Passive House Solutions-NK Architects PDF

Passive House Solutions
Brandon Nicholson, AIA, CPHD, LEED AP BD+C

Founding Principal, Nicholson Kovalchick (NK) Architects
Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

THE PROBLEM
U.S.A. is #1
Comparing CO2 Emissions

THE PROBLEM
Americans’
Big Impact
Annual Per Capita CO2 Emissions

THE PROBLEM
Buildings’ Big
Impact
U.S.A. CO2 Emissions by Sector (2010)

THE SOLUTION
Building
Energy Usage
Annual Site Energy Usage

THE SOLUTION
Passive House
Energy Use
Typical Passive House Multifamily

THE SOLUTION
Passive House
Energy Use
Typical Passive House Office

We Need Ambition
We Need Scale
SCALE
PASSIVE HOUSE AMBITION

PASSIVE HOUSE
NK Architects
Design Staff
Most CPHCs and CPHDs in North
America.

PASSIVE HOUSE PORTFOLIO
Park Passive

Pax Futura

320 Queen Anne

11th & Republican

Hillandale

Hillandale

Glassport Retirement
Residence

Morningside
Crossing

Carrick Library

PASSIVE HOUSE
What is it?
1. A Science-Based Building Philosophy

2. A Means to Hit the Target

PASSIVE HOUSE
Philosophy #1
Plan First.
DRAW THERMAL AND AIR BARRIER.

PASSIVE HOUSE
Philosophy #2
Model Early & Often.

DASHBOARD.

PASSIVE HOUSE
Philosophy #3
Optimize Every System.

PASSIVE HOUSE
Philosophy #4
Standardize & Repeat.

ESPECIALLY COMPLICATED DETAILS.

PASSIVE HOUSE
Philosophy #5
Substitution,
Not Addition.

PASSIVE HOUSE
Philosophy #6
Train Your Contractors.

SHARE THE PHILOSOPHY.

PASSIVE HOUSE
Philosophy #7
Right People for the Job.

ONLY PASSIVE HOUSE-TRAINED STAFF
ON HIGH PERFORMANCE DESIGN.

PASSIVE HOUSE
Philosophy #8
Pay for the Envelope with

Mechanical Savings.

PASSIVE HOUSE
Philosophy #9
Keep the Wall on the

Warm Side.

PASSIVE HOUSE
Unit-by-Unit
Independent.

PASSIVE HOUSE
Floor-by-Floor
Neighborhood.

PASSIVE HOUSE
Whole Building
Global.

PASSIVE HOUSE
Model Matches
Performance
Predictable Results
Passive House vs. Non-Passive House

Energy Consumption

PASSIVE HOUSE
Health and
Happiness
Relative Performance between:
PHIUS Passive House,
ENERGY STAR®,
Conventional buildings (US D.O.E.)

PASSIVE HOUSE
Indoor Air
Quality (IAQ)
Monitoring of UK Schools.
IAQ Supports Learning.

PASSIVE HOUSE
Indoor Air
Quality (IAQ)
Monitoring of UK Schools.
IAQ Supports Learning.

PASSIVE HOUSE
PHFA Data: Cost

Comparable?
179 Projects Proposed to Pennsylvania
Housing Finance Agency, 2015-2016.
Projected Construction Cost

PASSIVE HOUSE
PHFA Data: Cost

Comparable?
59 Passive House Projects Proposed to
PHFA, 2015-2016.
Passive House vs. Conventional –

Less than 2% Difference in Construction
Cost.

PASSIVE HOUSE
PHFA Data: Cost

Comparable?
18 Passive House Projects Awarded by
PHFA, 2015-2016.

