TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3

II. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………... 4

III. CHAPTER 2: DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………... 7

IV. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………. 8

V. CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION……………………………………………………. 9

VI. REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10

VII. APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11

A. LIST AND USES OF APPARATUS……………………………………………………………………… 11

B. DEFINITION OF TERMS………………………………………………………………………………… 15

C. COMPUTATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………. 16

D. PROBLEMS………………………………………………………………………………………………... 19

E. DOCUMENTATION………………………………………………………………………………………. 21

F. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET……………………………………………………………………. 23

1
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1: DATA SHEET………………………………………………………………………………………………... 8

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: DISTILLATION …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4

FIGURE 2: PLOT OF PARTIAL PRESSURE VS. COMPOSITION……………………………………………….. 5

FIGURE 3: SIMPLE DISTILLATION SET-UP………………………………………………………………………. 7

FIGURE 4: BOILING POINT-COMPOSITION DIAGRAM OF ACETIC ACID…………………………………. 8

2
 ABSTRACT

Binary liquids mixture is a type of a solution that comprises of 2 inert liquids which creates a specific reaction or features
when mixed. The main objective of this experiment is for the students to be able to determine the necessary data and the
construction of a boiling point-composition diagram. The boiling point-diagram of a binary mixture is a graph obtained by
plotting the mole fraction of a component, in liquid and vapor phase, against its boiling point. In this experiment, a mixture
of 100 mL glacial acetic acid and 2 mL water is distilled under the atmospheric conditions of 25.11 mmHg and 22.5°C. At
10 ml distillate interval, the boiling temperature is recorded and titration of 2 mL aliquot of distillate and 2 mL aliquot of the
residue is carried out with a standardized 1 N sodium hydroxide with phenolphthalein as indicator. From the titration data,
mole fraction can be computed. After obtaining the mole fraction of the solution, it is plotted against its boiling point
recorded.

Keywords: Binary liquids mixture, boiling point-composition diagram, mole fraction, titration, boiling point.

3
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

The boiling of water is a process in which the temperature of water increases until it reaches 100oC, however,
boiling point of water is dependent with external conditions such as temperature of the surroundings.. At this temperature,
supplementary heat causes the water molecules bump each other causing gurgle and transformation of liquid water into
gaseous water, or steam. Nearly all organic liquids will conduct in a similar way. On heating, the temperature of the liquid
increases until a definite temperature called the boiling point is reached. Further heating causes the liquid to vaporize
accompanied by forceful bubbling of the liquid. The boiling point of a substance is a physical property of a substance and
can be useful for characterizing that substance. The process of heating a substance until it vaporizes, cooling the vapors, and
collecting the condensed liquid is the basis of a commonly used purification technique called distillation.Simple distillation
is great for separation of liquids with differences in boiling points while fractional distillation is better at separating liquids
with closer boiling points. (Boiling Points and Distillation)

As distillation is widely used method for separating mixtures based on differences in the conditions required to
change the phase of components of the mixture. To separate a mixture of liquids, the liquid can be heated to force
components, which have different boiling points, into the gas phase. The gas is then condensed back into liquid form and
collected. Repeating the process on the collected liquid to improve the purity of the product is called double distillation.
Although the term is most commonly applied to liquids, the reverse process can be used to separate gases by liquefying
components using changes in temperature and/or pressure.

If a liquid is placed in a bare, closed container, few molecules at the surface of the liquid evaporate into the
empty space above the liquid. As soon as the liquid vaporize, some of the molecules in the vapor condense into the liquid in
a competing process. As the space above the liquid becomes occupied with molecules of vaporized liquids, the pressure of
the vapor above the liquid rises until it reaches a certain value. When the pressure stabilizes, the rates of evaporation and
condensation are equal. The pressure of the vapor under these conditions is called the equilibrium vapor pressure. The
equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is temperature dependent. As the temperature of the liquid is raised, more molecules
vaporize and the equilibrium vapor pressure increases.

The normal boiling point of a substance is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure of that
substance equals atmospheric pressure. If the barometric pressure is lower than the standard barometric pressure, 760
mmHg, the temperature at which a substance boils will be lower than the normal boiling point. (Boiling Points and
Distillation)

The vaporization of a liquid and condensation of the resulting vapor is the basis for a method of purification
called distillation. Organic liquids containing extremely minute amounts of impurities, non-volatile substances, or
substances with very high boiling points are easily purified by simple distillation.

