“A STUDY TO ANALYSE THE INFLUENCE OF

TOURISM ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN

UDAIPUR CITY”

REPORT

FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT IN BACHELOR

OF
ARTS IN TOURISM STUDIES (BTS)

By

TOKIR ANWAR
ENROLLMENT NO: 177626506

PROGRAM CODE: PTS-5

COURSE CODE-BTS

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. T.D. Tiwari
Executive Director-Kadakia Educational Campus
Ankleshwar
SUBMITTED TO

Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)

Maidan Gadhi, Neb Sarai New Delhi-110068
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report Titled “A STUDY TO ANALYSE THE
INFLUENCE OF TOURISM ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN UDAIPUR

CITY” is the Bona fide work of Mr. TOKIR ANWAR Student of BTS has done under my
supervision for the partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Tourism from IGNOU. The
detailed project report has been prepared on the basis of primary and secondary data
collected by the candidate

I also certify that the work done by Mr. TOKIR ANWAR is not used for any other purpose
of award of any degree from any other Institution /University.

I found the work satisfactory & recommend for award the degree of BTS.

Date: 22.03.2020 Prof. (Dr.) T.D.Tiwari

Place: Ankleshwar Executive Director-KEC &
Project Supervisor

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to several individuals and organizations for supporting
me throughout my BTS study. First and foremost, I wish to express my sincere thanks to my
supervisor, Dr. T.D. Tiwari for his patience, enthusiasm, insightful comments, invaluable
suggestions, helpful information, practical advice and unceasing ideas which have helped me
tremendously at all times in my research and writing of this thesis. His immense knowledge,
profound experience and professional expertise has enabled me to complete this research
successfully. I am thankful to him for his precious time in guiding me, answering my queries,
correcting and improving the English in my Project. Without his guidance and relentless help, this
thesis would not have been possible. I could not have imagined having a better supervisor in my
study.

                       My sincere thanks goes to Asst.Prof. Ms. Bhagyashree Dabi for her advice and
assistance in keeping my progress on schedule and who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic (Write the topic name) which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to her.
I am also grateful to the Director of IIHM Ahmedabad Mr Sameer Mehta along with all lecturers
and staff of IIHM for their kindness, hospitality and technical support. In addition, I would like to
acknowledge the International Institute Oh Hotel Management, Ahmedabad for organizing various
workshops, which have helped me in improving my research and programming skills. I would like
to express my special gratitude and thanks to industry persons and my respondents for giving me
such attention and time.

           I also wish to express my deepest thanks to my parents and my friends. Their unwavering
support and encouragement is my source of strength.

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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY...............................................................................................................4
Importance of Tourism.................................................................................................................................6
TOURISM IN INDIA:................................................................................................................................6
Udaipur city..................................................................................................................................................8
Introduction of Udaipur................................................................................................................................9
History of Udaipur......................................................................................................................................10
Geography of Udaipur................................................................................................................................10
Tourist attractions of Udaipur.....................................................................................................................11
Economy of Udaipur..................................................................................................................................12
Literature review........................................................................................................................................13
City Profile.....................................................................................................................................................31
Main Challenges.........................................................................................................................................35
Smart City Plan for Udaipur.......................................................................................................................38
Timelines for Udaipur Smart City Plan......................................................................................................40
Effect on Udaipur city’s environment through tourism:.................................................................................43
Fateh Sagar Lake environmental impact through tourism...............................................................................46
Study Area –...............................................................................................................................................47
History of the lake -....................................................................................................................................47
Ecological Degradation of Fateh Sagar Lake:.............................................................................................48
Waste Disposal...........................................................................................................................................49
Results and Discussions..............................................................................................................................49
Conclusion......................................................................................................................................................50
References......................................................................................................................................................51

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Abstract

The aim of this study is to develop an appreciation of the historic core along the eastern edge of
Lake Pichola in Udaipur, which is a result of its unique climatic, social and topographical context,
to chart the changes to this context, to draw attention to past patterns and to learn from them in the
hope of influencing future developments. The objective is also to understand the forces that have
influenced and underpin this development, examine its existing state and highlight key concerns.
The study is limited to the historic core along the waterfront and its related structures along the
eastern bank of Lake Pichola in Udaipur. The study demonstrated that the historic core along the
lake front is a result of evolution that has been guided by dominant determinants such as its socio-
economic hierarchy/structure, political and religious factors, climate, availability of materials and
technology. The overall form, settlement pattern and the massing of buildings in Udaipur are
dominated by its physical attributes and in consonance with the topography and landscape, and
ordered by the generative force of its land form and the lake. It is, however, subject to severe
developmental and environmental pressures as a result of intense tourism related and commercial
activities, unwarranted and haphazard building activities, continuous neglect of residential
properties, some of the historic fabric and surviving artefacts, and poor infrastructure. If this trend
were to continue, the problems will intensify causing serious threat to this valuable environment, its
urban spaces and exquisite edifices. Preservation of this waterfront, which plays a decisive role in
solving critical urban, social and economic problems in this city, is vital. The main issues identified
for consideration in this context were the preservation of existing traditions, conservation, sensitive
and participatory planning and design, appropriate organization of street activities, continued
adaptive reuse of buildings, provision of infrastructure and administrative structures to deliver the
project, and creation of awareness and understanding amongst the local community

CHAPTER – 1

5
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
Tourism has grown from the pursuits of a privileged few to a mass movement of people, with the
“urge to discover the unknown, to explore new and strange places, to seek changes in environment
and to undergo new experiences’. Tourism is considered an activity essential to the life of nations
because of its direct effects on the social, cultural, educational and economic sectors of national
societies and their international relations. Tourism is a painless procedure for the transfer of real
resources from industrially capital surplus developed countries to the low-income developing
countries. It is a very important source for maximizing scarce foreign exchange earnings for not
only developing countries of the third world but of many developing countries of the world. Its
immense employment potential, high economic multiplier and fabulous foreign exchange earning
capacity together with noteworthy contribution in modernization of infrastructure, infusing social
awareness, activation of latent entrepreneurship and protection and conservation of natural and
cultural heritage obviously brings it on the developmental priorities of the poorer economies.

