International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 114 (2020) 104563

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International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

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Mixed convection in the semi-circular lid-driven cavity with heated curved T

wall subjugated to constant heat flux for non-Newtonian power-law fluids
Krunal M. Gangawanea, , Hakan F. Oztopb,c
⁎

a
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technology Faculty, Fırat University, Elazig, Turkey
c
Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The present numerical work delineates the flow and heat transfer characteristics due to the combined convection
Semi-circular cavity (free and forced) inside semi-circular, top lid-driven cavity. The flow conditions are assumed to be laminar,
Non-Newtonian fluids steady-state, incompressible, and for non-Newtonian power-law fluids. The curved surface of the cavity is
Nusselt number subjugated to constant heat flux (CHF) thermal condition, while the top wall is sliding with uniform velocity
Blockage
(Ulid) along –x-direction. The governing parameters utilized for numerical experimentation are Richardson
number (Ri = 0.1–10), non-Newtonian power-law index (n = 0.5–1.5), modified Prandtl number (Pr = 1–100)
and Grashof number (Gr = 104). The study is also intended to provide a comparative explanation for the use of
adiabatic blockage of varying cross-sections on the flow and thermal patterns in the cavity. In particular, the
influence of the shape of blockage in the cavity, viz., circular, square, and triangular investigated. Normalized
Nusselt numbers have also plotted to give the idea of heat transfer enhancement/deterioration by the presence of
block with that of the absence of block. Empirical correlations are also developed for summarizing the results of
the study. The triangular block shows better heat transfer results as compared with the circular and square
blocks in the semi-circular cavity.

1. Introduction exchangers systems as well as in the electronics industry. [12]. Contrary

Over the years, there has been a tremendous increase in the study of
non-square lid-driven cavities. The application range of the lid-driven
square/non-square cavities includes oil extraction, crystal growth, the
design of heat exchangers, solar ponds, float glass productions, in-
sulation materials, multi-screen gadgets for nuclear reactors, coating,
cooling of electronics devices, food processing, etc. [1,2]. The different
non-square cavities studied over the recent years include: rectangular
[3,4], triangular [5,6], semi-circular [7,8], trapezoidal [9,10] etc.
However, the significance of analysing the convection characteristics in
the semi-oval/arced shaped cavity can be underlined from its applic-
ability to the solar collectors. The performance of the solar collector is
crucially dependent upon the shape of solar reflectors as well as re-
ceivers. It has been well established that the presence of a curved sur-
face improves the efficiency of such components (solar receiver, re-
flectors) [11]. The curved surfaces develop the re-circulation zones,
which enhances the bulk flow mixing and the performance of heat
transfer. Therefore, the curved surfaces can be considered as one of the
effective techniques for the enhancement of the heat transfer in the heat
to this, the use of heated/adiabatic blockage in the cavities has proven
to be useful in industrial applications such as crystal growth and soli-
dification [13], due to the flow controlling or bifurcating abilities.
The considerable research work has been devoted towards the
combined convection in the semi-circular/ semi-oval shaped lid-driven
cavity. Chang and Cheng [14] explored the mixed convection in the arc-
shaped, inclined lid-driven cavity for a range of Re and Gr. For larger Gr
and Re, the development of secondary vortex was identified. Subse-
quently, In the series of research works, Cheng and Chung [15–24]
highlighted various flow and heat transfer aspects of the semi-oval lid-
driven cavity by both experimental and numerical work. Their work
explored the different thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics in the
cavity, such as the inclination of the cavity, the buoyancy-induced
periodic flow, combined convection, natural convection currents based
upon the periodic flow, the effect of the oscillating lid, small aspect
ratio lid-driven cavities (arc-shaped, triangular and rectangular), etc.
Mercan and Atalik [25,26] elucidated the detailed hydrodynamics in
the semi-circular cavity for Newtonian [25] and non-Newtonian [26]
fluids. Al-Zamily [27] studied the free convection in a semi-circular

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: gangawanek@nitrkl.ac.in (K.M. Gangawane).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2020.104563

