NURSING RESEARCH

A SEMINAR ON
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION
OF NURSING RESEARCH

SUBMITTED BY

MS.ANJU JOY.K

1
 INDEX
SL NO TOPIC PAGE NO
1 OBJECTIVES

2 INTRODUCTION

3 CONTENT

4 SUMMARY

5 CONCLUSION

6 JOURNEL
ABSTRACT
7 ASSIGNMENT

8 AV AIDS

9 REFERENCES

2
3
4
CENTRAL OBJECTIVE
At the end of class students will be able to acquire knowledge regarding historical evolution of
nursing research and will be able to apply this knowledge in their professional area with a
positive attitude.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of the class students will be able to

define research
define nursing research
describes the significance of nursing research
recognise the development of nursing research in western countries
explain the development of nursing research in india
identify the trends of nursing research in 21st century
discovers the scope of nursing research

INTRODUCTION
It is an exciting—and challenging—time to be a nurse. Nurses are managing their clinical
responsibilities at a time when the nursing profession and the larger health care system require an
extraordinary range of skills and talents of them. Nurses are expected to deliver the highest
possible quality of care in a compassionate manner, while also being mindful of costs. To
accomplish these diverse (and sometimes conflicting) goals, nurses must access and evaluate
extensive clinical information, and incorporate it into their clinical decision-making. In today’s
world, nurses must become lifelong learners, capable of reflecting on, evaluating, and modifying
their clinical practice based on new knowledge. And, nurses are increasingly expected to become
producers of new knowledge through nursing research. Research is systematic inquiry that uses
disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems. The ultimate goal of research is to
develop, refine, and expand a body of knowledge. Nurses are increasingly engaged in disciplined
studies that benefit the profession and its patients, and that contribute to improvements in the
entire health care system.

DEFNITION OF RESEARCH
Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed
phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods.( Earl Robert Babbie )

5
Research is defined as the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources i n
order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. (oxford)

DEFNITION OF NURSING RESEARCH

Nursing research develops knowledge about health and the promotion of health over the full
lifespan, care of persons with health problems and disabilities, and nursing actions to enhance the
ability of individuals to respond effectively to actual or potential health problems.

SIGNIFICANCE OF NURSING RESEARCH

 Research will help the development and generation of knowledge in each area of
specialisation
 It is helpful in evidence based practice . Research findings give first hand experience on
which evidence-based nursing can be built upon.
 Improvement in nursing education and nursing management is possible through research
studies.
 Research will help in standardization and refining nursing practice
 Strengthen the profession by generating knowledge through scientific studies
 Evidence based nursing cost effective care can be rendered to clients
 Research result will help to provide answers to guide practitioner in the decision making
process
 It enables the administrator to take promt decisions on health related problems
 It is essential for molding attitude intellectual Competencies and Technical skills

EARLY YEARS: FROM NIGHTINGALE TO THE 1950S

Most people would agree that research in nursing began with Florence Nightingale. Her
landmark publication, Notes on Nursing (1859), describes her early interest in environmental
factors that promote physical and emotional well-being—an interest that continues among nurses
nearly 150 years later. Nightingale’s most widely known research contribution involved her data
collection and analysis relating to factors affecting soldier mortality and morbidity during the
Crimean War .Most studies conducted between 1900 and 1940 concerned nurses’ education. For
example, in 1923, a group called the Committee for the Study of Nursing Education studied the
educational preparation of nurse teachers, administrators, and public health nurses and the
clinical experiences of nursing students. The committee issued what has become known as the
Goldmark Report, which identified many inadequacies in the educational backgrounds of the
groups studied and concluded that advanced educational preparation was essential. Brown (1948)

6
reassessed nursing education in a study initiated at the request of the National Nursing Council
for War Service. The findings from the study, like those of the Gold mark Report, revealed
numerous inadequacies in nursing education. Brown recommended that the education of nurses
occur in collegiate settings. A number of forces combined during the 1950s to put nursing
research on a rapidly accelerating up swing. An increase in the number of nurses with advanced
educational degrees, a nursing research center established at the Walter Reed Army Institute of
Research. Until the 1950s, nurse researchers had few outlets for reporting their studies to the
nursing community. The American Journal of Nursing, first published in 1900, began on a
limited basis to publish some studies in the 1930s. The increasing number of studies being
conducted during the1950s, however, created the need for a journal in which findings could be
published; thus, Nursing Research came into being in 1952. Nurses studied themselves: Who is
the nurse? What does the nurse do? Why do individuals choose to enter nursing? What are the
characteristics of the ideal nurse? How do other groups perceive the nurse? etc..

