396 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

1.5 s, (b) the angular acceleration when t y

is 5.5 s, and (c) the first time when the R
angular velocity is zero.
P
(a) ω D 1.40 rad/s
 
Negative
gradient Positive
 (b) ˛ D 0.37 rad/s2  Positive
gradient
gradient
(c) t D 6.28 s
20t3 23t2
6. x D C 6t C 5 represents O Q
3 2 x
the distance, x metres, moved by a body
in t seconds. Determine (a) the veloc-
ity and acceleration at the start, (b) the Figure 46.4
velocity and acceleration when t D 3 s,
(c) the values of t when the body is at y Maximum
rest, (d) the value of t when the accel- point
eration is 37 m/s2 , and (e) the distance Maximum
travelled in the third second. point

(a) 6 m/s, 23 m/s2

 
Points of
inflexion
 (b) 117 m/s, 97 m/s2 
 
3 2
 (c) 4 s or 5 s
 

(d) 1 12 s (e) 75 61 m
0 x
Minimum point

46.3 Turning points Figure 46.5

In Fig. 46.4, the gradient (or rate of change) of the dy

curve changes from positive between O and P to (ii) Let D 0 and solve for the values of x
dx
negative between P and Q, and then positive again (iii) Substitute the values of x into the original
between Q and R. At point P, the gradient is zero equation, y D f⊲x⊳, to find the corresponding
and, as x increases, the gradient of the curve changes y-ordinate values. This establishes the co-
from positive just before P to negative just after. ordinates of the stationary points.
Such a point is called a maximum point and appears
as the ‘crest of a wave’. At point Q, the gradient To determine the nature of the stationary
is also zero and, as x increases, the gradient of points: Either
the curve changes from negative just before Q to d 2y
positive just after. Such a point is called a minimum (iv) Find and substitute into it the values of
d x2
point, and appears as the ‘bottom of a valley’. Points x found in (ii).
such as P and Q are given the general name of
If the result is: (a) positive — the point is a
turning points. minimum one,
It is possible to have a turning point, the gradient
on either side of which is the same. Such a point is (b) negative — the point is a
given the special name of a point of inflexion, and maximum one,
examples are shown in Fig. 46.5. (c) zero — the point is a
Maximum and minimum points and points of point of inflexion
inflexion are given the general term of stationary or
points. (v) Determine the sign of the gradient of the curve
just before and just after the stationary points.
Procedure for finding and distinguishing between sta- If the sign change for the gradient of the
tionary points curve is:
dy (a) positive to negative — the point is a max-
(i) Given y D f⊲x⊳, determine (i.e. f0 ⊲x⊳) imum one
dx
 SOME APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 399
³  ´
126.87° D 125.87° ð radians 3. y D 4x 3 C 3x 2 60x 12
180
Minimum ⊲2, 88⊳;
 
D 2.214 rad µ ¶
³  ´  1 1 
306.87° D 306.87° ð radians Maximum 2 , 94
180 2 4
D 5.356 rad 4. y D 5x 2 ln x
Hence (2.214, 5) and (5.356, −5) are the co- [Minimum at (0.4000, 3.8326]
ordinates of the turning points.
5. y D 2x ex
2
d y [Maximum at (0.6931, 0.6137]
D 4 sin x C 3 cos x
d x2
t2
When x D 2.214 rad, 6. y D t3 2t C 4
2
2
d y
µ ¶
 1 
D 4 sin 2.214C3 cos 2.214, which is negative. Minimum at 1, 2 ;
d x2  2 
 
Hence (2.214, 5) is a maximum point.
µ ¶
 2 22 
Maximum at ,4
When x D 5.356 rad, 3 27
d 2y
· µ ¶¸
1 1
D 4 sin 5.356C3 cos 5.356, which is positive. 7. x D 8t C 2 Minimum at ,6
d x2 2t 2
Hence (5.356, −5) is a minimum point. 8. Determine the maximum and minimum
A sketch of y D 4 sin x 3 cos x is shown in Fig. 46.7. values on the graph y D 12 cos  5 sin 
in the range  D 0 to  D 360° . Sketch
the graph over one cycle showing relevant
points.
Maximum of 13 at 337.38° ,
· ¸

Minimum of 13 at 157.34°
9. Show that the curve
2
p p p p
y D ⊲t 1⊳3 C 2t⊲t 2⊳ has a maximum
3
2
value of and a minimum value of 2.
3

