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0 COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Coordinate geometry is the study geometrical properties of points, straight lines and curves using
algebraic methods.
AB ( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y2 y1 ) 2
EXAMPLE 1
PQ ( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y2 y1 ) 2
(4 2) 2 (7 3) 2
22 42
4 16
PQ 20 units
The midpoint of the line joining two points A( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) , has coordinates
x1 x2 y1 y2
,
2 2
EXAMPLE 2
1. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the straight line joining the points A(3, 7) and B(5,9) .
x1 x2 y1 y2
,
Midpoint = 2 2
1|Page
35 7 9
,
2 2
8 16
,
2 2
4,8
1.3 FINDING THE GRADIENT AND EQUATION OF A STRAGHT LINE
GRADIENT OF A STRAIGHT LINE
y step
m
x step
y y
m 2 1
x2 x1
EXAMPLE 3
Find the gradient of the line joining the points (4,1) and (7,3) .
SOLUTION
y2 y1
m
x2 x1
3 1
74
2
m
3
1. y mx c Where m is the gradient and c is the point where the line meets y axis ( y-
intercept).
y y2 y2 y1
3. x x2 x2 x1 Where two points are known ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 )
2|Page
EXAMPLE 4
Find an equation of the straight line with gradient 2 passing through the point (5, -3)
SOLUTION
m1 m2
2. If two lines AB and CD are perpendicular then the product of their gradients always equal to
-1
m1 m2 1
m1m2 1
EXAMPLE 5
SOLUTION
(a) 2x + y = 3
y = -2x + 3
y - 1 = -2(x - 0)
y = -2x + 1
-for any two Parallel lines their gradients are the same
3|Page
(b) 3x + y = 5
y = -3x + 5
m1 = -3
m1m2 1
3m2 1
1
m2
3
1
m2
3
y y 2 m( x x2 )
1
y (1) [ x ( 2)]
3
1 2
y 1 x
3 3
1 1
y x
3 3
m1m2 1
-For Perpendicular lines
4|Page
1.6 AREA OF A PLANE FIGURE
1. Given that triangle ABC has vertices A(5, 5), B(-6, 7) and C(-7, -2) Find its area
A(x 1 , y1 ), B( x 2 , y 2 ) and C ¿ )
1
( x y + x y + x y −x y −x y −x y )
2 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 3 3 2 2 1
Then Area
x1 y1
1 x2 y2
| |or|x 1 x 2 x 3 x 1 |
2 x3 y3 y1 y2 y3 y1
x1 y1
EXAMPLE 1
3x + 4y = 2
x2 + 8xy + 12 = 0
SOLUTION
3x + 4y = 2................ (1)
=˃ 3x = 2 - 4y
2−4 y
=˃ x = .............. (3)
3
x2 + 8xy + 12 = 0
2−4 y 2 2−4 y
=˃ ( ) +8( ) y + 12 = 0
3 3
5y2 – 2y – 7 = 0
(5y - 7)(y + 1) = 0
=˃ 5y – 7 = 0 or y+1=0
6|Page
7
y= y = -1
5
7
7 2−4( )
Step (3) substitute y = into (3): x = 5
5
3
6
=-
5
1
= -1
5
2−4(−1)
Substitute y = -1 into (3): x =
3
6
=
3
=2
1 2
Therefore, x = -1 when y = 1 and x = 2 when y= -1 .
2 5
EXAMPLE 2
x + y=3
SOLUTION
x 2+ y 2=5……(1)
x + y=3 …….(2)
From equation (2) y=3−x to get eqn (3) we substitute in eqn (1) ,we get
x 2+(3−x)2=5
x 2+ 9−6 x + x 2=5
2 x2 −6 x+ 4=0
x 2−3 x+ 2=0
7|Page
x=1 , x=2
EXAMPLE 3
=˃ 3a – 7 = 8............ (3)
=˃ ba2 – 7a + 9= 72 =˃ ba2 – 7a + 9 = 49
3a = 8 + 7
a = 5................. (5)
ba2 – 7a = 40
=˃ b (5)2 – 7(5) = 40
25b - 35 = 40
25b = 75
a) Step (1) substituting (6) into (2) and solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously
3x – y = 8........................................... (1)
8|Page
Step (3) substituting equation (3) into (2)
=˃ 9x2 – 56x + 55 = 0
=˃ (9x - 11) (x - 5) = 0
=˃ 9x – 11 = 0 or x–5=0
9x = 11 x=5
11
x=
9
11
y = 3( )-8
9
11
= -8
9
−13
=
3
1
=-4
3
2 1
Therefore, the coordinates of the other solution are (1 , -4 )
9 3
EXAMPLE 4
Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the line x + y = 3 and the curve
x2 – 2x + 2y2 = 3.
SOLUTION
x + y = 3......................... (1)
x2 – 2x + 2y2 = 3………..(2)
9|Page
Step (2) substitute equation (3) into (2)
=˃ (3 - y) 2 – 2(3 - y) + 2y2 = 3
9 – 6y + y2 – 6 + 2y + 2y2 = 3
3y2 – 4y + 9 – 6 – 3 = 0
3y2 – 4y = 0
y (3y – 4) = 0
4
y=0 or y=
3
4 4
When y = , x=3- when y = 0 , x = 3 - 0
3 3
2
x=1 x=3
3
2 1
Therefore, the coordinates of the point of intersection are (1 , 1 ) and (3, 0).
3 3
2x + y + 3z = 11
x + 2y – 2z = 3
4x + 3y + z = 15
SOLUTION
2x + y + 3z = 11...................... (1)
x + 2y – 2z = 3.........................(2)
4x + 3y + z = 15....................... (3 )
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Step (1) eliminating z from equation (1) and (2)
=˃ 4x + 2y + 6z = 22 3x + 6y – 6z = 9
7x + 8y = 31............................ (4)
X + 2y - 2z = 3 , 2(4x + 3y + z = 15)
8x + 6y + 2z = 30
9x + 8y = 33................................... (5)
7x + 8y = 31
(-) 9x + 8y = 33
−2 x −2
=
−2 −2
x=1
Replacing x = 1 in (4)
7(1) + 8y = 31
giving y=3
2 (1) + 3 + 3z = 11
5 + 3z = 11
3z = 6
z= 2
Therefore, x = 1, y = 3 and z = 2
EXAMPLE 6
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Find the solution of the systems of equations below using the crammer’s rule
2x + 3y + 4z = -4,
4x + 2y + 3z = -11
3x + 4y + 2z = -3
SOLUTION
2x + 3y + 4z = -4.................................. (1)
4x + 2y + 3z = -11................................ (2)
3x + 4y + 2z = -3.................................. (3)
2 3 4 x −4
( )( ) ( )
4 2 3 y = −11
3 4 2 z −3
2 3 4 −4 3 4 2 −4 4
( ) (
Step (2) let A = 4 2 3 , B = −11 2 3 , C = 4 −11 3 , and D =
3 4 2 −3 4 2 3 −3 2 ) ( )
2 3 −4
( 4 2 −11
3 4 −3 )
Step (3) finding determinants
= -16 + 3 + 40
= 27
= -81
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3 4 3 4
|C| = 2 |−11
−3 2|
- (-4) |
3 2|
+ 4|
3
−11
−3 |
= 2(-22 + 9) + 4(8 - 9) + 4(-12 + 33)
= 54
= -27
x = -3 y =2 z = -1
EXERCISE
xy=x +3
x− y −2 z=−6
3 x+ 2 y =−25
−4 x+ y−z=12
EXPECTED ANSWERS
3.0 FUNCTIONS
When two members of the two sets are connected, it is called a relationship.
A relation is a collection of ordered pairs. A function is a special type of relation.
Functions and relations can be represented by
(a) a mapping (b) a table (c) an ordered pair (d) an algebraic sentence
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(e) a graph
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION
A
(i) is one than
2 1
4 3
6 5
8 7
EXAMPLE 2
3. .1
4. .2
5. .7
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(b) List the set of:
(i) The domain
Answer - Domain = 3, 4, 5
(ii) The range
Answer - Range = 1, 2, 7
EXAMPLE 3
Set D = (2,4), (2, 6), (2,8), (2,10), (3, 6), (3, 9), (4,4), (4,8), (5, 10)
4
2
6
3
8
4
9
5
10
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iv.
Answer
i. 1 f: x 3(1) + 1 4 (1,4)
ii. 0 f: x 3(0) + 1 1 (0,1)
iii. -2 f: x 3 (-2) + 1 -5 (-2, -5)
iv. -3 f: x 3(-3) + 1 -8 (-3, -8)
SOLVED PROBLEMS
3. In the first year, Grace made K800 selling cellphones. She increased her earnings by
K50 each year for the next four years
(a) Draw up a table (b) Draw up a linear graph
Answer Answer
1000
Year Earnings
1 K800 950
2 K850 900
16 | P3a g e K900
4 K900
850
800
0 1 2 3 4
EXERCISE
2
1. If f : x + 5, find
3x
a) f(2)
b) x when f(x) =7
c) f-1(x)
1
2. A function h is defined as h(x) = x – 5, find
2
a) h(-4)
b) the value of x for which h(x)= 3
c) h-1(x)
3 x −5 x−4
3. Given that f(x) = and g(x) = , find
2 6
a) f(-9)
b) f-1(x)
c) the value of x for f(x) = 3g(x)
d) fg
e) gf
4. If h(x) = 3x – 5, find
a) h(3)
b) h(x) = 10
c) h-1(x)
EXPECTED ANSWERS
2 1 1 2
1. a) 5 or 5 b) x = c) f-1(x) =
6 2 3 3 x −15
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2. a) h (-4) = -7 b) x = 16 c) h-1(x) = 2x + 10
2 x +5 1 x−14 3 x −13
3. a) f(-9) = -16 b) f-1(x) = c) x = d) e)
3 2 4 12
x+5
4. a) h(3) = 4 b) x = 5 c) h-1(x) =
3
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2. The diagram shows a sector OACB of a circle, centre O, in which angle AOB = 2.5 radians.
The line AC is parallel to OB.
4.The diagram shows a circle, centre O, radius 4 cm, enclosed within a sector PBCDP of a circle,
π
centre P. The circle centre O touches the sector at points A, C and E. Angle BPD is radians.
3
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(i) Show that PA = 4 √3 cm and PB = 12 cm.
Find, to 1 decimal place,
(ii) The area of the shaded region,
(iii) The perimeter of the shaded region.