NK ARCHITECTS
EcoProforma

PASSIVE HOUSE
PHPP
Verification
Page
Sample results from
Passive House Planning Package (PHPP)

PASSIVE HOUSE
PHPP
Energy
Modeling
PHPP Sheets

PASSIVE HOUSE
Organizations

PASSIVE HOUSE
Science
Based
Passive House is Building Physics

PASSIVE HOUSE
Magic of the
Heat Pump
Phase Change

Photo Courtesy of Max Monty
PASSIVE HOUSE
Magic of the
Heat Pump
Phase Change – the “Refrigeration Cycle”

PASSIVE HOUSE
Optimizing The
Parts
1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6:
WALLS AIR THERMAL WINDOWS HVAC HOT WATER
SEALING BREAKS

1:
WALLS
WALLS
Moisture
Drive
Exterior and Interior Risk Sources

WALLS
Moisture
Drive Theory
Moisture drive seeking equilibrium

WALLS
Moisture
Drive: Winter Wall assemblies are where
moisture equilibrium is
Moisture drive seeking equilibrium maintained

WALLS
Moisture
Drive: Summer Wall assemblies are where
moisture equilibrium is
Moisture drive seeking equilibrium maintained

WALLS
Evolution of a
Wall
Understanding the Ideal Wall

WALLS
Standard Steel
Stud

WALLS
Code Compliant
Steel Stud

WALLS
Hybrid Steel
Stud

WALLS
Ideal
Wall
Steel studs

WALLS Masonry Treatment
Lime plaster on exist. brick, liquid
Brick Retrofit
Exist. Masonry applied membrane, and/or
Wall repointing
Proper shedding of
water reduces the risk Dense Pack insulation
of freeze-thaw
damage: repair and
Airtight membrane & smart
repoint to shed water vapor retarder
and make windtight Service cavity w/ optional
Typical Brick Retrofit Wall Assembly
insulation
(Vapor Open)
2X3 Horizontal battens
SECTION
Masonry Treatment
2x Studs
Exist. Masonry Dense Pack Insulation
Wall
Airtight membrane & smart
vapor retarder
Service cavity w/ optional

insulation
Interior Finish
PLAN
WALLS Masonry Treatment
Lime plaster on exist. brick, liquid
Brick Retrofit
Exist. Masonry applied membrane, and/or
Wall repointing
Proper shedding of
water reduces the risk
of freeze-thaw
Closed Cell Spray Foam
damage: repair and 1st coat, continuous spray foam
repoint to shed water serving as primary air barrier
and make windtight
Typical Brick Retrofit Wall Assembly
Spray Foam Insulation
(Vapor Closed) 2nd coat
SECTION
Masonry Treatment
2x Studs
Exist. Masonry Closed Cell Spray Foam

Wall
Spray Foam Insulation
Interior Finish
PLAN
WALLS
Ideal Wall with

Rockwool

WALLS
Ideal Wall with

EIFS
Exterior Insulation Finishing System

WALLS
Ideal Wall with

Cork

2:
AIR
SEALING
AIR SEALING
Avoid Building
Failure

AIR SEALING
Barrier
Integrated
Sheathing
Zip System® Sheathing
DENSelement

x
AIR SEALING
Taped Sheathing

AIR SEALING
Fluid Applied
Barriers

AIR SEALING
Fabric Building
Wrap

AIR SEALING
Smart
Membranes
When internal barrier system is needed.

AIR SEALING
Blower Door
Testing

3:
THERMAL
BREAKS
THERMAL BREAKS
Thermal Bridge
Awareness
Understand Psi Values
Utilize Software
Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com Photo Courtesy of HTFlux

THERMAL BREAKS
Masonry
Shelf Angle
Photo Courtesy of Armatherm

THERMAL BREAKS
Steel to Steel

THERMAL BREAKS
Steel to Steel

THERMAL BREAKS
Balconies
Photo Courtesy of Schock

THERMAL BREAKS
Balconies

THERMAL BREAKS
Balconies

THERMAL BREAKS
Steel to Steel

4:
WINDOWS
WINDOWS
Objectives
1: Windows should be energy neutral
2: Minimize heat gains in summer
3: Maximize heat gains in winter

WINDOWS
Over-Glazing
Nicholson
Nicholson Kovalchick Architects/ nkarch.com
Kovalchick Architects P.S. / nkarch.com
Photo Courtesy of Airbnb, Vancouver Listing
WINDOWS
Window
Strategies
Minimize mullions to improve performance
vs.

