PRE – RECONMMENDATION GEOTECHNICAL

REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED MODEL

TECHNICAL COLLEGE SITE.
AT: REFINARY ROAD, EFFURUN, WARRI DELTA STATE.
FOR: Gobel Construction and Engineering Company Limited.

COMPILED BY:
EARTH GEO ENGINEERING NIG LTD
37, BISI ADELESI STREET, AGILITI,
MILE 12, KOSOFE L.G.A. LAGOS STATE.
TEL: +234803-421-4560 / +234808-771-7184

REF NO:earthgeo-03/20-0029

ISSUANCE REPORT RECORD:

Revision Date Originator Description
Rev 00 27/03/2020 Abayomi A. Not Final Report

MARCH, 2020.
 PRE – RECOMMENDATION GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT

FOR: Model Technical College, Effurun, Warri.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
Table of Contents 1
Project Team 3
1.0. INTRODUCTION 4
1.1.0 General Information
1.1.1 Investigation Objectives
1.1.2 Scope of Work
1.1.3 Project Description
1.1.4 Site Accessibility
1.1.5 Regional Geology
1.1.6 Brief Site Geology
2.0 SYNOPSIS OF FIELD WORK 6
2.1.0 Dutch Cone Penetration Test (2.5 Tons Capacity)
2.1.1 Geotechnical Boring
2.1.2 Sampling in Non Cohesive Soil
2.1.3 Sampling in Cohesive Soil
3.0 SUBSOIL CONDITION 8
3.0 Subsoil Condition
3.1 Groundwater Condition
4.0 BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS 9
4.1.0 Bearing Capacity Analysis Based on CPT Data
5.0 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 10
5.1 Recommendation
5.2 Conclusion
REFERENCE
NOTES

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EARTH GEO ENGINEERING Tel 01: +234803-421-4560

NIG LTD Tel 02: +234808-771-7184
RC 1463323 E-mail: earthgeoengineering@gmail.com
OFFICE ADDRESS:
37, Bisi Adelesi Street, Mile 12,
Agiliti, Kosofe L.G.A. Lagos State.
Nigeria.

Reference: 03/20-0029

27th March, 2020.

TO: The Project Engineer,
Gobel Construction and Engineering Company Limited,
Dear Sir,
This is to certify that the Proposed Site for Model Technical College along Refinery
Road, Effurun Warri has undergone subsoil investigation. All notes were prepared under
our supervision/execution in accordance with all statutory requirements of codes of
practice;

• BS EN 1997-2-2007, Geotechnics Designs (Ground Investigation and Testing, section

5.) British Standards Institution,
• B S Methods of Test for Soil for Civil Engineering Purposes’BS1377. London, 1990.

• The B.S. 8004: 1986 (Presently CP 2004: 1972) Code of practice for foundations

A Caple Percussion with shell and auger method was used to probe the site at one location
to a proposed depth of 30.0m, however, as at today, only 15m depth was achieved, to be
completed tomorrow. Recovered soil samples from the boring shall be taken to the
laboratory for test.
Also, eight number Cone Penetration Tests were performed until anchors were pulled at
designated building locations such as the administrative building, male hostel etc.

We hope that our findings and recommendations would be of assistance to the design
engineers.

We remain yours,

Engr.Shola Adegboye F.
FOR: Earth Geo Engineering Nig Ltd.

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PROJECT TEAM

FIELD TEAM
Head Operator – Rig 1: Emma.
Head Operator – Rig 2: Isaac.
Assistant 1: Peter
Assistant 2: James
Labourers 3
Site Foreman Zagi Macus

CERTIFIED

CERTIFIED BY; COMEG REGISTERED Abayomi Akinwalere

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION

EARTH GEO ENGINEERING NIGERIA LIMITED was called by Gobel Construction and
Engineering Company Limited on the 25th March, 2020 to carry out subsoil investigation on a
site proposed for Model Technical College at Effurun Warri, Delta State.
The Administrative Building was the targeted location for the immediate work to commence
hence, this pre - recommendation report shall be solely for that building.
It should be noted that this report is not final but shall serve the purpose of immediate
recommendation for the building in area of concern to commence. The report however presents
the description of the field work, analysis of data and suggestive foundation recommendation.

1.1.1 INVESTIGATION OBJECTIVES

• To determine the subsoil and surface/groundwater conditions of the site
• To determine the type of foundation required either shallow or deep.