5.The diagram shows a sector OAB of a circle, centre O, radius 4 cm. The tangent to the circle at
A meets the line OB extended at C. Given that the area of the sector OAB is 10 cm2, calculate
SOLUTIONS
1
1. (a) A= r 2 θ
2
1
A= ¿
2
A=16 π r 2
(b) A=16 π r 2
⟹ 201.06=16 π r 2
201.06
r 2= .Thus r =2
16 π
1 1
A= r 12 θ− r 22 θ
2 2
1 1
A= ( 16 r 2 ) 2 π− r 2 (2 π)
2 2
A=60 π c m2
^ C= A C
2. (i) B O ^ O=C ^
AO
^
Let B OC=θ
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¿ ¿ the Isosceles ∆ AOC ,
^ +O C
A OC ^ A +C ^
A O=π
⟹ θ=π −2.5
∴ AO
^ C=2.5−( π −2.5 )
^
A OC=5−π
π π
w h ereOA =r ∧θ= −
2 3
π
T h us 5=OA ×
6
30
⟹ 0 A= =9.55 cm to 2.d.p
π
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π π
¿ 12( )+ 9.55 sin + ¿
6 6
Perimeter¿ 12.34 cm
(b) Shaded area = Area of sector – area of triangle AOC
1 1
¿ r 2 θ− OC ×CA
2 2
1
¿ ¿
2
A=17.95 17.96
π 4
4. (i) tan =
6 PA
4
PA= π 1
π , by special angles tan =
tan 6 √3
6
∴ PA =4 √ 3 QED
⟹ PB=PO+OC
¿ √¿ ¿ ¿ √ 64+ 4 ¿ 12 cm
1 1
¿ r 2 θ−2( PA × AO)
2 2
1 π 1
¿ (12)2 −2( (4 √ 3)× 4)
2 6 2
¿ 12 π −16 √ 3
≈ 10.0
(iii) Perimeter ¿ 2 ( AO ) +2 ( AB ) + Arclengt h BCD
¿ 2 ( 4 )+ 2 ( 12−4 √ 3 ) +12 ( π3 )
¿ 30.71 to 2 decimal places
23 | P a g e
1 2
5. (i) Area of Sector = r θ
2
1
10= (4 ¿¿ 2)θ ¿
2
10 ×2
θ=
16
5
θ= radians
4
(ii) Perimeter = Arc AB + BC + AC
5
¿ rθ+ (OC −OB )+ 4 tan
4
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1.a m × an=am +n
2.a m ÷ a n=am −n
1
3.a−n=
an
4.a 0=1
5.(a m)n =amn
m
6.a n =√n am or ( √n a)m
−n n
7.( a ) =( b )
b a
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTIONS
3 x =27
3 x =33
∴ x=3
8 x =2
23 x =21
3 x=1
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3x 1
= Divide through by 3
3 3
1
x=
3
log b n
log a n=
log b a
EXAMPLE 2
Evaluate log 3 15
SOLUTION
(To evaluate this we change the base to 10 as the calculator does not have base 3)
log 15
log 3 15=
log 3
1.176091259
¿
0.477121254
¿ 2.465 correct ¿ 3 d . p
EXAMPLE 3
SOLUTION
log 4 10
log 4 100− (changing¿base 2¿base 4 aa common base)
log 4 2
26 | P a g e
log 4 10
¿ log 4 100−
1
2
¿0
EXAMPLE 4
SOLUTION
log 5 7 log 5 25
¿ log 5 9 x x
log 5 3 log5 7
2 log 5 7 log 5 52
¿ log 5 3 x x
log 5 3 log 5 7
log 5 7 2 log 5 5
¿ 2 log 5 3 x x
log 5 3 log 5 7
2 x 2=4 ¿
EXAMPLE 5
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a) 6 x−1=11
b) 72 x−1 =23
SOLUTIONS
a)
6 x−1=11
ln 6 x−1=ln 11
( x−1 ) ln 6=ln 11
ln 11
x−1=
ln 6
x−1=1.338290833
x=1.338290833+1
∴ x=2.34 ¿ 2 d . p
log 23
2 x−1=
log 7
1.361727836
2 x−1=
0.84509804
2 x−1=1.61132528
2 x=1.61132528+1
2 x=2.61132528(divide throung by 2)
∴ x=1.31¿ 2 d . p
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c) log a 8+ ¿ log a 4−¿ log a 2=2 ¿ ¿
(8 x 4 )
log a =2 ( usingthe rules of logarithms )
2
32
log a =2
2
log a 16=2
a 2=16
a=√ 16
∴ a=4
( we only get the positive component as the base is never negative , we thefore discard −4)
2 x+5
log 2
( 4 x2)=2
2 x +5 2
=2
4 x2
16 x 2−2 x−5=0
16 x 2+ 8 x −10 x−5=0
8 x ( 2 x +1 )−5 ( 2 x +1 )=0
( 8 x−5 ) ( 2 x +1 )=0
8 x−5=0∨2 x +1=0
8 x=5∨2 x=−1
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5 −1
∴ x= ∨x=
8 2
EXAMPLE 6
Draw the graph of y=e2 x −4 for values of x at intervals of 0.5, for -2≤ x ≤ 1,
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
b ¿ x=ln √1−4 x
e x =e ln √1−4 x
e 2 x −4=1−4−4 x
e 2 x −4=−3−4 x
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∴ therequired straight line is y=−4 x−3
b)
EXERCISE
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6.0 THE BINOMIAL THEOREM
A binomial is an expression containing 2 unlike terms.
1
Examples: (x + y), (2 - b), (x2 + ), etc
r
solution: (3x-2)7 = (3x – 2)×(3x – 2)×(3x – 2)×(3x – 2)×(3x – 2)×(3x – 2)×(3x – 2). Thus,
when there are many terms to be multiplied, we use binomial theorem to solve such questions.
Before we apply binomial theorem, we need to know the following:
n Factorial ( n ! )
This is given as n ! = n(n – 1)(n – 2)(n – 3)……to be used when solving ncr or (nr ).
Note: n is the power of the binomial to be expanded and r indicates the positions of each
individual term in the expansion.
Examples 2: 7 ! = 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 5040
3!=3×2×1=6
1!=1
n n!
n
Cr or ()
r
=
r ! (n−r )!
, where n ≥ r and n, r are integers. This is useful when solving binomial
theorem.
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Example 3: if n is 6 and r is 2, then:
6! 6! 6 ×5 × 4 ×3 ×2 ×1 6 6 ×5
6
C2 = (62 ) = 2! (6−2) = =
! 2! 4 ! 2 ×1× 4 × 3 ×2 ×1
= 15 or in short, ( )=
2 2 ×1
= 15.
(a + b)0 = 1
(a + b)1 = a + b
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
Clearly, doing this by direct multiplication gets quite tedious and can be rather difficult for larger
powers or more complicated expressions
This is the quickest way of expanding a binomial expression that has been raised to some power
without direct multiplication. As we have seen, multiplication can be time-consuming or even
not possible in some cases.
The binomial theorem is used to expand expressions in the form ( a + b)n where n is a positive
integer. The formula for the expansion of binomials raised to exponential powers is given as
follows:
NOTE: 1) The powers of a in the formula are in descending order while the powers of b are
in ascending order.
33 | P a g e
2) The sum of the powers of a and b in any term is equal to the power of the binomial.
3) When the power is n, there are altogether n + 1 terms in the expanded binomial.
Solved Examples
1. Expand (x2 + 3)6
+ 6C4 (x2)2(3)4 + 6C5 (x2)1(3)5 + 6C6 (x2)0(3)6
2.Expand (2x – 5y)7
We will plug "2x", "–5y", and "7" into the Binomial Theorem, counting up from zero to seven to
get each term. (we must not forget the "minus" sign that goes with the second term in the
binomial.)
(2x – 5y)7 = 7C0 (2x)7(–5y)0 + 7C1 (2x)6(–5y)1 + 7C2 (2x)5(–5y)2
+ 7C3 (2x)4(–5y)3 + 7C4 (2x)3(–5y)4 + 7C5 (2x)2(–5y)5
+ (1)(1)(–78125y7)
+ 218750xy6 – 78125y7
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3.What is the fourth term in the expansion of (3x – 2)10?
(3x – 2)10 = 10C0 (3x)10–0(–2)0 + 10C1 (3x)10–1(–2)1 + 10C2 (3x)10–2(–2)2
+ 10C3 (3x)10–3(–2)3 + 10C4 (3x)10–4(–2)4 + 10C5 (3x)10–5(–2)5
+ 10C6 (3x)10–6(–2)6 + 10C7 (3x)10–7(–2)7 + 10C8 (3x)10–8(–2)8
+ 10C9 (3x)10–9(–2)9 + 10C10 (3x)10–10(–2)10
The expansion in this exercise, (3x – 2)10, has power of n = 10, so the expansion will have eleven
terms, and the terms will count up, not from 1 to 10 or from 1 to 11, but from 0 to 10. This is
why the fourth term will not be the one where we are using "4" as our counter, but will be the
one where we are using "3".
10
C3 (3x)10–3(–2)3 = (120)(2187)(x7)(–8) = –2099520x
To find the tenth term, we plug x, 3, and 12 into the Binomial Theorem, using the number 10 – 1
= 9 as our counter:
12
C9 (x)12–9(3)9 = (220)x3(19683) = 4330260x3
Since this binomial is to the power 8, there will be nine terms in the expansion, which makes the
fifth term the middle one. So we will plug 4x, –y, and 8 into the Binomial Theorem, using the
number 5 – 1 = 4 as our counter.
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8
C4 (4x)8–4(–y)4 = (70)(256x4)(y4) = 17920x4y4
9
3
(iii) ( 2 )
+ 2 x , 4th term,
2. Evaluate
18! 16 !
(i) 6 ! (ii)
12 !
(iii) (153 )
1 3
3. In the binomial expansion of 1+ ( ) z
the fourth and fifth term are equal. Find
the values of n.
5. When ( 1+ax )n is expanded in ascending powers of x the first three terms of the
8. By using the binomial expansion of ( 2+ x )7, show that (2.08)7 = 168.439 correct to 3
decimal places.
36 | P a g e
9. Use binomial expansion to estimate the value of the following to the stated degree of
accuracy:
including the term in x3. In each case give the range of values of x for which the
expansion is valid:
x −1
2−x 1+ x
(a) ( )
1+
2
2
(b)
√1−3 x
(c) (√ 1−x ).
−1 1
2
11. Expand ( 1−2 x ) as far as the term in x2. By using x = 9 ,
143
show that √ 7 = 54 .
1
12. By substituting 0.08 for x in ( 1+ x ) 2 and its expansion , find √3
correct to six significant figures.
13. Use a suitable binomial expansion to find √ 1.01 correct to five decimal places.
14. Write down, without simplifying the first three terms of the expansion of
( x +b)n, where n is a positive integer. If the coefficient of the second and third terms
___________________________________________________________________________
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7.0 PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
7.1 PERMUTATIONS
A permutation is simply an arrangement of items; consider three letters A, B and C arranged in a
linear manner, we have
ABC
ACB
BAC
BCA All these are possible arrangements or permutations of the three letters.
CAB
CBA
In short in permutation attention is paid to the order in which items are arranged.
7.2 COMBINATIONS
A combination is about the number of possible choices or selections. Note that a combination
does not depend on order but the content of the group, while a permutation does.
It is extremely important to distinguish between permutation case and a combination case. This
will help someone to determine which formula or approach to use.
EXAMPLE 6
How many ways are there of getting from A to C, passing through each point at most once?
