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Diesel Forklift

(D4DD- CRDI Diesel Engine, HMC “W”)

Hyundai Training Center


Jul. 2019

19FPG12

Page1 Training only, not service!


- Contents -

1. Main specification [D4DD]

2. Main Character of System


3. W-ENG Electronic control system
4. Input : Sensors

5. Output: Control & Drive parts

Page2
1. Main specification
Item Specification
Type In-line 4 cyl. Common rail system
Displacement 3,907cc
Compression ratio 17.5:1
Max. output 140ps / 2800rpm
Max. torque 38kgf.m / 1600rpm
Specification 26kg/㎠ (at 200rpm)
Compression pressure Service value 20kg/㎠
ΔP, among cyl. Within 4kg/㎠
Supply voltage 5V
Operating volt. 4.5 ~ 5.5V
Boost Pressure Sensor(BPS) Operating temp. -40 ~ 125℃
Operating pres. 32.5~284 kpa (244~2130mmHg)
Current MAX. 10mA
Type Thermistor type
Intake Air Temp. sensor(IAT) Resistance 2.31~2.56kΩ [at 20℃(68F)]
0.30~0.34kΩ [at 80℃(176F)]
Sensor Type Thermistor type
Water Temp. Sensor(WTS) Resistance 2.31~2.59kΩ [at 20℃(68F)]
0.314~0.331kΩ [at 80℃(176F)]
TDC sensor Type Hall sensor
CKP sensor Type Magnetic
Type Variable resistance type(potentiometer type)
Accel. Position Sensor(APS) Voltage 5V±1%
Current 10mA MAX.
Fuel Pressure Sensor Type Piejo electric type

Page3
Item Specification
Type Electric & Magnetic type
Actuator Injector
Resistance 0.45Ω
Supply Current At operation : below 1.29A
SCV
Control Valve At stop : below 1.16A
Fuel tank Capacity 100 liter
Fuel pressure of high pressure side Max. press. 1600 bar
Type Included in high pres. pump, mechanical
Supply pump Driven Mechanical gear type
Fuel filter Type Element paper

W – Engine
(MODEL: D4DD)

Page4
2. Main Character of System
2-1.W-ENG Control Functions
The control system uses inputs from the operator and its
sensors to determine the fueling and timing required to
operate at the desired engine speed.
ECM is the control center of the system. It processes all
inputs and sends commands to the fuel system, and
Fuel flow control engine control devices.
Multi injection control
Fuel injection
control Injection timing control A/C idle up switch
Pressure control
Pump control Over heat lamp
Lamp/Switch
Pre-heating control

Idle speed control Engine check lamp

Engine control Starter control


Pre-heater control
Failure detection
Diagnosis
Limp home function
Multi torque control

Vehicle control Relay control


KWP2000 (k line)
Warm up control
Service Tool
EOL EOL/Reprogramming

Page5
2-2. Common rail system circuit

· Diagnosis

Hi-Scan
or
HCE-DT

Page6
2-3. W-ENG Fuel Line

High pressure pipe

Fuel return line

Fuel tank

Fuel supply line

Page7
3. W-ENG Electronic control system
3-1. Electronic control system
OUPUT1 : control
INPUT : Sensor
·GLOW CONTROL
·Cam position sensor
·MAIN RELAY CONTROL
·Crank position sensor
·Injector control
·Accel pedal sensor
·Supply pump control
(SCV)
.K-LINE
·Coolant temp. sensor
·MAP sensor(intake air temp.
/pressure:booster pressure) OUPUT2 : lamp
·Rail pressure sensor
·Fuel temp. sensor ·OVERHEAT LAMP
·GLOW LAMP
·ENGINE CHECK LAMP

INPUT : Switch
·ACIDLE SW OUPUT3 : Tachometer
·NEUTRAL SW
·KEY SW ·TACHO signal
·STARTER SW
When a diagnostic fault code is recorded in
the ECM, the ECM input and output data is
recorded from all sensors and switches.
Page8
3-2. W-ENG Electronic system

ECU location Rated Voltage 24V (DC)


Operating Voltage 16 ∼ 32 V (DC)
Working Voltage 9 ∼ 32 V (DC)
Operating Temp. - 30 ∼ 50℃
Storage Temp. - 40 ∼ 85℃

