REPORT OF UNIVERSAL POLAR

STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
(NORTH POLE)
COURSE NAME: SURVEYING II
COURSE CODE: CE-286
SUBMITTED BY: SYNDICATE 02
SECTION: C
BATCH: 2017
SYNDICATE MEMBERS
Abdul Malik 208134 M.Mubeen 212366
Abdur Rehman 237883 Nauman 216665
Abdullah Butt 237882 Rana Sufiyan 226582
Assad Hamid 220384 Talha Jamal 210603
Faraz Gul 213652 Usama 197042
M.Hassan 215608
 TABLE OF CONTENT
S.No Topic Page No
1 Abstract 03
2 Selection of Projections 04
3 UPS Stands for 05
4 North Pole 07
5 History of UPS 07
6 Need for UPS 08
7 Introduction 08
8 Properties of UPS (N.P) 09
9 Naming of Zones and Sub- 09
Zones
10 False Easting and False 10
Northing
11 Scale Factor at North Pole 10
12 Characteristics of UPS 11
13 Limitations 11
14 Bibliography 12
ABSTRACT:
The system in which three dimensional globe is
converted into two dimensional flat surface is called
projection system. There are two universally accepted
systems that covers the whole Earth. One is Universal
Transverse Mercator Projection System and other is
Universal polar Stereographic Projection System. UTM is
covering most of the part of Earth from 84°north to 80°
south while UPS is specific Polar Regions (North and
South Poles) that is to say, it works beyond 84° north up
to 90° north and 80° south to 90° south. Currently no any
country comes in region of North Pole rather there is
Arctic Ocean in most of the part of North Pole. UPS has
some characteristics owing to a conformal projection,
that the parallels of latitude appears as concentric circles
on projection, secondly, lines of meridians appears as
lines either converging or crossing each other on north or
south poles and thirdly, poles themselves are
represented as a point on projection surface.
SELECTION OF PROJECTIONS:
When you choose a projection, the first thing to consider
is the purpose of your map. For general reference and
atlas maps, you usually want to balance shape and area
distortion. If your map has a specific purpose, you may
need to preserve a certain spatial property—most
commonly shape or area—to achieve that purpose. If we
want to preserve area of regions, then we would go
through Equidistant Projections and if we want the shape
of our regions to be preserved, we should select
conformal projections
Since we are more conscious about shape as well as true
direction, Universal Polar Stereographic projection is
conformal type of projection.

UPS STANDS FOR:

UPS stands for Universal Polar Stereographic.
• Universal:
Because this projection system is universally accepted to
represent poles of earth.
• Polar:
There are basically 3 types of planar/azimuthal
projections.
1. Polar (to project poles)
2. Equatorial (to project equatorial regions)
3. Oblique (to project mid-latitude regions)
 • Stereographic:
Azimuthal projection is classified according to the
position of light source.
1. Gnomonic
2. Stereographic
3. Orthographic
NORTH POLE:
1. Currently, no country owns the North Pole. It sits in
international waters. The closest land is Canadian
territory Nunavut, followed by Greenland (part of
the Kingdom of Denmark).
2. In December 2013, Canada announced plans to
submit a proposal to the United Nations claiming the
North Pole as part of Canadian territory.
3. But the North Pole really belongs to Santa Claus
4. Located in the Arctic Circle, the Santa Claus Village in
Rovaniemi is regarded as “Santa's official North Pole
residence” and is one of the top tourist destinations

HISTORY OF UPS:
Earth features are commonly referenced by geographic
coordinates — longitude and latitude. However, these
coordinates are not suitable in all situations to report
positions or to calculate distances or directions. To
perform these functions conveniently, grids and grid
coordinate systems have been invented. A national grid
is devised by a national authority and covers a single
country (or part of it). The universal grids, Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) and Universal Polar
Stereographic (UPS), were devised by the U.S.
Department of Defense (DoD) and taken together cover
the whole Earth. The Military Grid Reference System
(MGRS) is the pair, UTM and UPS, after some
reformatting (e.g. lettering) is applied to each.