B
A C
SOLUTIONS
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In general number of arrangements, or permutations, of n different objects
n! = n(n -1)(n – 2)……..3 x 2 x 1
(a) Since the word CAT has three different characters we have n = 3
Implying that the number of different permutations = 3! = 3 x 2 x 1=6
(b) Here, n = 8
Therefore number of arrangements = 8!= 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1
= 40,320
SOLUTION
- This can be done in two ways; first consider the four letters to be arranged
from the word MICROWAVE as slots which are to be filled up
Note that for each first each of the 9 choices
3 4 for first slot there 8 choices for the second , 7
1 2
for the third and 6 for the fourth
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Example 1
In how many ways can 4 red, 3 yellow and 2 green discs be arranged in a row if discs of the
same color are indistinguishable?
Solutions
Here n = 4+3+2 = 9
9!
Therefore the number of arrangements =
4!3!2!
= 1260 ways
Example 2
Find (a) in how many ways the letters of the word ALGEBRA can be arranged in a row
(b) in how many of these arrangements are the two A’s together,(c) in how many
arrangements the two A’s are not together.
SOLUTIONS
(a) There are 7 letters including the two A’s
7!
Therefore total arrangements =
2!
= 2520
(b) If the two A’s are together there are effectively 6 letters to arrange,
hence the number of arrangements = 6! = 720
(c) If the two A’s are not together = 2520 – 720
= 1800
EXERCISE
1. In how many ways can the letters of the following word be arranged in a row
(a) PARALLELOGRAM (b)PHOTOGRAPHY
2. In how many ways can the letters of the word GEOMETRY
(a)Be arranged in a row
(b) In how many of these arrangements are the two E’s together?
(c) In how many of these arrangements are the two E’s not together?
7.8 Formula
The number of possible combinations of n different objects, taking r at a time, is given by nCr
n n!
also written as where nCr =
r ( n−r ) ! r !
EXAMPLE 3
40 | P a g e
(a) How many selections of 4 letters can be made from the 6 letters a,b,c,d,e and f?
SOLUTION
Here n = 6 and r= 4
n
n! 6!
Cr = = 6C4 =
( n−r ) ! r ! ( 6−4 ) ! 4 !
= 15
(b) How many different committees, each consisting of 3 boys and 2 girls, can be chosen from 7
boys and 5 girls?
SOLUTION
7!
Number of ways of choosing 3 boys from 7 = = 35
( 7−3 ) ! 3 !
5!
Number of ways of choosing 2 girls from 5 = = 10
( 5−2 ) ! 2!
Number of committees that can be chosen = 35 x 10 = 350
Note that 35 is multiplied by 10 since the choice of the boys and the choice of the girls are
independent operations
Example 4
A group consists of 4 boys and 7 girls. In how many ways can a team be selected if it is to
contain
(a)No boys (b) atleast one of each sex (c) 2 boys and 3 girls (d) atleast 3 boys
SOLUTION
The solution of this kind of a problem is best solved using a table indicating the possible
combinations as shown below.
Boys 4 Girls 7
0 5 (a) No boys selected, so the team is chosen from the
1 4 7 girls
2 3 7
C5 = 21
3 2 (b) At least one of each sex
4 1 Total number of possible selections without
5 0 restrictions = 11C5 = 462
Thus, number of possible selections = 462 -21
= 441
(c) Try to work out this one and check your answer if
you get 210
PAST EXAM QUESTIONS
1.1 A family consists of a father, mother (b) The arrangements start and end
and six children. Find the number of with a parent
ways of arranging them in a straight [4030/2/2014]
line if 2.1 A chess team consisting of 8 boys
(a) There are no restrictions and 5 girls is to be chosen from 10
boys and 7 girls. In how many ways
41 | P a g e
can this be done (b) Seven runners are hoping to take
[4030/2/2014] part in a race, but the truck has
3.1 only five lanes. In how many
(a) Calculate the number of ways can five of the seven
arrangements of the letters in the runners be assigned to the lanes.
word PREVIOUSLY (c) A team of five persons is chosen
(b) A School has three grade 10 from 7 women and 8 men. How
classes. In how many can three many different teams can be
out of 8 Mathematics teachers be selected, if the team has to
allocated to the classes? contain at least 3 women?
(c) A group of 7 students is to be [4030/2/2008]
chosen from 11 boys and 9 girls. 6.1
Find the number of ways of (a) In how many ways can 5 boys
choosing 5 boys and 2 girls. and 3 girls stand in a straight
line, if
[4030/2/2013] (i) There are no restrictions
4.1 (ii) The boys stand next to
(a) In how many ways can 7 red each other
marbles and 3 green marbles be (b) A collection of 16 books contain
put in a straight line, if one of Harry Potter’s book, Mary
(i) There are no restrictions is going to choose 6 of these
(ii) Green marbles should not books to take on holiday.
be next to each other?
(b) A group of 6 pupils is to be
chosen from 10 boys and 8 girls.
Find the of ways of choosing at
least 4 boys.
[4030/2/2012
42 | P a g e
(i) In how many ways can she choose 6 books
(ii) How many of these choices will include the Harry Potter’s books?
[4030/2/2000]
43 | P a g e
8.0 REMAINDER AND FACTOR THEOREMS
8.1 The Remainder Theorem
To understand the remainder theorem, let us consider the division of numerical values by long
division. Divide 752 and 756 by 6.
125 , 126
6 752 6 756
(-) 6 (-)6
15 15
(-) 12 (-)12
32 36
(-)30 (-)36
2 0
From the two divisions, we can see that 752 leaves a remainder of 2 and 756 leaves a
remainder of 0 when divided by 6.However, our focus will be on 752 divided by 6.The result if
we divide 752 by 6 can be written as
752=6 × 125+2
Where 6 is the divisor, 125 is the quotient and 2 is the remainder.
The concept of long division can also be applied on the division of the polynomial f ( x ) by a
linear expression x−a . Consider the polynomial x 3−4 x 2+ x +6. Divide this by x−1.
x 2−3 x−2
x−1 x3 −4 x 2 + x +6
(-) x 3−x 2
−3 x 2+ x
(-) −3 x 2+3 x
−2 x+ 6
(-) −2 x+2
4
44 | P a g e
The remainder 4 can be found by simply finding f ( 1 ) . The result is not a coincidence. This is
always true for any given polynomial f (x) divided by x−a the remainder will be f (a) and if
divided by x +a the remainder is f (−a).This takes us to the remainder theorem which says that
−q
if f (x) is divided by the general expresssion px+ q theremainder is f ( )
p
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Find the remainder when 3x3 – x2 – 5x + 2 is divided by 3x + 2
If f (x) is divided by (3x + 2)
3x + 2 = 0
−2
x=
3
f (x) = 3x3 – x2 – 5x + 2
−2 −2 3 −2 2 −2
f( ) = 3( ) –( ) -5 ( ) + 2
3 3 3 3
−8 4 10
= 3( ) - + + 2
27 9 3
= 4
2. Given f ( x )=a x 3 + x 2−3 x−2 and that the remainder on dividing f (x) by x +2is 16.What
is the value of a.
x=−2
8 a=8
a=1
3. If the expression x 3+ p x 2 +qx−3 gives the remainder 1 when divided by x−1 and
-9 when divided by x +1.Find the values of pand q.
p+q=3-------------(i)
p−q=−5-----------(ii)
45 | P a g e
Solving equations (i) and (ii) simultaneously we have, p=−1∧q=4
This theorem is connected to the remainder theorem. Recall that if f ( x ) is divided by ( x−a) the
remainder is f (a).Now if f ( a )=0, there is no remainder, then ( x−a ) is a factor.The factor
theorem says that,
EXAMPLES
46 | P a g e
(i) f (x) = 2x3 – 7x2 + 7ax + 16
f (x) is divisible by x – a
f (a) = 0
2a3 – 7a2 + 7a (a) + 16 = 0
2a3 – 7a2 + 7a2 + 16 = 0
2 3 16
a + = 0
2 2
a3 + 8 = 0
a3 = -8
a3 = (-2) 3 ∴ a=−2
(ii) Since a = -2
f (x) = 2x3 – 7x2 – 14x + 16
−1 −1 3 −1 2 −1
f( ) = 2( ) - 7( ) - 14 ( ) + 16
2 2 2 2
−1 1 14
=2( ) - 7 ( ) + = 16
8 4 2
1 7
=- - + 7 + 16
4 4
= 21
3. Given that: 2x3 + 5x2 – 6x – 5 = (Ax – 3) (x = B) (x + 1) + C for all the values of x,
find the values of each of A, B and C.[identical polynomial]
2x3 + 5x2 – 6x – 5 = (Ax – 3) (x + B) (x + 1) + C
= (Ax2 + ABx – 3x – 3B) (x + 1) + C
= [Ax3 + (AB – 3)x2 – 3Bx + Ax2 + (AB – 3) x – 3B] + C
Comparing coefficients of x2
Ax3 = 2x3
A=2
5 = A −¿3 + AB
5 = 2 – 3 + 2B
−¿1 + 2B = 5
6
B=
2
47 | P a g e
B=3
−5=−3 B+C
−3 ( 3 ) +C=−5
C=−5+ 9
C=4
∴ A = 2, B = 3, C = 4
4. Given that x2 + 2x - 3 is a factor of f (x), where f (x) = x4 + 6x3 + 2ax + bx – 3a, find
(i) the value of a and the value of b
(ii) the other quadratic factor of f (x)
1 + 6 + 2a + b – 3a = 0
b – a = -7 ---------------- (i)
81 – 162 + 18a – 3b – 3a = 0
15a – 3b = 81
5a – b = 27--------------- (ii)
-a + 5a = -7 + 27 b – 5 + -7
4a 20
= b = -7 + 5
4 4
a=5 = -2 ∴ a = 5, b = -2
48 | P a g e
= x4 + 6x3 + 10x2 – 2x - 15
= (x2 + 2x – 3) (x2 + 4x +5)
∴ Other factor = x2 + 4x + 5
By synthetic division,
1 2 3 -3 -2
2 5 2
2 5 2 0
2 x3 +3 x 2−3 x−2= ( x −1 ) ( 2 x 2+ 5 x +2 ) =0
( x−1 ) ( 2 x +1 ) ( x +2 ) =0
x−1=0∨2 x+ 1=0∨x+2=0
−1
⸫ x=1 , x= , x =−2
2
EXAM QUESTIONS
[4030/2/Z2015]
2. (a) Find the value of k ,given that the expression x 3−k x 2 +7 x+10 is divisible by
( x +2 ) .
[4030/2/2016]
EXPECTED ANSWERS
2. (a) k =−3
3. (a) a=0∧b=−13
(b) ( x +4 )
50 | P a g e
9.0 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
9.1 TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS
The six trigonometric ratios are sine(sin), cosine(cos), tangent(tan), cosecant(cosec),
secant(sec) and cotangent(cot).
Definitions
The six trigonometric ratios are derived from the right-angled triangle.