32 bit 2-ch CAN communication

ECU DTC : P2503/4


Page9
3-3. W-ENG ECU composition
ENGINE RPM +(SENSOR) 40 NE+ +B 5 POWER
ENGINE RPM -(SENSOR) 41 NE- +B 6
ENGINE RPM SHIELD GND 39 NE SLD +B 7

+BF 35 +B FOR FLYBACK


CAM ANGLE VCC(5V) 133 G-VCC +BF 76
CAM ANGLE SIGNAL(SENSOR) 120 G CASE-GND 28 CASE GND
CAM ANGLE GND 131 G-GND BATT 17 BATTERY

ACCEL POSITION SENSOR1 21 AD1 SCVHI 146 HP3 HI


ACCEL POSITION SENSOR2 22 AD2 SCVHI 147
BOOST SENSOR 128 AD3 SCVHO 144 HP3 LO
COMMON RAIL PRESSUER SENSOR 121 AD4 SCVHO 145
132 AD5
COOLANT TEMP. SENSOR 155 AD7 COMMON1 106 INJECTOR POWER1
FUEL TEMP. SENSOR 163 AD9 COMMON1 107 INJECTOR POWER1
PTO ACCEL POSITION SENSOR 23 AD10 COMMON2 142 INJECTOR POWER2
INTAKE AIR TEMP. SENSOR 32 AD16 COMMON2 143 INJECTOR POWER2

VEHICLE SPEED SENSNOR 27 VS1


TWV1 103 INJECTOR #1
KEY-SW 46 SW1 TWV2 137 INJECTOR #3
56 SW1 TWV3 104 INJECTOR #4
STARTER SW 48 SW2 TWV4 138 INJECTOR #2
EXHAUST BRAKE SW 49 SW3
ENGINE STOP SW 50 SW4
IDLE UP SW 51 SW5
IDLE DOWN SW 88 SW20 OUT19 70 GLOW RELAY
CLUTCH SW 77 SW27 OUT20 71
BRAKE SW 53 SW7 OUT17 74 MAIN RELAY
IDLE SW(ACCELERATION SW) 58 SW8 OUT18 75
NEUTRAL SW 66 SW9 OUT2 43 OVERHEAT WARNING LAMP
S-OUT1 82 ENGINE CHECK LAMP
PTO SW 89 SW21 OUT3 44 EXHAUST BRAKE LAMP
QTCUT SW 98 SW22 OUT4 45 GLOW LAMP
A/C IDLE UP SW 81 SW24 OUT5 36 EXHAUST BRAKE VALVE

RAIL PRESSURE SENSOR GND 134 A-GND1 TAC2 9 TACHO2(SINK)


ACCEL POSITION SENSOR1 GND 135 A-GND2
ACCEL POSITION SENSOR2 GND 136 A-GND3
BOOST SENSR GND 54 A-GND4 CAN1H 157 CAN1 H
PTO,COOLANT,FUEL/INTAKE AIR TEMP. GND 55 A-GND5 CAN1L 158 CAN1 L

RAIL PRESSURE SENSOR POWER SUPPLY 126 A-VCC1


ACCEL POSITION SENSOR1 POWER SUPPLY 125 A-VCC2
ACCEL POSITION SENSOR2 POWER SUPPLY 123 A-VCC3 KWP2000 19 K LINE(ISO9141)
BOOST SENSOR POWER SUPPLY 57 A-VCC4 DIAGNO SW 68 --- DIAGNO SW
PTO ACCEL POSITION POWER SUPPLY 65 A-VCC5

SIGNAL GND 72 GND


SIGNAL GND 73 GND
POWER GND 102 P-GND
POWER GND 140 P-GND
POWER GND 141 P-GND

Page10
3-4. W-ENG ECU pin disposition & no.
70- 71- 72- 73- 74- 75- 76-
770 770A 772 773 774 774A 735A
1– 2- 3- 4– 5- 6– 7- 77- 78- 79- 80- 81- 82- 83- 84- 85- 86-
N.C N.C N.C N.C 705 705A 705B N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C 782 N.C N.C N.C N.C
8- 9 – 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 87- 88- 89- 90- 91- 92- 93- 94- 95- 96-
N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C
97- 98- 99- 100- 101-
18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23- 24- 25- 26- 27- N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C
N.C 719 N.C 721 722 N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C
28– 29- 30- 31- 32- 33- 34-
772A N.C N.C N.C 732 N.C N.C