Tourism is not only an economic activity of importance in as much as it earns foreign exchange for
a country. It is an important medium of social and cultural development and also of promoting
lasting goodwill and the regional development of the country and acts as a means of social
education and better understanding among the people in different regions of the country. In the long
run, the most important contribution to tourism is developing understanding among varied cultures
and life styles. Tourism has become the world’s largest industry, generating wealth and
employment, opening the minds of both visitors and visited to different ways of life. Worldwide the
industry currently employs around 200 million people. Tourism as an instrument of economic
development will steadily take an even greater importance in the future. There are grounds for
optimism about what tourism can mean for poor nations in the 21st century.

Tourism is a highly compound industries system, which cannot develop without society, economy
and culture. To accomplish sustainable development of geological tourism resource, we must find
out the factor, which influence geological tourism resource. Relying on and developing advantage,
we should plan tourism area scientifically and develop geological tourism resource in reason.
However, there is a big different dynamical factor of tourism place between different area, period
and type. To promote tourism sustainable development, we must make sure that the sustainable
development of dynamical factor.

Tourism resource and its environment quality are the indispensable foundation to tourism. To
develop local economy, we must exploit scientifically and take good use of tourism resource. Once

6
only tourism resource exploit successfully, it would be a model of developing regional tourism and
putting it forward at some extent. However, there is urgent problem need to solve, that is, the
unreasonable exploitation and utilization have caused unbalance supply and demand and serious
damage to geological tourism resource. In the operation of geological tourism resource, because of
lacking scientifically guidance, some people took it simply as economy industries, which showed
that bad resource management, short insight, economy effect only, indulge unreasonable demand of
investor. Such behavior has caused natural environment seriously. Some ancient species fossils and
important geological physiognomy scenes have suffered large damage. With the arbitrary
installment of photo electricity equipment, cave proto environment also was damaged. In the
progress of establishing kop scene, large-scale building ropeway has made slope and vegetation
damage which may cause serious geological calamity such as coast, collapse and water and soil
prediction. Some place built kinds of amusement equipment’s including canteen, hotel, rest house,
nursing home and other amusement park. This disorderly establishment has caused unreasonable
exploitation and influenced healthy development of geological tourism. In one hand, the
exploitation and protection are the precondition of tourism and its sustainable development. The
relationship between exploitation and protection was run through the whole process of tourism. In
some extent, exploitation is not only protection, but also a kind of damage. They can promote
sustainable development of tourism under such contradiction.

A routine world where everything is predictable makes life monotonous and boring. Human beings
have always looked for ways and means to break monotony in their life. This probably has taken
man to distant places and, thus, has evolved the concept of tourism. In general terms, tourism is
defined as travel for recreational or leisure purposes. The World Tourism Organization(WTO)
defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not
more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise
of an activity remunerated from within the place visited”. Tourism has become a popular global
leisure activity. Tourism can be considered as one of the most remarkable socio-economic
phenomena of the twentieth century. From an activity “enjoyed by only a small group of relatively
well-off people” during the first half of the last century, it gradually became a mass phenomenon
during the post-World War II period, particularly from the 1970s onwards. It now reaches larger
and larger numbers of people throughout the world, and is a source of employment for a significant
segment of the labor force.

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Importance of Tourism
Over time, an increasing number of destinations have opened up and invested in tourism
development, turning modern tourism into a key driver for socioeconomic progress, through the
creation of jobs and enterprises, infrastructure development, and the export income earned. Tourism
has become one of the major international trade categories. The overall export income generated by
international tourism including passengers transport reached US$ 1.1 trillion in 2008, or US$ 3
billion a day. Tourism exports account for as much as 30% of the world’s exports of commercial
services and 6% of overall exports of goods and services. Globally, as an export category, tourism
ranks fourth after fuels, chemicals and automotive products. For many developing countries it is one
of the main income sources and the number one export category, creating much needed employment
and opportunities for development. The worldwide contribution of tourism to gross domestic
product (GDP) is estimated at some 5%. Tourism’s contribution to employment tends to be slightly
higher and is estimated in the order of 6-7% of the overall number of jobs (direct and indirect). For
advanced, diversified economies, the contribution of tourism to the GDP ranges from approximately
2% for countries where tourism is a comparatively small sector, to over 10% for countries where
tourism is an important pillar of the economy. For small islands and developing countries, or
specific regional and local destinations where tourism is a key economic sector, the importance of
tourism tends to be even higher.

TOURISM IN INDIA:
History and Development

Tourism development in India has passed through many phases. At Government level the
development of tourist facilities was taken up in a planned manner in 1956 coinciding with the
Second Five Year Plan. The approach has evolved from isolated planning of single unit facilities in
the Second and Third Five Year Plans. The Sixth Plan marked the beginning of a new era when
tourism began to be considered a major instrument for social integration and economic
development.

But it was only after the 80’s that tourism activity gained momentum. The Government took several
significant steps. A National Policy on tourism was announced in 1982. Later in1988, the National
Committee on Tourism formulated a comprehensive plan for achieving a sustainable growth in
tourism. In July 1991, tourism was also declared as a priority sector for foreign investment. In 1992,
a National Action Plan was prepared and in 1996 the National Strategy for Promotion of Tourism

8
was drafted. The other major development that took place were the setting up of the India Tourism
Development Corporation in 1966 to promote India as a tourist destination and the Tourism Finance
Corporation in 1989 to finance tourism projects. Altogether, 21 Government-run Hotel
Management and Catering Technology Institutes and 14 Food Craft Institutes were also established
for imparting specialized training in hoteliering and catering

Current Scenario in Indian Tourism

Tourism is the largest service industry in India, with a contribution of 6.23% to the national GDP
and 8.78% of the total employment in India. India witness’s more than 5 million annual foreign
tourist arrivals and 562 million domestic tourism visits. The tourism industry in India generated
about US$100 billion in 2008 and that is expected to increase to US$275.5 billion by 2018 at a
9.4% annual growth rate. The Ministry of Tourism is the nodal agency for the development and
promotion of tourism in India and maintains the “Incredible India campaign. According to World
Travel and Tourism Council, India will be a tourism hotspot from 2009-2018, having the highest
10-year growth potential. The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2007 ranked tourism in
India 6th in terms of price competitiveness and 39th in terms of safety and security. Despite short-
and medium-term setbacks, such as shortage of hotel rooms, tourism revenues are expected to surge
by 42% from 2007 to 2017.India has a growing medical tourism sector. The 2010 Commonwealth
Games in Delhi are expected to significantly boost tourism in India.