π π π π
The angles 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° ( in radians 0, 6 , 4 , 3 , 2 ) are known as special
angles. The sine, cosine and tangent of 30° and 60° are derived from an equilateral
triangle of unit length and the sine, cosine and tangent of 45° are derived from a right
angled isosceles triangle.
51 | P a g e
The table below shows the values of the sine, cosine and tangent of special angles.
1 1
cos θ 1 √3
2 √2 2
0
1
tan θ 0
√3
1 √3 ∞
EXAMPLES
Find the exact value of each of the following:
0 0 0 2 0
(a) 3 tan 45 + 4 sin 60 (b) 7 sin 45 − 4 cos 60
Solutions
If the question asks you to find ‘the exact value’ leave your answer in surd form. Do not
use your calculator.
3 tan 45 0 + 4 sin 600 = 3(1) + 4 ( √23 )
(a)
= 3 + 2 √3
1 1
7 sin 450 − 4 cos 2 600 = 7 ( √ 2 ) − 8( 2 )2
(b)
7 1
= √2 − 8( 4 )
7
= √2 − 2
If you want you can rationalize the denominator of the first term so that your final
7 7 2
− 2 = √ 2 × √√ 2 − 2
answer becomes √2
= 7 √2 2 − 2 or 1
2
(7 √ 2 − 4 )
EXERCISE
52 | P a g e
Find the exact value of each of the following:
(a) 2 sin2 600 + 5 tan2 600 − cosec 300 (b) 4(1 − sin 450 cosec 450 ) − cot 600
0 0
1 + 2tan 30 + sec 60
(c) 6 √ 3 cos300 − 9 √ 2sin 60 0 + ( √ 5 )2 (d) 1 − 2 tan 30 0 + sec 60 0
π π π
10 sin + 42cos
6 3
− √3 cosec 3
(e)
EXPECTED ANSWERS
1
31 + 12 √3
25
− √3 14 − 9 √2 6 23
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) (e) 23
At this level the following trigonometric identities should be mastered. If you master
them you will have little or no difficulties at all when trying to answer questions that
will ask you to prove given identities.
PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES
2 2 2 2 2 2
(i) sin θ + cos θ = 1 (ii) sec θ = 1 + tan θ (iii) cosec θ = 1 + cot θ
sin θ cos θ
tan θ = cot θ =
(iv) cos θ (v) sin θ
EXAMPLES
1 1
(i)LHS
= (sec x + sec x cosec x )(1 − sin x ) = ( +
cos x cos x sin x )
( 1 − sin x )
1 + sin x
= ( cos x sin x )
( 1 − sin x )
(1 + sin x)(1 − sin x) You are advised to be extra
=
cos x sin x conscious with what you
choose to do as you prove
53 | P a g e identities. The following are
some possible steps which
can be taken.
2
1 − sin x
=
cos x sin x
cos 2 x
=
cos x sin x
cos x
=
sin x
= cot x
(ii) LHS
2 2
1 + cos θ 1 − cos θ (1 + cos θ) − (1 − cos θ)
= − =
1 − cosθ 1 + cosθ (1 − cos θ)(1 + cos θ)
2 2
1 + 2cos θ + cos θ− (1 − 2cos θ + cos θ )
=
(1 − cos θ )(1 + cos θ)
2 2
1 + 2cos θ + cos θ− 1 + 2cos θ − cos θ
=
1 − cos2 θ
4cos θ
= 2
sin θ
4cos θ 1
= ×
sin θ sin θ
= 4 cot θ cosec θ
EXERCISE
1 − sin θ
(sec θ − tan θ)2 =
(i) Prove that 1 + sin θ .
2
tan x − 1
2
= tan 2 x
(ii) Prove the identity 1 − cot x .
cosec A
= cos A
(iii) Show that cot A + tan A
1
cos 2 β − 2
= cot2 β cos 2 β
(iv) Prove that sec − 1 .
(iii) cos ( A + B ) = cos A cos B − sin A cos A (iv) cos ( A − B ) = cos A cosB + sin A cos A
54 | P a g e
2tan A
tan 2 A =
(v) sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A (vi) 1 − tan2 A
2 2
(vii) cos 2 A = cos A − sin A
= 2cos2 A − 1
2
= 1 − 2sin A
EXAMPLES
3 4
1. It is given that sin β = 5 and cos α = 5 , where α is acute and β is a third quadrant
SOLUTIONS
(i) Draw two right angled triangles with the angles α and β as shown below. Use
Pythagoras theorem to find all the sides of the triangles.
3 3 3
From the triangles, sin α = 5 , tan β = 4 and tan α = 4 .
Alternatively:
2 2 2 2
sin α = 1 − cos α cos β = 1 − sin β
16 9
sin2 α = 1 − 25 cos 2 β = 1 − 25
9 16
sin2 α = 25 cos 2 β = 25
3 4
∴ sin α = 5 ∴ cos β = − 5 (3rd Quadrant )
55 | P a g e
sin α 3 4 −sin β 3 4
tan α = = ÷ tan β = = −5 ÷ − 5
cos α 5 5 −cos β
3 3
∴ tan α= 4
∴ tan β= 4
24
= − 25
The diagram above shows the quadrants in which sine, cosine and tangent is positive.
56 | P a g e
The principle angle α is the acute angle in the first quadrant, where all the
trigonometric ratios are positive. A trigonometric equation has an infinite number
of solutions. This is why a range of values of solutions is normally given. To find all
the solutions in a given range, the principle angle α should be determined.
(a ) √2 sin θ = 1 (b ) 2 cos 2 x = −√ 3
Solutions
(a) √2 sin θ = 1
1
sin θ = √2
1
α = sin−1 ( √2 ) = 450
The coefficient of x in 2x, that is 2, implies you can make another complete
turn (360°). This means add 360° to 150°.
2x = 3600 + 1500 ⇒ x = 2550
0 0 0 0 0
3rd quadrant: 2 x = 180 + α = 180 + 30 = 210 ∴ x = 105
2x = 3600 + 2100 ⇒ x = 285 0
EXAMPLE 1
5cosθ + 12sin θ = 0 ⇒ 12sin θ = −5cosθ
12sin θ −5 cosθ
=
cosθ cosθ , dividing both sides by cosθ
−5
tan θ =
12
5
α = tan−1 ( 12 ) = 22 .6 0
0 0
2nd quadrant: θ = 180 − 22.6 = 157. 4
3rd quadrant: θ = 1800 + 22 .6 = 202.60
EXAMPLE 2
Solve the equation 5cosθ + 12sin θ = 10 , for the range 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.
SOLUTION
5cosθ + 12sin θ = R cos(θ − α)
5cosθ + 12sin θ = R cosθcosα + R sin θsin α
Equating coefficients of cosθ and sin θ : Rcosα = 5 --- (I) and Rsin α = 12 --- (II)
R sin α 12 12
= ⇒ tan α = and ∴ α = tan −1 ( 125 ) = 67 .4 0
Dividing (II) by (I) : R cos α 5 5
2 2 2 2 2 2
Squaring and adding: R cos α + R sin α = 5 + 12
2 2 2
R (cos α + sin α ) = 169
2 2
R = 13 , since cos α + sin α= 1
0
Hence 5cosθ + 12 sin θ = 13 cos(θ − 67 . 4 )
10 = 13cos(θ − 67.4 0 )
10
cos(θ − 67 . 4 0 ) = 13
10
θ − 67 . 4 0 = cos−1 ( 13 )
0 0
θ − 67 .4 = 39.7 ( 1st quadrant)
58 | P a g e
θ = 107.10
0 0
and θ − 67 .4 = 360 −39.7 ( 4th quadrant)
0
θ = 387.7
0
Although θ = 387.7 is a solution, it is inadmissible since it is outside the given range.
0
Therefore the only solution is θ = 107.1 .
EXERCISE
EXPECTED ANSWERS
(a) 36.8° (b) 7.5°, 142.5°, 187.5°, 322.5° (c) 20.8°, 122.3° (d) 61.3°, 157.7°
0
(e)(i) 3sin(θ − 28.1 ) (ii) 69.9°, 166.3°
A.When sketching trigonometric graphs it is important to note the following important points
(c) Sinθ and Cos θ are both periodic with period of 3600, i.e
Sinθ ≡sin ( θ+360 ), Cos ≡ cos (θ+ 360). In simple terms these graphs repeat every
after 3600.
1
Y= Sin θ
59 | P a g e
-3600 -1800 θ
0 1800 3600
-1
1
Y =cos θ
-3600 -1800 0 1800 3600 θ
-1
60 | P a g e
- Notice that the graph of sine function is simply shifted 900 to the left
to form the cosine graph . Thus
(i) sin( 900 + θ ) ≡ Cos θ
(j) Cos (900 – θ) ≡−sinθ
(i) Unlike sine and cosine functions tangent function is not a continuous function.
sinθ
Since tan θ = , its graphs has asymptotes, wherever cosθ=0, thus when θ =
cosθ
+/-900, +/-2700, etc
(ii) The range of the tangent function is the whole of R. Thus tan θ can take any value
(iii) Tan θ is a periodic function with period of 1800. Thus tan ( θ+180 ) =tan θ
-1800 0 1800
Note that the graphs discussed above are parent graphs or original graphs and should be
used to understand the fundamentals of trigonometric graphs. The following concepts are
critical to the solving of problems on trigonometry related to the sketching of graphs.
Simple as it may seem the outcome is more demanding than it actually states. This is
because most questions asked on this particular outcome involve graphs of transformed
functions especially on sine and cosine. The concept on “the number of solutions obtained’’
for solving a trig. Equation related to the graph frequently occurs. This implies that we
should not handle this specific outcome with kid’s cloves.
61 | P a g e
i. Graphs of Transformed Trigonometric Functions
As a word of caution, it is always important that you spend a considerable time
understanding the parent graphs of the trigonometric functions before you attempt
this portion. Always refer to the original functions.
A. Sine and cosine Functions
(i) As stated the graphs of these functions are the same only that they have a
phase difference of 900
(ii) In general if
y = a Sin b θ + c , where a, b, and c are constants
- a is called the amplitude of the function which is range of the function.
For the original function a = +/- 1.
360
- The period is given by , for the original function period = 3600, since
b
b = 1.
- C is called the vertical shift of the graph from the original position. If c is
negative the graph is shifted downwards otherwise is shifted c units
upwards.
(iii) The usual rule of dealing with the modulus of graphs still holds. Thus to
find the modulus of these graphs simply reflect any portion below the x –
axis to the top, while the portion above is left un-tempered.
- It also advisable to sketch the graph of the original function on the same
graph but this is optional as this is done
- If asked to sketch both graphs on the same axes please do as instructed
and pay particular attention to the points of intersection for the two
graphs and if possible highlight them by plotting these points.
(iv) Problems related to finding the maximum and minimum of these functions
frequently occurs. Example number three will shade more light on this.
(v) If radians are used remember the conversion factor for radians to degrees
180
, work in degrees but remember to present your work on the graph
π
using radians as the question demands.
(vi) Before you sketch collect the necessary data on amplitude, vertical shift,
phase shift and Stick to the domain stated no more no less.