WINDOWS
Window
Section
Anatomy of a high-performance window

WINDOWS
Shading
Strategies

WINDOWS
Shading
Strategies

WINDOWS
Shading
Strategies
Decks and Overhangs

WINDOWS
Shading
Strategies
Mechanical Louvers
Photo Courtesy of Hammer & Hand

WINDOWS
Shading
Strategies
Exterior Shades

WINDOWS
Shading
Strategies
Exterior Shades

WINDOWS
High Iron
Content Glass
Photo Courtesy of George de Kinder

WINDOWS
High Iron
Content Glass

WINDOWS
Glazing
Strategies
Window Films

WINDOWS
Glazing
Strategies
Window Orientation

WINDOWS
Shading
Strategies
Deciduous Trees

WINDOWS
N
East Façade Free Heat Energy
Strategies from Morning Sun
Morning Sun

WINDOWS
N
East Façade Vertical Fins Shade
Strategies Midday Sun
Mid-Day Sun
Deep
Recessed
Windows

WINDOWS
High Radiation N
South Façade Exposure
Strategies Long & Low

Horizontal
Summer Sun Windows
Overhangs,
Brise Soleil,
and/or Decks
Deep Recessed
Windows
Deciduous Trees (Summer)

WINDOWS
High Radiation N
South Façade Exposure
Strategies Long & Low

Horizontal
Winter Sun Windows
Overhangs,
Brise Soleil,
and/or Decks
Deep Recessed
Windows
Deciduous Trees (Winter)

WINDOWS
Overheating Risk N
West Façade with Windows
Strategies Vertical Fins

Midday Sun
Winter
Narrow Vertical
Windows
Deep Recessed
Windows
Deciduous Trees (Winter)

WINDOWS
Overheating Risk N
West Façade with Windows
Strategies Vertical Fins

Evening Sun
Narrow Vertical
Windows
Deep Recessed
Windows
Deciduous Trees (Summer)

WINDOWS
N
North Façade
Strategies No Shading
Devices
Necessary
Windows will
lose more heat
than gain

WINDOWS
N
Off-Axis
Orientation
Avoid 45 degree Angle off of South Axis
Hybrid shading solutions are difficult and

expensive for controlling unwanted gains
on southeast and southwest corners.

5:
HVAC
HVAC
Savings Offset
Costs
Ideally…

HVAC
Conventional
Ventilation
Conventional Floor-by-Floor HVAC
Approach Causes Problems

HVAC
Conventional
(Fantasy)
The conventional trickle vent approach is a
fantasy.

HVAC
Conventional
Approach
Exhaust penetrations leak conditioned air

HVAC
Conventional
(Reality)
Conventional, pressurized corridors cause
leaks and create problems

HVAC
Temperature
Throttling
The conventional approach creates an
inefficient surplus of heat that is slowly lost
over time.

HVAC
Thermal
Comfort
The solution is even temperature
consistency.

HVAC
HRV:
Heat Recovery

HVAC
HRV:
Oxygen Rich

HVAC
HRV:
Filtered Fresh

HVAC
Boost
On Demand
HRV Boost Mode on Demand

HVAC
Boost
On Demand
HRV boost mode on timer.

HVAC
Simple Comfort
Efficient and Elegant design

solution.

HVAC
Heat
Pump
Heating / Cooling
Photo Courtesy of Mitsubishi

HVAC
Ventilation
Solutions
HRV Integration

HVAC
Ventilation
Solutions
Unit-by-Unit Through-Wall HRV

HVAC
Ventilation
Solutions
Through-wall HRV
Photo Courtesy of Lunos

HVAC
Ventilation
Solutions
Unit-by-Unit Cassette HRV

HVAC
Ventilation
Solutions
Cassette HRV
Photo Courtesy of Panasonic

Nicholson
HVAC
Ventilation
Solutions
Floor-by-Floor
The only section of ductwork that needs to be Fresh Air

insulated is the section that connects the HRV to the Stale Air
exterior wall, as the rest of the ductwork is on the
Heat
sealed side of the HRV.