137- 138- 139- 140- 141- 142- 143-


837 838 N.C 840 841 842 843
144- 145- 146- 147- 148- 149- 150- 151- 152- 153-
844 845 846 847 N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C
154- 155- 156- 157- 158- 159- 160- 161-
CN- CN- CN- CN- CN- N.C N.C N.C 857 858 N.C N.C N.C
151 152 153 154 155 162- 163- 164- 165- 166- 167-
N.C 863 N.C N.C N.C N.C

35- 36- 37- 38- 39- 40- 41- 102– 103- 104- 105- 106- 107-
735 N.C N.C N.C 739 740 741 802 803 804 N.C 806 807
42- 43- 44- 45- 46- 47- 48- 49- 50- 51- 52- 53- 108- 109- 110- 111- 112- 113- 114- 115- 116- 117-
N.C 743 N.C 745 746 N.C 131 N.C N.C N.C N.C 753 N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C
54- 55- 56- 57- 58- 59- 60– 61- 118- 119- 120- 121- 122- 123- 124- 125- 126- 127- 128-
754 755 764A 757 758 N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C 820 821 N.C N.C N.C 825 826 N.C 828
62- 63- 64- 65- 66- 67- 68- 69- 129- 130- 131- 132- 133- 134- 135- 136-
N.C N.C N.C N.C 183 N.C 768 N.C N.C N.C 831 832 833 834 835 836

Page11
3-5. Check sheet of ECU pin (50D7E model)
Input / Output signal
Pin No. Check item Condition Remarks
Type Level(normal → operation)
1~4 N.A - - -

5~7 Battery(+) through fuse(A) IG. ON DC Battery voltage


8 N.A

Pulse …Vbat
9 Engine speed signal Engine running
0~0.5 KGSD700C
10~18 N.A - - -

19 Fault diagnosis K-LINE Analog Communication signal


20 N.A - - -

Accel pedal position sensor 1 signal IG. ON(Idle) Analog 0.6V ~ 0.85V
21 IG. ON(WOT)
WOT : Wide-open throttle Analog 3.75V ~ 3.95V
: pedal full position

IG. ON(Idle) Analog 0.6V ~ 0.85V


22 Accel pedal position sensor 2 signal
IG. ON(WOT) Analog 3.75V ~ 3.95V
23 PTO Accel pedal position signal At PTO control Analog 0.6V ~ 3.95V NA
24~27 N.A - - -

28 ECU Case ground DC Below 0.5V


29~31 N.A - - -

IG. ON(20°C) DC Battery voltage 0.166KΩ~4


32 Intake air temp. sensor signal 8.14K Ω
IG. ON(40°C) DC Ba. vol. > below 0.5V
33~34 N.A - - -

35 +B FOR FLYBACK(fuse box) IG ON DC Battery voltage


36~38 N.A - - -

Page12
Input / Output signal
Pin no. Check item Condition Remarks
Type Level(normal → operation)
39 Eng. rpm sensor shield ground - DC Below 0.5V
40 Engine rpm sensor + Engine running Sign wave
41 Engine rpm sensor - Engine running Sign wave
42 - - - -

43 Over heat warning lamp Coolant T. over 115℃ DC Ba. vol. > below 0.5V
44 - - - -

45 Glow lamp IG ON DC Ba. vol. > below 0.5V


46 Key switch IG ON DC below 0.5V > Ba. vol.
47 N.A - - -

48 Starter switch At starting DC below 0.5V > Ba. vol.


49~50 - - - -

51 Idle down switch IG ON DC Ba. vol. > below 0.5V NA


52 N.A - - -

53 Brake switch IG ON DC below 0.5V > Ba. vol. NA


54 Booster pressure sensor GND DC below 0.5V > Ba. vol.
55 Coolant/fuel/intake air temp. GN DC Below 0.5V
56 Key switch DC below 0.5V > Ba. vol.
57 Booster pressure sensor power IG ON DC 5V
58 Idle switch IG ON DC below 0.5V > Ba. vol.
59~65 N.A - - -