62 | P a g e
Example 1
Sketch on the same diagram, for 0≤ θ ≤2 π , the graph of y = 2cos θ – 1 and the graph of y =
sin2θ.Hence state the number of solutions in this interval of the equation 2cosθ – 1 =
sin2θ.
Solution
y = 2cos θ – 1 y = sin2θ
Amplitude = 2 a=1
0 90 180 θ
270 360
−1
−2
Example 2
63 | P a g e
24403πππ
−1 9
θ
Note that
the graph is
shifted 4
units
upwards.
The original
axis is
translated
upwards to
y=4
EXAMPLE 3
x
Sketch on the same diagram, the graphs of y = 2sin x and y = for 0≤ x ≤ 2 π and hence state the
π
number of solutions of the equations 2πsinx=x ∧2 πsinx=x for 0 ≤ x ≤2 π.
SOLUTION
x 1
With amplitude = 2, period= 2π, while y = is a straight line with gradient
π π
To sketch the graph of y = 2sin x , first we need to sketch y = 2sin x and then reflect the negative
portion of the graph across the x – axis.
For 2πsinx=x,
π π 3π 2π
-1 2 2
64 | P a g e
-2
EXERCISE
65 | P a g e
.
In a coordinate plane with two axes x and y, a vector is given as a column (ab ), where a is the
number of steps to be taken from a given point parallel to the x-axis and b is the is the number of
steps parallel to the y-axis to follow the a steps.
By directed line segment vector AB
1 −1 ⃗
AB =
⃗
2 () BA =
and ⃗
−2 ( )
, AB is not the same as ⃗
BA .
Note: Always move parallel to the x-axis first then parallel to the y-axis.
66 | P a g e
Vectors are like translations. Addition and subtraction are commutative.
AB=
Given that ⃗ (23) and ⃗
BC=(−2 ) ,
4
AB+ ¿ ⃗
⃗ BC = ⃗
BC + ⃗
AB
2 −2 2 0 a1 a a +a
3
+
−2
() ( ) ( )() ()
4
=
4
+
3
=
7
. In general
b1
+ 2 = 1 2.
b2 () ()( )
b 1+ b2
a1 a a −a
→
( )
→
( ) ( ) (
To subtract vectors AB −¿ BC = AB +¿ −BC ,
→ →
) ()()(
b1
− 2 = 1 2 .
b2 b 1−b2 )
If x = (21 ) , y = (15 ), x – y = (2−1
1−5 ) =(
1
−4 )
.
x−0 x
→
( ) ()
OP = y −0 = y
OA =
The position vector of any point A( a, b ) is ⃗ (ba).
PQ is done by subtracting the
If the co-ordinates of P and Q are given, computation of vector ⃗
position vector of P from the position vector of Q. In other words, it is done by subtracting co-
ordinates of P from the end coordinates of vector Q.
i.e. y- axis
O x- axis
q Q
67 | P a g e
PQ=⃗
⃗ PO+ ⃗
OQ
= −¿ p + q
= q–p
PQ=⃗
Or ⃗ OQ−⃗
OP
=q–p
AB
If A = (7, 1) and B = ( 0, -6), find ⃗
AB = ⃗
⃗ OB−⃗
OA = (−60 ) −¿ (71) = (−7
−5 )
AB =
Suppose ⃗ (ba), this is shown below
B
A a
AB denoted as |⃗
The length of ⃗ AB| is the length of the line AB. This can be calculated using pythagoras
theorem.
AB| = √ a2 +b 2
|⃗
BA| = √ (−a)2 +¿ ¿ = √ a2 +b 2
|⃗
∴ |⃗
AB| = |⃗
BA|.
Principles to remember
1) If ma +¿ nb = pa +¿ qb then m = p and n = q
PQ = k⃗
2) If P,Q and R are collinear, then ⃗ QR ( and conversely) because ⃗
PQ and ⃗
QR are parallel
PQ = K⃗
but meet at Q. Also⃗ PR .
m n
3) If the vector ma +¿ nb and pa +¿ qb are parallel, then = .
p q
68 | P a g e
Example
= 2 x a −¿ 3 xb + ya + 2yb
= 2 x a + ya -3 x b + 2yb
= (2 x + y) a + (-3 x + 2y) b
y = 1 −¿2 x ...........(3)
-3 x + 2 (1 −¿ 2 x ) = −¿12
-3 x + 2 −¿4 x = −¿ 12
-3 x−¿ 4 x = −¿ 14
- 7 x = −¿ 14
x = 2
Y = 1 −¿ 2 x
Y = 1 – 2 (2)
Y=1–4
Y =- 3
Checking this
[ 2 ( 2 )+(−3)]a + [−3 ( 2 ) +2(−3)]b
= (4 −¿3)a + (−¿12)b
= a – 12b as required.
69 | P a g e
y-axis
C (7,6)
D (2,4)
B (6,3)
A (1,1)
O x- axis
AB=
i.e. ⃗ (52 ) and ⃗
DC=(5 ) , ⃗
2
AD=( 1) and
3
BC= 1 .
⃗
()
3
i.e. a = kb . If k is positive then the vectors are parallel in the same direction. If k is negative, the
vectors are parallel in the opposite direction .i.e. they are unlike parallel vectors.
a a ka
AB =
If ⃗ (b ) AB = k =
and has been enlarged by k, then ⃗ . (b ) ( kb )
If ( kakb) =(2030 ), find the scalar multiple of ⃗
AB.
((kakb)) (2030)
=
k (ab ) = 10 (23)
70 | P a g e
∴ k = 10
A B C
AB // BC , AB // AC and AC // BC.
Example
Show that the point A (1, - 2), B (2, -1) and C (4, 1) are collinear.
NOTE: We just need to check that one pair satisfies the parallel vectors property .i.e. One being a
multiple of the other.
Considering
AB and AC
i.e.
2 1 1
AB= b – a =
⃗
−1 ( ) ( ) ()
−¿
−2
=
1
AC=c−a= 4 − 1 = 3 =3 1
⃗
() ( ) () ()
1 −2 3 1
∴⃗AC = 3⃗AB, so ⃗
ABand ⃗
AC are parallel and because they share a common point A, the three
points are collinear.
The unit vector (10 ) and (01) are called standard unit vectors or base vectors, we denotei=(10) and
j= ( 01).
= √ (1)2+ 0 = 1 also
√(o)2+(1)2 = 1.
71 | P a g e
(0, 1) j
O (1,0)i
(a ) x + y
(b ) x – y
= (2i + j ¿ −¿ (i+5 j ¿
= i−4 j
(ab ) + ( xy ) = (a + x ¿ i + (b + y) j
∴ ui + v j + ri + s j v = (ui+r i) + (v j+ s j ¿
= (u + r)i + (v + s)j
mi + n j – (ai+b j ) = (m - a)i + (n - b)j
a ka
k
b
=() ( )
kb
= kai + kb j
72 | P a g e
¿⃗
If ¿⃗ is the given vector, then the unit vector in the direction ¿⃗ = |⃗|.
¿
a vector
Unit vector of a = , i.e. .
|a| magnitude of vector
a.b = |a|x |ab| cos θ = ab cos θ , where θ is the angle between two vectors.
Example
If |a|=2, |b|= =3 and the angle between a and b = 60° , then a.b = 2 x 3 x 0.5 = 3.
The scalar product is commutative a.b = |a| x |b| x cos θ = b.a = |b|x |a| x cos θ
∴ a . b=b . a
ii=i 2= 1 and j j= j 2= 1
(6i +8 j ¿ ( 6 i+8 j ) = [ 6 i+ 8 j ] 2
2
= ( √ 6 2+8 2 )
2
¿ ( √ 100 )
=100
∴ a . b cos 90 °= a.b ( 0 ) = 0
Hence, i j= j i= 0.
73 | P a g e
Distributive Law
Example 1
= 2i (i -2 j ¿+3 j ( i−2 j )
=2 i2 - 4 ij+ 3 ji +6 j2
= 2-6
= -4
Note:
a1 a2
Given (a1i+b1j) (a2i+b2j) = ( )( )
b1 b2
= a1a2 +b1b2
Example 2.
The position vectors of P and Q are 2i + j and -3i +2 j respectively find < POQ
74 | P a g e
p.q = pq cos θ
p.q
cos θ = where pq = | p| x |q|
pq
( 2i+ j ) (−3 i +2 j)
cos θ=
|2i+ j||−3 i+2 j|
cos θ=¿ ¿
−6+2
cos θ=
√ 5 √ 13
cos θ=−0.4961
θ=180° - 60.2577
θ=119.74 °
Example 3
The position vectors relative to origin o, of the three points P, Q and R are i +3j, 5i+11j and 9i+9j
respectively
→ → →
i. By finding the magnitude of vectors PR , QR and QP , show that the angle PQR =90°
→
ii. Find the unit vector parallel to RP
→ →
iii. OQ = mop + n ¿ , where m and n are constants, find the value of m and n.
Given that ⃗
Solutions
75 | P a g e
1 ⃗
OP =
Given ⃗ , OQ = (3 ) (115 ), and ¿⃗ = (99 )
PR = ¿⃗ - ⃗
⃗ OP
= (99 )- (13)
= (86 )
→
|PR| = √ 8 +6 =√ 100 =10
2 2
→ → →
RQ = OQ - ¿
= (115 )- (99 )
= (−42)
→
|RQ| = √(−4) +2 =√ 20 2 2
→ → →
QP = OP - OQ
= (13 )- (115 )
= (−4
−8 )
→
|QP| = √(−4) +(−8) =√ 80 2 2
→ 2 → 2 → 2
|PR| = |RQ| + |QP|
2 2
102= ( √ 20 ) +( √ 80 )
102= 20 + 80
100 =100.
¿ PQR = 90°
76 | P a g e
→
Unit vector parallel to PR .
→
PR = 8 i+6 j = 8 i+6 j
2 2
PR| √ 8 + 6
|⃗ 10
8i 6 j
= +
10 10
4i 3 j
= +
5 5
→ → →
OQ = M OP + N ¿
(115 ) = m (13 ) + n ( 99 )
(115 )=(3m+9 n
m+9 n )
¿ ¿ 11=3 m+ 9 n ….. ii ¿ ¿
¿ ¿ 11=3 m+ 9 n ….. ii ¿ ¿ ¿
−2 m=−6
−2 m=−6
−2
m=3
5 = 3 + 9n
5-3 = 9n
2 = 9n
2
n=
9
Example 4
Relative to an origin o, the position vectors of points A and B are (247 ) and (1020 )respectivelty.
77 | P a g e
Find
i. OA
The length ⃗
ii. AB
The length ⃗
SOLUTIONS
7
i. OA =
⃗
( )
24
=√ 625
=25
ii. AB = ⃗
Length of ⃗ OB − ⃗
OA
= (1020 )- (247 )
= (−43 )
AB =
⃗ √ 32 +(−4)2 = √ 25 =5
AC = length of⃗
Given that the length of ⃗ OA .