Incredible India

India has a huge potential for tourism and has been marketing its tourism potential aggressively
during the last one decade. Prior to this, we were following a policy of tourism (1982) in an
environment of closed economy with strict licensing procedures. The then policy did not emphasize
any role for the private sector and foreign investment was also not envisaged. As a result, there was
not much development of the sector. The National Action Plan for tourism announced in May 1992
had thus set the target to increase India's share in the world tourism market to 1% by 2000 AD but
unfortunately this is yet to be achieved. To be a part of the tourism revolution taking place across
the world, India came out with its National Tourism Policy in 2002. The policy recognized the need
to change its strategies and tools of its machinery implementation to partake in the global tourism
revolution as with the existing policies India’s share of world tourist traffic had remained static
throughout the decade at 0.38%. The policy of the Centre and the sustained efforts of the various
tourism rich states borne some result as by 2008 India’s share in the world tourist arrivals increased

9
to 0.58% and its ranking increased to 41. As far as the world tourism receipts are concerned, India’s
ranking rose to 23 and its share to1.28 %( India Tourism Statistics, 2008).

Udaipur city
Udaipur is a city of royalty and has been the capital of Mewar rulers for decades. It was founded by
Maharana Udai Singh II in the year 1553. Maharana Udai Singh met a hermit while he was hunting
in the Aravalli Hills. The sage blessed the king and advised him to establish a kingdom in this
fertile land and told him that it would be protected by the great Aravalli Hills. As a result of this,
Udai Singh II established a residence on the ridge east of Pichola Lake. At the time, Chittorgarh
was the capital of Mewar. In the year 1568 Akbar the Mughal emperor captured Chittorgarh. In the
years that followed, the Mughal Empire weakened the Sisodia rulers were able to recapture most of
Mewar. Udaipur then became the capital of Mewar, which was made a princely state of British
India in the year 1818. After India's independence, Mewar was included into the state of Rajasthan.
Now, Udaipur enjoys a great position on the maps of Rajasthan and is in fact one of the main
reasons people visit the state.

Udaipur known as the city of lakes is in a bowl-shaped basin located on the eastern flank of the
hilly Aravalli ranges in Southern Rajasthan (Western India) at 1893 feet above the mean sea level.
Udaipur’s distinctive features of the lakes, its geographically secluded position due to the natural
enclosure formed by the surrounding hills and the altitude, and its rugged terrain created favorable
site conditions for the medieval settlement in terms of natural defence, micro-climate and
opportunities to develop itself. Hence Maharana Udaisingh moved from the old capital of
Chittorgarh and founded Udaipur in 1559 A.D. The lakes in Udaipur form important infrastructure,
provide visual structure, orientation cues, and lend visual/ psychological relief in its hot dry
environment (Naik, [2]).

Cues from the topography led to the positioning of the main city-palace of Udaipur, the seat of
political power, at the highest level on a rock mass that overlooked Lake Pichola on its eastern edge
in the South-West direction of the city. Religion was the other powerful force that was physically
manifested in Jagdish Temple built further down from the palace on a large mound (Naik, [2]).
With the appearance of the lake and the palace which was the major controlling element of the city,
by the end of the 16th century, a cluster of population grew around the palace in accordance with
the need of the ruling family and people in general, and the religious and aesthetic needs of the
time. Over time, the residential fabric expanded to either sides of the lake with several new
additions and insertions, a process that still continues. This growth gradually led to the development

10
of a township which was structured in such a way that all major streets led to the palace complex
and that it could be located from any point in the city due to its prominent higher location. The
heritage fabric of the city presents an excellent example of harmony between its natural elements
(water and water reservoirs, mountains, dense forests, fauna in the wild and perennial rivers in
Aravalli hill ranges, abundant natural landscapes-green open spaces, gardens and wildlife) and man-
made ving Cultural heritage, the performing and visual arts including painting and sculpture, folk,
tribal art and handicrafts are significant. This unique environment along with the Rajasthan
pageantry of color, festivities and traditional way of life accumulate to become the incredibly rich
heritage that is “Udaipur”.

Introduction of Udaipur

Udaipur is known as the city of lakes. The city hailed as the 'Venice of the East' set amidst the
Aravalli hills of South Rajasthan, is one of the most romantic destinations in India. Udaipur has a
profusion of marble palaces, lakes, temples, cenotaphs and rugged hills. It is also proud of its
heritage as a centre for the performing arts, painting and crafts. Famous historical personalities like
Maharana Pratap, Rani Padmini and Meera Bai, the poetess and devotee of Lord Krishna hail from
here. The enchanting marble palaces and scenic beauty makes it a fantastic place for leisure. 

History of Udaipur 

The foundation of the city has an interesting legend associated with it. According to it, Maharana
Udai Singh, the founder, was hunting one day when he met a holy man meditating on a hill
overlooking the Lake Pichhola.
The hermit blessed the Maharana and advised him to build a palace at this favorably located spot
with a fertile valley watered by the stream, a lake, an agreeable altitude and an amphitheater of low
mountains. Maharana followed the advice of the hermit and founded the city in 1559 A.D.

Overlooking the aquamarine expanses of the Lake Pichhola stands the splendid City Palace - a
marvel in granite and marble. Of the original eleven gates of the Udaipur City, only five remain.
The Surajpole or Sun Gate on the eastern side is the main entrance to the city.

