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QUESTION 1
The epidermis is the superficial layer that helps to protect the skin from
harmful influences from the environment and control the fluid loss within five
deeper dermis.
stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (when present), and ending with the
outermost layer, the stratum corneum. The topmost layer, the stratum corneum,
cells formed from the basal layer. The stratum basal also contains melanocytes,
cells that produce melanin, the pigment primarily responsible for giving skin its
strength and elasticity due to the presence of collagen and elastin fibbers. It
has only two layers: the papillary layer with papillae that extend into the
epidermis and the lower, reticular layer composed of loose connective tissue.
The hypodermis, deep to the dermis of skin, is the connective tissue that
Many hormone levels are affected in the body with several hormones playing
major roles during the pregnancy period. Explain the hormonal changes during
corpus luteum and later by the placenta are responsible for most of the changes
fetal viability, and stimulates tissue growth in the mother and developing fetus.
uterine contractility.
these hormones also inhibit the release of FSH, no follicles can mature during
the placenta. The placenta develops from embryonic tissues and part of the
maternal blood.
QUESTION 3
Food consists of materials that supply energy as well as vitamins, salts, trace
elements, crude fibre, water and various other minerals. Explain the variety of
There are many organs that work together to digest food and absorb
nutrients. The mouth is the point of ingestion and the location where both
called amylase that breaks down carbohydrates. The food bolus travels through
stomach. Further digestion and absorption take place in the small intestine. The
pancreas is one of the largest glands in the human body. As well as digestive
juices, it secretes a hormone called insulin. Insulin helps to regulate the amount
production.
Furthermore, the liver has a number of different roles in the body which
are breaking down fats, using bile stored in the gall bladder, processing proteins
and carbohydrates, filtering and processing impurities, drugs and toxins and
generation of glucose for short-term energy needs from other compounds like
lactate and amino acids.The large intestine reabsorbs water from the
Some essential nutrients are required for cellular function but cannot be
produced by the animal body. These include vitamins, minerals, some fatty acids,
and some amino acids. Food intake in more than necessary amounts is stored as
glycogen in the liver and muscle cells, and in adipose tissue. Excess adipose
Question 4
injured bone to pre-fracture condition. With the aid of a diagram, explain the
it in its anatomical position. If the bone is not reset correctly, the healing
When a broken bone is manipulated and set into its natural position
reduction requires surgery to expose the fracture and reset the bone. While
some fractures can be minor, others are quite severe and result in grave
complications. For example, a fractured diaphysis of the femur has the potential
to release fat globules into the bloodstream. These can become lodged in the
capillary beds of the lungs, leading to respiratory distress and if not treated
quickly, death.
When a bone breaks, blood flows from any vessel torn by the fracture.
These vessels could be in the periosteum, osteons, and/or medullary cavity. The
blood begins to clot, and about six to eight hours after the fracture, the
blood flow to the bone results in the death of bone cells around the fracture.
Figure 2. Stages in Fracture Repair.
fibrocartilaginous matrix between the two ends of the broken bone, while the
cartilage and bone, respectively, around the outside of the break (Figure 2b).
osteogenic cells become active, divide, and differentiate into osteoblasts. The
(Figure 2c).
Eventually, the internal and external calli unite, compact bone replaces
spongy bone at the outer margins of the fracture, and healing is complete. A
slight swelling may remain on the outer surface of the bone, but quite often,
that region undergoes remodelling (Figure 2d), and no external evidence of the
fracture remains.