66 Neutral switch IG ON DC below 0.5V > Ba. vol.

Page13
Input / Output signal
Pin no. Check item Condition Remarks
Type Level(normal → operation)
67~69 N.A

70~71 Glow relay IG.ON DC Ba. vol. > below 0.5V


72~73 Signal GND DC Below 0.5V
74~75 ECU relay coil IG.ON DC Ba. vol. > below 0.5V
76 +B IG.ON DC below 0.5V > Ba. vol.
77~80 N.A

81 A/C idle up switch IG.ON DC below 0.5V > Ba. vol. NA


82 Engine check lamp IG.ON DC Ba. vol. > below 0.5V
83~87 N.A

88 Idle down switch IG.ON DC below 0.5V > Ba. vol. NA


89~101 N.A

102 Power GND DC Below 0.5V


Engine running
……….
… 19~21A
103 Injector 1 Analog 11~13A
(injector operating)
Engine running
……….
… 19~21A
104 Injector 4 Analog 11~13A
(injector operating)
105 N.A

106 Injector 1 Eng. run.(inj. operating) Analog


107 Injector 4 Eng. run.(inj. operating) Analog
108~119 N.A

120 Cam speed sensor signal IG.ON Sign wave


Common rail pressure sensor
… 4.2V IDLE=1.72V
121 IG.ON Analog
signal ………. 1.0V
(45Mpa)

Page14
Input / Output signal
Pin NO. Check item Condition Remarks
Type Level(normal → operation)
122 N.A

123 Accel position sensor 2 power IG ON DC 5V NA


124 N.A

125 Accel position sensor 1 power IG ON DC 5V


126 C-rail pressure sensor power IG ON DC 5V
127 N.A
… 4.75V
128 Booster pressure sensor signal IG ON
………. 0.78V
131 CAM speed G DC below 0.5V
Common rail pressure sensor
… 4.2V
132 IG ON Analog
signal ………. 1.0V
133 Cam speed sensor power IG ON DC 5V
134 Com. rail pressure sensor GND DC below 0.5V
135 Accel position sensor 1 GND DC below 0.5V
136 Accel position sensor 2 GND DC below 0.5V
Engine running ……….
… 19~21A
137 Injector 3 Analog 11~13A
(injector operating)
138 Engine running ……….
… 19~21A
Injector 2 Analog 11~13A
(injector operating)
139 N.A

140~141 Power GND DC Below 0.5V


142~143 Injector 3(142)/2(143) Eng. run.(injec. operat.) Analog
144~145 SCV LOW(-) current control Engine running Duty ctrl refer SCV current signal Ref. material

Page15
Input / Output signal
Pin NO. Check item Condition Remarks
Type Level(normal → operation)

Duty refer SCV current


146~147 SCV Hi (+) Engine running Ref. material
control signal
148~154 N.A

IG ON(20°C) Analog Over 2.5V 0.12KΩ~4


155 Coolant temp. sensor signal 8.14KΩ
IG ON(80°C) Analog Below 0.527V
156~162 N.A

IG ON(20°C) Analog Over 2.38V 0.11KΩ~2


163 Fuel temp. sensor signal 5.4KΩ
IG ON(40°C) Analog Below 1.5V
164~167 N.A

Page16
4. Input : Sensors
4-1. Cam Position Sensor (P0340)

IC
IC chip

Permanent
Magnet
magnetic

Connector:

(MRE)

Cam position sensor is hall sensor type, detect the compression


position of no.1, 4 cyl., send to ECM after changing pulse signal,
ECM decides the fuel injection order by this signal.

Page17
4-1-1. Cam Position Sensor

AIR GAP :
1±0.5 mm

A Vcc
1 kohm
ECU
Multi-meter measuring 10 kohm
Sensor Out
Check
Power V 1nF
condition
At engine
about 4.5V
running

Page18
4-2. Crank Position Sensor [P0335/385,P0219(4000rpm ↑),P0615(300rpm↓)]

Crankshaft position sensor detects the position of piston combustion


chamber to decide the timing of injection. All engine pistons are
connected to crankshaft by connecting rod. Crankshaft position sensor
can supply the position of all pistons.