11
This city of Dawn, Udaipur is a lovely land around the azure water lakes, hemmed in by the lush
hills of the Aravalli drenched in romance and beauty. Udaipur is a fascinating blend of sights,
sounds and experiences - an inspiration for the imagination of the poets, painters and writers. Its
kaleidoscope of fairy-tale palaces, lakes, temples, gardens and narrow lanes strewn with stalls, carry
the flavor of heroic past, epitomizing valor and chivalry.  

Geography of Udaipur 

Udaipur rests in the shadows of the Aravalli Mountains, at a height of 577m. The old city is
surrounded by the city wall, on the east side of Lake Pichola. The train station and bus station are
both just outside the city wall. Udaipur is located at 24.58° N 73.68° E. It has an average elevation
of 598 meters (1961 feet). Located at the foothills of the Aravalli Range, Udaipur lies in southern
Rajasthan near the Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh borders.

Udaipur can enamor its tourists with its enchanting view of the lakes, sparkling view of the spotless
white palaces, its interesting historic background, and unique rural handicrafts. But you can enjoy
the real charm of this historical place only when you can relax or roam outside comfortably.
Though Udaipur has some fascinating features which can appear captivating for any outsider, the
weather of Udaipur is not quite favorable all over the year. Actually the lakes that encircle the city
of Udaipur make the climate somewhat pleasant during summer. The summer is very hot and
rainfall is scarce which is not favorable for a pleasant holiday in Udaipur. There are also dust winds
blowing occasionally which will prevent you even to have a holiday party in your desired
destination place. It can be said that Udaipur is having somewhat desert climate. So the best weather
to enjoy your holiday in Udaipur is planning for your vacation during the winter.

Tourist attractions of Udaipur

Lake Palace: The most enchanting tourist attraction of Udaipur, the Lake Palace (also known as Jag
Niwas) is a beautiful island palace built by Maharana Jagat Singh II in 1754. Situated on
picturesque Lake Pichola, the white marble structure appears like emerging out of the shimmering
blue waters on the lake, creating a spellbound effect on visitors.

City Palace

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One of the largest royal complexes in Rajasthan, the City Palace is situated on a promontory on the
picturesque Lake Pichola. The complex has 11 beautiful Mahals (palaces) with balconies and
towers, offering a breathtaking view of the lake and the city. Its Durbar Hall, which had been used
as a venue for formal occasions like state banquets and meetings, has most luxurious interiors
highlighted by some of the largest chandeliers in the world. The Palace also houses a Museum
exhibiting a rich collection of artifacts.

Jag Mandir

Jag Mandir is another beautiful island palace on Lake Pichola, built by Maharaja Karan Singh in
1615 AD. The palace once sheltered the Mughal prince Khurram (later Emperor Shah Jehan, who
built the world-famous Taj Mahal) who rebelled against his father Jehangir in the 1620's. The
Palace has a giant stone sculpture of elephants and an impressive chattri (cenotaphs) that add to its
beauty.

Saheliyon-Ki- Bari

The Saheliyon-ki-Bari Garden was built in early 18th century AD as a retreat for ladies of the royal
household to spend their time in leisure. The enchantingly beautiful Garden is famous for its lotus
pool, fountains (in the shape of birds), lush green lawns, flowerbeds, and marble pavilions, offering
a breathtaking view to visitors.

Jagdish Temple

Jagdish Temple is the largest and the most beautiful temple in Udaipur, built by Maharana Jagat
Singh in 1651 AD. Dedicated to lord Vishnu, the temple is famous for its beautiful sculpted images
and a towering Shikara.

Fateh Sagar

Located in the vicinity of the famous Saheliyon-ki-Bari Garden, Fateh Sagar is a beautiful lake,
built by Maharana Fateh Singh in 1678. A canal built at the beginning of the 20th century connects
it to the Lake Pichola. Nehru Park, a popular garden island with a boat-shaped café, is situated in
the middle of the Lake.

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Other not to be missed tourist attractions in Udaipur includes the Maharana Pratap Memorial,
Bhartiya Lok Kala Museum, Monsoon Palace, Shilpgram, Rose Garden, and many more.

Economy of Udaipur

Udaipur’s economy has improved over the years and is likely to augment further in the times to
come. Major contributors to the economy of Udaipur are tourism and agriculture. The city is also
famous for manufacturing beautiful handicraft items that are supplied to various parts of the country
and even abroad. Besides, Udaipur houses a number of small and big industries including gems,
jewelry, zinc, metals, minerals and marbles that have helped in boosting its economy.

Udaipur encompasses beautiful edifices such as Jag Mandir Palace, Lake Palace, City Palace,
Chittorgarh Fort, Bagore ki Haveli and Ghanerao Castle that attract a large number of tourists not
only from India but also from various parts of the world. The number of tourists has increased over
the years because of which the city has benefited to a great extent. Since tourists of almost all
segments visit the city, it encompasses different kinds of hotels to suit the budget of different
people. Though the best time to visit Udaipur is between September and March, it is flooded by the
tourists almost all round the year. No wonder, tourism contributes a great deal to the city’s
economy. The Taj hotel and resorts, Trident group of hotels and Oberoi group of hotels are amongst
the best hotels in the city and fetch a huge business from the high class and corporate travelers.

Now, the tourists who visit the place do not just benefit the hospitality industry but various other
industries as well. As mentioned above, the handicraft items sold in Udaipur have been recognized
worldwide and the main reason for this is the city’s tourism. Similarly, the textile industry, jewelry
industry as well as the food industry of Udaipur also fetches good business because of its tourism.