0735-1933/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

K.M. Gangawane and H.F. Oztop International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 114 (2020) 104563

Nomenclature Re Reynolds number ( D n U2 n

m ), dimensionless
g TH
b Edge of the square and triangular block Ri Richardson number, 2
Ulid
dimensionless
cp specific heat capacity, J/(kg K) T Temperature, K
D diameter of the semi-circular cavity, m θ Temperature, dimensionless
d diameter of a circular block in the cavity, m Ulid The velocity of moving lid, m/s
g acceleration due to gravity, m/s2 u,v (U,V) Velocity components, m/s (dimensionless velocity com-

( ) ponents)
2
U n 1
Gr Grashof number, g ( T ) H 3 m H
x,y (X,Y) Coordinates, m (coordinates, dimensionless)
H length of the horizontal wall of the cavity, m
k thermal conductivity, W/(mK) Greek letters
m consistency index, dimensionless
n non-Newtonian power-law index dimensionless α thermal diffusivity, m2/s
Nu local Nusselt number, dimensionless β coefficient of thermal expansion, K−1
Nu average Nusselt number, dimensionless η apparent viscosity, dimensionless
NuN Normalized Nusselt number, dimensionless ρ Density, kg/m3
P Pressure, dimensionless reference density, kg/m3
p Pressure, N/m2 τ shear stress, dimensionless
q heat flux, W/(m.m) ε component of the rate of deformation tensor, dimension-
Pr Modified Prandtl number ( cp m
k
U n 1
H ), dimensionless less

cavity with constant heat flux filled with nanofluids and subjugated to The governing equations are given below.
the magnetic field. The application of the semi-oval cavity for the
U V
system of parabolic/spherical solar collectors/receivers has been pro- + =0
X Y (1)
vided by recent literature [27–32], which emphasized the potential of
the arc-shaped enclosures/cavities for enhanced thermal efficiency. U U P 2U 2U
Additional information on the convection characteristics in non-square U +V = + +
X Y X Re X2 Y2
cavities can be found in recent works [33–40].
2
From an aforementioned review of limited literature, it can be re- + xx + xy
marked that no information (as per the authors' knowledge) has ac- Re X Y (2)
counted for the mixed convection in the semi-oval cavity with the
V V P 2V 2V
curved heated surface and containing cylinder/block for non- U +V = + +
Newtonian power-law fluids. Also, no detailed research is available on X Y Y Re X2 Y2
the accurate convection physics in the lid-driven semi-circular cavity 2
+ xy + yy + Ri ×
with and without the presence of the block as well as the equivalence of Re X Y (3)
cross-section (shape) on the heat transfer characteristics (due to mixed
convection). It has been reported that the presence of heat source-sink 1 2 2
U +V = +
arrangement has a significant role in the enhancement of thermal ef- X Y Re× Pr X2 Y2 (4)
ficiency [33]. On the other hand, the efficacy of curved surfaces for heat
transfer enhancement can be applicable to solar collectors. The pre- The mathematical expressions for non-Newtonian apparent
sence of curved surfaces to the rear part of the receiver part of the solar
collectors' progresses into the re-circulation zones, enhancing the bulk
flow mixing and thereby the rate of heat transfer. The detected lapse
available in the literature has inspired the authors to research this
problem. Therefore, present research is carried out to study the mixed
convection in the semi-circular, lid-driven cavity containing adiabatic
block. The influence of flow governing parameters, along with the
shape of the block, has been elucidated on the rate of heat transfer.

2. The problem statement, governing equations and boundary

conditions

In this work, a semi-circular top wall driven cavity (Fig. 1) having a

diameter (D) has been chosen as a computational domain. The top-
moving lid (length = H) of the cavity is exposed to ambient thermal
condition (Tc) and is moving along the +x direction with a uniform
velocity of Ulid. The curved surface of the cavity is maintained at con-
stant heat flux (q). In this work, four different cases (as shown in Fig. 1)
have been considered, i.e., (a) cavity without the presence of block and
cavity with (b) circular, (c) square, and (d) triangular block. The size of
the block used during this work is 0.1D. The flow is assumed to be
steady, two-dimensional, incompressible, and for non-Newtonian
power-law fluids (shear-thickening to shear thinning). Other critical
assumptions are the same as given in the Authors' previous works [1]. Fig. 1. Physical/computational domain of study.

