d) -0.0181

x I fl r e2 cos θ2−x I fl x e2 sinθ 2 I r I x

r e2 (actual ) I fl r e 2( actual ) I 2fl r e 2 (actual ) FullloadCuloss 800

of x = 0.7, r epu =0.004 , x epu=0.032

(a) 1.2 Ampere, 0.2 lagging, 96 watt

3.0∗Turns at hv side 3∗1000

(iii) power input shall be same irrespective of hv or lv side. Therefore

(a) 189.7 (b) 43.7 (c) 5.69 (d) 6.61

Topic :- Three Phase Transformer

Sub Topic Difficulty Level Source Time to solve (sec)

(a) 318 (b) 551 (c) 286 (d) 496

emf per turn per p h ase=√ 2 π Bm A i f =4.44∗1.25∗0.072∗50=20.

(a) ϕ fe >ϕ Al> ϕwd

(a) ( Pe ) Al < ( Pe )Fe < ( Pe )wd

Ans: (b) Range 0 to 0

ii Exciting current (i e) q Reduces

(a) i-p, ii-q, iii-q, iv-r, v-r

Ans: (b) Range 0 to 0

ϕ m :−¿ As V ∝ϕ m f ; V being increased and f is constant, therefore ϕ mwill also increase.

AsCore loss=k h V x f 1−x +k e V 2.

iii No load power r Remains Same

(a) i-p, ii-r, iii-q

As mmf =i e N=ϕ∗Rl (ϕ → constant , Rl →incresed ¿ .Therefore to maintain sameϕ, high mmf

Power factor: - As exciting current increases, so power factor shall be reduced.

(a) 97.45 (b) 97.75 (c) 97.95 (d) 97.65

Ans:-(a), Range 97.3 to 97.55

Power supplied 490

(a) 974 (b) 1090 (c) 97 (d) 92

(a) Increasing Primary or Secondary Turns

As mutual Inductance M is given by

Ans:-(b) , Range 1375 to 1380

(a) All the statements are true

One winding diagram of 1-φ auto-transformer (step-down) is given as shown.

Ans:- (b), RANGE 0 to 0

Whether it is a step-down or step-up transformer, KVA rating of auto-transformer is more than

KVA rating∈case ofautotransformer= ( 1−k1 )∗KVA rating of two winding transformerWhere

(a) 450 (b) 675 (c) 225 (d) 375

(i) Voltage across 200Ω resistors = 300V

(a) 97.36 (b) 86.42 (c) 99.62 (d) 98.85

So KVA rating of Auto-transformer becomes = 2530 X 86.95 = 220KVA (When no loss in

Losses= { 1η −1}∗output , so Losses in 2- winding = {0.961 −1} X ( 20000) X ( 0.6) = 500Watt.

Ans:- (c), Range 0 to 0

Mmf of AB = I1 (N1 – N2)

= I1N1 – I1N2 (as, I1N1 = I2N2)

= I2N2 – I1N2 = (I2 – I1) N2 = mmf of BC

Therefore transformer action occurs between winding AB and BC.

Auto-transformer is a re-arrangement of two minding transformer, where flux in the core

Pcu1 = 1.6%; Ph1 = 0.9%; Pe1 = 0.6%

Pcu2= 1.6%; Ph2= 0.806%; Pe2= 0.6%

(a) 1.028 (b) 1.034 (c) 0.993 (d) 0.989