1.1.2 SCOPE OF WORK

• 2 Nos Cone Penetration Test (DCPTs) – 2.5 Tons Capacity.
• 1 Nos of Geotechnical Boring/SPT using Shell and Auger
• Collection of soil samples from the borehole for detail laboratory analysis.

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1.1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Information from the client representative is that the Administrative Building is mainly two floor
slab with wider span up to 70m long by 36m width approximately.
The entire site is currently enclosed with aluminum roofing sheets forming a temporary perimeter
fencing. The compound level is almost. even.

1.1.4 SITE ACCESSIBILITY

The site is accessible through the popular Refinery Road, Effurun Warri Delta State. A truck
mounted and other heavy rig could access the site with ease.

1.1.5 REGIONAL GEOLOGY:

Warri falls in the Niger – Delta of the geologic era, hence, deposition in the Niger – Delta is such
that at its upstream end sediments consists of continental, gravelly or very sandy terrestrial
deposits which change seaward to sandy and clayey fluviatile and marine sediments which in turn
change into marine clays (Odebode, 2005). This sequence of fining sea-wards is also observed
vertically with the sequence starting with coarse sandy deposits and ending with marine clays.
This vertical sequence is attributable to major regression history of the Delta with a gradual
southward offlap (Frankl and Cordry, 1967).

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2.0 SYNOPSIS OF FIELD WORK

The field work commenced on the 26th March, 2020 and intended to complete on the 27th with
demobilization of equipment and personnel from the site.

2.1.0 DUTCH CONE PENETRATION TEST – CPT (2.5 Tons Capacity)

This is a universally standardised test in which a steel cone is pushed into the soil by means of
successive steel rods to measure the resistance of the soil to the cone’s penetration. The
resistance to penetration indicates the approximate ultimate shearing resistance (bearing
capacity) of the tested soil in kN. This test has been universally confirmed as offering a rapid, but
reliable assessment of the load bearing ability of foundation soils under them in-situ natural
conditions. The Dutch cone penetrometer test consists of forcing a hardened steel cone
continuously into the ground and measuring its resistance to penetration as initially stated. The
standard cone used has an apex angle of 60º and a based area of 10cm2. The penetrometer
machine consists of a steel frame carrying a driving head which houses a hydraulic pressure
capsule. The driving head can be raised or lowered by a manually operated winch or a motor
drive hydraulic raw. The cone assembly is pushed into the ground by means of steel rods
connected to the driving head. These rods are protected from friction with the soil by hollow outer
rods. During the course of this field work, 2 numbers CPT was carried out on the site which
was terminated at 6.0 & 7 .0m depth respectively.

2.1.1 GEOTECHNICAL BORING

The site been bored with a Shell and Auger method, is based on the use of variety of tools with
the exception of the auger are alternatively raised and dropped to break up and recover the soil.
A shell, which consists of a heavy long tube with flap valve on the bottom, is used in non-cohesive
soils such as sand and gravel. An Auger (now rarely used) or a clay cutter, which consists of an
open ended, heavy long tube used in cohesive soils.

2.1.2 SAMPLING IN NON-COHESIVE SOIL

During the drilling, the holes was lined with 150mm diameter [nominal] steel casings while
representative soil sample of the strata encountered were obtained into sample bags for physical
examination and description. Also, it was used for index property testing purposes. In non-
cohesive strata, [sands], the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) was performed to estimate the in-
situ density of the strata at every 1.5m.

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2.1.3 SAMPLING IN COHESIVE SOIL

In cohesive soils such as clays, undisturbed 100 mm by 450 mm diameter tube sample are to be
obtained at specific depth of occurrence. On this site, cohesive material was encountered, which
is a stiff clay, a portion of the sample was collected as undisturbed sample at 33.0m depth.
During the course of this field work, 1 number boring was conducted which temporarily
ended at 13.5m and shall be completed by tomorrow the 27th March, 2020.

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3.0 SUBSOIL CONDITIONS

NOTE: The site was wet and it rained the previous night before the tests were conducted.
The boring performed on the site from the current ground level up to the depth of 13.5m confirmed
the occurrence of greyish silty sand from the top to lateritic clay material which was described on
the site as soft, and this layer overlies another yellowish brown clay which appear soft but denoted
as firm in the table below and shall be confirm from the laboratory afterwards. Below this layer of
clay is an occurrence of sandy clay material which overlies two main sand layers which are fine
layers and medium to coarse grained layer at 13.5m where the boring temporarily ended and to
be continued tomorrow the 27th March 2020.
The table below shows the presentation of soil stratification on the site as classified using the 1
number boring performed on the Administrative Building location.