NURSING RESEARCH IN THE 1960

Several professional nursing organizations, such as the Western Interstate Council for Higher
Education In Nursing, established priorities for research investigations in Nursing, during this
period. Practice-oriented research on various clinical topics began to emerge in the literature.
The 1960s was the period during which terms such as conceptual framework, conceptual model,
nursing process, and theoretical base of nursing practice began to appear in the literature and to
influence views about the role of theory in nursing research. . The International Journal of
Nursing Studies began publication in 1963, and the Canadian Journal of Nursing Research was
first published in 1968.

NURSING RESEARCH IN THE 1970S.

Several additional journals that focus on nursing research were established in the 1970s
including Advances in Nursing Science, Research in Nursing & Health, the Western Journal of
Nursing Research, and the Journal of Advanced Nursing. Lindeman (1975), conducted a study
to ascertain the views of nursing leaders concerning the focus of nursing studies; clinical
problems were identified as the highest priorities. Nurses also began to pay attention to the
utilization of research findings in nursing practice. . A seminal article by Stetler and Marram

7
(1976) offered guidance on assessing research for application in practice settings. In the United
States, research skills among nurses continued to improve in the 1970s.

NURSING RESEARCH IN THE 1980S

The 1980s brought nursing research to a new level of development. An increase in the number of
qualified nurse researchers, the widespread availability of computers for the collection and
analysis of information. More attention was paid to the types of questions being asked, the
methods of collecting and analyzing information being used, the linking of research to theory,
and the utilization of research findings in practice. The first volume of the Annual Review of
Nursing Research was published in 1983. These annual reviews include summaries of current
research knowledge on selected areas of research practice and encourage utilization of research
findings. In the United States was the establishment in 1986 of the National Center for Nursing
Research (NCNR) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The Center for Research for
Nursing was created in 1983 by the American Nurses’ Association. The Center’s mission is to
develop and coordinate a research program to serve as the source of national information for the
profession. Meanwhile, funding for nursing research became available in Canada in the 1980s
through the National Health Research Development Program. Several nursing groups developed
priorities for nursing research during the 1980s. For example, in1985, the American Nurses’
Association Cabinet on Nursing Research established priorities that helped focus research more
precisely on aspects of nursing practice. Also in the 1980s, nurses began to conduct formal
projects designed to increase research utilization. Finally, specialty journals such as Heart &
Lung and Cancer Nursing began to expand their coverage of research reports, and several new
research-related journals were established: Applied Nursing Research, Scholarly Inquiry for
Nursing Practice, and Nursing Science Quarterly. The journal Applied Nursing Research is
notable for its intended audience: it includes research reports on studies of special relevance to
practicing nurses. Also in the 1980s, nurses began to conduct formal projects designed to
increase research utilization. Finally, specialty journals such as Heart & Lung and Cancer
Nursing began to expand their coverage of research reports, and several new research-related
journals were established: Applied Nursing Research, Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice,
and Nursing Science Quarterly. The journal Applied Nursing Research is notable for its intended
audience: it includes research reports on studies of special relevance to practicing nurses. . A

8
group from the McMaster Medical School in Canada designed a clinical learning strategy that
was called evidencebased medicine (EBM). The U.S. government established the Agency for
Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR). AHCPR (which was renamed the Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality, or AHRQ, in1999) is the federal agency that has been charged
with supporting research specifically designed to improve the quality of health care, reduce
health costs, and enhance patient safety, and thus plays a pivotal role in the promulgation of
EBP.