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Chapter 2

Literature review
1. Dr. V. Basil Hans presented a paper on “India’s Tourism Industry – Progress and Emerging
Issues” at state level seminar on World Tourism Day 27th September, 2008 at Srinivas College of
Hotel Management, Pandeshwar, Mangalore and Karnataka. This paper traces the progress made by
India’s tourism industry in the planning era and the emerging issues (like alternative tourism) under
globalization. This paper examines the impact and challenges posed by GATS and the burgeoning
service sector of the country as well as the pitfalls in tourism planning in India. This paper also
suggests some policy suggestions to address the constraints in promoting sustainable tourism in
India. The writer identifies various problems which affect Indian tourism industry such as
inadequate capacity of hotels, costly travel, lack of supportive infrastructure like roads,
communication gaps, lack of information about tourist profile and lack of safety and security. The
writer suggest that for sustainable tourism in India proper long term plan requires for this industry
with periodic evaluation and revision and suggest that tourism uniqueness should be clearly
understood by India tourism.

2. H. Lalnunmawia written an article on “Development and Impact of Tourism Industry in India”,

2010. In this article writer put his views that tourism industry in India is growing and it has vast
potential for generating employment and earning large amount of foreign exchange besides giving a
fillip to the country’s overall economic and social development. But writer put his opinion that still
much more remain to be done such as eco-tourism needs to be promoted in India, increasing
facilities of accommodation and entertainment for visitors, reducing adverse effect of environment
pollution and giving more safety and protection to visitor. Writer suggest that all wings of Central
and State governments, private sectors and voluntary organizations become active partner in the
endeavor to attain sustainable growth in tourism of India, so that India become a world player in the
tourism industry. Kalidas Sawkar, Ligia Noronha, Antonio Mascarenhas and O.S. Chauhan written
an article on “Tourism and the Environment Issues of Concern In the Coastal Zone of Goa” and
presented in EDI/SAARC Regional Seminar on “Economic Globalization and Environmental
Sustainability” in Goa, 1997. The study suggest that tourism is concentrated along the Coastal Zone
in Goa and it has a number of positive benefits in terms of increased incomes and employment,
added avenues for upward mobility for locals, increased revenues and increased foreign exchange
earnings. This study identifies some socio-economic and environment impacts that affect tourism in
Goa such as growth of no controlled on coastal tourism, no clear tourism policy in the state, the

15
principles of sustainability and the norms related to the conservation of the environment and
ecology are ignored, traditional fishing activities are declining, shortage of resources such as land
and water pose a major effect to the environment and many more. From this study many actions are
suggested to reduce the adverse impact on tourism such as adopting and monitoring management
system to ensure the effectiveness of coastal and environmental regulations to frame policies which
recognizes the type of interconnections among tourism, local communities and the environment to
ensure that tourism contributes to a sustainable development agenda, to adopt a systematic study of
the environmental impact of tourism through a life cycle analysis and the evaluation of the
environment to enable its integration into decision making.

3. Subhasish Saha, submitted Ph. D. thesis on “Tourism Development – Accommodation Sector: A

Study of Pondicherry Accommodation Sector”, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, 1994. The
main findings made in this research are that accommodation units do not have a separate promotion
wing, limited extent of tourism promotion through arrangement of sightseeing facilities and mostly
in collaboration with Pondicherry Tourism Development Corporation or one or two private guided
tours. Other findings of the research are that less impact of government policies on tourism, no
many facilities exist other than good rooms and the essential services, the majority of tourists who
visit Pondicherry are the business tourists or the vacation tourists, no formal orientation or training
is arranged for employee in most of the units, no permanent jobs for employees and lack of
performance appraisal of employees. The major recommendation made by the researcher is that
government policies that affect hotel industry need to be communicated timely so that proper
benefit of accommodation sector utilized, reduce political interference and pressure on hotel
industry, efforts taken to promote business centers in Pondicherry, proper marketing of tourism
products requires, proper coordination and sharing of information between hotel industry and
Department of Tourism including Pondicherry Tourism and Transport development Corporation,
the formal training at inception and further ongoing programs need to be undertaken to bring the
best of services.

4. The Steering Committee on Tourism of Planning Commission, Government of India studied

role of tourism during the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12). This committee reports that tourism
is an important instrument for economic development and employment generation, particularly in
remote and backward areas and which has been well recognized in the world over. It is the largest
service industry globally in terms of gross revenue as well as foreign exchange earnings. This
committee recommends that tourism has also become an instrument for sustainable human

16
development including poverty elimination, environmental regeneration, job creation, advancement
of women and other disadvantaged groups. The committee opinions that tourism is insignificantly
an industry of private sector service providers, although the public sector has a significant role to
play in infrastructure areas either directly or through Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode. The
committee recommends many strategies for the development of tourism during 11th Five Year Plan
such as development of Infrastructure and Destination Management, publicity and marketing,
developing heritage and cultural tourism, eco-tourism and wild life tourism and domestic tourism,
access connectivity by rail, road, air and other means, human resource development and capacity
building.

5. Tarannum Husain conducts a research on “Promotional Strategies of Tourism Industry in

Uttaranchal State of India”, for Ph. D. degree from Jamia Milla Islamia University, New Delhi,
2007. The main aim of this study is to study tourism in India and its problem in general and
Uttaranchal in particular, to focus on the scope of tourism sector in Uttaranchal and explore the new
avenues of the tourism industry, to study tourist motivators, tourist profile and problem and
opportunities with respect to accommodation, accessibility, attractions and amenities and to study
the infrastructural facilities and tourism avenues in Uttaranchal. This study also aims to suggest
measures to make tourism economically viable, ecologically sustainable and suggest appropriate
and effective promotional strategy for promoting tourism in Uttaranchal. The main suggestions of
the study are that to make tourism as a purpose activity in the state of Uttaranchal, it is necessary to
develop and promote adventure tourism, sport tourism, wildlife tourism in addition to pilgrimage
tourism.

6. P.O. George conducts a research work on “Management of Tourism Industry in Kerala” for his
Ph. D. degree from Post Graduate Department of Commerce, Kottayam, Kerala, 2003. The main
objective of this study is to investigate problems of tourism industry in Kerala and formulating
solutions of them, to suggest the ways and means of coordination by which the Department Of
Tourism, government agencies and other public and private entrepreneurs can effectively employed
for the promotion of tourism in Kerala. The major findings done by author in his research work is
that tourism products of Kerala do not attract large number of tourist and there is a lack of
professional management in the tourism industry in Kerala. The major suggestion made by the
researcher is that proper formulation and application of tourism policy required in Kerala, providing
effective training and adopting professional attitude towards tourism, encouraging role of private

17
entrepreneurs for tourism development in Kerala and increasing accommodation, transportation and
other tourism facilities relation to tourism in Kerala.