Figure 1. Simple Distillation

4
 However, for distillation of mixtures, there are two general types of mixtures to consider; mixtures of miscible
liquids and mixtures of immiscible liquids. The behavior of each is very different from one another. Miscible liquids are
soluble in each other in all ratios. Immiscible liquids do not dissolve in one another to any extent.
In a mixture of miscible liquids, the partial pressure of a component depends on the vapor pressure of the pure
component and the relative amount of the component in the mixture. As per the Raoult’s Law, vapor pressure of an ideal
solution is dependent on the vapor pressure of each chemical component and the mole fraction of the component present in
the solution. Thus, a plot of partial pressure against the composition will be linear. (Yadav, 1975)

Figure 2. Plot of Partial Pressure vs. Composition

PA=P0AXA (1.1)

The mole fraction of component A, XA, is defined as:

!"#$%& () #(*%+ () ,
XA = (1.2)
-(-.* !"#$%& () #(*%+ /! #/0-"&%

For a mixture containing only two components, A and B, the mole fraction is:
!"#$%& () #(*%+ () ,
XA = (1.3)
-(-.* !"#$%& () #(*%+ /! #/0-"&%

But the law will fail, if one component changes another component’s vapor pressure, or if the volatility of a
component is dependent on its percentage in the mixture. Thus, we combine it with Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures which
states that the total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual
component in a gas mixture. (Prasad, 2010)

Ptotal = PoAXA + PoBXB (1.4)

Since the vapor pressures of the pure components increase with temperature, the vapor pressure above the
mixture will increase, leading to the increase of total vapor pressure. Boiling occurs as the total vapor pressure reaches the
pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid turns to gas throughout the majority of the liquid. When the components are
equally soluble, a mixture at a given pressure with a given composition has one boiling point. For solutions that obey
Raoult’s Law, the boiling point of the mixture will be between the boiling points of the pure components. (Boiling Points
and Distillation) All volatile components boil at a boiling point, but for a specific component, its percentage in the vapor is
the same as its percentage of the total vapor pressure. Lighter components get concentrated in the vapor because they have a
higher partial pressure, while heavier volatile components being less concentrated in the vapor with smaller partial pressure
gets evaporated. This is the important effect of Raoult’s law wherein the vapor above a boiling mixture is enriched in the
lower boiling component.

Components of the liquid mixture are detached through distillation process by discerning the boiling points of
the individual components and the concentration of the components present. Therefore, distillation process is dependent on
the vapor pressure features of the components of the mixture. The vapor pressure of a liquid at a specific temperature is the
equilibrium pressure exerted by molecules leaving and entering the liquid surface. Increase in energy input increases vapor
pressure. When the vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure, liquid boils and ease with which a liquid boil at lower
temperatures. Boiling point of a liquid depends on the relative amount of the components in the mixture and distillation
occurs because of the difference in the volatility of the components in the liquid mixture. (Prasad, 2010)

5
 For this experiment, the researchers aim:
1. To determine required data to be able to construct a boiling point composition diagram for a binary-liquid
system.
2. To determine and analyze the relationship between vapor pressure and boiling point in the distillation of
liquids.
3. To determine what component is enriched in the distillate.

Many real life distillation problems can be approximated by a binary system. (Khoury, 2014) Graphical methods
such as boiling point-composition diagrams present qualitative, as well as quantitative representations. The graph allows
engineers to visualize the effects of different variables and the feasible ranges of values. Also, from the temperature-
composition curves, observers can easily recognize the behavior of the mixture; whether interaction between the molecules
is favorable or not.

6
 CHAPTER 2
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Prior to the experiment, ambient conditions were noted. The apparatus utilized in this experiment were the
following: volumentric flask, base buret, Erlenmeyer flasks, 250 mL distilling flask, condenser with cork and adapter, 150°C
thermometer, Bunsen burner, 500 mL reagent bottle, stirring rod, watch glass, pipette, pipetol, double clamp for buret, corks,
graduated cylinder, wire gauze, beakers, iron stand, utility clamp, and boiling chips. The reagents used were Sodium
hydroxide pellets, Potassium hyddrogen phthalate, Glacial acetic acid, Phenolphthalein, Distilled water, and Hydrochloric
acid. The analytical balance was also used to obtain gravimetric measurements.