The signal of inductive type(magnetic type) crankshaft speed sensor is


ECM input data.

Page19
4-2-1. Wave form of Crank Position Sensor

Air gap : 1.5±0.5mm

Multi-meter measuring

Check Power
condition(rpm) (AC)
Wave form with Hi-scanner Idle ~ high about 2.8 V ~
rpm 5.9 V

Page20
4-3. Synchronized wave (20ms) of crank & cam position sensor

Page21
- Synchronized wave (4ms) of crank & cam position sensor

# 1 cylinder # 4 cylinder

Page22
4-4. MAP Sensor [Intake pressure & temperature sensor ]
The intake manifold pressure
sensor(combination sensor with
intake temperature sensor)
monitors intake manifold
pressure and passes the
information to the Electronic
Control Module (ECM) through
the engine harness. ECM
decides fuel injection volume and
timing using the signal of intake
pressure sensor.

The intake manifold air temperature sensor(combination sensor with intake pressure
sensor) monitors intake manifold air temperature and passes the information to the
Electronic Control Module (ECM) through the engine harness.
This sensor has NTC type thermistor.

DTC : Intake pressure (P0238/0237/0236) & temperature sensor (P0112/0113)


Ref. : Ambient sensor (P0107/0108) – included in ECM

Page23
4-4-1. MAP SENSOR (Intake pressure & temp. sensor), Checking

1 2 3 4
1 : Ground
2 : Intake temp. signal
3 : Sensor power supply
4 : Intake pressure signal

* Multi-meter measuring(actual value)


규정값
Specification Check condition Intake air pressure

흡 기 압(Kpa)
Intake air pres(Kpa)
전 압(V)
Voltage(V)
101 Kpa ~ 130 Kpa
32.5 0.5
Idle ~ high rpm
Intake air about 1.6V ~ 2.1V
흡기압 50 0.78
pressure
센서
sensor 70 1.96
Intake 규정값
Specification
270 4.28 air
흡기온도
temp. 0℃ 10℃ 30℃ 50℃
284 4.5
sensor
300 4.75 5.4㏀~6.0㏀ 3.5㏀~3.9㏀ 1.6㏀~1.7㏀ 0.8㏀~0.9㏀

Page24
4-5. Common rail pressure sensor

Flow damper
P1091~4

P0088(2000bar↑)
P2293

Pressure limit v/v


Rail pressure
sensor
P0192~4/0093

221 Mpa
Open (abnormally high)
Dead Volume(internal rail) 11cc

Orifice of flow damper ¢ 0.76


Close
50 MPa Opening Pressure : 2219 Mpa
Pressure limit v/v 221MPa(2,210bar)
Closing Pressure : 5010 MPa
Rail pressure sensor 180 Mpa(1,800bar)
Pressure (MPa)
Page25
4-5-1. Common rail pressure sensor

The rail fuel pressure sensor is used by the


Electronic Control Module (ECM) to monitor
fuel pressure in the common rail. ECM use this
signal to control the injection volume and
timing.

4.2
Voltage
[V]

1.0

0 200 P [ MPa ]

* Multi-meter measuring(actual value)


Check condition Rail pressure
Idle ~ high rpm 50 Mpa ~ 130 Mpa (*10:bar)
(800~2450rpm) about 1.8 V ~ 3.2 V

Page26
4-5-2. Wave form of rail pressure sensor(HCE-DT measuring)

Engine
speed

Water
temp.

Battery
voltage

Real C/R
pressure

Target C/R
pressure

SCV drive
current

SCV target
current

SCV duty
value

Page27
4-6. Flow Damper (P1091~4)

At ENGINE STOP

Inlet, from Outlet, to


common rail injectors

At Damping orifice

At engine running
Piston with orifice damps the
fuel pressure in common rail.

Damping: Pressure spikes are


controlled by the orifice in the piston for
the purpose of protecting the injectors.

Page28
- Flow Damper

At fuel leakage occurrence

Leaking injector : Excessive


fuel flow raises pressure
sufficient to push the piston
against the ball and spring until
the ball seats and cuts off flow.

If fuel leakage occurs.


When fuel leakage occurs at injector side, excessive flow of fuel causes the piston
and ball to pressurize to the right.
The ball blocks the passage and blocks fuel leakage and protects the system.