7. Ms. Manisha D. Thaker conduct a research work for Ph. D. degree on “Problems and Prospects
of Tourism industry in Gujarat”, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, 2004. The main significance of the
research is on identifying and highlighting the problem areas in the field of tourism development.
The main aim of this research work is to find the answer of problems like shortcomings in the field
of infrastructure development, accommodation, entertainment, publicity and marketing and
recreation facility. This study was conceived and executed in the above mentioned context to prove
that utility-oriented regional empirical study will not only help us to meet the challenges of tourism
in Saurashtra - Gujarat but also contribute its humble mite to the formation of a national policy of
tourism.

8. Mr. M. K. Maru has written Ph.D. thesis on “Progress, Problems & Prospects of Tourism
Industry in Saurashtra & Kuttchh”, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, 2001. The study covers
problems, prospectus and progress of tourism in Saurashtra & Kuttchh region. This study learn role
of tourism sector in earning foreign exchange, contribution in import and export and generating
employment opportunities. This study reveals that tourism industry in Saurashtra & Kuttchh face
the problem of lack of transportation, safety and health care facilities, education and
accommodation facilities. This study based on field work where researcher collects answer of many
questions relating to tourism in selected region.

9. Mr. R. W. Macitons has written a research article on “Some Tourism Economics”, in which he
give emphasis on economic benefits arise from tourism. In this article author recommend that
tourism is one of the sources for foreign exchange earnings and it provides employment
opportunities. He emphasized that tourism increase income of business organizations and local
people. The author also suggests that tourism also increases tax revenue for many local
organizations.

10. Mr. R. B. Garg in his study article, “Promoting Tourism Through and Integrated Approach”,
studies various means and ways by which promotion of tourism is possible. The author
recommends that tourism emerges as one of the positive measure to increase economic and social
development for the country. Researcher concludes that tourism is an emerging industry for foreign
exchange earnings, increasing employment and economic development of any developing nation.

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11. Mr. G. Nakhbandh has written a research article on “Integration of Tourism and
Environment”. In this research study he conclude that integration of human and environment remain
present in every modern business and tourist give emphasis on protection of all tourist places like
heritage, pilgrimage, sanctuary parks and other tourist places. This paper examines that role of
people in maintaining balance is primarily important for environment protection. Dr. A.K. Raina
and Dr. Neelu Jain publishes a book on “Dynamics of Tourism - Concept, Philosophy and
Strategies” in 2004. They include various aspects of tourism industry like role of tourism industry in
the economic development of the regions, income creation, employment generation and revenue
effect on the state economy. The study also aims at forecasting the trends of international tourist
traffic which may help the policy makers to prepare effective plans for the development of all
regions of the state. They studied role of planning and management in tourism industry in
Rajasthan, role of various tourism organization and functions of RTDC. They also studied
components of tourism industry in Rajasthan and analyze economic and social impact of
international tourism in Rajasthan. They also suggested improvement in transportation, recreational
and accommodation facilities which needs to be modernized and restructured.

12. Mr. Anand, M. M., publish a book on “Tourism and Hotel industry in India”, 1976. In this
book author examines the reason for the poor tourist traffic in India. He says that hotel and other
supplementary accommodations is the core of tourism industry and suggests that, the required
number of hotels and accommodation facilities should be made available for the proper
development of tourism.

13. S. S. Bisht conduct a study on “Marketing Practices of Tourism Industry: A Case Study of
selected organizations”, for his Ph. D. degree from Jamia Millia Islamia University, Delhi, 2003.
The main objective of the study is to examine tourism marketing practices currently being followed
in India, to examine the marketing mix to tourism to access the present state of tourism promotion
in India and to evaluate tourism with regard to 4p’s of marketing mix such as price, product,
promotion mix and distribution of tourism. The main suggestion made by the researcher are that
proper tourism marketing strategies adopted for marketing of tourism, effective and efficient system
of communication adopted, stable price structure of various tourist product/package which is
important for effective tourism marketing adopting various channel of marketing the tourism
product to its potential buyers such as the travel agents, tour operators, institutions and sport
organizations.

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14. Kamalakhi M.V. conducts a study on “Hotel Industry in Kerala with Special reference to
Tourism”, for his Ph. D. degree from Cochin University of Science & Technology, Cochin, Kerala,
1996. The study recommends that travel and tourism industry is worldwide growing industry and
accommodation industry is the most important segment of tourism industry. This research makes
main focus on tourism in Kerala. The study reveals that trends in the hotel industry in Kerala shows
that number of hotel are less in Kerala therefore old units increase their capacity and build
comparatively large hotels. In this study, researcher also finds major problems faced by the hotel
industry in Kerala such as multiplicity of product, shortage of skilled personnel, short duration of
the cycle of operation, inadequate marketing, non-popularization of package tours to Kerala and
excessive tax burden. Researcher suggest various remedial measures for hotel industry in Kerala
such as joint venture agreement are to be made with the world’s well known international hotel
chains, constructing new hotels close to the air ports in Kerala, coordination and cooperation in the
functioning of the various departments of the government will help in supporting the entrepreneur
in the various steps taken in the promotion of hotels, to grant subsidy on the loan for construction of
hotels and to promote off season tourism by offering attractive packages to domestic tourists.