NURSING RESEARCH IN THE 1990S

Nursing science came into its maturity during the 1990s.In 1993, the National Institute of
Nursing Research (NINR) was born. The birth of NINR helps put nursing research more into the
mainstream of research activities enjoyed by other health disciplines. In 1986, the NCNR had a
budget of $16.2 million, whereas 16 years later in fiscal year 2002, the budget for NINR was
over $120 million. Funding opportunities for nursing research expanded in other countries as
well during the 1990s. For example, the Canadian Health Services Research Foundation was
established in 1997 with an endowment from federal funds, and plans for the Canadian Institute
for Health Research were underway. Several research journals were established during the
1990s, including Qualitative Health Research, Clinical Nursing Research, Clinical Effectiveness,
and Outcomes Management for Nursing Practice. Another major contribution to EBP was
inaugurated in 1993: the Cochrane Collaboration, an international network of institutions and
individuals, maintains and updates systematic reviews of hundreds of clinical interventions to
facilitate EBP. Some current nursing research is guided by priorities established by prominent
nurse researchers in the 1990s, who were brought together by NCNR for two Conferences on
Research Priorities (CORP). The priorities established by the first CORP for research through
1994 included low birth weight, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, long-term care,
symptom management, nursing informatics, health promotion, and technology dependence. In
1993, the second CORP established the NINR’s funding from 1995 through 1999: developing
and testing community-based nursing models; assessing the effectiveness of nursing
interventions in HIV/AIDS; developing and testing approaches to remediating cognitive
impairment; testing interventions for coping with chronic illness; and identifying biobehavioral
factors and testing interventions to promote immune competence.

9
NURSING RESEARCH IN INDIA (MAJOR MILESTONES)

Research related to nursing in India has its roots in the philosophy of Florence Nightingale,
which stated that the profession is committed to the task of enlarging professional body of
knowledge through systemic approach to solve problems in nursing. The statistics on the
unsanitary conditions in the Indian army prepared by Florence Nightingale may be starting point
of nursing research in India. Afterwards, many developments have taken place in India,
including the emergence of associations, growth of educational institutions, and efforts of
prominent educators and administrators to directly or indirectly adopt scientific approaches.
Some of the main historical milestones which influenced the development of nursing research in
India

1. 1946: Bhore Committee (1943) submitted a report in which recommendations were made
for the improvement of various aspects of nursing profession, nursing education, nursing
research, working conditions, nursing services in both hospitals and community, sending
nurses for higher education to abroad, etc.

2. 1953: Ms Edith Buchanan, Vice Principal, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur (RAK) College of
Nursing, New Delhi, was the first nurse from India who was sent to Columbia University
to earn her Doctorate in Education (DEd) under a World Health Organization (WHO)
fellowship programme.

3. 1955: Ms Margaretta Craig, Principal, College of Nursing, New Delhi, attended

International Council of Nurses (ICN) meet in France to present a paper on the need for
nursing research in India.

4. 1960: D First two years’ master degree programme in nursing was started by RAK
College of Nursing, New Delhi, which included nursing research as a full subject with a
thesis work on nursing topics.Nursing research commenced on an all-India basis along
with a master’s programme in nursing A in an intensive manner, although nurse leaders
had been already participating in research at various levels. Clinical studies were even

10
 being carried out on short-term basis by the beginning-level postgraduate nursing
students.

5. 1963: A study of health services was carried out in connection with the revision of
syllabus of General Nursing and Midwifery by the Indian Nursing Council in 1963. The
study provided valuable insights into the trends in the health services and implications for
nursing.

6. 1964: Dr Marie Ferguson, a public health nurse who joined RAK College of Nursing,
New Delhi, was able to create greater appreciation and understanding and value of the
research in nursing for nursing practices, administration, and education. With senior
nursing leaders of country, she conducted a research study titled Activity Study to Define
Nursing and Non—nursing Functions of Nurses in Selected Health Institutes of India.