2
K.M. Gangawane and H.F. Oztop International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 114 (2020) 104563

viscosity (η) and shear rate tensor (εij) are related expressed as follows.

uij
= m (I2 )( )
1 ui n 1
i, j =2 ij, ij = + , 2
2 j i
2 2 2
I2 U V U V
2 =2 +2 + +
X Y Y X (5)

where m is consistency index, and I2 is the second invariant of the rate

of ε.
Non-dimensional variables can be obtained by using the following
scaling expressions.
T Tc
X (Y ) = x (y ) H , U (V ) = u (v ) Ulid , P = p Ulid
2 , =
( ) qH
k

(6)
Boundary conditions (in the non-dimensional form) for the con-
sidered problem are expressed as given below.

• Moving wall: U = 1, V = 0, θ = 0
• Curved surface/wall: U=V = 0, q = −1
Fig. 2. Grid independence test.
• Centrally placed block: U=V = 0, = 0(where ‘n’ is the unit vector
n
normal to the surface of the block)

3. Numerical simulation procedure

The governing equations of mixed convection with considered as-

sumptions are solved by using commercial CFD solver-ANSYS FLUENT
15. Silent features of the simulation procedure of FVM solver for has
already been discussed in our previous work [1,13,41–43]. Hence the
same has not to be covered herein. However, for the simulation by
using solver, a non-Newtonian power-law viscosity model has been
used. For the lid-velocity boundary condition, the velocity components
are specified as, U = 1 and V = 0. The adiabatic thermal condition of
block, heat flux, q = 0 has been assigned. The under-relaxation para-
meters for pressure, density, body force, momentum, and energy are
chosen to be 0.3, 1, 1, 0.7, and 1, respectively. The iterative process is
terminated once the convergence criteria of 10−7 are achieved.

Fig. 3. Comparison of the streamline with the experimental investigation of the

semi-oval lid-driven cavity [17] for Re = 500 and Gr = 106. 3.1. Grid independence and validation

Grid sensitivity analysis based on the calculation of Nu over the

Fig. 4. Comparison of the temperature profiles in the semi-circular lid-driven
cavity with the literature [20] for Re =1500 and Pr = 0.71.
heated curved surface of the cavity for two cases, a) without a block, b)
in the presence of square block has been covered. The effect of course to
fine grids is performed for the four uniform, quadrilateral mesh struc-
tures. The impact of different mesh sizes (number of nodes) on the Nu
has shown in Fig. 2. It can be assured that the change in Nu from grid II
is minor. Hence, in this study, the grid type II having 12,183 and 10,248
nodes for cavity without and with a square block, respectively, has been
used for obtaining the results.
The validation of numerical solver is essential in numerical studies.
The qualitative comparison with the literature data [17,20,43] is shown
in Figs. 3-5. The validation is based upon the similitude of flow and
thermal profile with the experimental investigation [17], followed by
the theoretical studies [20,43]. The experimental study of Chen and
Cheng [17] has used the arc-shaped cavity with an arc angle ratio of 1/
3, and the present work has used a ratio of 1/2 for parameters such as
Re = 500; Gr = 106. However, most of the features of the fluid flow are
more or less similar. The formation of a central vortex slightly shifted
towards the direction of the moving lid can be observed in Fig. 3 [17],
which resembles with the literature results.

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K.M. Gangawane and H.F. Oztop International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 114 (2020) 104563

Fig. 5. Comparison of the streamline profiles in the semi-circular lid-driven cavity with the literature [43] for Re =500, 1000.

Fig. 6. Variation of streamlines (left) and isotherms (right) in the semi-circular cavity without a block for Ri = 1 and range of Pr and n.