15. Dr. Ashok T. Patil and Prof. Kailash Choubey published a research paper on “Geographical
Analysis of Tourism & Concerning Problems in Goa (India)” in International Referred Research
Journal, SSMRAE, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Issue - 19, August, 2010. In this research paper writers study
the role of Goa Z 163 tourism and identify problems faced by tourists while travelling in Goa. They
conclude that now a day’s Goa has a positive tourism profile and silvery beaches, waterfalls, ancient
temples and churches, greenery of cashew and coconut palm, friendly and hospitable people, all
these geographical factors make a variable tourist paradise. The main objective of this paper is to
examine the location of tourist area and concentration of population related the tourist industry, to
know the geographical features of the Goa, to examine the geographical environment and seasonal
variation of tourist arrival in the area and to recommend that tourism is mostly developed the social
as well as medical problems. The main findings of this paper are that government of Goa released
various grants for the development of tourism industry, also give emphasis on enhancing several
facilities to their citizens to travel within and outside the country, increasing number of domestic
and foreign tourists, increasing development of historical and pilgrimage places especially Goa’s
largest churches.

16. Piali Haldar presents a paper on “Rural Tourism – Challenges and Opportunities” in
International Marketing Conference on Marketing and Society at Indian Institute of Management

20
Kanpur, April 2007. The main aim of the study is to measure the potential of rural tourism in India,
to find out impact of rural tourism to our society, to identify the challenges and opportunities in
rural tourism and to identify the essential elements for development of rural tourism. This paper
attempts to prove the impact of marketing of rural tourism in India, rural tourism can help in
shaping our society. It can have both positive and negative impacts on rural as well as urban
communities. Researcher suggests many measures for enhancing rural tourism such as the
government should encourage private enterprises to promote tourism in rural areas. Here researcher
suggest various remedial measures to overcome the problems such as investment in new
technology, build confidence in safety and security, develop plan for sustainable growth of rural
tourism, promote traditional tourism products, effective communication, improve quality, value of
rural tourism, set environmental policy goals and give quality of services at all levels.

17. Anjan Bhuyan undertakes a study on “A study on the Development of Tourism

Entrepreneurship in Assam, with special reference to Accommodation Industry”, for his Ph. D.
degree from Tezpur University, Assam, India, 2008. This study reveals that Assam is one of the
prominent states of the North Eastern region of India and enjoys a scope of destination tourist place
because of its diversity and uncharted mysteries. But reality is far different and present that the
share of Assam tourism in national tourism is very less over the years due to limited development of
tourism entrepreneurship in Assam and poor development of accommodation industry especially
hotels, cottages and midways in Assam. The researcher concludes that the major reason behind
these problems is lack of availability of funds and limited role of government in planning efforts.
The researcher suggests that this study will be helpful to solve a problem of poor entrepreneurship
for tourism in Assam and government will formulate proper policies and strategies to overcome
from these problems.

18. Ms. Iyata Maharana publish an article on “Economic Benefits and Conservation Linkages
from Tourism Development in the Sikkim – Himalaya” in 2000. In this article writer conclude that
role of tourism is important for earning income, generating employment and developing
infrastructure in Sikkim state, the eastern Himalayan region. This work analyses the dynamics of
tourism growth, economic and environmental benefits and participatory conservation and protection
of natural resources by different stakeholders in the Sikkim state of India. The paper conclude that
annual tourist arrivals increase by ten times over last ten years in Sikkim state and report that more
than 65% of total households income of the people comes from tourism related activities, which
increased the income and consumption pattern of the community. The article suggest that Sikkim

21
state has greater economic potential than it realized in earnings and therefore more effort is needed
to increase the level of conservation contribution to fulfill the goal of eco-tourism.

19. Mr. Ester Kruk, Tourism specialist draft a paper on “Tourism in the Himalaya - Mountain of
Opportunities in a Changing Climate”, in International Center for Integrated Mountain
Development, Nepal, 2009. This paper study the tourism in Himalaya region and argue that tourism
is one of the most promising strategies to address these serious poverty concerns, creating
innovative livelihood options in the rapidly changing social and economic context of the mountain
area. The researcher conclude that tourism sector proved one of the promising strategy to remove
poverty situation in the Himalaya based regions comparative strength and advantages and by
increasing links between tourism and local product system result in income retention from tourism
for the poor regions of Himalaya. This paper view that after coastal region tourism, mountain areas
are second in global popularity as tourist destination and Himalaya region offers many adventures
activities for mountain tourism such as hiking, camping, rock-climbing, mountain biking, wildlife
viewing and other forms of recreation.

20. Mr. Ajims P. Muhammed and Dr. Jagathyraj V.P. submit an article on “Challenges Faced by
Kerala Tourism Industry” in conference on Tourism in India - Challenges Ahead at Indian Institute
of Management Kanpur, 2008. The main objective of this study are to analyze the major challenges
faced by Kerala tourism industry, to investigate the problems connected with the tourism industry
and formulation of solution of problems to them, to suggest new and innovative strategies for
tourism industry in Kerala, to ascertain the possibilities of implicating modern management
techniques and methods in the formulation of plans, policies and programmes for the development
of tourism in Kerala and to suggest means of integrating the function of the Department Of Tourism
with other local government agencies and private entrepreneurs for the promotion of tourism in
Kerala. The major recommendation made in the study are to provide special attention and care to
tourists, get feedback from tourists, start more tourist information centers, distribute tourism
publicity material at airports, railway stations, conduct international fairs in Kerala, promote health
tourism In ayurveda, give incentives to private entrepreneurs for arranging new tourism ventures
and frame new laws and regulation to protect tourism industry and tourists.

21. Mr. Simad Saeed represents a research paper on “Environment Impact Management in the
Tourism Industry of Maldives”, in EDI/SAARC Regional Z 166 Seminar on “Economic
Globalization and Environmental Sustainability” in Goa, 1997. The aim of this paper is to assess the

22
impact of tourism on the environment of Maldives and explore the environmental management
practices in the tourism industry of Maldives. This paper helps to understand present status of
tourism development in the Maldives, environmental impacts of tourism and discussing various
environmental management practices adopted by tourism industry of Maldives. This paper conclude
that Maldives has developed a very suitable form of tourism which is appropriate for small island
environment and mention that present development of tourism has not generate various
environmental impacts on Maldives. This paper also conceived that government has developed
appropriate policies, legislations, plans and enforce it strictly for maintaining regulations.

