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Cercha.
Consiste en un armazón que facilita la transferencia de peso de forma segura, por
lo que se emplea como base para crear estructuras. Se habla de estructuras muy
variadas como edificios, arcos o techos. Son, por consiguiente, un componente
clave en construcción.
Las cercas.
sirven para portar el material de la cubierta. La estructura de los arcos se sustenta
en la manera con la cual captan la mayor radiación solar, según de las
condiciones climáticas del terreno del material de dicho espacio.
Protección anticaídas
Canales de Evacuación
Soportes
Ventanas cenitales
Los de tipo perimetrales pueden ser diagonales o verticales, mientras que los
interiores son en cruces de San Andrés o K.
Tipos de invernaderos:
Invernadero Túnel
Ventajas
Desventajas
Invernadero Capilla
Ventajas
Desventajas
Una variación de los invernaderos capilla, que se comenzó a utilizar en zonas con
muy baja precipitación y altos niveles de radiación, fueron los invernaderos a una
vertiente.
Estos invernaderos contaban con una techumbre única inclinada en ángulos que
variaban entre 5º y 15º (orientados en sentido este-oeste y con presentación del
techo hacia la posición del sol -norte para el hemisferio sur-).
Ventajas
Desventajas
Sombreo mucho mayor que capilla (debido a mayor número de elementos
estructurales de sostén).
Menor volumen de aire encerrado (para igual altura de cenit) que el tipo
capilla.
Se trata de una variante de los tipo capilla (muy utilizados en la V región de Chile y
promovidos por el programa Hortalizas del INIA), en nuestro país son muy
utilizados en la provincia de Corrientes. La modificación respecto al capilla,
consiste en el ensamble a diferentes alturas de cada cambio, lo que permite
generar un espacio para una ventana cenital (lucarna).
Los postes se plantan cada 2,0 m, tanto en el lateral como en la parte central,
utilizándose postes sulfatados o bien, impregnados con brea al menos en los 0,40-
0,60 m que van enterrados.
Ventajas
Desventajas
En la zona del cinturón hortícola de la ciudad de Santa Fe, existe una alternativa
de muy bajo costo (más próxima al tipo semielíptico) construida con postes de
madera y techumbre de madera arqueada o caña. Se trata de estructuras
endebles y de baja altura, tornándose muy importante como limitante para el clima
de la zona.
Ventajas
Desventajas
Tienen la misma limitante que los tipos capilla, cuando deben acoplarse en
batería (de no poseer algún sistema de ventilación cenital).
La limitante ya señalada, plantea la necesidad de no superar los 25-30 m
(de invernaderos acoplados), debido a las dificultades para ventilación.
Actualmente existe una versión moderna a los originales, que se construyen con
caños galvanizados como sostenes interiores, permaneciendo el uso de postes
para los laterales de tensión o aún, siendo reemplazados también éstos por
muertos enterrados, para sujeción de los vientos, constituidos por doble alambre
del 8.
Ventajas
Desventajas
Deficiente ventilación.
Alto riesgo de rotura por precipitaciones intensas (escasa capacidad de
drenaje).
Construcción de alta complejidad (requiere personal especializado).
En zonas de baja radiación, la escasa pendiente del techo representa una
baja captación de la luz solar.
Son invernaderos de vidrio, los paneles descansan sobre los canales de recogida
del agua pluvial. La anchura de cada módulo es de 3,2 m y la separación entre
postes en el sentido longitudinal es de 3 m.
Ventajas
El mejor comportamiento térmico (debido al tipo de material utilizado: vidrio
y materiales rígidos).
Alto grado de control de las condiciones ambientales.
Desventajas
Alto costo.
La transmitancia se ve afectada, no por el material de cobertura, sino por el
importante número de elementos de sostén (debido al peso del material de
cubierta).
Al tratarse de un material rígido, con duración de varios años, resulta
afectado por la transmisibilidad de polvo, algas, etc.
Parts of a greenhouse:
Truss.
It consists of a frame that facilitates the transfer of weight safely, so it is used as a
base to create structures. There is talk of very varied structures such as buildings,
arches or roofs. They are, therefore, a key component in construction.
The fences.
they serve to carry the cover material. The structure of the arches is supported by
the way in which they capture the most solar radiation, depending on the climatic
conditions of the terrain of the material in said space.
Fall protection.
Evacuation Channels.
It has the function of evacuating rainwater. The volume of water with the ability to
dislodge a channel is a function of the development of the sheet with which it is
made. Resistance to the medium and prolonged contact with water is important, for
this reason, many use SENDZIMIR Z-275 class galvanizing (being able to grant
other classes of materials), as well as joint structures between channels, that allow
sealing (washers rubber, silicones, among others).
Supports.
• They consist of components of the structure that fixes and transmits the stresses
to the ground.
• The dimensions will be according to the particle size and cohesion of the soil
particles and the stresses they must withstand.
