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INDICE
BLOQUE 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 3
MÓDULO 1: WISHES ...................................................................................................................... 3
About what we dream of .......................................................................................................... 3
1. WISH .............................................................................................................................. 3
2. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS ............................................................................................... 5
3. CONNECTORS ................................................................................................................ 7
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ 14
MÓDULO 2: THE CITY .................................................................................................................. 16
About where we live in ........................................................................................................... 16
1. ONE AND ONES ........................................................................................................... 16
2. RELATIVE CLAUSES....................................................................................................... 17
3. EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY AND DOUBT (may, might, I’m not) ..................................... 19
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ 20
MÓDULO 3: NATIONAL TRADITIONS........................................................................................... 24
About national traditions ........................................................................................................ 24
1. PHRASAL VERBS ........................................................................................................... 24
2. POSITION OF ADVERBS. PART 1. ................................................................................. 29
3. POSITION OF ADVERBS. PART 2. ................................................................................. 31
4. DISCOURSE COHESION ................................................................................................ 32
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ 34
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BLOQUE 3
MÓDULO 1: WISHES
WARMING UP
WISHES
Wish
Reciprocal Pronouns
Connectors
Dreams
Nightmares
1. WISH
Introduction
We can use 'wish' to talk about something that we would like to be different in the
present or the future. It's used for things which are impossible or very unlikely.
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Explanation
We can use 'wish' to talk about something that we would like to be different in the
present or the future. It's used for things which are impossible or very unlikely.
The structure I wish + would is generally used about other people who are
doing (or not doing) something that we don't like and we want that person to
change. It's not usually used about ourselves, or about something which nobody can
change though, exceptionally, we do use it about the weather.
It is about situations that cannot be modified. We use the structure I wish + Past
Perfect.
I wish I had taken a torch with me (but I didn´t)
I wish he hadn´t left so soon. (but he did)
When the speaker can’t change a situation or can’t do anything, it’s necessary to use
the verb ‘to hope’ and not ‘wish’. See the following examples and notice the
difference:
I wish you wouldn’t drive so fast. (you normally drive fast and I would like you to
change that)
I hope you won’t have an accident. (Having an accident is not something I can
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change)
2. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
Introduction
In English, there are two different reciprocal pronouns, which are each other and
one another.
Anne and Sean are waving to each other. (The waving is given in return
between the two)
The sisters were hugging one another.
Finally, you must know that one another sounds more formal than each other,
which is more colloquial.
Some people debate whether we use each other when we have only two parties
whereas we use one another when there are more than two people involved in the
action.
The gangsters were fighting one another (maybe there were more than
two)
John and Mary love each other (there are only two people)
Explanation
We use the reciprocal pronouns each other and one another when two or more
people do the same thing. Traditionally, each other refers to two people and one
another refers to more than two people, but this distinction is disappearing in modern
English.
Peter and Mary helped each other = Peter helped Mary and Mary helped Peter.
We sent Christmas cards to one another = We sent them a Christmas card and
they sent us a Christmas card.
They didn’t look at each other = He didn’t look at her and she didn’t look at
him.
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We also use the possessive forms each other’s and one another’s:
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3. CONNECTORS
Introduction
Connectors are the words which combine two words, phrases and sentences
together. They have the same meaning of a conjunction but differ in their
function.
Lisa and Ria are friends. (Here "and" connects two nouns. It is a conjunction).
I broke my leg. However, I still feel great. (Here "however' connects two groups of
words, which relate to each other).
Explanation
Sentence connectors are also known as linking language. This linking language can
be used to order what you have to say, show opposition, provide clarification and
so on.
Connectors are usually written in SPECIFIC PLACES in a sentence:
- Either at the beginning or in the middle: despite, in spite of, although, even
though.
TYPES OF CONNECTORS:
CONNECTORS OF ADDITION:
We can show addition using several different connecting words. The common
connecting words used to show addition are:
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In addition – además / además de
Furthermore - además
Moreover - además
In addition
In addition tends to be often used when describing a situation. For example, use in
addition to add another action, fact, or the feature to a list that characterises an object
or concept. Unlike moreover and furthermore, in addition is not commonly used for
arguing or supporting a viewpoint.
The day was windy and cold. In addition, it was bright and clear.
