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Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion

45 Gorordo Avenue, Cebu City


Member: Daughters of Charity- St. Louise de Marillac Educational System Central Visayas Cluster
Senior High School Department SY 2019-2020
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General Biology 1 Activities


I. Table of Completion. Complete the table below by providing the information asked.
Biomolecul Functions in the Elements Identifying Features Monome Polyme Classificat
e biological system Contained r r

Carbohydra Functions of carbohydra Carbon, hyd Carbohydrates are biological monosacc disacch monosaccha


te tes in the body are to rogen, molecules made of carbon, harides aride, disacchari
provide energy, store and oxygen. hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio oligosac oligosaccha
energy, build of roughly one carbon atom charide, and polysacch
macromolecules, and ( Cstart text, C, end text) to one polysac
spare protein and fat for water molecule ( H 2 O \text charide
other uses. H_2\text O H2Ostart text, H, end
text, start subscript, 2, end
subscript, start text, O, end text).

Lipid functions of lipids includ carbon, Lipids tend to contain many more glycerol triglycer Phospholi
e storing energy, hydrogen, hydrogen atoms than oxygen and fatty ides, (Glycerophos
signaling, and acting as and oxygen, atoms. Lipids include fats, acids triacylgl d&
structural components nitrogen steroids, phospholipids, and ycerols Shpingophosp
of cell membranes and waxes. One main characteristic or ), Glycolip
phosphorus of lipids is that they do not triacylgl Lipoprote
dissolve in water. ycerides
Protein They also play a Carbon, hyd Some features of lipids are its amino polyami Globular pro
central role in biological  rogen, oxyg structures, sizes, amino acids, acids de fibrous protei
processes en, denaturing, strength, stored membrane pr
and nitroge energy and biological process
n, sulfur and
selenium
Nucleic They carry the genetic carbon, Nucleic acids are polynucleotides nucleotid DNA Deoxyribonu
Acid blueprint of a cell and hydrogen, o —that is, long chainlike es and RNA acid (DN
carry instructions for the xygen, nitro molecules composed of a series and ribonucle
functioning of the cell gen, of nearly identical building blocks (RNA).
and phosph called nucleotides.
orous

Common Functional Groups of Organic Molecules

Functional Group Major Classes of Examples Properties


Molecules
1. Hydroxyl Alcohols *Methanol *Polar
*isopropyl alcohol *Hydrophilic
*propanol
2. Carbonyl Aldehydes and Ketones *Carbon dioxide *polar
*carbonyl sulfide.
3. Carboxyl Carboxylic acids *Formic acid *Charged, ionized to release H+.
*acetic acid Since carboxyl groups can release
*propionic acid H+ ions into a solution, they are
*butyric acid considered acidic.

4. Amino Amines *2-aminoisobutyric acid *Charged, accepts H+ to form NH3+.


*neurotransmitter gamma- Since amino groups can remove
aminobutyric acid. H+ from solution, they are
considered basic.

5. Phosphate Organic phosphates *Phosphoric acid *Charged, ionizes to release H+.


Since phosphate groups can release
H+ ions into solution, they are
considered acidic.
*acidic
6. Sulfhydryl Thiols *Vitamin B-1 *polar
*amino acid cysteine.
II. Instructions: Answer the following questions about organic molecules.

Organic Molecules

1. What is the difference between hydrocarbons and other organic molecules?


Answer: Organic molecules are molecules that contain carbon atoms, which are covalently bonded
together while, carbon and hydrogen, can come together in different ways and can form many, many
distinct molecules, which are collectively called hydrocarbons
2. How are organic molecules related to all living things?
Answer: Organic molecules are the molecules which exist in all living things. They are life's building
blocks. All things are formed from these organic molecules. They are formed from just a few elements
which join together to form small molecules which join together, or bond, to form large molecules.
3. What are some common characteristics of all organic molecules?
Answer: They all contain carbon, most of them are flammable, they are all soluble in non-polar
solvents and they are covalently bonded molecules.
4. What are the four organic molecules which form the basis of all living things? Which class does not
consist of polymers?
Answer: All organisms need four types of organic molecules: nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates
and lipids; life cannot exist if any of these molecules are missing. Nucleic acid does not consist of
polymers.
5. How are the building blocks of organic molecules like bricks?
Answer: The building blocks of organic molecules are like bricks because they attach together to
create a larger structure. 
6. What is the building block of each of the four classes of organic molecules?
Answer: The building blocks of each of the four classes of organic molecules are Monosaccharide,
amino acids, fatty acid and glycerol, Nucleotide respectively
7. What is a polymer?
Answer: A polymer is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.
8. What determines how organic molecules will look and behave?
Answer: Their shape determines how they will behave and how they will react with other molecules.
9. Compare dehydration reaction and hydrolysis.
Answer: They both are link with monomers together into polymers by using water molecule.

Carbohydrates

10.Compare monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide.