TABLE 1: Summary of Subsoil Strata and Geotechnical Properties based on the Borehole.

DEPTH DESCRIPTION OF STRATA GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES

(m)
0.00 0.75 Loose, greyish Silty Sand Poor geotechnical properties
0.75 1.00 Soft, brownish lateritic CLAY Poor geotechnical properties
(To be confirmed in the laboratory).
1.00 4.00 Firm, yellowish brown CLAY Moderate geotechnical properties
(U4 Blows 49) (To be confirmed in the laboratory).
4.00 6.00 Soft, brownish sandy CLAY Poor geotechnical properties
(U4 Blows 18) (To be confirmed in the laboratory).
6.00 11.00 Medium dense, yellowish to brown Good geotechnical properties
fine-grained SAND
11.00 13.50 Medium dense, brownish medium to Good geotechnical properties
coarse grained SAND

3.1 GROUND WATER LEVEL: The field work activity was performed during the early rainfall
period of the year, it rained the previous night before the test were carried out, however, no
groundwater was encountered thus far.

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4.0 BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS

4.1.0 BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS BASED ON THE FIELD DATA

The result of the investigation as calculated based on Meyerhof’s formulae for Strips or
Square/Circular foundations irrespective of the width and at various depths range gave the
following Allowable Bearing Pressure values for the subsoil condition in its present natural state
as tabulated below: Reference to Tables 2.

qa = 2.7Ckd kN/m2 ~ Ckd / 40 kg/cm2

Where Ckd = cone resistance in kg/cm2

And qa = allowable bearing pressure in kN/m2

TABLE 2: Allowable Bearing Pressure based on the data from the CPT Reading
CPT Data
Depth Mean QC Ultimate Bearing Allowable
(m) Value Capacity (kN/m²) Bearing Pressure
(Kg/m2) (kN/m²)

0.50 10.0 67.5 27.0

1.00 12.0 81.0 32.4

1.50 14.0 94.5 37.8

2.00 15.0 101.25 40.5

2.50 16.0 108.0 43.2

3.00 18.0 121.5 48.6

4.00 23.0 155.3 62.1

5.00 30.0 202.5 81.0

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5.0 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 RECOMMENDATION

The recommendations made in this report are based on the results of the field analysis of the
acquired data, using the results of the allowable bearing pressure and our general assessment
of the assumed anticipated load as mentioned by the project engineer to be 2 storied building
i.e. a ground floor and 2 floor slabs for a school administrative building.

However, from the allowable pressure stated in table 2 and the observed underlying subsoil
strata in table 1, shallow foundation and deep foundation may be considered:
SHALLOW FOUNDATION RECOMMENDATION

Though, the actual total load of the proposed building was not stated or mentioned but
for the purpose of this report, we have assumed an average floor loading of 15kN/m2 for
a floor. Hence, an overall ground – bearing pressure for a maximum loaded 3 – floors
would be 45kN/m2 i.e. the ground floor and two floor slabs.

From the CPT data stated in table 1 having 40.5 kN/m2 Bearing Capacity at 2.0m
depth, it is suggested that a well Reinforced Shallow Foundation in the form of
RAFT could be adopted to a minimum depth of 1.5m.

With this observation, we cautiously advised that the Engineer ensure that the
top soil on the building area is removed to accommodate an approved and
suitable import filling material.

Import filling shall therefore be done in layers of compaction which shall

eventually increase the foundation level before the RAFT FOUNDATION is
constructed.

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DEEP FOUNDATION RECOMMENDATION

Deep Foundation in the form of PILES could also be suggested for the proposed
Administrative Building. Piles would allow construction to start immediately and minimized the
likely unforeseen negative effects of settlement. The results of the Borehole revealed medium
dense coarse sand below 6.00m depths into which Friction and End Bearing Piles could be
terminated.

Some form of deep foundations such as deep reinforced concrete columns of medium to big size
cross-sectional area can be used to transmit the column loads from the building base to terminate
within the medium dense sand indicated to occur below 6.00m depths and as such, the piles can
be terminated at 6.50m depth, see the table 1 for reference. Such foundations should be
capable of mobilizing moderate safe working loads sufficient for the proposed building.
Bored cast-in-place piles should be used to avoid the risk of damage to adjacent structures
resulting from the other types of pile and their vibrations.