7. 1966: Trained Nurses Association of India (TNAI) established a research section under

the guidance of Chairwoman Ms Margareta Craig. TNAI conducted Nurses’ Time-
Utilization Study with assistance from Ms Anna Gupta, Principal, RAK College of
Nursing, under supervision of Dr Sulochana Krishnan.

8. 1971: TNAI conducted a study on the socioeconomic status of nurses in India.

9. 1976: Dr Marie Farrell and Dr Aparna Bhaduri of RAK College of Nursing, New Delhi
conducted seminars on nursing research for educationists at Delhi, Mussoorie
(Uttarakhand) and Yercaud (Tamil Nadu) to strengthen the nursing research in India.

10. 1981: Dr Farrell and Dr Bhaduri’s book Health Research: A Cornmunity—Based

Approach was published by the World Health Organization (WHO).

11. 1982: Dining October, a national conference titled Nursing Research in India: Prospect
and Retrospect was organized, which was the first conference in India related to nursing
research, and was held at College of Nursing, Bangalore. Some of the recommendations
ofthe participants of the conference were as follows: Each college of nursing should have
a research cell.The faculty at nursing colleges should encourage students and provide
them time for conducting research College of Nursing should foster research attitude
among nursing students. Central and state governments and private organizations should

11
 include nursing research in their budget. Opportunities should be provided for faculty to
visit foreign countries on short-term basis to learn about nursing research and Efforts
should be taken to establish collaborative activities in the area of research and scholastic
interactions with the nursing colleges in other countries.

12. 1984: A nursing research workshop was conducted titled Teaching Nursing Research to
Nursing College Teachers at Bangalore, which was sponsored by the University Grants
Commission. This workshop was open to all the teachers of all the nursing colleges in
India. A workshop was conducted on ‘Nursing process’ by Dr Marie Farrell at Leelabai
Thackersey Colle ge of Nursing, SNDT Women University, Bombay, which was
sponsored by the WHO.

13. 1986: The Nursing Research Society of India (NRSI) was established to promote research
within and related to nursing. Dr (Mrs) Inderjit Walia was founder president, and Mrs
Uma Handa was its first secretary. This association continues to organize research
conferences every year. For the first time, MPhil programme in nursing started at RAK
College of Nursing, University of Delhi, New Delhi. Introduction of nursing research
process was introduced in BSc Nursing curriculum by Indian Nursing Council (INC). All
colleges of nursing in India have a uniform nursing research course to be taught
at undergraduate and postgraduate levels developed by Indian Nursing Council. PhD in
Nursing was for the first time started in College of Nursing, PGIMER, Punjab University,
Chandigarh; however, it was later discontinued because of
unavoidable circumstances.Later in south India, some private institutions, such as
Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal and Shri Ramchandran College of Nursing,
Chennai, started PhD Nursing programs.

14. 1998: Nursing Research Interest Section was organized under the chairmanship of Mr R.
Raj arathnam (Senior Nursing Tutor—NIMHANS).

15. 2002: Recently revised syllabus of Indian Nursing Council for General Nursing and
Midwifery Course (revised, 2002) and Post-Basic BSc Nursing (revised, 2005) has
included nursing research as a full subject.

12
 16. 2004: Publication of Nightingale Nursing Hmes was started by Jain & Co., Noida, Uttar
Pradesh.

17. 2005: Publication of an exclusive research-based journal titled Nursing and Midwiery

Research Journal was started at National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER,
Chandigarh under the editorship of Dr Indarjit Walia, an eminent nursing researcher and
educationist of north India.

18. 2005: National Consortium PhD Nursing has been constituted by Indian Nursing Council
under the leadership of Shri T. Dileep Kumar, President, INC, New Delhi, to promote
research activities in various fields of nursing in collaboration with Rajiv Gandhi
University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, to initiate PhD degree programme in nursing
under the Registrar of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore. WHO
supports this programme. Six centres were designated as study centres, these are College
of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore; RAK College of Nursing, New Delhi; CMC College
of Nursing, Vellore; CMC College of Nursing, Ludhiana; Government College of
Nursing, Thiruvananthapuram; and Government College of Nursing, Hyderabad. These
centres are corrrrected by video-conferencing facilities to impart the education.