AC = ⃗
⃗ OA = 25
AC
⃗
AC = 5⃗
= 5, or ⃗ AB
AB
⃗
3
AC = ⃗
⃗ OC − ⃗
OA = 5
−4 ( )
OC=5
⃗ (−43 )+¿ ⃗
OA .
78 | P a g e
15 7
OC=
⃗
( )( )
+
−20 24
OC= 22 ANS
⃗
( )
4
2.The position vector A and B relative to the origin O, are qi – 7j and 12i + 17j respectively, Find the
value of q (5)
OP has a magnitude of 10 units and is parallel to the vector 3i- 4j. The vector ⃗
3.The vector ⃗ OQ has a
OP and ⃗
magnitude of 15 units and is parallel to the vector 4i + 3j. Express ⃗ OQ in terms of i and j
OP = 6i- 8j
⃗
OQ = 12i + 9j
⃗
5.The position vector of points A and b, relative to the origin O are 2i + 4j and 6i + 10j respectively. The
BC = 25 units (k = 26)
(i)Find the value of k for which the length of ⃗
4
OA=
6. Given ⃗ (−17
25 )
OB = ( ) , find
∧⃗
5
79 | P a g e
AB
(i)The unit vector parallel to ⃗ ( 2129 i− 2029 j)
OC , such that ⃗
(ii)The vector⃗ AC = 3⃗
AB(46i−¿35j)
80 | P a g e
11.0 ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS
11.1 SEQUENCES
Sequence is a set of numbers listed in a well defined order with a specific rule that can be used to
state the next numbers in that set.
(a) 1, 2,4,8,……….
Answers
16, 32,64
(b)-4,-1,2,5,8,11
Answers
14,17,20
11.2 SERIES
A series is the sum of all the terms of a sequence e.g
1+2+4+8+16+,…….
Answers
a=2, first term
d=5-2
D=3
T10 = a+ (n-1)d
= 2+ (10-1)3
= 29
81 | P a g e
(i) The 51 st term
Answers
Answers
Tn = a + (n - 1) d
= 2+ (n - 1)3
= 2 + 3n - 3
= 3n - 1
Answers
a = 3, d = -4, Tn = -53
Tn = a + (n - 1)d
-53 = 3 + (n - 1) -4
-53 = 3 - 4n + 4
4n = 53 + 7
1 1
×4 n=60×
4 4
n = 15
3. The 10th term of an AP is 37 and the 16th term is 61, for this AP find:
(i) The common difference
Answers
Tn = a + (n - 1)d
T10 = a + 9d
37 = a + 9d……………eqn 1
and
T16 = a + (16 - 1)d
16 = a+15d…………..eqn 2 and solve the equations simultaneously.
a + 9d = 37
82 | P a g e
-(a+15d = 61)
6 −24
− =
4 4
d= 4
Answers
First term
a+ 9d = 37
a+ 9(4) = 37
a+ 36 = 37
a = 37 - 36
a=1
Tn = a + (n - 1)
T30 = 117
State (i) the 5th term (ii) the 10th term (iii) the 6th term
Answers
T6 = 1/2(4 x 6 - 3)
The 5th term T10 = 1/2(4 x 10 - 30) T6 = 1/2(24 - 3)
T5 = 1/2(4n - 3) T10 = 1/2(40 - 3) T6 = 1/2(21)
T5 = 1/2(4 x 5n - 3 T10 = 18.5 T6 = 10.5
T5 = 1/2(17)
T5 = 8.5
83 | P a g e
(b) the common difference
Answers
d = T6 - T5
d = 10.5 - 8.5
d=2
Answers
X+1 , 2x - 1 , x+5
T1 T2 T3
For an AP,
Common difference, d = T2 - T1 = T3 - T1
(2x - 1) - (x + 1) = (x + 5) - (2x - 1)
2x - 1 - x - 1 = x + 5 - 2x
2x - x - 1 - 1 = x - 2x + 5 + 1
X - 2 = -x + 6
X+x=2+6
2x = 8
X=4
6. If the numbers 3,m,n and 8 are three consecutive terms of an AP, find the values of m and n.
Answers
m-3=n-m and n - m = 18 - n
m+m=n+3 n + n = 18 + m
2m = n + 3 2n = 18 + m
m= n +3 …………..eq1 m = 2n - 18…………….eq2
2
Equate m = m
n+ 3 = 2n - 18/1
2
n + 3 = 2(2n - 18)
n + 3 = 4n - 36
n-4n = -36 -3
-3n = -39
= −3n −39
−3 −3
84 | P a g e
n = 13
for m
n+3
m=
2
m= 13+3
2
m= 16
2
m=8
Therefore, m = 8 and n = 13
(ii) The numbers m - 1, 4m + 1 and 5m - 1 are three consecutive terms of an AP,
find the numbers.
(iii)
Answer
b= a+c
2
4m + 1 = m−1+5m−1
2
2(4m + 1)=m + 5m-1-1
8m+2=6m - 2
8m - 6m = -2 - 2
2m = -4
m= -2
Answer
85 | P a g e
First term
a=3
Common difference d = 8-3
d=5
Arithmetic mean = 3 + 8 + 13 + 18 + 23 + 28
6
Arithmetic mean = 93
6
Arithmetic mean = 15.5
Or
8. Find the arithmetic mean and the geometric mean of 4 and 64.
Answer
Given 4 and 64
= 34
9. An arithmetic progression has a 1st term to be 2 and common difference of 2, show that the
sum of the first nth terms of the AP is given by Sn = n2 + n. hence find the sum of the 21st terms of
an AP.
Answer
a = 2, d = 2
Sn = n
( 2 a+( n−1 ) d )
2
86 | P a g e
= n
( 2 x 2+( n−1 )2 )
2
= n
( 4+2 n−2)
2
= n
( 2 +2 n )
2
= n + n2
Sn = n2 + n is required
S21 = 212 + 21
S21 = 441+ 21
= 462
10. The sum Sn of the first n terms of an AP is given by Sn = n2 + n, find (i) the first term (ii)
common difference (iii) the formula for the sum of the first n - 1 terms
Answers
(i) Sn = n2 + 2n
To find the first term we put n = 1 in the given sum
S1 = 12 + 2(1)
a=3
(ii) The common difference
d = S2 - 2S1
=8-6
=2
(iii) Sn = n2 + 2n
Sn-1 = (n - 1)2 + 2(n - 1)
= n2 - n - n + 1 + 2n - 2
= n2 - 2n + 2n + 1 - 2
= n2 – 1
The nth term of a GP with first term a and common ratio r is: Tn = arn - 1
1. For a GP, 2 + 6 + 18 + …………, find (i) the tenth term (ii) the 17th term
Solution
Common ratio r = T2 6
=
T1 2
r=3
n = 10
T n=ar n−1
T 10 =2×310−1
T 10 =39366 So the 10th term is 39 366
Solutions
(i) T3 = ar2
ar2 = 9………….eqn (i)
T10 = ar9
Ar9 = 19 683……..eqn (ii)
88 | P a g e
Therefore the common ratio is 3
(ii) ar2 = 9
A x (3)2 = 9
9a 9
=
9 9 The first term is 1
a=1
(iii) Tn = arn -1
T 8 = 1 x 38 - 1
= 37
T8 = 2187 the 8th term is 2 187
3. Given that x +2, x + 3 and x + 6 are the first three terms of a GP, find
(a) the value of x
(b) the 1st term of the GP.
Solutions
x + 2 ¿ −3 3 −3 2 3 1 3
T1 T2
x +3 x+ 6
=
x +2 x +3
(x + 3)(x + 3) =(x + 2)(x + 6)
X + 3x + 3x + 9 = X2 + 6x + 2x + 12
2
6x + 9 = 8x + 12
8x - 6x = 9 - 12
( )( )
x+3¿ −3 3 ¿= + ÷ + ¿= ÷ ¿= ×2¿r=3¿
+2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2
2 x −3
2
=
2
x=−1 13
=−3 2 ¿
(b) First term (a) = x + 2
+2 1
−3
= +2
2
−3 + 4
=
2
1
a=
2
89 | P a g e
T 5 =ar n−1
1
¿ ×3 4
2
81
¿ or 40 .5
2
Solutions
(i) Tn = 29 - n
T 1 = 29 - 1
T 1 = 28
T1 = 256
a = 256
(ii) To find the common ratio, first calculate the second term (T2)
T2 = 29-2
= 27
= 128
(iii) Sum
a (1−r n )
=
1−r
1 9
256[ 1−( 2 ) ]
¿ 1
1−2
256(0 . 998046875)
¿1
SUM OF A 2 GP
255 .5
¿
0 .5
Sum=511
90 | P a g e
6. Calculate, correct to three significant figures, the sum of the first 8 terms of the
GP 12, 8, 5 13 ..........
Solutions
8
r=
12
First term a = 3 12
r= or0 . 75
4 n
a(1−r )
S 8=
1−r
12 (1−( 34 )8
[ ] = 43.2 correct to 3 significant figures
¿ 3
1−4
1 1 1
12(0 .899837085 ) , , ,.... .......
¿ 8 4 2
7. Work out 1−34 the sum of the first 10 terms of
10. 79864502
¿
Solution 0 .25
¿ 43 . 19458008
Common ratio (r ) =
GEOMETRIC MEAN
8. Find the geometric Mean of 4 and 64.
SOLUTION
=√ 4×64
=√ 4× √64
=2×8
=16
91 | P a g e
2 + 4 + 8 + …………..+512
Solution
First term a = 2, r =2
Last term = 512
L=ar n−1
512 2×2n−1
=
2 2
256=2n−1
Factorising 256 28 = 2n - 1
8=n-1
2 128 n=8+1
n=9
2 64
The GP has 9 terms
2 32
2 16
2 8
2 4
2 2
2 1
92 | P a g e
SUM TO INFINITY
9. The sum of infinity of a certain GP is 28. if the first term is 37, find r
a
S ∞= =28
1−r
a=37
a
=28
1−r
37
=28
1−r
28(1−r )=37
28−28 r=37
−28 r=37−28
28 r 9
= or−032
28 −28
12.0 CALCULUS
93 | P a g e
The discovery of Calculus is often attributed to two men, Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried
Leibniz, who independently developed its foundations. Sir Isaac Newton(1642-1727) is often
referred to as the “Father of Calculus” because of his great contributions to both Physics and
Mathematics.
BRANCHES OF CALCULUS
Calculus has two branches namely
Differentiation
Integration
12.1 DIFFERENTIATION
dy
If y is the function of x the the derivative of y with respect to x is or
dx
f ( x +h )−f ( x)
f ' ( x )=lim where lim ¿ means ‘ take the limiting value when h → 0 ’.This formula
h→ 0 h h→ 0
EXAMPLES:
1. If
f x 2 x 5 f ' ( x)
, from first principle.