Figure 46.7 46.4 Practical problems involving

maximum and minimum values
Now try the following exercise There are many practical problems involving max-
imum and minimum values which occur in science
Exercise 160 Further problems on turn- and engineering. Usually, an equation has to be
ing points determined from given data, and rearranged where
necessary, so that it contains only one variable.
In Problems 1 to 7, find the turning points and Some examples are demonstrated in Problems 15
distinguish between them. to 20.
1. y D 3x 2 4x C 2 Problem 15. A rectangular area is formed
· µ ¶¸
2 2 having a perimeter of 40 cm. Determine the
Minimum at ,
3 3 length and breadth of the rectangle if it is to
2. x D ⊲6 ⊳ [Maximum at (3, 9)] enclose the maximum possible area
400 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Let the dimensions of the rectangle be x and y. Then Using the quadratic formula,
the perimeter of the rectangle is (2x C 2y). Hence p
32 š ⊲ 32⊳2 4⊲3⊳⊲60⊳
2x C 2y D 40, or x C y D 20 (1) xD
2⊲3⊳
Since the rectangle is to enclose the maximum
possible area, a formula for area A must be obtained D 8.239 cm or 2.427 cm.
in terms of one variable only. Since the breadth is (12 2x) cm then
Area A D xy. From equation (1), x D 20 y x D 8.239 cm is not possible and is neglected.
Hence x D 2.427 cm.
Hence, area A D ⊲20 y⊳y D 20y y 2 d 2V
dA D 128 C 24x.
D 20 2y D 0 for a turning point, from which, d x2
dy d 2V
y D 10 cm. When x D 2.427, is negative, giving a maxi-
d x2
d 2A mum value.
D 2, which is negative, giving a maximum
d y2 The dimensions of the box are:
point. length D 20 2⊲2.427⊳ D 15.146 cm,
When y D 10 cm, x D 10 cm, from equation (1). breadth D 12 2⊲2.427⊳ D 7.146 cm, and
Hence the length and breadth of the rectangle height D 2.427 cm.
are each 10 cm, i.e. a square gives the maximum
possible area. When the perimeter of a rectangle Maximum volume D ⊲15.146⊳⊲7.146⊳⊲2.427⊳
is 40 cm, the maximum possible area is 10 ð 10 D D 262.7 cm3
100 cm2 .
Problem 17. Determine the height and
Problem 16. A rectangular sheet of metal radius of a cylinder of volume 200 cm3
having dimensions 20 cm by 12 cm has which has the least surface area
squares removed from each of the four
corners and the sides bent upwards to form Let the cylinder have radius r and perpendicular
an open box. Determine the maximum height h.
possible volume of the box Volume of cylinder, V D r 2 h D 200 ⊲1⊳
Surface area of cylinder, A D 2rh C 2r 2
The squares to be removed from each corner are Least surface area means minimum surface area
shown in Fig. 46.8, having sides x cm. When the and a formula for the surface area in terms of one
sides are bent upwards the dimensions of the box variable only is required.
will be: length (20 2x) cm, breadth (12 2x) cm 200
From equation (1), h D 2 (2)
and height, x cm. r
Hence surface area,
µ ¶
200
x x A D 2r C 2r 2
x x r 2
(20−2x) 400
12 cm
(12−2x) D C 2r 2 D 400r 1 C 2r 2
r
x x
dA 400
x x D C 4r D 0, for a turning point.
dr r2
20 cm
400
Hence 4r D 2
r
Figure 46.8 400
and r3 D ,
4
Volume of box, V D ⊲20 2x⊳⊲12 2x⊳⊲x⊳ r
3 100
D 240x 64x 2 C 4x 3 from which, rD D 3.169 cm.
dV 
D 240 128 x C 12x 2 D 0 for a turning point.
dx d 2A 800
Hence 4⊲60 32x C3x 2 ⊳ D 0, i.e. 3x 2 32x C60 D 0 D 3 C 4.
d r2 r
 SOME APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 401