On the other hand, the comparison of fluid flow [20] and thermal
[43] profiles with the previous numerical works are depicted in Figs. 4
and 5, respectively. The simulation results of the present work show a
remarkable likeness with the flow and temperature profiles of litera-
ture. Hence, the new findings can be obtained from the numerical
strategy adopted herein.
4. Results and discussion
In this work, the effect of Richardson number (Ri = 0.1,1,5,10),
modified Prandtl number (Pr = 1,10,100), as well as the influence of
presence and shape of the block (circular, square and triangular) on the
mixed convection characteristics have been revealed. When Ri→0,
forced convection, and Ri→∞, natural convection is significant. Both
natural, as well as forced convection, are of equal magnitude when
Ri = 1. Hence, in this work, the local convective characteristics
(streamline, isotherms) are discussed only for Ri = 1. Fig. 6 shows the
variation of streamline and isotherms for different Pr and power-law
index values.
It can be seen from Fig. 6 that there is a clockwise movement of fluid
(due to the movement of the wall) in the cavity. At Ri = 1, the mag-
nitude of natural convection currents and inertial flow is similar. There
is a movement of fluid near the upper moving wall due to the no-slip
effect. The fluid is pulled towards the +x direction. For n = 0.5
(Pseudoplastic fluid), the impact of the moving lid was found to be
prevailing. It is because for n < 1, the apparent viscosity decreases
with the strain ratio. It makes the fluid to flow effortlessly with the
moving wall. For n = 1 and 1.5, the location of the recirculation zone
slightly shifts towards the top-centre of a cavity, revealing a decrease in
the impact of moving the lid. The clockwise circulation of low-tem-
perature fluid towards the heated curved wall is observed. This circu-
lation causes the formation of a low (nearly stagnant) fluid zone be-
neath the moving wall. The shape of the recirculation zone is perceived
to be a horizontally elongated oval-shaped. Moving from shear-thinning
to shear thickening fluids, a minimal effect on the location and size of
the recirculation zone can be witnessed. Moreover, the magnitude of
stream function decreases with the power-law index. On the other
hand, the negligible influence of modified Pr on streamline patterns can
be observed. In general, it is evident that, as Ri→ 0, the fluid circulation
in the cavity is more by a forced fluid due to moving wall with the
isotherms profiles following the same trend (inclined isotherm
spreading all across the cavity due to moving lid). For Ri→∞, the
natural convection currents are formed between the cold wall and he-
ated curved surface. The isotherm spreading can be detected equally