SOLUTION
f ( x h) f ( x )
f '( x ) lim
ho h
data:
f ( x) 2 x 5
f ( x h) 2( x h) 5 [Plug in these functions in the formula above]
f ( x h) f ( x )
f '( x ) lim
ho h
94 | P a g e
2( x h) 5 (2 x 5)
f '( x) lim
h o h
2 x 2h 5 2 x 5
lim
h o h
2h
lim
ho h
lim 2
ho
f '( x) 2
dy
2. Find dx from first principle for the function y 2 x .
2
SOLUTION
dy f ( x h) f ( x )
lim
dx h o h
data.
f ( x) 2 x 2
f ( x h) 2( x h) 2
f ( x h) f ( x )
f '( x ) lim
ho h
dy 2( x h) 2 2 x 2
lim
dx ho h
2( x 2 2 xh h 2 ) 2 x 2
lim
h o h
2 x 4 xh 2h 2 2 x 2
2
lim
h o h
4 xh 2h 2
lim
h o h
lim 4 x 2h
h o
dy
4 x (notethat as h o, 2h 0)
dx
95 | P a g e
EXERCISE
( a) f ( x) 5 x 4
(b ) f ( x ) x 2 1
(c) f ( x) 20 x 2 6 x 7
EXPECTED ANSWERS
( a) f '( x) 5
(b) f '( x) 2 x
(c) f '( x) 40 x 6
12.1.1 FINDING THE DERIVATIVE OF A POLYNOMIAL
Even though the syllabus does not mention of differentiating from first principles the
student should have profound knowledge in this concept and the concept of limits as
outlined above. This revision kit will simply focus on differentiating by rule.
Notation:
In general given a y = f(x)
dy
y’ = f’(x) =
dx
1. If y=a xn where a and n are real numbers f’(x) = f ' ( x )=an x n−1
Examples
Find the derivatives of the following functions
(a) y=¿3 x 3−4 x 2+5 x +3
(b) y=¿ = √ x+ 3 x 3
Solutions
dy
(a) = 9 x2 – 8 x + 5
dx
dy
(b) = ½ x ½ - 1 + 9 x2 .
dx
1
= + 9 x2
2√ x
2. Chain – rule Composite functions
Let y = u where u is function of x
96 | P a g e
dy dy du
It can be shown that y’ = = x
dx du dx
Example
Differentiate each of the following with respect to x
3
(a) Y =
√ 2 x +5
(b) Y = (3x4 + 4x2 – 10)7
SOLUTIONS
3
(a) Y =
√ 2 x +5
Y = 3(2x + 5)- ½
Let u = 2x + 5
Thus y = 3u- ½
dy
=3 .( - ½ U- 2/3 )
du
du
=2
dx
BY CHAIN RULE
(a)
dy
=2 .3. ¿- ½ U- 2/3)
dx
−3
¿3
√(2 x +5)2
(b) Y = (3x4 + 4x2 – 10)7
Let u = 3x4 + 4x2 – 10
Thus y = U7
U’ = 12x3 + 8x
Y’ = 7U6
By chain rule we have
dy
=U ' . y '
dx
¿ ¿x3 + 8x) . 7U6
¿7((3x4 + 4x2 – 10)6.(12x3 + 8x)
3. PRODUCT RULE
Given u and v which are both functions of x such that
Y = uv
Y’ = u’v + v’u…………………………………………………….product rule
Example
97 | P a g e
3 x −4
Given that Y = , find the derivative of y with respect to x
1+ x 2
Solution
Y = (3x – 4) (1 + x2)-1
Let u = 3x – 4 and v = (1 + x2)-1
U’ = 3 v’ = - 2x (1 +x2)-2
By product rule we have y’ = u’v + v’u
= 3(1 + x2)-1 + [- 2x (1 +x2)-2]. (3x – 4)
3 2 x (3 x−4)
= 2 -
1+ x (1+ x 2 )❑2
4. QUOTIENT RULE
Given u and v both functions of x such that
u
Y=
v
v u' −v ' u
Y’ =
v2
Example
x−2
Given that y = , where x ≠ - 1.5 , find derivative of y wrt x
2 x +3
Solution
Let u = x – 2 and v = 2x + 3
U’ = 1 v’ = 2
By quotient rule we have
( 2 x +3 ) .1+ 2(x−2)
Y’ = +
(2 x +3)2
2 x +3+2 x−4 4 x−1
= 2 = 2
(2 x+3) (2 x+ 3)
98 | P a g e
- The Normal to a curve at one point is the line which passes through the
point and is perpendicular to the tangent at that point.
- The equation of the normal at P0(x0, y0) is given by
−1
y – y0 = dy ( x – x0)
( )
dx
Example
Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to y = x3 – 2x2 + 4 at (2,4)
Solutions
Y’ = 3x2 – 4x; the slope of the tangent at x =2 is y’ (2) = 4
The equation of the tangent is y – 4 = 4 (x – 2)
Y = 4x – 4
The equation of the normal is y – 4 = - ¼ (x – 2)
x + 4y = 18
Example 2
2 x−3
Given that y = , x ≠ 2, calculate
x −2
dy k
(a) The value of k for which =
dx (x−2)2
(b) The equation of the normal to the curve at the point where x = 1
Solutions
(a) Apply quotient rule to get the derivative of y wrt x
( x−2 ) .2−( 2 x−3 ) .1
Y’ =
(x−2)2
2 x−4−2 x +3
= 2
( x−2)
−1 k
= 2 = 2 , as given
(x−2) (x−2)
Therefore k = - 1
(b) To find the equation of the normal we need to find the gradient of
the curve at x = 1 by substituting this value in the expression for
dy
dx
dy
=−¿1, y0 = 1
dx
Equation of normal is given by
−1
y – y0 = dy ( x – x0)
( ) dx
y – 1 = 1 ( x – 1)
99 | P a g e
y=x–1+1
y=x
Example
Two variables, x and y are related by the equation
k
Y = x2 + , where k is a constant.
x
dy
(i) obtain an expression for
dx
(ii) Find the value of k for which the line y - 4x = 3 is a tangent to the curve
where x=3.
(iii) Find the equation of the normal to the curve at the point where x = 3.
Solutions
dy k
(i) = 2x - 2 …………………………………………….by rule
dx x
(ii) If y – 4x = 3 is tangent to the curve then it gradient is equal to the
gradient of the curve at x =3
y = 4x + 3 implying that the gradient of the line is 4
dy
Thus =4
dx
Substituting this value in (i) we have
k
4 = 2(3) - 2 …………………………..since x = 3
3
Solving for k we have
K = 18………………………………………..verify
(iii) To find the equation of the normal we need to the gradient of the
dy
curve at x = 3, which has already been given since =4
dx
Thus gradient of the normal is m = – ¼ and the point is (3, 15)
y y0 m( x x0 )
y – 3 = – ¼( x – 15)
4y – 12 = - x + 15
x + 4y = 15 + 12
x + 4y = 27 is the equation of the Normal at x = 3
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3.2.3 Calculate maxima and minima
Example
8 x2
(a) Given that y = 2 + , find the stationary value of y and determine whether it
x 6
is maximum or minimum.
(b) A cuboid has a total surface area of 150cm2 and is such that its base s a square
of side x cm.
75−x 2
(i) Show that the height h, of the cuboid is h = .
2x
(ii) Express the volume, v, of cuboid in terms of x.
(iii) Given that that x can varies, find the value of x for which v has a
stationary value. Find this value of v and determine whether it is a
maximum or minimum.
Solutions
x3
(a) Y = 8x-2 + ,
6
3 x2
Y’ = -16x-3 + ,
6
−16 x2
= 3 + ,
x 2
dy
The stationary value is found at =0
dx
−16 x2
+ =0
x3 2
-32 + x5 = 0
X5 = 32
X =2
Therefore the stationary value is found by substituting the value of x when
dy
=0, into the original function , x= 2
dx
x3
Y = 8x-2 + ,
6
23
= 8 (2-2) + ,
6
= 2 + 8/6
1
= 3 is the stationary value
3
To determine whether it is maximum or minimum we use the second
derivative test
d2y
2
If dx < 0 maximum value
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d2y
2
If dx > 0 minimum value
3 x2
Since y’ = -16x-3 + ,
6
y’’ = -48x-4 + x
At x = 2
y’’(2) = -48(2)-4 + 4
= -3 + 4 = 1 > 0
Therefore the stationary value is minimum.
(b) Try to work out this one.
SOLUTION
Apply the chain rule stated above
EXAMPLE
Differentiate wrt x each of the following
(a) y = Sin3x2
(b) y = Cos√ 2 x +5
(c) y = tan e5x
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INTEGRATION
Since integration is the reverse process of differentiation, the standard integrals listed in table
1 may be deduced and readily checked by differentiation.
1
(ii) ∫ cosax dx= sin ax +c
a
−1
(iii) ∫ sinax dx= cos ax+ c
a
2 1
(iv) ∫ se c ax dx=¿ tan ax+ c ¿
a
2 −1
(v) ∫ cosec ax dx = cot ax+ c
a
ax 1 ax
(vi)∫ e dx= e + c
a
1
(vii) ∫ dx=¿ x +c
x
QUESTIONS
2 3
1. Determine (a) ∫ 5 x dx (b) ∫ 2 t dx
SOLUTIONS
2+1
5x 2 t 3 +1
(a) ∫ 5 x 2 dx= +c (b) ∫ 2 t 3 dx = +c
2+1 3+1
5 x3 2t 4
= +c ans. ¿ +c ans .
3 4
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3
2. Determine ( a )∫ dx ( b )∫ 3 √ x dx
x2
SOLUTIONS
1
1 +1
3 3x −2 +1 3x2 2
−2
(a) ∫ 2 dx=∫ 3 x dx= +c (b) ∫ 3 √ x dx=∫ 3 x dx= +c
x −2+1 1
+1
2
3
−13x2
¿−3 x + c= +c
3
2
3
−3 +c
¿ + c ans .=2 x 2
x
¿ 2 √ x 3 +c
SOLUTIONS
(a) ∫ 4 cos 3 x dx=( 4 ) ( 13 ) sin 3 x +c (b) ∫ 5 sin 2 θdθ = 5 ( −12 ) cos 2 θ+c
4 −5
¿ sin 3 x+ c= cos 2 θ+c
3 2
2
4. Determine (a) ∫ 7 se c 4 t dt (b) ∫ 3 cose c 2 2 x dx
SOLUTIONS
2
(a) ∫ 7 se c 4 t dt =( 7 ) ( 14 ) tan 4 t + c 2
(b) ∫ 3 cose c 2 x dx=( 3 ) ( −12 ) cot 2 x +c
7 −3
¿ tan 4 t+ c= cot 2 x+ c
4 2
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3x 2
5. Determine (a) ∫ 5 e dx (b) ∫ dt
3 e4t
SOLUTIONS
2 2 2 −1 −4 t
3x
(a) ∫ 5 e dx =5 ( 13 ) e 3x
+c (b) ∫
3e 4t
dt=∫ e−4 t dt =
3 ( )( )
3 4
e +c
5 −1 − 4 t
¿ e 3 x +c= e +c
3 6
1
¿− +c
6 e4 t
3
6. Determine ∫ 5 x dx
SOLUTION
∫ 53x dx=∫( 35 )( 1x ) dx
3
= Inx +c ans.
