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ENGR. C.

LEOBRERA

LECTURE 4

TENSION MEMBERS

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TENSION MEMBERS ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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TENSION MEMBERS ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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TENSION MEMBERS ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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AISC SECTIONS ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

 Chapter D: Tension Member Strength


 Chapter B: Gross and Net Areas
 Chapter J: Block Shear
 Part 5: Design Charts and Tables

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NOTES ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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NOTES ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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NOTES ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Limit State ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

A condition of a structure beyond which it no longer fulfills the relevant


design criteria.

We tend to deal with two general types of limit states:

• Strength/safety

Failure of one component (P, M, V)

• Serviceability

Deformation: excessive load, deflection, cracking


Fastener Slip, yielding and plastic deformation
Motion: Human discomfort and perception

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Failure Modes in Tension ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Failure Modes in Tension ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

• Section a-a is away from the load application point. The full
gross area is available to resist tension loads.

• Section b-b is at the location where bolts transfer the load from
the bar to the gusset plate. The bolt holes reduce the cross-
sectional area and increase the stress. The reduced net area is
available to resist tension loads.

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Failure Modes in Tension ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Yielding of Gross Area Ag

The member could stretch so much that it is no longer useful to


the structural system.

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Failure Modes in Tension ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Yielding of Gross Area Ag

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Failure Modes in Tension ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Fracture in the net section, An

The member could locally stretch at bolt holes so much that


loads couldn’t transfer between the tension member and the rest
of the structural system. This could also result in system failure.

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Failure Modes in Tension ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Fracture in the net section, An

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Stress Distribution with Holes Present
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

NOMINAL CAPACITY

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Stress Distribution
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Gross Area ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Ag is the total cross-sectional area of a tensile member taken


along a transverse line where no holes are provided.

When fabricating structural steel, standard bolt holes are usually punched
or drilled 1/16 inch larger than the bolt diameter.

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Hole Diameter ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

For design purposes, the bolt hole diameter is


equal to the bolt diameter (db) plus 1/16 inch for
the standard punched hole (erection tolerance,
standard hole) plus 1/16 inch for damaged
incurred:
standard hole diameter:

dh = db + 1/16 inch = db + 2mm


design hole diameter when computing Net Area (An) for tension members:

dh_design = db + 1/8 inch = db + 3.2mm (!)

dh_design = dh + 1/16 inch

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ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Net Area ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Net Area ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Gauge Length for Angles ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Fracture Plane ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

When we investigate failure


(fracture) paths, we always
consider paths that fall on the
lead line of bolts
This fracture plane resists 100% of T
(lead line)
In other words, we only
consider paths that leave all
the bolts intact (lead line)

This fracture plane only resists 9/10 of T This fracture plane resists 100% of T
(not a lead line) (lead line)

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Load Transfer at Connections ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Load Transfer at Connections ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Load Transfer at Connections ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Effective Net Area ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

A structural shape consists of elements that make up its shape.

A W-Shape (wide flange) consists of five


elements, two elements for each flange
and one web.

A C-Shape (channel) consists of three


elements, one element for each
flange and one web.

An L-Shape (angle) consists of two


elements, one element for each leg.

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Effective Net Area ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

The concept of effective net area


addresses whether or not the
transfer of tension loads from a
structural shape to a fastener
involves all or some of the cross-
sectional elements of that shape.

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Effective Net Area ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

If the distance to transfer the tension load between two


members is short, the internal shear forces cannot be
efficiently distributed from the entire cross-section (all of the
elements) to the reduced cross-section (some of the elements) at
the connection.

This shear lag is accounted for by reducing the net area to an


effective net area.

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Effective Net Area ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Shear Lag Factor, U ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Shear Lag Factor, U ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Shear Lag Factor, U ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Shear Lag Factor, U ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Shear Lag Factor, U ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Shear Lag Factor, U ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Shear Lag Factor, U ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Shear lag is less influential when l


is long, or if outstanding leg has
minimal area or eccentricity

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Shear Lag Factor, U ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Shear Lag Factor, U ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Shear Lag Factors ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Shear Lag Factors ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Shear Lag, U ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Note: In using Table D3.1 Multiple cases may apply


get the greater value!
For W-Shapes connected at flanges, treat as if it was two WT shapes.

For channels connected at web and angles, look up xbar directly in Manual.

For W-shapes connected at web, treat as if it was four angles.

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Shear Lag Factor, U ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Shear Lag Factor, U ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Shear Lag Factors Welded Connections
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

An = A g
Table D3.1 Case 2 covers this type of connections
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Length of Connection, l ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Bolted Welded

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Shear Lag Factors Welded Connections
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Shear lag factors for plates


(for plates only!) ☺

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Maximum Ae for Plates with holes ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

For splice plates with holes like


gussets Ae = An (i.e. U=1.0) but An
should not be greater than 0.85
Ag of plate.

Note:
ordinary plates are different from splice plates

Splice plates are used to connect two structural


elements (e.g. as shown in the figure)

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WHITMORE SECTION
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

For Tension Members connected to wide Gusset Plates


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In summary… AISC Tensile Strength
(Yielding and Net Area Fracture) ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

BLOCK SHEAR

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von Mises Failure Criterion ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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von Mises Failure Criterion ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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von Mises Failure Criterion ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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von Mises Failure Criterion ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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von Mises Failure Criterion ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Block Shear ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

It is possible to cause a rupture shear failure in the base metal before the capacity of the
higher strength bolts is reached. This block shear must be checked in certain situations,
such as the bolted connections of tension members.

State of Combined
Yielding and Fracture

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Block Shear ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Block Shear ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Block Shear ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Block Shear (W SHAPE) ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Block Shear (GUSSET PLATE) ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Block Shear Strength ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Block Shear Strength ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Block Shear Strength ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Rupture along Tension plane followed


by yielding of Shear plane

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Block Shear Strength ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Rupture along Shear plane followed


by rupture of Tension plane

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Block Shear Strength ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Tensile Failure is defined by rupture along net area in


both modes.

Shear Failure along the shear planes can either be rupture


along the net area or yield along gross area, whichever
is smaller.

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Block Shear Strength
ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Smaller of the Two

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ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Cross Sectional Areas ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Cross Sectional Areas ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Cross Sectional Areas ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Stiffness Criterion ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Stiffness Criterion ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Stiffness is not a criterion in the design of tension members but


it is necessary to limit their length to prevent a member
becoming too flexible both during erection and final use of the
structure.
Possible concerns: sagging due to its own weight and vibration
when subjected to repeated loading (wind or equipment).

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Tension Rods ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Fn for tension rods = 0.75Fu

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Tension Rods ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Design the required Sag rods diameter


with the following properties and given
the following loads: wdl = 1.0kPa
A36: Fy = 36ksi Fu=58ksi
wll = 1.0kPa

Note: Load given in terms of Roof Area

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Tension Rods ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Plan View

Sag Rods at
third Points

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Tension Rods ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

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Tension Rods ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Solution:

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Tension Rods ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

Use 10mm dia. Sag Rods


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REFERENCES ENGR. C. LEOBRERA

• Salmon, C.G., Johnson, J.E. and Malhas, F.A. (2009). Steel Structures
Design and Behavior, Prentice Hall, 5th edition.

• AISC – ASD/LRFD Steel Construction Manual, 13th edition

• Project Execution Services (PES). Civil/Structural Training Course


No. CSA266. AISC Steel Design – AISC 360-05. Fluor Corporation
2009.

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