Using the sodium hydroxide pellets, 1 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was prepared. This solution was
standardized with potassium hydrogen phthalate, then it was transferred to a 500 mL reagent bottle and was set aside. After
which, 100 mL of glacial acetic acid and 2 mL of distilled water was mixed along with some boiling chips in a 250 mL
distilling flask equipped with a 150°C thermometer, condenser and adapter as shown in the figure below.

Figure 3. Simple Distillation Set-up

One millimeter sample of this solution was pipetted and placed in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask fitted with a cork
and was labeled as L-1. The mixture was slowly distilled and the temperature was recorded when 5 mL of the distillate was
already collected. Heat was removed immediately when about 10 mL of distillate has already been collected in a clean, dry
20 mL graduated cylinder. Next, 1 mL sample of the solution remaining in the distilling flask was pipetted into the
Erlenmeyer flask labeled as L-1. Then, 2 mL sample of the distillate was pipetted into another Erlenmeyer flask and was
labeled as V-1. These samples were titrated with the standardized 1 N NaOH using phenolphthalein as indicator. The
volume of titrant was noted and the concentration obtained was used to calculate for the fraction of acetic acid in the
mixture.

This procedure gives the approximate composition of the liquid and the vapor at a temperature corresponding to
the midpoint of the temperature range for the fraction collected. For the second run, 5 mL of distilled water was added to the
residue in the distilling flask, and was distilled over several millimeters to wash out the condenser. Heating was stopped
after the condenser has been washed out. One millimeter was pipetted from the distilling flask into an Erlenmeyer flask and
was labeled as L-2. Then, 10 mL is distilled and the temperature was recorded when 5 mL was collected. Heat was stopped
and then, 1 mL of the residue from the distilling flask is pipetted into the Erlenmeyer flask labeled as L-2. From the
distillate, 2 mL was pipetted into another Erlenmeyer flask and was labeled as V-2. Three additional runs (3, 4 and 5) adding
10, 20, and 30 mL of distilled water respectively were carried out. The researchers titrated one run while the next one was
being distilled in order to increase efficiency.

7
 CHAPTER 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The experiment was held under the atmospheric conditions of 25.11 mmHg and 22.5°C. It is then assumed that
these conditions are constants all throughout the duration of the experiment. The atmospheric conditions determine what
attractive forces will prevail during the experiment, whether attraction between unlike molecules or attraction between like
molecules.

Run No. Temperature Volume NaOH used, mL Concentration of HAc, N Concentration of HAc, mol
℃ %

L V L V L V

1 107 32.5 33 15.9526 N 16.1981 N 74.1119 % 76.9216 %

2 104 32.1 32.6 15.7563 N 16.0017 N 71.3664 % 74.2483 %

3 102 28.1 21.8 13.7929 N 10.7005 N 51.6483 % 31.5462 %

4 96 19 20.2 9.3262 N 9.9152 N 25.1195 % 27.7331 %

5 94 12.9 17.2 6.3320 N 8.4230 N 14.3543 % 21.5420 %

Table 1. Data Sheet

Table 1 shows the data obtained from the titration process. The table shows the relationship of the volume of
NaOH used and the concentration of HAc in the solution in Normality (N). As the volume of the NaOH used decreases, the
concentration of the HAc also decreases. Hence, it is safe to say that the volume of the NaOH is directly proportional to the
concentration and mol percent of the acetic acid in the solution. The temperature or boiling point is also relevant to the
computation of the concentrations of the acetic acid. The temperature greatly influences the rate of reaction. This trend
results from the fact that reactants must collide with one another for the reaction to take place. An increase in temperature
corresponds to increase in the kinetic energy of the particles in a reacting mixture. Therefore, as the temperature increases
and/or decreases, the rate of reaction also increases and/or decreases. Furthermore, an increase in the rate of reaction results
to an increase of the concentration. Table 1 shows the relationship of temperature and the concentration of HAc. It is
understandable that as the boiling point of the HAc solution decreases, the concentration also decreases. Therefore, the
relationship of the two is directly proportional to each other.