The New York City library is one of the best places to do research. In addition,
it has many different magazines and journals from around the world.
Furthermore
Furthermore tends to also be used when describing a situation. You can use
furthermore when you want to add another point to a list of two or more items
in support of an argument.
Moreover
Moreover is usually used to introduce the second of two points that argue for a
certain viewpoint. The second item supports and reinforces the claim introduced
by the first item.
Profits have increased over the past months. Moreover, we have increased
our share of the market.
As well as
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Although close in meaning to and, the adverb as well as has a specific function to
avoid confusion when listing a series of three or more items. Note below how easily
one can be confused by a list like this containing more than one and.
Today, there are even greater opportunities for foreign firms that can supply
the capital to fund construction and the technology and management skills
to build and operate infrastructure facilities.
Today, there are even greater opportunities for foreign firms that can supply
the capital to fund construction as well as the technology and
management skills to build and operate infrastructure facilities.
Also
Similar to and, the adverb also tells the reader nothing about the relationship
between these ideas, and usually does not occur at the beginning of the sentence.
The important thing to remember about also is its position in the sentence:
Low levels of this nutrient have also been linked to stress and anxiety.
And
The simplest way to join two (or more) ideas is by using and, but ‘and’ tells the
reader nothing about the relationship between these ideas. Be careful, because
overusing and can make your writing and speaking sound repetitive.
These plans provide a solution to the traffic problems, and they are easy to
implement.
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That was a nice, long story. (NOT That was a nice and long story.)
When there are more than two items, we usually put and before the last.
They drank, sang and danced. (NOT They drank and sang and danced.)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST:
To show the contrast between two ideas we can use the following sentence
connectors:
On the one hand / on the other hand – por un lado / por otro lado
However
"However" is the most common of the contrastive sentence connectors and can serve
two different functions. It can introduce conflict or a problem that contrasts with the
situation, facts or viewpoints presented in earlier sentences, or signal that the
contrast introduced in the second sentence is somehow surprising or unexpected in
light of what was said in the first sentence.
Although "however" usually comes at the beginning of the sentence, it can also occur
before the verb or, less frequently, at the end:
Beginning:
However, most engineers and planners assume that these changes will not
occur.
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Nevertheless / Nonetheless
Both "nevertheless" and "nonetheless" have the same basic concessive meaning as
"however": They all introduce a sentence that gives information which is unexpected
or surprising in light of information given in a previous sentence.
The high natural variability of the Mediterranean climate make both the
detection of climate change and attribution of its cause very difficult.
Nevertheless (note’ however’ could also be possible), observations suggest
that climate may already be changing in the region.
Are used when you are comparing two different facts or two opposite ways of thinking
about a situation:
On the one hand I'd like a job that pays more, but on the other hand I enjoy
the work I'm doing at the moment.
In Spite of / Despite
In spite of
Despite
Despite is also used to show a contrast. The only difference between in spite of
and despite is the preposition ‘of’ that cannot be omitted:
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We can use in spite of and despite with a subject and verb if we include the expression
‘the fact that’:
In spite of the fact that he worked very hard, he didn’t manage to pass the
exam.
Despite the fact that he worked very hard, he didn’t manage to pass the exam.
We use although and even though to say that a thing is surprising, unusual, or
unexpected. Even though is a slightly stronger form of although.
While the meaning of these words is similar, there is a difference in how we use them.
Although and even though are conjunctions. They have the same meaning. In spoken
English we can use even though or though instead of although.
although + a clause
though + a clause
But
The conjunction 'but' is used to show a contradiction between two phrases. Let's say
the first phrase leads you to expect a certain event and the second phrase tells you
quite a contradictory outcome. In such an event, but, is used.
He ran, but he missed the bus.
She studied hard but could not score well in the test.
The hill was very steep but the old man could climb it easily.
CONNECTORS OF CONSEQUENCE:
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Because of and due to
Many people misuse because of and due to without even realizing it. Here you have
an explanation to use both of them.
Remember that due to has to follow some form of the verb TO BE.
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GLOSSARY
In addition además / además The day was windy and cold. In addition, it was bright and
de clear
Furthermore además I don’t type quickly. Furthermore, sometimes the computer
crashes.
Moreover además Profits have increased over the past months. Moreover,
shares have increased.