4
K.M. Gangawane and H.F. Oztop
Fig. 7. Streamline profiles in the cavity containing blocks of different cross-sections for a range of Pr and n.
from the heated wall to cold wall for low Pr. The effect of modified Pr
on isotherms in the cavity without block is shown in Fig. 6 (right). The
structure of isotherms in the cavity seems to be overlapping with the
open literature. The increase in modified Pr causes a decrease in the
thermal boundary layer resulting in a more significant thermal gra-
dient. For Pr = 1, only the left region of the curved wall gets sur-
rounded by higher temperature fluid [44].
For higher Pr (> 10), due to rapid flow circulation between the
active walls, warmer fluid is filled towards the curved wall, and another
region of the cavity is saturated with colder fluid. Based upon the
thickness of the thermal boundary layer determines the rate of con-
vective heat transfer, Pseudoplastic fluid yields higher heat transfer rate
capacity, followed by Newtonian and Dilatant. It can be concluded that
the increase in ‘n’ decreases the rate of convective heat transfer. It is
observed that ‘n’ controls the fluid movement due to the lid; the phe-
nomenon is matching with isotherm profiles. With the increase in the
power-law index, the extent of inclination observed in the isotherms
diminishes. Now, the effect of the insertion of the adiabatic block on the
convection characteristics is revealed in subsequent paragraphs. Figs. 7
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International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 114 (2020) 104563
and 8 represent the streamlines and isotherms profiles in the cavity
with the presence of a block of different cross-sections, respectively.
The impediments to the circulation of fluid from moving lid, as well as,
the natural convection currents originating from the curved surface to
the top wall caused by a blockage, a bifurcating of the recirculation
zone can be observed.
The bifurcation takes place just above the block (can be termed as
neck point) with two unequal sized zones along with the neck point. If
we compare the size of bifurcating zones, one, which is at the right
corner of the moving lid, is found to be more significant. The flow and
heat transfer patterns in the cavity for circular, as well as square blocks,
remain nearly the same, revealing the same kind of flow impediments
offered by both. However, the remarkable difference can be spotted on
the flow patterns in the cavity affected by the presence of the triangular
block. It seems to facilitate better transport of fluid as well as the heat
between thermally active walls. The power-law index has a significant
effect on the flow circulation within the cavity. For Pseudoplastic fluids,
significant changes can be noticeable on the location of the recircula-
tion zone, which is found to be slightly closer to the moving wall. On
K.M. Gangawane and H.F. Oztop
Fig. 8. Temperature profiles in the cavity containing blocks of different cross-sections for a range of Pr and n.
the other hand, for Newtonian (n = 1) and dilatant (n = 1.5), the
recirculation zone surrounds the block. This is due to variation ap-
parent viscosity with shear strain.
For triangular block and n = 0.5, the recirculation zone (a single,
circular vortex zone) seems to be stretched along the moving wall. For
n = 1,1.5, the flow structure remains more or less similar to the square/
circular block case with the slight inclination at the right corner of the
recirculation zone. Fig. 8 depicts the temperature patterns in the cavity
with blocks. At Pr = 1, the parallel-horizontal lines temperature con-
tours move between curved and top moving walls. The heated fluid is
located at the center of the curved surface, while the colder chunk of
fluid is saturated beneath the moving wall. With the increase in Pr, the
rapid circulation in the cavity takes place, which is resembled in the
twisted isotherm lines. The higher temperature fluids start moving to-
wards the left part of the curved surface, with colder fluid getting filled
at the top-right corner of the cavity (Pr = 1). With the increase in
modified Pr, a decrease in the thermal boundary layer can be seen with
crowding of isotherms on the curved surface.
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International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 114 (2020) 104563
Temperature profiles for circular and square blocks in the cavity
remains identical. It has already discussed that the triangular block
alleviates higher fluid circulation from moving the lid to the curved
wall. Hence the same is asserted by the isotherms patterns. For Pr = 1,
inclined isotherm contours are observed for all considered power-law
fluids. If we compare the crowding of isotherms near the heated wall,
cavity with a triangular block shows a thinner boundary layer region,
hence a higher rate of heat transfer among all considered blocks.
Fig. 9 shows the variation of average Nusselt number (Nu ) with
modified Pr as a function of the power-law index and Ri for different
computational modules selected herein. The variation of Nu with Pr is
similar to the trends mentioned in the open literature. It is a linear
increase with the Prandtl number. On the other hand, changing Ri from
forced convection dominant to natural convection dominant heat
transfer (0.1 ≤ Ri ≤ 10), as expected, the rate of heat transfer by
convection decreases (deteriorating Nu). On the other hand, by in-
serting the blockage in the cavity reduces the heat transfer rate by
about 50% for square and circular shapes. However, the presence of
K.M. Gangawane and H.F. Oztop
Fig. 9. Average Nusselt number (Nu ) for a range of Ri, Pr and n and different geometry cases.
triangular blockage seems to have no such deterioration, with the rate
of heat transfer matches 80% of the cavity without blockage case. The
effect of the power-law index seems to be more pronounced for the
cavity without the block and dominant forced convection (Ri = 0.1)
heat transfer. For higher Ri, as the shear rate variation is insignificant,
the change in the heat transfer characteristics are observed to be
minimal with the power-law index.
In order to demonstrate the effect of blockage in the cavity on the
heat transfer rate, Normalized Nusselt number (NuN) is calculated as a
function of modified Pr and for different Ri and n. NuN is a ratio of
average Nusselt number of the cavity with blockage with that of
without blockage. The variation of NuN is shown in Fig. 10. For
NuN > 1, higher convection heat transfer than cavity without
blockages can be predicted. It can be ascertained that the presence of
circular and square block reduces the heat transfer rate by 30–50% for
all considered governing parameters. On the other hand, for lower Ri
(< 1) and dilatant fluid (n = 1.5), heat transfer enhancement is shown
by a triangular block.
4.1. An empirical correlation for Nusselt number
The importance of summarizing the results in the form of closure
7
International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 114 (2020) 104563
relationship among dimensionless, gross engineering variables with the
governing parameters can be highlighted due to its applicability to
engineering design purposes.
In this work, the functional dependency of average Nusselt number
(Nu ) with modified Prandtl number, Richardson number, and non-
Newtonian power-law index is established. In particular, four correla-
tions are obtained in the following general form for four cases con-
sidered herein.
Nu = exp[a (n) + b (Ri ) + c (Pr) + d] (7)
The correlation coefficients (a,b,c, and d) are shown in Table 1,
along with R2 values for each correlation. The reason why higher R2 are
not obtained is due to high nonlinearity associated with functional
dependence of average Nu with the considered governing parameters.
Similarly, the parity plot between simulated average Nu values vs.
correlation values is shown in Fig. 11. Results show excellent matching
for low Pr and Ri values. Therefore, the estimated correlations may be
used for obtaining heat transfer rates at an intermediate parametric
condition considered for the study.
K.M. Gangawane and H.F. Oztop International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 114 (2020) 104563