Zenithal windows.
They consist of openings usually shaped like wings placed in the upper zone of
the greenhouse. It is possible to normalize its degree of opening according to the
ventilation needs of the greenhouse or the speed of life. They can be placed to
leeward or windward and open independently depending on the orientation and
force of the wind.
Reinforcement.
They consist of support profiles that are placed in the greenhouse in order to
absorb part of the stresses that the pillars endure. They are essentially of two
kinds: interior and perimeter. The perimeter type can be diagonal or vertical, while
the interiors are at crosses of San Andrés or K.
Greenhouse types:
Tunnel Greenhouse.
It is difficult to establish a dividing line between what is a greenhouse and a macro
tunnel, because there is no defined parameter. However, the volume of air
enclosed for each square meter of soil has been chosen as a classification
measure. In general, according to different opinions in this regard, we can define a
greenhouse as a structure that exceeds 2.75-3 m3 / m2. These are greenhouses
that have a variable height and width. Imported with the following dimensions.
Advantage.
• High resistance to winds and easy installation (recommended for producers who
start in protected cultivation).
• High transmission of sunlight.
• Suitable for both flexible and rigid covering materials.
Disadvantages.
• Relatively small, volume of air retained (low thermal inertia) and the phenomenon
of thermal inversion may occur.
• Only recommended in low to medium size crops (lettuce, flowers, strawberries,
etc.)
Chapel Greenhouse.
It is one of the oldest structures, used in forced crops, widely used in our country,
mainly in the La Plata area. The slope of the roof (rafter) is variable according to
the radiation and rainfall (normally varying between 15 and 35º). The width
dimensions vary between 6 and 12m (even greater), due to variable length. The
heights of the sides vary between 2.0-2.5m and that of the ridge 3.0-3.5m (they are
also built lower than those indicated but they are not recommended). Ventilation of
these greenhouses in loose units does not present difficulties, becoming more
difficult when several of these greenhouses are grouped together forming batteries.
Advantage:
• Medium to low complexity construction.
• Use of low-cost materials, depending on the area (posts and timbers of
eucalyptus, pine, etc.).
• Suitable for both flexible and rigid covering materials.
Disadvantages:
• Ventilation problems with greenhouses in batteries.
• At the same zenith height, it has a smaller enclosed volume than curved
greenhouses.
• Greater number of elements that decrease transmittance (greater shading).
• Internal support elements that make it difficult to move and the cultivation site.
Greenhouse in planting
teeth A variation of the chapel greenhouses, which began to be used in areas with
very low precipitation and high levels of radiation, were greenhouses with one
slope. These greenhouses had a single roof inclined at angles that varied between
5º and 15º (oriented in an east-west direction and with presentation of the roof
towards the position of the sun -north for the southern hemisphere-). The lateral
coupling of this type of greenhouses gave rise to those known as saw teeth. The
need to evacuate the precipitation water determined an inclination in the collection
areas from the middle to both ends.
Advantage:
• Medium complexity construction. • Use of low-cost materials (according to
areas).
Disadvantages.
• Much greater shading than hood (due to a greater number of structural support
elements).
Advantage:
• Medium complexity construction.
• Excellent ventilation (like the sawtooth), being very suitable for forming batteries.
• Use of low-cost materials.
Disadvantages:
• Shading greater than hood (due to a greater number of structural support
elements), but less than sawtooth
. • At the same zenith height, it has a smaller enclosed volume than curved
greenhouses.
• Internal support elements that make it difficult to move and place crops.
Advantage:
• Along with tunnel type greenhouses, it is the one with the highest transmittance
to sunlight.
• Good interior air volume (high thermal inertia).
• Good resistance against winds.
• Totally free interior space (ease of movement, mechanized tillage, crop
management, etc.)
. • Medium to low complexity construction (due to the availability of precast
elements).
Disadvantages:
• They have the same limitation as the chapel types, when they must be coupled
to the battery (if they do not have any overhead ventilation system).
• The limitation already indicated, raises the need not to exceed 25-30 m (of
attached greenhouses), due to difficulties in ventilation.
Advantage:
• Large volume of enclosed air (good behavior according to thermal inertia).
• Negligible incidence of the elements of roofing in the interception of light.
• Even though it is a structure that offers high resistance to winds, it is not very
vulnerable due to the efficient anchorage system.
Disadvantages:
• Poor ventilation.
• High risk of breakage due to intense rainfall (low drainage capacity).
• High complexity construction (requires specialized personnel).
• In low radiation areas, the low roof slope represents a low capture of sunlight.
Advantage:
• The best thermal behavior (due to the type of material used: glass and rigid
materials).
• High degree of control of environmental conditions.
Disadvantages:
• High price.
• The transmittance is affected, not by the covering material, but by the significant
number of supporting elements (due to the weight of the covering material).