As well as: además de I will do the task as well as the report
/también
Also: también/además I also like reading
Although / Even though – aunque / a pesar Although he's a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat.
de que
But – pero / sino / nada He ran, but he missed the bus.
mas que
Because of por/ debido a She had a headache because of the lack of sleep.
Due to por/ debido a Her headache was due to the lack of sleep.
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disorder trastorno An eating disorder
disturbing perturbado A disturbing experience
distress angustia A distressed woman
triggered desencadenar It triggered an attack
vividly gráfico I remember the battle vividly
pounding latir rápidamente My heart was pounding
height altura He is afraid of hights
behavior comportamiento We don´t tolerate bad behaviour
counteract contrarestar These tablets counteract headaches
unwanted no deseado I get lots of unwanted mail
trigger desencadenar The loud bang triggered the avalanche
Thoughts pensamientos She was always in his thoughts
EXPRESIONES SIGNIFICADO
Have you ever heard of..? ¿Has oído alguna vez hablar de…?
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MÓDULO 2: THE CITY
WARMING UP
The city
Pace of life
Introduction
We use 'one' and 'ones' when we do not want to repeat the previous noun that was
mentioned already.
‘One' is singular and 'Ones' is plural.
Explanation
To avoid unnecessary repetition, in English we use the pronouns one (singular) and ones
(plural). In Spanish we can omit the subject, direct object or indirect object in a sentence
but we normally do not replace them with another word. In English, however, we use
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one/ones.
Examples:
I have two sisters; the older one is seven and the younger one is five.
Which car do you prefer; this one or that one?
New cars are much faster than old ones.
I need some new glasses; the ones I have at the moment are broken.
See those two girls? Helen is the tall one and Jane is the short one.
Which is your car? The blue one or the red one?
My trousers are torn. I need some new ones.
Let’s look at the photographs (the ones you took in Paris). We often use them
For example:
2. RELATIVE CLAUSES
Introduction
We use relative clauses in English to join sentences, or to give more information about
something. In order to introduce a relative clause we use a relative pronoun.
Explanation
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Here is a list of relative pronouns and adverbs and what we use them for:
WHICH - subject or object pronoun for animals and things / also used when referring to
a whole sentence.
THAT – subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative
clauses (who or which are also possible).
Defining
The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We
can't omit the relative pronoun. They give important information.
With defining relative clauses we can use who or that to talk about people. There is
no difference in meaning between these, though 'who' tends to be preferred in more
formal use.
Non-defining
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A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about something. We don't
need this information to understand the sentence.
We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use 'which' if the
pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers to a person. We can't omit the
relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject of
the clause.
(Everybody knows where London is, so 'which has some fantastic museums' is extra
information).
(The non-defining relative clause doesn’t tell us which skirt – it gives us more
information about the skirt).
Non-defining relative clauses are more often used in written English than in spoken
English. You can tell that a clause is non-defining because it is separated by commas at
each end of the clause.
Introduction
To express possibility and doubt we use structures such as may, might and I’m not
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Explanation
1. In English we use MAY to suggest that something is possible. For example:
May I go now?
May I think about it and get back to you?
2. We also use MIGHT to express possibility. However, MIGHT suggests a smaller possibility
than MAY and MIGHT is much more usual than MAY in spoken English.
3. We also have other expressions we can use in order to express possibility such as:
GLOSSARY
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endearing It is the world's most elegant and endearing
adorables rascacielos
skyscrapers skyscraper.
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ser aficionado a (algo / hacer
be fond of I am very fond of black and white movies
algo)
trade comerciar, comercio He's one of the best doctors in the trade
EXPRESIONES SIGNIFICADO
straightforward grid
Sistema de red eléctrica directa
system
when the going got
Es un proverbio que significa: cuando las cosas se ponen
tough, the tough got
difíciles, solo los fuertes avanzan o siguen adelante.
going
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the shopping spree Compra compulsiva
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MÓDULO 3: NATIONAL TRADITIONS
WARMING UP
ST Patrick’s Day
Phrasal verbs
Position of adverbs 1
Position of adverbs 2
Cohesion
National traditions
National products
1. PHRASAL VERBS
Introduction
Phrasal verbs are special kinds of verbs. They consist of two or three parts: a verb and
one (or two) particles. These particles can be either adverbs or prepositions.