NEED FOR UPS:

Universal Transverse Mercator projections covers regions
of earth up to 84° North and 80° south.
That is to say, it does not cover Polar Regions of Earth. In
order to project these regions, Universal Polar
Stereographic projection is used.

INTRODUCTION:
The universal polar stereographic (UPS) coordinate
system is used in conjunction with the universal
transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system to locate
positions on the surface of the earth. Like the UTM
coordinate system, the UPS coordinate system uses a
metric-based Cartesian grid laid out on a conformally
projected surface. UPS covers the Earth's Polar Regions,
specifically the areas north of 84°N and south of 80°S,
which are not covered by the UTM grids along with
additional 30 minutes of latitude extending into UTM
grid to provide some overlap between the two systems.

PROPERTIES OF UPS (NORTH POLE):

1. All latitudes represented as concentric circles but
they are not equidistant as their distance increases
away from North Pole.
2. Lines of Longitudes appears as lines converge with
each other on North pole
3. North Pole is represented as a point.

NAMING OF ZONES AND SUB-ZONES:

The zones are named as Y and Z.
Each subzone of the UPS is named using two letters of
the English Alphabet.
 1. First letter is same for vertical strips from A to J (D, E
and I are not used) to right side and from Z to R (V
and W are not used) in reverse order to left side.
2. Second letter is same for horizontal strips from A to
P (I and O are not used).

FALSE EASTING AND FALSE NORTHING:

• The origin at the intersection of meridians is
assigned a false easting and false northing of
2,000,000 meters

SCALE FACTOR AT NORTH POLE:

The amount by which the ratio of a distance on the
projection to the corresponding distance on the ellipsoid
deviates from 1:1 is described as the scale factor:
Scale factor = Length on Projection
Length on Ellipsoid
The scale factor at each pole is adjusted to 0.994 so that
the latitude of true scale is 81.11451786859362545°
(about 81° 06' 52.3") North and South. In the ellipsoidal
model, a stereographic projection tangent to
the pole has a scale factor of less than 1.003 at 84°
latitude and 1.008 at 80° latitude.

CHARACTERISTICS OF UNIVERSAL
POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
1. SHAPE:
Since it is a type of conformal projection, it has
characteristic of correct representation of shape.
2. AREA:
The farther from the pole, the greater the area scale.
3. DISTANCE:
In general, the scale increases with distance from the
pole. Latitude 81°06'52.3" N or S has true scale. The
scale closer to the pole is reduced.

4. DIRECTION:
True direction from the pole. Local angles are correct
everywhere

LIMITATIONS:
The UPS is limited to 84° N in the north polar aspect and
80° S in the south polar aspect.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
The list of references that assist us in writing this report
are as follows:
1. http://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/rh83/pl431/work
book/Coordinates.pdf

2. https://www.google.com/search?
q=how+universal+polar+stereographic+projection+d
eveloped&oq=how+universal+polar+stereographic+
projection+developed&aqs=chrome..69i57.20202j0j
7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

3. http://earth-
info.nga.mil/GandG/publications/NGA_SIG_0012_2_
0_0_UTMUPS/NGA.SIG.0012_2.0.0_UTMUPS.pdf
4. https://www.google.com.pk/search?
ei=TcgMXI6oHsfisAe5t4ngDw&q=properties+of+univ
ersal+polar+stereographic+coordinate+system&oq=
properties+of+Universal+Polar+Stereographic+&gs_l
=psy-
ab.1.0.33i22i29i30l3.2129.30091..33006...2.0..0.391.
11007.0j10j28j7......0....1..gws-
 wiz.....6..0j0i71j35i39j0i67j0i131i67j0i131j0i22i30.qe
aeyu2u6-k

5. https://www.google.com.pk/search?
q=Universal+Polar+Stereographic+north+pole&tbm=
isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiu2O
Gep5LfAhVK2qQKHRz3A_gQsAR6BAgFEAE&biw=136
6&bih=608