19. 2009: Central Institute of Nursing and Research (CIN) was brought in existence under
control of Trained Nurses Association of India in New Delhi.

20. 2009: Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) started PhD in Nursing.

21. 2010: Faculty of Nursing Sciences, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot,
Punjab, started PhD in Nursing.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR NURSING RESEARCH

Nursing research continues to develop at a rapid pace and will undoubtedly flourish in the 21st
century. Broadly speaking, the priority for nursing research in the future will be the promotion
of excellence in nursing science. Toward this end ,nurse researchers and practicing nurses will
be sharpening their research skills, and using those skills to address emerging issues of
importance to the profession and its clientele.Certain trends for the beginning of the 21stcentury
are evident from developments taking shape in the 1990s:

13
• Increased focus on outcomes research.
Outcomes research is designed to assess and document the effectiveness of health care services.
The increasing number of studies that can be characterized as outcomes research has been
stimulated by the need for cost-effective care that achieves positive outcomes without
compromising quality. Nurses are increasingly engaging in outcomes research focused both on
patients and on the overall delivery system.
• Increased focus on biophysiologic research.
Nurse researchers have begun increasingly to study biologic and physiologic phenomena as part
of the effort to develop better clinical evidence. Consistent with this trend, a new journal called
Biological Research for Nursing was launched in 2000.
• Promotion of evidence-based practice.
Concerted efforts to translate research findings into practice will continue and nurses at all levels
will be encouraged to engage in evidencebased patient care. In turn, improvements will be
needed both in the quality of nursing studies and in nurses’ skills in understanding, critiquing,
and using study results.
• Development of a stronger knowledge base through multiple, confirmatory strategies.
Practicing nurses cannot be expected to change a procedure or adopt an innovation on the basis
of a single, isolated study. Confirmation is usually needed through the deliberate replication (i.e.,
the repeating) of studies with different clients, in different clinical settings, and at different times
to ensure that the findings are robust. Replication in different settings is especially important
now because the primary setting for health care delivery is shifting from inpatient hospitals to
ambulatory settings, the community, and homes. Another confirmatory strategy is the conduct of
multiple-site investigations by researchers in several locations.
• Strengthening of multidisciplinary collaboration.
Interdisciplinary collaboration of nurses with researchers in related fields (as well as
intradisciplinary collaboration among nurse researchers) is likely to continue to expand in the
21st century as researchers address fundamental problems at the biobehavioral and
psychobiologic interface. As one example, there are likely to be vast opportunities for nurses and
other health care researchers to integrate breakthroughs in human genetics into lifestyle and
health care interventions. In turn, such collaborative efforts could lead to nurse researchers
playing a more prominent role in national and international health care policies.

14
• Expanded dissemination of research findings.
The Internet and other electronic communication have a big impact on the dissemination of
research information, which in turn may help to promote EBP. Through such technological
advances as online publishing (e.g., the Online Journal of Knowledge Synthesis for Nursing, the
Online Journal of Clinical Innovation); on-line resources
• Increasing the visibility of nursing research.
The 21st century is likely to witness efforts to increase the visibility of nursing research, the onus
for which will fall on the shoulders of nurse researchers themselves. Most people are unaware
that nurses are scholars and researchers. Nurse researchers must market themselves and their
research to professional organizations, consumer organizations, and the corporate world to
increase support for their research. They also need to educate upper-level managers and
corporate executives about the importance of clinical outcomes research. As Baldwin and Nail
(2000) have noted, nurse researchers are one of the best-qualified groups to meet the need in
today’s world for clinical outcomes research, but they are not recognized for their expertise.