d 2A
When r D 3.169 cm, is positive, giving a
d r2
minimum value.
From equation (2), when r D 3.169 cm, x
200
hD D 6.339 cm.
⊲3.169⊳2 x y
Hence for the least surface area, a cylinder of
volume 200 cm3 has a radius of 3.169 cm and Figure 46.10
height of 6.339 cm.
Surface area of box, A, consists of two ends and five
Problem 18. Determine the area of the faces (since the lid also covers the front face).
largest piece of rectangular ground that can
be enclosed by 100 m of fencing, if part of Hence A D 2x 2 C 5xy D 6 ⊲1⊳
an existing straight wall is used as one side
Since it is the maximum volume required, a formula
for the volume in terms of one variable only is
Let the dimensions of the rectangle be x and y as needed. Volume of box, V D x 2 y
shown in Fig. 46.9, where PQ represents the straight From equation (1),
wall.
From Fig. 46.9, x C 2y D 100 ⊲1⊳ 6 2x 2 6 2x
yD D ⊲2⊳
Area of rectangle, A D xy ⊲2⊳ 5x 5x 5
µ ¶
2 2 6 2x
Hence volume V D x y D x
5x 5
P Q
6x 2x 3
y y
D
5 5
dV 6 6x 2
D D 0 for a maximum or minimum
x dx 5 5
value.
Figure 46.9 Hence 6 D 6x 2 , giving x D 1 m (x D 1 is not
possible, and is thus neglected).
Since the maximum area is required, a formula for
area A is needed in terms of one variable only. d 2V 12x
D .
From equation (1), x D 100 2y d x2 5
Hence, area A D xy D ⊲100 2y⊳y D 100y 2y 2
dA d 2V
D 100 4y D 0, for a turning point, from which, When x D 1, is negative, giving a maximum
dy d x2
value.
y D 25 m. 6 2⊲1⊳ 4
d 2A From equation (2), when x D 1, y D D
D 4, which is negative, giving a maximum 5⊲1⊳ 5 5
d y2 Hence the maximumµ ¶volume of the box is given by
value. 4 4
When y D 25 m, x D 50 m from equation (1). V D x 2 y D ⊲1⊳2 D m3
5 5
Hence the maximum possible area
D xy D ⊲50⊳⊲25⊳ D 1250 m2
Problem 20. Find the diameter and height
Problem 19. An open rectangular box with of a cylinder of maximum volume which can
square ends is fitted with an overlapping lid be cut from a sphere of radius 12 cm
which covers the top and the front face.
Determine the maximum volume of the box A cylinder of radius r and height h is shown
if 6 m2 of metal are used in its construction enclosed in a sphere of radius R D 12 cm in
Fig. 46.11.
A rectangular box having square ends of side x and
length y is shown in Fig. 46.10. Volume of cylinder, V D r 2 h ⊲1⊳
402 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Using the right-angled triangle OPQ shown in Hence the cylinder having the maximum vol-
Fig. 46.11, ume that can be cut from a sphere of radius
µ ¶2
h 12 cm is one in which the diameter is 19.60 cm
2
r C D R2 by Pythagoras’ theorem, and the height is 13.86 cm.
2
h2 Now try the following exercise
i.e. r2 C D 144 ⊲2⊳
4
Exercise 161 Further problems on practi-
cal maximum and minimum
problems
1. The speed, v, of a car (in m/s) is related to
time t s by the equation v D 3 C 12t 3t2 .
Determine the maximum speed of the car
in km/h. [54 km/h]
2. Determine the maximum area of a
rectangular piece of land that can be
enclosed by 1200 m of fencing.
[90 000 m2 ]
3. A shell is fired vertically upwards and
its vertical height, x metres, is given by:
Figure 46.11 x D 24t 3t2 , where t is the time in
seconds. Determine the maximum height
Since the maximum volume is required, a formula reached. [48 m]
for the volume V is needed in terms of one variable 4. A lidless box with square ends is to
only. be made from a thin sheet of metal.
h2 Determine the least area of the metal for
From equation (2), r 2 D 144
4 which the volume of the box is 3.5 m3 .
Substituting into equation (1) gives:
[11.42 m2 ]
h2 h3
µ ¶
V D  144 h D 144h 5. A closed cylindrical container has a
4 4
surface area of 400 cm2 . Determine the
dV 3h2 dimensions for maximum volume.
D 144 D 0, for a maximum or
dh 4 [radius D 4.607 cm,
minimum value.
height D 9.212 cm]
3h2
Hence 144 D , from which, 6. Calculate the height of a cylinder of
4 maximum volume that can be cut from a
r
⊲144⊳⊲4⊳ cone of height 20 cm and base radius
h D D 13.86 cm. 80 cm. [6.67 cm]
3
d 2V 6h 7. The power developed in a resistor R by a
2
D . battery of emf E and internal resistance r
dh 4 E2 R
2
d V is given by P D . Differentiate P
When h D 13.86, is negative, giving a maxi- ⊲R C r⊳2
d h2
mum value. with respect to R and show that the power
From equation (2), is a maximum when R D r.
h2 13.862 8. Find the height and radius of a closed
r 2 D 144 D 144 , from which, radius cylinder of volume 125 cm3 which has
4 4
r D 9.80 cm the least surface area.
Diameter of cylinder D 2r D 2⊲9.80⊳ D 19.60 cm. [height D 5.42 cm, radius D 2.71 cm]