Answer: They are composed of a large number of monomers.
11.Describe the similarities and differences between glycogen and starch.
Answer: Glycogen is produced by animals and is known as animal starch while starch is produced by
plants. Glycogen has a branched structure while starch has both chain and branched components. The
similarity of the two is that they always together in one ad both of them produce and has different
structures.
12.Why is it impossible for humans to digest food that contains cellulose?
Answer: Humans are unable to digest cellulose (is the fiber which aids in the smooth working of the
intestinal tract such as horses, cows and more) because the appropriate enzymes to breakdown the
beta acetal linkages are lacking.
13.What is the stoichiometric formula of carbohydrates?
Answer: (CH2O) n
14.Write the formula for monosaccharide that has three carbons.
Answer: C3H6O3
15.Why are carbohydrates universally important as immediate energy source?
Answer: Carbohydrates are universally important as immediate energy source because, there is an
obligatory requirement for glucose in several organs such as the brain, a spontaneous increase in food
intake is seen when the diet has a low-carbohydrate, high-fat content.Lipids
16.Explain at least three functions that lipids serve in plants and/or animals.
Answer:  Lipids are naturally occurring molecules which include fats, sterols, waxes and fat soluble
vitamins (A, D, E and K), they also serve as storage and signaling molecules and they also form the cell
membrane structure.
17.Describe the structure of a fatty acid.
Answer: The structure of a fatty acid consists of a straight chain of an even number of carbon atoms,
with hydrogen atoms along the length of the chain and at one end of the chain and a carboxyl group
(―COOH) at the other end. It is that carboxyl group that makes it an acid (carboxylic acid).
18.Explain the solubility of lipids.
Answer: Lipids are all insoluble in polar solvents like water but highly soluble in the non-polar or
weakly polar organic solvents, including ether, chloroform, benzene, and acetone.
19.What is the difference between fats and oils?
Answer: The difference between fats and oils is that fats are typically solid at room temperature
whereas oils are liquid at room temperature.
20.Why have Tran’s fats been banned from some restaurants? How are they created?
Answer: Trans fat is the by product of PHOs, they are banned from some restaurants because of some
under certain conditions sending hydrogen through oil can cause the oils to change in thickness and
saturation and even become solids and it is created through a process called hydrogenation.
21.Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Answer: The difference between saturated and unsaturated fats is that saturated fats are tightly-
packed fats that are solid at room temperature because they contain no double bonds in their chemical
structures because, their structures contain as many hydrogen atoms as possible and they are
“saturated” with hydrogen while, unsaturated fats which are liquid at room temperature, are different
from saturated fats because they contain one or more double bonds and fewer hydrogen atoms on
their carbon chains.
22.Why unsaturated fats are considered healthier?
Answer: Unsaturated fats are considered the 'healthy' because, these fats helps to reduce the risk of
high blood cholesterol levels and have other health benefits when they replace saturated fats in the
diet.
Proteins

23.Differentiate the four levels of protein structure.


Answer: There are four levels of protein structure the primary, secondary, and tertiary. The differences
between those three is that primary structure of proteins is the sequence of amino acids that make up
a polypeptide chain while, secondary structure of proteins refers to regular, repeated patterns of
folding of the protein backbone. The two most common folding patterns are the alpha helix and
the beta sheet and while, tertiary structure of proteins refers to the overall folding of the entire
polypeptide chain into a specific 3D shape and it is often a compact, globular shape.
24.What determines protein structure?
Answer: The shape of a protein is determined by its primary structure (sequence of amino acids). The
sequence of amino acids in a protein is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the gene (DNA)
encoding it.
25.Explain what happens if even one amino acid is substituted for another in a polypeptide chain. Provide
a specific example.
Answer: A change in gene sequence can lead to a different amino acid being added to a polypeptide
chain instead of the normal one and this causes a change in protein structure and function.
26.Enumerate the 20 amino acids. Create a Mnemonic device to familiarize the 20 amino acids.

 Alanine - ala - A  Glutamic acid - glu - E  Methionine - met - M


 Arginine - arg - R  Glycine - gly - G  Phenylalanine - phe - F
 Asparagine - asn - N  Histidine - his - H  Proline - pro - P
 Aspartic acid - asp - D  Isoleucine - ile - I  Serine - ser - S
 Cysteine - cys - C  Leucine - leu - L  Threonine - thr - T
 Glutamine - gln - Q  Lysine - lys - K  Tryptophan - trp - W
 Tyrosine - tyr - Y  Valine - val - V

Nucleic Acid

27.What are the functions of nucleic acids?


Answer: The functions of nucleic acids have to do with the storage and expression of genetic
information. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) encodes the information the cell needs to make proteins. A
related type of nucleic acid, called ribonucleic acid (RNA), comes in different molecular forms that
participate in protein synthesis.
28.What is the function of DNA?
Answer: It encodes the information the cell needs to make proteins.
29.What is the function of RNA?
Answer: Its complex compound of high molecular weight that functions in cellular protein synthesis
and replaces DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as a carrier of genetic codes in some viruses.
30.Describe deoxyribose, the pentose sugar in the nucleotides of the DNA molecule.
Answer: The 5-carbon sugars ribose and deoxyribose are important components of nucleotides, and
are found in RNA and DNA and its sugars found in nucleic acids are pentose sugars; a pentose
sugar has five carbon atoms. Deoxyribose, found in DNA, is a modified sugar, lacking one oxygen atom
(hence the name "deoxy").

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