Page29
4-7. Water temperature sensor [(P0117/0118/0217(over 115℃)]

Gauge unit WATER


SENSOR
(Cluster side)

규정값
Specification

냉각수온
Water
temperature -20℃ 20℃ 40℃ 80℃
15.48㏀ 5.79㏀ 1.148㏀ 0.322㏀

← HCE-DT “DTC Analysis” ; P0118

Page30
4-8. Fuel temperature sensor (P0182/3)
Fuel temperature sensor measures the
temperature of fuel, sends this signal to ECU.
ECU compensates the injection volume at
cold or hot engine by using the signal.
Fuel temperature sensor is installed on the right
side of fuel pump.

Page31
4-9. Accel. pedal position sensor(APS) (P0122/0123/0222/0223/1120/0225/6)

Accel. Pedal position sensor detects the


position of pedal by operator, deliveries to
ECU. This sensor has a Potentiometer at
internal side.
The position of pedal is calculated by output
signal of this sensor.

규정값
Specification
Accel.
악셀페달
Pedal At들idling(0%) At전
full
센서 아이 상 태 (0%) 개stroke(100%)
시 (100%)
sensor
0.6V ∼ 0.85V (0.65V) 3.75V ∼ 3.95V (3.85V)

Page32
5. Output: Control & Drive parts
5-1. Supply Pump control

Inlet
Outlet
(return)
SCV (Suction
Control Valve)

Supply(to rail)
: DTC – P1217~9

Turning direction C.C.W


Feed
Plunger diameter ¢8.5
Pump
Plunger no. 2
Cam Lift 8.8mm
Fuel temp.
Fuel delivery volume 1000 ㎣(1cc)/rev
sensor
Operation voltage 24V
Fuel temp. sensor At inside

Refer D4DD Service Manual(p198 ~200 of p246)


Page33
5-1-1. Fuel pump & SCV fuel flow

Page34
Fuel System: High-Pressure Fuel Pump

Injector Suction valve


Common rail
Delivery valve Plunger
Return spring

SCV
Fuel overflow
Regulator valve

Feed pump

Cam shaft

Fuel tank
Fuel filter

Page35
5-1-2. SCV (Suction Control Valve) duty control

Page36
5-1-3. Control valve of fuel supply pump : SCV (Suction Control Valve) wave
(DTC : P0629/0627/1190)
At idle condition
No. 1 channel : Voltage wave of SCV
operation
No. 1 channel : Current wave of SCV
operation

* Multi-meter measuring(actual value)

Check condition SCV voltage

Idle ~ max.rpm 50 Mpa ~ 130 Kpa

about 9.6 V ~ 8.2 V


800 ~ 2450rpm
At max stroke : (max.13V)

Page37
5-2. Injector control

Solenoid

Valve spring

Valve

Orifice

Body
Edge filter

Piston

Hole dia. × quantity (¢0.16)×6


Nozzle spring
Fuel flow
1100 Packing, tip
volume(cc/min)
Nozzle
Nozzle stroke 0.35

Resistance 0.3~0.7Ω(at 20℃)

Sac. Volume 0.19 ㎜3

DTC : P0201/2/3/4, P0301/2/3/4, P2146/7/8, P2149/2150/2151


Page38
5-2-1. Operation principle

Solenoid

Operation
current
Valve

Common rail

Pressure
control
Piston chamber

Injection
Nozzle volume

Before Injection Injection After Injection

Refer D4DD Service Manual(p188 ~196 of p246)


Page39
5-2-2. Multi-injection

Mechanical injection Common rail injection

Injection

Explosion

Pre-injection :

Is to help the good combustion before main injection .


W-ENG can reduce the vibration, explosion noise and explosion
surging of diesel, so NOx is reduced.

Page40
5-2-3. Wave check of Injector operating voltage & current

Pre-injection
(ignition injection) Main injection

전압
Injection time Injection time

전류

Influence factor of injection : nozzle dia. X injection time X injection pressure X Injection
times X battery voltage

Page41
5-3. Fuel filter
Air bleeding, pump

Thermo switch

Fuel inlet
Fuel outlet
Heater sensor

Water drain, sensor

Page42
5-4. Engine Wiring

Page43 - THE END -

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