108
106
104
Boiling Point, °C

102
100
98
Liquid Vapor
96
94
92
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Mole Fraction, Acetic Acid

Figure 4. Boiling Point-Composition Diagram of Acetic Acid

Figure 4 shows that the curves should show that the concentration of acetic acid in liquid phase and vapor phase
complement.

8
 CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This experiment has an objective to construct a boiling point-composition diagram for a binary-liquid system. To
determine the necessary data, distillation process and titration of sample distillate and residues was done.

It is found in the acid-water system, the attractive forces between similar molecules are greater in comparison to unlike
molecules. And this causes a higher boiling point since it is harder to separate the two. But it is opposite result for the unlike
molecules. Thus, the result of the experiment show that the volume of the NaOH is directly proportional to the concentration
and mole percent of the acetic acid in the solution. In addition, the temperature greatly affects the reaction as indicates the
state or measure of its boiling point and is relevant to the determination if the concentration of acetic acid. Therefore, as the
temperature increases, the rate of reaction also increases showing that increase in the rate of reaction gives result to an
increase of the concentration. To this point, it can be said that the boiling point of the HAc solution decreases, the
concentration also decreases.

The errors in the experiment may be accounted little for by the titration process and mishandling the apparatus.
Therefore, the researchers recommended the use of a burette pipe that has a smaller opening to prevent the solution from
over titrating and for the researchers to perform a half-drop method during the titration procedure. Slight error in reading the
volume might occur however is negligible since the interval used in the burette is rather large. In the case of reading the
volume it should be done in a careful and mindful manner or if having eyesight problem then as for a companion to properly
read the data.

9
 REFERENCES

Boiling Points and Distillation. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2015, from Naturalingredient.org:
naturalingredient.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/Distillation.pdf

Khoury, F. M. (2014). Multistage Separation Processes 4th Ed. 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW,Suite 300 Boca Raton:
CRC Press.

Prasad, N. K. (2010). DOWNSTREAM PROCESS TECHNOLOGY: A New Horizon in Biotechnology. New Delhi: PHI
Learning Private Limited.

Yadav, D. J. (1975). Advanced Practical Physical Chemistry. 11,Shivaji Road, Meerut, India: GOEL Publishing House,
KRISHNA Prakashan Media.

10
 APPENDIX A
LIST AND USES OF APPARATUS

APPARATUS USE/S

REAGENT BOTTLE

It was used to store liquid chemicals.

It was used to store the Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) used for titrating in this
experiment.

STIRRING ROD

It was used to mix chemicals during the experiment

WATCH GLASS

It was used in the experiment to hold Sodium hydroxide pellets while weighing.

PIPETTE

It is used to transport measured volume of liquid in this experiment.

PIPETOL

It is a rubber bulb serves as a vacuum source attached to a pipette.

11
 BASE BURET

It is a long-graduated glass tube with a stopcock at the lower end used to deliver
known volumes during titration.

DOUBLE CLAMP FOR BURET

It was used specifically to hold and secure a burette on a stand

GRADUATED CYLINDER

It was used to measure the volume of a liquid

DISTILLING FLASK

a piece of laboratory equipment that is used to separate mixtures of two liquids

with different boiling points.

CONDENSER WITH CORK

ADAPTER

It was used in the laboratory to cool hot gases into liquids

12
 ADAPTER

It was used in a distillation set-up: it connects to the lower end of the condenser
and serves to direct the the distillate into an Erlenmeyer flask

BUNSEN BURNER

It was used for heating during distillation.

WIRE GAUZE

It is placed on the support ring that is attached to the retort stand between the
Bunsen burner and the glassware to support the beakers, flasks, or other glassware
during heating.

BEAKER

It was used to store and mix liquids handled during the experiment.

ERLENMEYER FLASK

This apparatus was used to store the distillate made for from the experiment. Also,
it was used as a receptacle while mixing the solution during titration.

CORKS

These were used as stoppers for the erlenmeyer flask so that the solution in the
flasks will not evaporate.