• As it is a rigid material, lasting several years, it is affected by the transmissibility
of dust, algae, etc
Tipos de riego:
Riego por goteo
Riego por Aspersión
Riego por Microaspersión
Riego Hidropónico
Riego Automático
Riego por Nebulización
Fertirrigación XILEMA®
Types of irrigation:
• Drip irrigation
• Sprinkler irrigation
• Micro sprinkler irrigation
• Hydroponic Irrigation
• Automatic watering
• Nebulization Irrigation
• XILEMA® Fertigation
El ajo tiene poco valor nutritivo. Aunque aporta vitaminas como la C, B1 y B3, y
minerales como potasio, calcio, fósforo, hierro y magnesio, su valor reside en
distintas sustancias azufradas que contiene, siendo la principal la aliína. Todas
estas sustancias producen efectos beneficiosos en el organismo, ya que actúan a
nivel del estómago e intestino, eliminando bacterias nocivas, y a nivel de aparato
digestivo, ya que es desinfectante y expectorante. También tiene efectos
beneficiosos para la circulación, reduciendo la tensión.
Garlic Description:
Garlic is a very old crop used by the bulb that forms at the base of its leaves. It is
highly appreciated as a condiment for the strong and characteristic flavor it
presents, and it is an ingredient widely used especially in Mediterranean cuisine. It
has multiple medicinal effects, due to the sulfur substances it contains. Garlic is a
very old crop that has been consumed since the 6th century BC. The plant belongs
to the lily family, and its scientific name is Allium sativum. It is used for the bulb that
forms at the base of the leaves, which can weigh up to 200g. This bulb or head is
made up of several teeth, in variable number from 2 to 10, which are covered by
covers that protect them called tunics. The color of these covers varies from white
to pink and is a characteristic that determines two varietal types of garlic. Although
in ancient times it was highly appreciated for its medicinal properties, today it is
mainly used as a condiment. It is used in many dishes such as Galician garlic, aioli
sauce, Malaga white garlic, Basque zurrkutuna, etc. They are also harvested green
to consume as young garlic. These garlics are planted at the same time as the
others, but are harvested when bulb formation begins. These plants are
characterized by presenting a great aroma. They are appreciated especially in
southern Europe for their strong flavor. Various derivatives can be obtained from
garlic, such as garlic oil, produced from the distillation of chopped garlic, and
dehydrated garlic. Garlic has little nutritional value. Although it provides vitamins
such as C, B1 and B3, and minerals such as potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron
and magnesium, its value resides in different sulfur-containing substances, the
main one being alliin. All these substances produce beneficial effects in the
organism, since they act at the level of the stomach and intestine, eliminating
harmful bacteria, and at the level of the digestive system, since it is a disinfectant
and expectorant. It also has beneficial effects on circulation, reducing tension
Fertilizantes.
Macronutrientes. Son requeridos por las plantas en cantidades mayores y se
dividen en dos grupos: primarios y secundarios. En los primarios se encuentran:
nitrógeno (N), fósforo (P) y potasio (K). Entre los secundarios están: calcio (Ca),
magnesio (Mg) y azufre (S).
Micronutrientes. Son requeridos por las plantas en pequeñas cantidades, pero
necesarias para su desarrollo: hierro (F), manganeso (Mn), zinc (Zn), cobre (Cu),
molibdeno (Mo), boro (B) y cloro (Cl).
TIPOS DE FERTILIZACIÓN
Fertilización química. Consiste en proporcionar a las plantas nutrientes de fácil
disponibilidad provenientes de fertilizantes químicos (Valverde et al., 1998).
Fertilización orgánica. Consiste en usar abonos orgánicos (Tabla 1), los cuales
mejoran las condiciones físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo (Muñoz y Cruz,
1984; Neira, 1986; Valverde et al., 1998; Oyarzun et al., 2002).
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Macronutrients
They are required.by plants in larger quantities and are divided into two groups:
primary and secondary. In the primary there are: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and
potassium (K). Among the secondary ones are: calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and
sulfur (S).
Micronutrients.
They are required by the plants in small quantities, but necessary for their
development: iron (F), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo),
boron (B) and chlorine (Cl).
TYPES OF FERTILIZATION.
Nitrogen.
For better use, nitrogen should be applied in a fractional way, half to the
continuous stream sowing to the bottom of the furrow (cover the fertilizer with a thin
layer of soil to avoid contact with the seed) and the other half to the 45 to 60 days
after sowing when the plants are 15 to 20 cm high (apply the fertilizer to one side of
the plant about 10 cm away), coinciding with the hilling medium (Neira, 1986;
Valverde et al ., 1998; Oyarzún et al., 2002) The nitrogen sources are presented in
Table 3.
The functions of the nutrients with the highest requirement in potato cultivation
are presented in Table 7. The symptoms of deficiency and excess nutrients are
presented in Table 8.