5
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
dy
7. Find y given that =2 x −3∧that y=−4 w h en x =1.
dx
SOLUTION
dy
If =2 x−3 , then y=∫ ( 2 x−3 ) dx=x 2−3 x+ c
dx
w h en x =1, y=1−3+c=−4 so c=−2
Hence y=x 2−3 x−2
8. The gradient of the tangent at a point on a curve is given by x 2+ x−2. Find the equation of the
curve if it passes through (2, 1).
105 | P a g e
SOLUTION
dy 2
Gradient ¿ =x + x−2
dx
x 3 x2
Then y=∫ (¿ x 2+ x−2)dx= + −2 x+ c ¿
3 2
8 4
w h en x =2, y= + −4 +c=1
3 2
1
Hence c= .
3
x3 x2 1 3 2
The equation of the curve is y= + −2 x+ ∨6 y=2 x +3 x −12+2.
3 2 3
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12. STATISTICS
12.1 Definition of Statistics
o This is the branch of Mathematics which deals with the collection, tabulation, analysis
and presentation of data.
12.2 Measures of Central Tendency
A measure of central tendency is a representative measure for a set of data. The general term for
this measure is the average. There are three types of averages, namely; mean, mode and
median.
UNGROUPED DATA
Mean: To find the mean of a set of ungrouped data, we add up all the data and divide by the total
number of units.
Median: This is the middle measure in an ordered set of data. It is found by arranging the data in
either descending or ascending order.
Examples
1. Find the mean, mode and median of the following scores; 8, 8, 9, 10, 7, 6, 1
Solution
8+8+ 9+10+7+6+ 1 49
Mean = = =7
7 7
Median
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Arranging the data in ascending order, we have 1, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10
8 is in the middle of the ordered data
Therefore, Median = 8
Due to large amount of data, use the frequency table to find the mode.
Thus:
Mark 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frequency 1 4 6 5 3 5 9 2
(b) 2, 5, 1, 3, 6, 6, 5, 4
The data arranged in ascending order, is
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6
middle
The median is the mean of 4 and 5.
4+ 5
Hence, Median = = 4.5
2
108 | P a g e
GROUP DATA
This is the data which is grouped in class intervals because it is widely spread.
Examples
1. Use grouped data, in class intervals of 3 to find; (a) the mean (b) the modal class (c) the
median class from the following marks obtained by 30 pupils in a mathematics test.
34, 23, 34, 28, 25, 28
11, 40, 22, 40, 46, 25
25, 23, 15, 28, 21, 40
28, 32, 15, 46, 40, 15
28, 32, 12, 32, 28, 12
(a) Mean =
∑ fx = 852 = 28.4
∑ f 30
(b) Modal Class = 26 – 28
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(c) Median Class =
∑f =
30
= 15. So add the frequency from the top and bottom to give
2 2
you a 15. Therefore where both give you 15 from either side is where the median class
lies. In this case, Median class = 26 – 28
2. The heights, in centimetres, of iron bars in a factory are given in the frequency table
below:
Height 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59
Frequency 1 5 4 4 6 9 10 6
Find
(a) The Mean height of iron bars
(b) The Modal class
(c) The Median class
Solution
(a) Mean =
∑ fx = 1970 = 43.8
∑ f 45
(b) Modal class = 50 – 54
The Range
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o The range is the difference between the highest and the lowest measure.
Example
1. Find the range for the heights of the Grade 12 pupils given below;
153.2cm, 155.6cm, 162.5cm, 170cm, 147.9cm, 156cm, 160cm.
Solution; Range = highest measure – lowest measure
= (170 – 147.9) cm = 22.1cm
1. Find the lower quartile, the median, the upper quartile and the semi-interquartile range in
each of the following sets of data.
153.2cm, 155.6cm, 162.5cm, 170cm, 147.9cm, 156cm, 160cm
Solution
Arrange the data in ascending order;
147.9, 153.2, 155.6, 156, 160, 162.5, 170
¿ ¿) (Q₂) ¿ ¿)
(Q ¿ ¿ 3−Q 1) 9.3
Semi-interquartile range = ¿= = 4.65
2 2
EXERCISE
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1. Find the range for each of the following sets of data;
0.66, 0.98, 0.54, 0.32, 0.12
2. Find the lower quartile, the median, the upper quartile and the semi-interquartile range in
each of the following sets of data.
5.2, 6.8, 15.3, 24.5, 10.8, 3.1, 5.3, 2.2, 18.9
Marks 0 -4 5–9 10 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 34 35 – 39 40 – 44 45 – 49
Frequency 0 4 6 10 14 24 28 19 9 6
i. Construct the relative cumulative frequency curve for the above mentioned data.
ii. From the curve, estimate the 74th percentile.
0–4 0 0 0
=0
120
5–9 4 4 4
=0.03
120
10 – 14 6 10 10
=0.08
120
15 – 19 10 20 20
=0.17
120
20 – 24 14 34 34
=0.28
120
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25 – 29 24 58
58
=0.48
120
30 – 34 28 86
86
=0.72
120
35 – 39 19 105
105
=0.88
120
40 – 44 9 114
114
=0.95
120
45 – 49 6 120
120
=1.00
120
1.0
0
0.9
0.8
74th Percent
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
cy
en
qu 0.2
Fre
113 | P a0.1
ge
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Marks
b) 74 Percentile
th
=74 (1.00)
100
= 0.74
= 34.5 Marks
Example
Answer the whole of this question on a sheet of graph paper.
The waiting time for 55 passengers at the power tools bus station in Kitwe for them to board a
Lusaka bound bus on a particular day were as follows:-
Waiting time
1≤ x ≤ 3 4 ≤ x ≤6 7≤ x ≤ 9 10≤ x ≤ 12 13 ≤ x ≤15
(in minutes)
Number of
6 11 20 13 5
Passengers
Waiting time
≤3 ≤6 ≤9 ≤ 12 ≤ 15
(in minutes)
Number of
6 17 55
Passengers
114 | P a g e
c) Using a horizontal scale of 2cm to represent 2 minutes for times from 0 to 15 minutes and a
vertical scale of 2cm to represent 10 passengers.
Draw a smooth cumulative frequency curve.
e) Find the number of passengers who waited for more than 6 minutes.
(i) If a passenger was chosen at random, find the probability that he waited for less than
9 minutes.
(ii) If two passengers were chosen at random. Find the probability that they both waited
for more than 12 minutes.
Solution
(a) Mean = x =
∑ fx = ( 2× 6 ) + ( 5 ×11 ) + ( 8 × 20 ) + ( 11×12 ) +(14 ×5) = 12+55+ 160+132+ 70
∑f 55 55
429
= = 7.8
55
(b)
(d)
1
(i) Median(Q 2) = (of distribution)
2
1
Q2 = × 55 = 27.5
2
Q 2 = 7.8 Minutes
1
(ii) Lower Quartile(Q 1) = (of distribution)
4
1
Q1 = × 55 =13.75
4
Q 1 = 5.2 Minutes
3
(iii) Upper Quartile(Q 3) = (of distribution)
4
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3
Q3 = × 55 = 41.55
4
Q 3 = 9.7 Minutes
(e) 55 – 17 = 38pupils
38
P (≥ 6 Minutes) =
55
(f)
37
(i) P (¿ 9 Minutes) =
55
(g)
60
50
Upper Quartile
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ers 40 (Q3)
ng 60th Percentile
sse
Median (Q )
of
er
mb 20
Nu Lower Quartile
(Q1)
10
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
16
Waiting time in
minutes
o The variance and standard deviation are the most commonly used measures of dispersion.
Ungrouped Data
The formulas used to calculate the variance and standard deviation are as follows;
The Variance
Variance = ∑ ¿¿ ¿
Example:
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Mean = x =
∑ x = 2+ 3+4 +5+6 = 20 = 4
N 5 5
Standard Deviation
1. The following set of scores were recorded; 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100. Find
Solution
4200
Variance = ∑ ¿¿ ¿ = = 525
8
EXERCISE
1. Calculate the standard deviation for the following data; 10, 5, 25, 32, 8
Grouped Data
o The formula used to calculate the mean, variance and standard deviation of grouped data
is ;
Mean = x =
∑ xf
∑f
Variance = ∑ f ¿ ¿ ¿
Example
Marks Frequency
10 – 20 3
21 – 30 7
31 – 40 15
41 – 50 9
51 – 60 5
61 – 70 4
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71 – 80 3
81 – 90 2
Solution
Mid-point
(x) f xf ( x−x ) ¿ f¿
15 3 45 −¿29.27 856.73 2570.19
26 7 182 −¿18.27 333.79 2336.53
36 15 540 −¿8.27 68.39 1025.85
46 9 414 1.73 2.99 26.91
56 5 280 11.73 139.59 687.95
66 4 264 21.73 472.19 1888.76
76 3 228 31.73 1006.79 3020.37
86 2 172 41.73 1741.39 3482.78
∑ f =4 ∑ xf =212 ∑ f ¿ ¿=15039.34
8 5
(a) Mean = x =
∑ xf =
2125
= 44.27
∑f 48
15039.34
(b) Variance = ∑ f ¿ ¿ ¿ = = 313.32
48
1. The following data shows the number of packets of washing powder purchased by 100
housewives during one month.
Number of Packets Number of housewives
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Purchased
1–3 35
4–6 24
7–9 10
10 – 12 13
13 – 15 8
16 – 18 6
19 – 21 3
22 – 24 1
Find;
(a) The Mean
(b) The Variance
(c) The Standard deviation
2. (a) The number of people living in six houses is 3, 8, 4, x, y and z, if
The median is 7.5.
The mode is 8.
The mean is 7.
Find the value of x, y and z.
(b) Calculate the standard deviation
(c) The grouped frequency table below shows the amount (KA) spent on travel by a
number of students.
(i) Write down an estimate for the total amount in terms of m and n.
(ii) The calculated estimate of the mean amount is K13 exactly. Write down an equation
containing m and n, and show that it simplifies to 2m + 17n = 120.
(iii) A student drew a histogram to represent this data. The area of the rectangle
representing the 0< A ≤ 10 group was equal to the sum of the areas of the other two
rectangles. Write an equations in m and nfor this relationship
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2m + 17n = 120,
m + n = 15.
4. A group of children were asked how much money they had saved. The histogram and table
show the results.
122 | P a g e
Use the histogram to calculate the values of p, q and r.
123 | P a g e
x+ 8
∴ 7.5=
2
x=15−8
x=7
z=42−30
∑ x 2 −x́ 2
(b) SD =
√ n
∑ x 2=346
346
SD=
√ 6
−49
SD=2.94
(i) 15 ( 5 ) +15 m+ 30 n
KA =75+15 m+30 n
75+15 m+30 n
(ii) =13
15+ m+ n
2 m+ 17 n=120 QED
(iii) m+n=15
3. (a)
124 | P a g e
(i) Modal Class is 60< x ≤80
12880
x́= =K 64.80
200
(b) (i)
THE END
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