The following piles working loads are quoted as a guide based on data obtained from the SPT
results for bored cast-in-place piles:
As per our analysis, a toe bearing capacity of 2560 kN/m² is calculated;
Factors considered for the Tip/Base and Frictional Resistance are stated herein:
PILE TERMINATION DEPTH ≥ 7.0m
Qb – Adopted Factor of Safety is 2.5
Qs – Adopted Factor of Safety is 2.0
Df – Disturbance Factor for bored piles adopted in both analysis is 0.6.

TABLE 3: Safe Working Load

PILE PREDICTED SAFE WORKING

DIAMETER LOAD
(mm) (kN)
Qb Qs TOTAL
350 147.80 21.11 168.91
400 193.04 24.13 217.18
450 244.32 27.15 271.47
600 434.35 36.20 470.55

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5.1 CONCLUSION
Despite an objective soil investigation and reporting, a poorly designed and/or constructed
foundation may lead to structural failure if all other environmental conditions remain constant.
EARTH GEO ENGINEERING NIGERIA LIMITED advised that the design and construction of all
foundation and earthwork be carried out by a competent company in accordance with good and
strict engineering practice expected of a professional. The construction contractor shall be guided
by reference Code of Practices such as; British Institution CP 2004, 1973: Code of Practice for
Foundation and BS 6031: Code of Practice for Earth Works and our relevant National Standards;
General Specification for Road and Bridges (F.M.H. Abuja) on Material and Geotech latest edition.
Kind regards,

27/03/2020.
Abayomi Akinwalere
Engineering Geologist (B.Sc, M.Sc, MNMGS, COMEG).
ISO/IEC 17025 Certified.

FOR: Earth Geo Engineering Nig Ltd.

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REFERENCES
• British Standards Institution, ‘BS EN 1997-2-2007, Geotechnics Designs (Ground Investigation and Testing, section
5. British Standards Institution, ‘British Standards Methods of Test for Soil for Civil Engineering Purposes’, BS1377.
London, 1990.
• S. K. Garg ‘Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering’ 2nd Edition, Seventh Revised Edition, Khanna Publishers,
2009.
• Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 3(5): 571 – 577, 2011, Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2011.
• S. N. Smith and Ian G. N Smith ‘Elements of Soil Mechanics’, 7th Edition. Blackwell Science, USA. 1998.
• International Standards Organisation, ‘Geotechnical Investigation and Testing – Identification and Classification of
Soil – Rent 1: Identification and Description’, ISO14688-1. 2002.
• Federal Ministry of Works and Housing, ‘General Specification for Roads and Bridges’. 1997
Revised Edition.
• Department of Transport “Specification for Roads and Bridge Works.
• Skempton, A. W., ‘The Colloidal Activity of Clays,’ proceedings, 3rd International Conference on Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering, London, Vol. 1, pp 57-61, 1953

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NOTES RELATING TO THIS REPORT

Introduction
These notes have been provided to amplify the geotechnical report in regard to classification methods, specialist field procedures and
certain matters relating to the Discussion and Comments section. Not all, of course, are necessarily relevant to all reports.
Geotechnical reports are based on information gained / obtained from limited subsurface test boring and sampling, supplemented by
knowledge of local geology and experience.
For this reason, they must be regarded as interpretative rather than factual documents, limited to some extent by the scope of
information on which they rely.
Description and Classification Methods
In general, descriptions cover the following properties - strength or density, colour, structure, soil or rock type & inclusions.
Soil types are described according to the predominating particle size, qualified by the grading of other particles present (eg. sandy
clay) on the following bases:
Soil Classification Particle Size
Clay less than 0.002 mm - Silt 0.002 to 0.06 mm - Sand 0.06 to 2.00 mm - Gravel 2.00 to 60.00 mm
Cobbles 60mm to 200mm - Boulders > 200mm
Cohesive soils are classified on the basis of strength either by laboratory testing or engineering examination.
The strength terms are defined as follows.
Cohesive soils are classified on the basis of strength either by laboratory testing or engineering examination.
Non-cohesive soils are classified on the basis of relative density, generally from the results of standard penetration tests (SPT) or
Dutch cone penetrometer tests (CPT).
The strength terms are defined as follows.

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