Explanation
The resulting verb of combining a verb and a particle has a different meaning; in some
cases there is a logical meaning, e.g. (go up, look back, turn around), but in some
others, there is no direct relationship, such as put up, look for or make up, just to name
a few.
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Many phrasal verbs have their Latin word counterpart (e.g. build up accumulate;
carry out execute; use up exhaust; give up surrender, therefore the use
of phrasal verbs is highly recommended in standard English as the Latin one-word may
seem too formal or academic.
In this lesson, we are going to divide phrasal verbs into two types: intransitive and
transitive phrasal verbs
Some phrasal verbs can take more than one meaning, for example:
Make up = become friends (intransitive): After 2 years arguing, they finally made up.
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Separable Phrasal verbs
Some transitive phrasal verbs can be separated by placing the object between the verb
and the particle. When the object is a noun or a noun phrase (more than one word)
the phrasal verb can be either separated or not.
- Put them on
- Put on them
As a general rule, long phrases (group of words) are usually placed at the end of a
sentence. This is particularly relevant in the case of phrasal verbs because, if the
particles of phrasal verbs are too far from the verb, they may lose their meaning or
even become ambiguous. For example;
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something to
someone)
Hand in Hand in your assignment Hand your Hang it in
(submit) assignment in
Look up (look Look up those words Look those Look them up
for words up
information)
Make up Make up a tale Make a tale up Make it up
(invent/create
a story)
Pick up (lift, Pick up the toy Pick the toy up Pick it up
get someone)
Put out Put out the cigarette Put the Put it out
(extinguish) cigarette out
Take off Take off your shirt Take your shirt Take it off
(remo off
ve)
Throw away Throw away the meal Throw the mean Throw it away
(discard, put away
in the trash)
Turn on Turn on the radio Turn the radio Turn it down
(start) down
Turn off Turn off the lights Turn the lights Turn them off
(stop) off
Write down Write down the list Write the list Write it down
(make a note down
of something)
- We count on you
- We count you on
- Get off the bus
- Get the bus off
Although there is not a set rule to determine when a phrasal verb is inseparable, some
particles are likely to form inseparable phrasals, such as with, across, after, into.
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- The police came your dog across last night
- Jane can’t look after Charlie next week.
- Jane can’t look Charlie after next week
- I look forward to slip into my suit.
- I look forward to slip my suit into.
Verb
Call on (ask a
question in
class)
Catch up
(with) (reach
the same
level as)
Come across
(find by
chance)
Count on
(depend on)
Get along
(with)
Get in (enter)
Get off (exit)
Get over
(recover
from an
illness or
problem)
Go over
(review or
check)
Look after
(take care of)
Put up with
(tolerate,
stand)
Run into
(meet by
chance)
Run out of
(not have any
more)
Watch out
(be careful)
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2. POSITION OF ADVERBS. PART 1.
Introduction
In this lesson, you are going to see which positions adverbs and adverbials
(Complemento circunstancial in Spanish) take in a sentence in relation to their meaning
and composition.
Explanation
When adverbs modify verbs, they are placed in three main positions: front, middle and
end.
In middle position, adverbs are placed between the subject and the verb. In this
position, they are placed immediately after the verb “be” or after the first auxiliary
verb. Adverbs of frequency are always placed in this position.
- He is never there when you need him - John will probably pass the exam
- I have already told you my name
In end position, the adverb is placed after the verb, either right after the verb or
further in the clause.
- They strolled quietly for a while - Fred spoke to his friends quietly
FRONT POSITION
Most adverbs can be put in initial position in a sentence or a clause. The adverbs below
are more likely to be placed in front position:
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- Time adverbs that add more information to previous references, or show a
contrast, e.g. yesterday, tomorrow, someday.
- Connecting adverbs that make clear the logical connection between two
sentences, e.g. as a result, secondly, similarly
- Comment and viewpoint adverbs. They reinforce the speaker’s point of view
about something. E.g. luckily, obviously, presumably, naturally, honestly, clearly
My brother in law is coming to have dinner. Honestly, I don’t like him being
here.