13
WEIGHING BOTTLES

Used for precise weighing of solids such as sodium hydroxide pellets and KHP.

THERMOMETER

An instrument used to measure temperature of liquids and other phases during

distillation.

IRON STAND

This was used to support the buret during distillation and titration

UTILITY CLAMPS

It was used to hold distilling flask and condenser during distillation.

BOILING CHIPS

It was used to prevent superheating of the liquid being distilled and to eliminate
the possibility of the liquid in the distillation flask to bump into the condenser.

14
 APPENDIX B
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Azeotrope

A mixture of liquids that has a constant boiling point because the vapor has the same composition as the liquid
mixture. The boiling point of an azeotropic mixture may be higher or lower than that of any of its components.

Binary solution

A mixture of two liquids that are completely miscible one with another.

Boiling point

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure surrounding the liquid. Therefore,
the boiling point of a liquid depends on atmospheric pressure.

Boiling Point Diagram

A diagram that shows how the equilibrium compositions of the components in a liquid mixture vary with temperature
at a fixed pressure.

Distillation

The process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and
condensation.

Fractionating column

A tall, horizontally subdivided or packed container for fractional distillation in which vapor passes upward and
condensing liquid flows downward. The vapor becomes progressively enriched in more volatile components as it ascends,
and the less volatile components become concentrated in the descending liquid, which can be drawn off.

Fractional distillation

A process by which components in a chemical mixture are separated into different parts (called fractions) according to
their different boiling points. Fractional distillation is used to purify chemicals and to separate mixtures to obtain their
components.

Raoult's law

A law which states that the vapor pressure of a solvent above a solution is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure
solvent at the same temperature scaled by the mole fraction of the solvent present: Psolution=χsolventPosolvent.

Vapor pressure

The equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its liquid (or solid); that is, the pressure of the vapor resulting from
evaporation of a liquid (or solid) above a sample of the liquid (or solid) in a closed container.

15
 APPENDIX C
COMPUTATIONS

Preparation of 1 N NaOH 1.6272𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐻𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑙 % = 𝑥100
𝑔 1.6272𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 0.5684𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑁𝑥𝑀𝑊𝑥𝑉 1𝑁𝑥40 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥1𝐿 = 74.1119%
𝑔= = 𝑒𝑞
𝑓 1 V-1:
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 40 𝑔 (0.9817𝑁)(33𝑚𝐿)
𝑁O,P = = 16.1981𝑁
(2𝑚𝐿)
g NaOH actually obtained = 40.0043 g
𝑁Q.RO ×𝑀𝑊 ×𝑉
Standardization of 1 N NaOH 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 =
𝑓
𝑔
16.1981𝑁 60 102𝑚𝐿
g KHP 10.0042 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑒𝑞
1000
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Initial volume, mL 150 = 99.1324𝑔 𝐻𝐴𝑐

Final volume, mL 200 𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 = 𝑤𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 − 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 = 108.12𝑔 − 99.3949𝑔

= 8.2751𝑔 𝐻[ 𝑂
Volume NaOH used, mL 49.5 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 99.1324𝑔
𝑛O,P = = 𝑔 = 1.6522𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑊 60
N NaOH 0.9797 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 8.2751𝑔
𝑛O] R = = 𝑔 = 0.4957𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑊 18
𝑚𝑒𝑞 𝑚𝑜𝑙
10.0042𝑔𝑥1000
𝑁= 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 0.9817𝑁 1.6522𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑔 𝐻𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑙 % = 𝑥100
204.22 𝑥49.9𝑚𝐿 1.6522𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 0.4957𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 76.9216%