Nublock
Fig. 10. Normalized Nusselt number (NuN = Nuwithout block
) for a range of Ri, Pr, and n.
Ri,Pr, n

Table 1
The data of correlation coefficients along with R2 values.
Cavity type Correlation coefficients

a b c d R2

Without block −0.2958 −0.1068 1.2 × 10−2 3.418 0.91

With circular block 5.88 × 10−2 −8.79 × 10−2 1.160 × 10−2 2.211 0.93
With square block 6.04 × 10−2 −8.82 × 10−2 1.161 × 10−2 2.217 0.93
With triangular block −8.74 × 10−2 −9.48 × 10−2 1.160 × 10−2 3.248 0.92

5. Concluding remarks
The present numerical study explores the hydrodynamics and thermal
characteristics due to mixed convection and non-Newtonian fluids in the
semi-oval cavity. The study also reveals the implications of the insertion of
adiabatic blockage (of different shapes-circular, square, and triangular) on
the overall convection in the cavity. The study assumed flow characteristics
to be laminar, 2D, incompressible with negligible radiation heat transfer as
well as compression work done. The changes in the density were approxi-
mated by Boussinesq approximation. The study was carried out for range
governing parameters, such as Richardson number (0.1 ≤ Ri ≤ 10),
modified Prandtl number (1 ≤ Pr ≤ 100), non-Newtonian power-law index
(0.5 ≤ n ≤ 1.5). The rate of heat transfer was observed to diminish with
augmentation in Ri. On the other hand, the increase in the power-law index
(from n = 0.5 to 1.5) restricts the fluid movement initiated by the moving
lid. Moreover, the power-law index found to have a significant effect on
flow characteristics at low Ri number. It is observed that the presence of
circular, as well as square blockages, has a diminishing effect on the fluid
flow and heat transfer in the cavity, whereas the appearance of a triangular
block mimics the flow behaviour shown by cavity without block. The heat
transfer rate deteriorates by nearly as much as 50% for a cavity with circular
and square blockages; while, the triangular block shows the average of 20%
reduction in the rate of heat transfer by convection. Therefore, the circular
and square blocks can be used for the applications where the fluid flow by
convection should be restricted (ex. Crystallization). However, the trian-
gular block can be used for bifurcating or branching the fluid flow due to
convection. In the end, the results of the study are summarized by devel-
oping a general empirical correlation of the Nusselt number.
Declaration of Competing Interest
Author agrees to submit this paper in International Communication

8
K.M. Gangawane and H.F. Oztop
Fig. 11. Parity plot for developed correlations.
in Heat and Mass Transfer. Authors do not have conflict of interest with
anyone of any kind, financial or otherwise. The above is for your per-
usal and kind consideration.
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