- * Place adverbs. In some cases, especially in written form, place adverbs and
adverbials are put in front position to emphasise an action or modify a
movement, e.g. here, there, up, down.
Here comes the sun.
Up went the flag.
Over the bridge marched the soldiers.
It is important to notice that the same adverb may have a different position depending
on their meaning or syntactic function.
MID POSITION
- Adverbs that indicate the order of events, e.g., last, first or next. They can also
be put in front position, but always using a comma after it.
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I first met my girlfriend 5 years ago.
First, we need to save some money.
Adverbs are placed after the object (if there is one) rather than right after the verb.
Adverbs cannot be placed between the verb and its object.
He gave back the money unwillingly (not He gave back unwillingly the money)
When the object is a long phrase, the adverb can be put before the object:
He gave back unwillingly all the money and goods he had stolen
Adverbs are also placed in end position when there is a verb and a following –ing form
or to + infinitive
When we have more than one adverb or more than one adverbial, we must follow this
order: manner, place and time.
Nevertheless, in English, long phrases are usually placed at the end of a sentence,
putting shorter elements before. Thus, the natural order of “manner, place and time”
can be altered depending on the length of the adverbial. For example:
I will visit tomorrow the house where I spent my childhood (time + place)
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Lastly, the order of adverbs and adverbials can be switched if the speaker wants to
emphasize any part of the sentence.
When John saw Sally, naughtily, he pushed her in the swimming pool.
4. DISCOURSE COHESION
Introduction
We are going to continue studying more elements used for the cohesion in
the discourse.
Explanation
We have to remember that Cohesion is the term used to describe the grammatical
means by which sentences and paragraphed are linked and relationships between
them are established. In English, the principal means of establishing cohesion are
through the use of pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, conjuncts and adverbials to
substitute, repeat, refer or omit items across a text.
In this lesson, we will talk about: SO, IN OTHER WORDS and E.G. (exempli gratia), I.E.
(id est).
SO
It’s much cheaper with that airline, isn’t it, so I’ll get all the tickets for us with
them.
(Es mucho más barato con esa compañía aérea, verdad, así que compraré
todos los billetes con ellos)
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SO is also a very common discourse marker in speaking. It usually occurs at the
beginning of clauses and we use it when we are summarizing what has just been said,
or when we are changing topic.
So, we’ve covered the nineteenth century and we’re now going to look at
all the experiments in the novel in the early twentieth century.
(Así que, hemos cubierto el siglo 19 y ahora vamos a mirar todos los
experimentos en la novela de principios del siglo 20)
IN OTHER WORDS
I believe, in other words, that what Lula will try to do is modernize the country.
(Creo en otras palabras que lo que Lula intentará hacer es modernizar el país)
The abbreviations e.g. (from the Latin exempli gratia) and i.e. (from the Latin id est) are
often confused. This is because they are both used to introduce some clarification of
something previously mentioned. They mean ´por ejemplo´ y ´es decir´.
The buffet had excellent variety, e.g., vegetarian and non-vegetarian soups,
Italian and French breads, and numerous sweets. (e.g. = for example)
(El bufet tenía una excelente variedad, por ejemplo, sopas vegetarianas y
no vegetarianas, panes franceses e italianos y numerosos dulces)
The abbreviation i.e. is used to restate an idea more clearly or offer more information.
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GLOSSARY
Dyed teñido She dyed her hair, but it didn´t suit her
each serving cada ración Each serving comes with a free cup of tea
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The wall was hollow and I broke it with the
Hollow hueco
hammer
hugely enormemente He is hugely sucessful
If you continue to study hard, your
knowledge of French will
improve mejorar
improve.
item artículo, producto They sell some lovely items in the gift shop.
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rephrase parafrasear Do not rephrase everything she says
the yolks yemas de huevo Take out the yolks before you cook the eggs
He lost his money because he bet against the
to bet apostar
winning horse.
The story symbolizes Patrick cleansing the
to cleanse limpiar
island of Paganism
I visited my Aunt in Greece last year and I
to get back volver
can't wait to get back!
to get in entrar I opened the door and got in.
We got out just as the building was about to
to get out salir
burst into flames.
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to put back posponer John decided to put the meeting back
to put out apagar/extinguir un fuego The firemen had to put out a huge fire
EXPRESIONES SIGNIFICADO
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