TRENDS OF NURSING RESEARCH IN THE 21ST CENTURY

 Continued Focus on evidence based practice

 Stronger evidence base through multiple confirmatory strategies
 Greater emphasis on systematic reviews
 Expanded local research in Healthcare settings
 Strengthening of inter disciplinary collaboration
 Expanded dissemination of research findings
 Increasing the visibility of nursing research
 Increased focus on cultural issues and health disparities
 Shared decision making

SCOPE OF NURSING RESEARCH

Scope of nursing research is mainly distributed in three areas

 Clinical nursing

15
  Nursing education
 Nursing administration

RESEARCH IN CLINICAL NURSING

 Reduction intervention for vulnerable and minority groups

 Problems of the old age

**According to the international Council of nurses the priority areas of nursing research
include

 Health Promotion and prevention of illness

 Control of symptoms
 Patients living with chronic conditions
 Enhancing quality of life
 Assessing clients problems
 Providing and testing nursing care interventions
 Measuring the outcomes of care

RESEARCH IN NURSING ADMINISTRATION

 Employee satisfaction
 Measure to reduce workload of staff nurses
 Decision making technique
 Assertive behaviour of nursing personnel
 Compare the effect of different communication patterns
 Comparison of nursing assignment
 Workload of staff nurses
 Health problem of nursing personnel
 Infection rate in ICU and general ward
 Stress of nurses working in ICUs
 Analysis of the roles and responsibility of nurse practitioner in various specialities
 Comparison of different communication model in clinical setting

16
SUMMARY

Nursing research is systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues of

importance to the nursing profession, including nursing practice, education, administration,
Nursing research began with Florence Nightingale but developed slowly until its rapid
acceleration in the 1950s. Since the 1970s, nursing research has focused on problems relating to
clinical practice. The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), established at the U.S.
National Institutes of Health in 1993, affirms the stature of nursing research in the United States.
Future emphases of nursing research are likely to include outcomes research, research utilization
projects, replications of research, multisite studies, and expanded dissemination efforts.

CONCLUSION

Nursing research has experienced remarkable growth in the past three decades, providing nurses
with an increasingly sound base of knowledge from which to practice. Yet as we proceed into the
21st century, many questions endure and much remains to be done to incorporate research-based
knowledge into nursing practice.

JOURNAL ABSTRACT

1985 Jan-Feb;34(1):32-8. Nursing's divided house--an historical view. Baer ED.

The method of historical analysis was used in this study to examine the nature and scope of the
divisions in nursing in America in the last third of the 19th century. The article presents the story
of nursing's reform origins, describes the post-Civil War social context, and discusses changes
particularly relevant to women. The development of nursing reflected the country's uncertainty
and turbulence. The divisions that emerged in nursing are demonstrated by the three conflicting
schemes for organizing nursing in hospitals in the late 1800s: (1) The original Nightingale
model, adapted by the first (1873) American schools, kept nursing separate from hospital and
medical domination but supervised by Boards of Lady Managers; (2) the Linda Richards model,
initiated at Boston City Hospital in 1878, subjected nursing to medical control; and (3) the
professional model, espoused by Isabel Hampton toward the century's close, sought self-
regulation for nursing.

17
ASSIGNMENT

Findout advantages and disadvantages of research in nursing field

AV AIDS

 Lcd projector
 Chart
 Black board

REFERENCES

1. Polit D, Beck C. Nursing research.8th edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer

Health/Lippincott Williams& Wilkins; 2012. 5-11
2. Burns N, Grove KS. Understanding nursing research.4 th edition. Reed elseveir india pvt
ltd. New delhi ;2007. 9-13
3. Basavanthappa BT . nursing research and statistics. 3 rd edition. Jaypee brothers medical
publishers. New Delhi. 49-52
4. Raj BED Nursing research and biostatistics . 1 st edition . emmes medical publishers .
Bangalore;2010. 50-54
5. Parahoo k . nursing research 2nd edition. palgrave macmillon newyork.19-30
6. www.medscape.com

7. Ed baer. "nursing divided house -an historical view." europe pmc;1985: 34(1):32-38.

8. Sarkis JM , Conners VL.nursing research ;historical background and teaching

stratagies.  Bulletin of the Medrary Associationical Lib;1986, 74(2):121-125]

18
19
20
.

21
,

22
23
.

24
.

25
.

26