Run No. 1:
Run No. 2:
L-1:
L-2:
𝑉Q.RO 𝑁Q.RO 0.9817𝑁 32.5𝑚𝐿
𝑁O,P = = 𝑉Q.RO 𝑁Q.RO 0.9817𝑁 32.1𝑚𝐿
𝑉O,P 2𝑚𝐿 𝑁O,P = =
= 15.9526𝑁 𝑉O,P 2𝑚𝐿
= 15.7563𝑁
𝑁Q.RO ×𝑀𝑊 ×𝑉
𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 = 𝑁Q.RO ×𝑀𝑊 ×𝑉
𝑓 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 =
𝑔 𝑓
15.9526𝑁 60 102𝑚𝐿 𝑔
= 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑒𝑞 15.7563𝑁 60 102𝑚𝐿
1000 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑞
= 97.6299𝑔 𝐻𝐴𝑐 1000
𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 96.4286𝑔 𝐻𝐴𝑐
1.06𝑔
𝑤𝑡𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 𝜌+(*! 𝑉+(*! = 102𝑚𝑙 1.06𝑔
𝑚𝑙 𝑤𝑡𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 𝜌+(*! 𝑉+(*! = 102𝑚𝑙
= 108.12𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑚𝑙
= 108.12𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛
𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 = 𝑤𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 − 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 = 108.12𝑔 − 97.8888𝑔
= 10.2312𝑔 𝐻[ 𝑂 𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 = 𝑤𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 − 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 = 108.12𝑔 − 96.4286
= 11.6914𝑔 𝐻[ 𝑂
𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 97.6299𝑔
𝑛O,P = = 𝑔 = 1.6272𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 96.4286𝑔
𝑀𝑊 60 𝑛O,P = =
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑊 𝑔 = 1.6071𝑚𝑜𝑙
60
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 10.2312𝑔
𝑛O] R = = 𝑔 = 0.5684𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 11.6071𝑔
𝑀𝑊 18 𝑛O] R = =
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑊 𝑔 = 0.6448𝑚𝑜𝑙
18
𝑚𝑜𝑙

16
 1.6071𝑚𝑜𝑙 V-3:
𝐻𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑙 % = 𝑥100
1.6071𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 0.6448𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 71.3664% (0.9817𝑁)(21.8𝑚𝐿)
𝑁O,P = = 10.7005𝑁
(2𝑚𝐿)
V-2:
𝑁Q.RO ×𝑀𝑊 ×𝑉
(0.9817𝑁)(32.6𝑚𝐿) 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 =
𝑁O,P = = 16.0017𝑁 𝑓
(2𝑚𝐿) 𝑔
10.7005𝑁 60 102𝑚𝐿
= 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑁Q.RO ×𝑀𝑊 ×𝑉 𝑚𝑒𝑞
𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 = 1000
𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑔 = 65.4871𝑔 𝐻𝐴𝑐
16.0017𝑁 60 102𝑚𝐿
= 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑒𝑞 𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 = 𝑤𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 − 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 = 108.12𝑔 − 65.4871𝑔
1000 = 42.6329𝑔 𝐻[ 𝑂
𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 97.9304𝑔 𝐻𝐴𝑐
𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 65.4871𝑔
𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 = 𝑤𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 − 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 = 108.12𝑔 − 97.9304𝑔 𝑛O,P = = 𝑔 = 1.0915𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑊 60
= 10.1896𝑔 𝐻[ 𝑂 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 97.9304𝑔 𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 42.6329𝑔

𝑛O,P = = 𝑛O] R = = 𝑔 = 2.3685𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑊 𝑔 = 1.6322𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑊 18
60 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 10.1896𝑔 1.0915𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛O] R = = 𝐻𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑙 % = 𝑥100
𝑀𝑊 𝑔 = 0.5661 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1.0915𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 2.3685𝑚𝑜𝑙
18 = 31.5462%
𝑚𝑜𝑙
1.6322𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐻𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑙 % = 𝑥100
1.6322𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 0.5661𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 74.2483% Run No. 4:

Run No. 3: L-4:

L-3: 𝑉Q.RO 𝑁Q.RO 0.9817𝑁 19𝑚𝐿

𝑁O,P = = = 9.3262𝑁
𝑉O,P 2𝑚𝐿
𝑉Q.RO 𝑁Q.RO 0.9817𝑁 28.1𝑚𝐿
𝑁O,P = = 𝑁Q.RO ×𝑀𝑊 ×𝑉
𝑉O,P 2𝑚𝐿 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 =
= 13.7929𝑁 𝑓
𝑔
9.3262𝑁 60 102𝑚𝐿
𝑁Q.RO ×𝑀𝑊 ×𝑉 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 = 𝑚𝑒𝑞
𝑓 1000
𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
13.7929𝑁 60 102𝑚𝐿 = 57.0763𝑔 𝐻𝐴𝑐
= 𝑚𝑜𝑙 84.4125𝑔 𝐻𝐴𝑐
𝑚𝑒𝑞
1000 1.06𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑤𝑡𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 𝜌+(*! 𝑉+(*! = 102𝑚𝑙
𝑚𝑙
1.06𝑔 = 108.12𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛
𝑤𝑡𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 𝜌+(*! 𝑉+(*! = 102𝑚𝑙
𝑚𝑙
= 108.12𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 = 𝑤𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 − 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 = 108.12𝑔 − 57.0763𝑔
= 51.0437𝑔 𝐻[ 𝑂
𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 = 𝑤𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 − 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 = 108.12𝑔 − 84.4125
= 23.7075𝑔 𝐻[ 𝑂 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 57.0763𝑔
𝑛O,P = = 𝑔 = 0.9513𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑊 60
𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 84.4125𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛O,P = = 𝑔 = 1.4069𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑊 60 𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 51.0437𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑛O] R = =
𝑀𝑊 𝑔 = 2.8358𝑚𝑜𝑙
18
𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 23.7075𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛O] R = = 𝑔 = 1.3171𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑊 18 0.9513𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑙 % = 𝑥100
0.9513𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 2.8358𝑚𝑜𝑙
1.4069𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 25.1195%
𝐻𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑙 % = 𝑥100
1.4069𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 1.3171𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 51.6483% V-4:
(0.9817𝑁)(20.2𝑚𝐿)
𝑁O,P = = 9.9152𝑁
(2𝑚𝐿)

17
 𝑁Q.RO ×𝑀𝑊 ×𝑉 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 38.7518𝑔
𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 = 𝑛O,P = = 𝑔 = 0.6459𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑓 𝑀𝑊 60
𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
9.9152𝑁 60 102𝑚𝐿
= 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑒𝑞 𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 69.3682𝑔
1000 𝑛O] R = = 𝑔 = 3.8538 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑊 18
= 60.6810𝑔 𝐻𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 = 𝑤𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 − 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 = 108.12𝑔 − 60.6810𝑔 0.6459𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐻𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑙 % = 𝑥100
= 47.439𝑔 𝐻[ 𝑂 0.6459 𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 3.8538 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 14.3543%
𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 60.6810𝑔
𝑛O,P = = 𝑔 = 1.0114𝑚𝑜𝑙 V-5:
𝑀𝑊 60
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑉Q.RO 𝑁Q.RO 0.9817𝑁 17.2𝑚𝐿
𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 47.439𝑔 𝑁O,P = =
𝑛O] R = = 𝑉O,P 2𝑚𝐿
𝑀𝑊 𝑔 = 2.6355𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 8.4426𝑁
18
𝑚𝑜𝑙
1.0114𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁Q.RO ×𝑀𝑊 ×𝑉
𝐻𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑙 % = 𝑥100 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 =
1.0114𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 2.6355𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑓
𝑔
= 27.7331% 8.4426𝑁 60 102𝑚𝐿
= 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑒𝑞
1000
𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 51.6687𝑔 𝐻𝐴𝑐
Run No. 5:
1.06𝑔
L-5: 𝑤𝑡𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 𝜌+(*! 𝑉+(*! = 102𝑚𝑙
𝑚𝑙
𝑉Q.RO 𝑁Q.RO 0.9817𝑁 12.9𝑚𝐿 = 108.12𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛
𝑁O,P = =
𝑉O,P 2𝑚𝐿 𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 = 𝑤𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 − 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 = 108.12𝑔 − 51.6687𝑔
= 6.3320𝑁 = 56.4513 𝑔 𝐻[ 𝑂
𝑁Q.RO ×𝑀𝑊 ×𝑉 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 51.6687𝑔
𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 = 𝑛O,P = =
𝑓 𝑀𝑊 𝑔 = 0.8611 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑔 60
6.3320𝑁 60 102𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑒𝑞 𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 56.4513𝑔
1000 𝑛O] R = =
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑊 𝑔 = 3.1362 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 38.7518𝑔 𝐻𝐴𝑐 18
𝑚𝑜𝑙
1.06𝑔 0.8611 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑤𝑡𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 𝜌+(*! 𝑉+(*! = 102𝑚𝑙 𝐻𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑙 % = 𝑥100
𝑚𝑙 0.8611 𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 3.1362 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 108.12𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 21.5420 %