HVAC
Ventilation
Solutions
Floor-by-Floor

HVAC
Ventilation
Solutions
Floor-by-Floor Ventilation

HVAC
Ventilation
Solutions
Floor-by-Floor Ventilation

HVAC
Ventilation
Solutions
Throw Head

HVAC
Ventilation
Solutions
Whole Building

HVAC
Ventilation
Solutions
Whole Building Ventilation
Photo Courtesy of Ventacity

HVAC
HVAC
Solutions
Floor-by-Floor Solutions:
VRF

HVAC
HVAC
Solutions
Whole Building Cassette HRV

ELEVATOR
Elevator
Strategy
Problem: Piston Effect

ELEVATOR
Elevator
Strategy
Solution: Move elevator and vestibule
outside the air barrier
Air Barrier

ELEVATOR
Elevator
Strategy
Solution: Create a double shaft

6:
HOT
WATER
PASSIVE HOUSE
Hot Water
Typical Passive House Multifamily
Nicholson
HOT WATER
Hot Water
Strategy
Heat Pump H20 Heaters:
Unit-by-Unit or Floor-by-Floor
Photo Courtesy of Stiebel Eltron

HOT WATER
Hot Water
Strategy
Electric on Demand:
Unit-by-Unit
Photo Courtesy of Stiebel Eltron

HOT WATER
Hot Water
Strategy
Unit-by-Unit

HOT WATER
Hot Water
Strategy
Floor-by-Floor

HOT WATER
Hot Water
Strategy
Electric On-Demand Heaters:
Unit-by-Unit

WASHER/DRYER
Laundry
Strategy
Conventional Approach

WASHER/DRYER
Laundry
Strategy
Community Laundry Ideally Out Side of
Thermal / Air Tight Envelope

WASHER/DRYER
Laundry
Strategy
Community Laundry

WASHER/DRYER
Laundry
Strategy
Condensing Dryer.

WASHER/DRYER
Laundry
Strategy
Heat Pump Dryer

APPLIANCES
APPLIANCES
Condensing
Dryer
Photo Courtesy of Electrolux

APPLIANCES
Heat Pump
Dryer
Photo Courtesy of Bosch

APPLIANCES
Heat Pump
Dryer
Stacking units

APPLIANCES
Cooking
Induction Range

APPLIANCES
Dishwashing
Dishwasher without heating coil

APPLIANCES
Dishwashing
Dishwasher without heating coil

APPLIANCES
Lighting
LEDs Reduce Energy Consumption and

Interior Heat Gains

APPLIANCES
Refrigeration
Avoid through-door ice and water

dispensers
Photo Courtesy of GE
HOT WATER
Swimming Pool
Strategy

Thank you.
brandon@nkarch.com
MORNINGSIDE CROSSING
3 Buildings in 1 2018 Wing 1897 School 1929 Addition

3 Wall Sections

1897 Wall

1929 Wall

2018 Wall

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Passive House Solutions

Brandon Nicholson, AIA, CPHD, LEED AP BD+C

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Comparing CO2 Emissions

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

320 Queen Anne

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

11th & Republican

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

1. A Science-Based Building Philosophy

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Model Early & Often.

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Optimize Every System.

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Standardize & Repeat.

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Train Your Contractors.

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Right People for the Job.

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Pay for the Envelope with

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Keep the Wall on the

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Passive House vs. Non-Passive House

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

PHFA Data: Cost

Projected Construction Cost

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

PHFA Data: Cost

Passive House vs. Conventional –

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

PHFA Data: Cost

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com

Nicholson Kovalchick Architects / nkarch.com