𝑤𝑡 𝐻[ 𝑂 = 𝑤𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 − 𝑤𝑡 𝐻𝐴𝑐 = 108.12𝑔 − 38.7518𝑔

= 69.3682 𝑔 𝐻[ 𝑂

18
 APPENDIX D
PROBLEMS

1. From the data given in the following table, construct a complete temperature-composition diagram for
the system ethanol-ethyl acetate for 1.013 bar. A solution containing 0.80 mole fraction ethanol is
distilled completely at 1.013 bar. (a) What type of a curve is the mixture? (b) What is the composition of
the first vapor to come off? (c) What is the composition of the last drop of liquid to evaporate?
78.
BP, 77.1 72.
76.7 75.0 72.6 71.8 71.6 72.0 74.2 76.4 77.7 3
°C 5 8
XEtOH 0.02 0.46 0.56 0.7 0.83 0.94 0.98 1.0
0 0.10 0.24 0.36
, (L) 5 2 3 1 3 2 2
YEtOH 0.16 0.29 0.39 0.46 0.50 0.73 0.96 1.0
0 0.07 0.6 0.88
, (V) 4 5 8 2 7 5 5

80
79
y = 24.142x2 - 23.085x + 77.618
78 y = 24.441x2 - 23.524x + 77.143
Boiling Point,°C

77
76
75 X, Liquid
74
Y, Vapor
73
72
71
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Mole Fraction, EtOH

(a) The curve of the mixture is a parabola.

(b) The liquid with 0.8 mole fraction will start to boil at 73.96604°C. The vapor in equilibrium with it is
0.7562.
(c) As the boiling continues, more and more of the ethyl acetate will be removed. As the mole fraction of
ethanol increases, the boiling point will also increase. Finally, the very last vapors will be pure ethanol.

2. The vapor pressures of toluene and benzene have the following values in the temperature range between
their boiling points at 1 bar. (a) Calculate the compositions of the vapor and liquid phases at each
temperature and plot the boiling point diagram. (b) What type of curve is the mixture? (c) If a solution
containing 0.5 mole fraction benzene and 0.5 mole fraction of toluene is heated, at what temperature will
the first bubble of vapor appear and what will be its composition?
110
BP, °C 79.4 88 94 100

P°Benzene, bar 1.00 1.285 1.526 1.801

1.00
P°Toluene, bar 0.508 0.616 0.742

Solution:
𝑥a 𝑃°a + 𝑥 d 𝑃° d = 𝑃.-#
At 88°C 𝑥a 1.285 + 1 − 𝑥a 0.508 = 1.01325

xB = 0.6503

0.6503×1.285
𝑦a = = 0.8247
1.01325

At 94°C 𝑥a 1.526 + 1 − 𝑥a 0.616 = 1.01325

 xB = 0.4365

0.4365×1.526
𝑦a = = 0.6574
1.01325

At 100°C 𝑥a 1.801 + 1 − 𝑥a 0.742 = 1.01325

xB = 0.2561

0.2561×1.801
𝑦a = = 0.4552
1.01325

BP, °C
xbenzene ybenzene
88
0.6503 0.8247
94
0.4365 0.6574
100
0.2561 0.4552

120
y = -16.753x2 - 11.035x + 108.49
100
Boiling Point, °C

80
y = 13.181x2 - 42.388x + 109.99
60
X, Liquid

40 Y, Vapor

20

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Mole Fraction, Benzene

a. The shape of the two-phase region is a biconvex.

c. BP = 13.18x2 – 42.388x + 109.99 ; x=0.5mol benzene
BP = 92.091°C = y
y = -16.753x2 – 11.035x+ 108.49 ; y = 92.091
x = 0.7134
 APPENDIX E
DOCUMENTATION

Titration of potassium hydrogen phthalate

Titrated potassium hydrogen phthalate.
in order to standardize the NaOH solution.

Titration of one run while the next one

Collection of 10 mL distillate.
is being distilled.
 Adding of phenolphthalein to the
Sample of distillates being pipetted.
distillates to be titrated.

Titration of a distillate. The distillates after being titrated.