22. Nafees A. Khan written an article on “Human Resource Development in Tourism Industry in
India: A Case Study of Air India Ltd., New Delhi, in ELPERIPLO SUSTENTABLE No. 14,
Faculty of Tourism and Gastronomy, Mexico State, 2008. The purpose of this study is to improve
the capacity of the human resources through learning and improve performance at the individual,
process and organizational levels. This study analyzes the HRD initiatives of tourism industry with
special reference to Air India Ltd., to enhance and sharpen the capabilities of its employees. The
study also identifies the need of Air India to incorporate the spirit of HRD in day to day functioning
by utilizing the all possible human resource systems and mechanism to the organizations. The
significance of the study is that India’s having a lot of tourism potentials but share of India in global
international tourism in relatively small in volume about 0.40% of world tourism. The main finding
of the study is that tourism industry faces various challenges in the field of human resources and
one of them is quality of manpower, lack of trained human resources in tourism sector, lack of
rewards in both monetary compensation and non-monetary recognition which feels individual
inequality and inadequate infrastructure for Indian tourism. The major suggestions recommend by
the researcher are organize proper training, career planning, career development and career
counseling to make employees aware for their growth and development. The researcher also suggest
that the Government of India should form HRD Board, which should encourage researches upon
increasing potentiality of human resources, more fund allocation on infrastructure development by
Department of Tourism and Finance and the Ministry should formulate suitable policies and
strategies for human resources development.

23. John Swarbrooke and Susan Horner publishes a book on “Business Travel and Tourism” in
the year 2001. This book offers a comprehensive overview of the diverse and fragmented world of
business travel and tourism. This book covers theoretical and practical dimensions of business
travel and tourism by considering social, economic and environmental consequences and organizing

23
good practice in the management of travel, tourism and business. This book cover all aspects of
business travel and tourism such as historical development, major challenges and key issues
involved in the organization of business tourism events, designing business tourism facilities and
marketing strategies for business travel and tourism.

24. International Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India conduct a survey
and represent a report on “Documentation of Best Practices Adopted by the State Governments for
the Development of Tourism”, 2005. This report cover 12 cities in North, East, South, West and
North East of India such as Uttaranchal, Rajasthan, Orissa, West Bengal, Tamilnadu, Kerala,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Sikkim. This document is useful in
formulation of tourism strategies to improve the tourism performance through increased
competitiveness. The main area cover in this study are product development, new innovative
products, sustainability of resources, wildlife and national parks, security of tourists, marketing and
promotional aspects, training and HRD, community participation and interstate coordination. The
report finds that most of the city face problems of shortage of water, lack of basic facilities, pressure
on infrastructure due to large population size and wastage. The report suggest various measures to
overcome from above problem such as developing a conservation of water project, project to avoid
wastage, energy saving practices, sewage and sanitation system, conservation and protection of
environment, eco-tourism development project, developing new innovative tourism products,
maintenance of heritage centers, developing inter-state coordination by forming regional tourism,
setting organizations such as Direct Tourism Promotion Councils (DTPC) partnership with service
providers, private sector participation, tax concessions, organizing culture fairs and festivals and
ensuring safety and security of tourists.

25. A.G. Krishna Menon conduct a research study on “Case Study on the Effects of Tourism on
Culture and The Environment: INDIA - Jaisalmer, Khajuraho and Goa, published in UNESCO
Principal Regional officer for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, 1993. This study found that in India,
the importance of tourism is seen primarily from the economic angle such as earning which is
needed for foreign exchange and providing employment. In this study researcher observes that
tourism brings more complex changes from other economic development projects, because it
necessary give effects to culture and economic attributes. Here researcher analyses that a major
reason for social and cultural problems following the wake of tourism is because the tourism
industry in India operates in a disjointed manner. The study has found that there was excessive
concern with fiscal and administrative control at the policy level but laissez faire attitudes to its

24
implementation at the field level. The major findings of the study are that tourism industry in India
is still at emerging stage of development. Its effect on the culture and environment has so far been
marginal in relation to other forces of changes such as urbanization, industrialization and
modernization which are operating simultaneously in the society.

26. Rohan Gawande and Sudhir Dethe presents a research paper on “Branding Indian Tourism:
Entering Second Phase” in Conference on Tourism in India – Challenges Ahead, Indian Institute of
Management Kanpur, 2008. This paper mainly studied the tourism statistics for the year 2006.The
main problem find in this research paper is that the Indian tourism sector hit itself on its back with
facts and figures that seem to be growing each passing year, but the fact is that in the year 2006,
India represented a paltry 0.52 % of the world tourism market share. So India still lags behind in
tourism scenario. The major finding of this paper is that The Travel & Tourism Industry in India is
expected to grow and generate US $ 128 billion by 2016. The Total Demand is expected to grow by
8% per annum, in real terms, between 2007 and 2016. The major suggestions made in this research
is that India should give a due priority to niche tourism such as adventure tourism, medical tourism,
eco-tourism, rural tourism, cruise tourism and MICE tourism. They also suggest that India give due
emphasis on increasing role of private players in manpower development and infrastructure
facilities. The major conclusion of the study is that India is venturing into the second phase of its
tourism branding and it is important at this stage to properly chalk out the plan for tourism
development. This is because the competition for attracting major chunk of tourism pie is gearing
up. Researcher suggest that it is time now for a committed effort by the governmental authorities
with a co-ordination among various entities related to tourism along with participation of private
players is of prime importance if India has to become a top priority for tourists.

27. Krishna Kumar written an article on “International Tourism in India: Strategic Significance,
Gaps and Vulnerabilities”. The main aim of this paper is points towards several strategic
inadequacies, gaps and vulnerabilities that are typically observed in the process of management of
tourism in the country, which need to be attended to. This paper also indicates the need for strong,
educated, analytical support required for the purpose which can be extended by the academicians in
the country. In this paper writer finds that India face many foreign exchange crisis due to economic
reforms and India needs to liberalize its economy by various rounds of WTO and GATS
negotiations. In this article researcher suggest that if India wishes to negotiate and open tourism
sector further to benefit from the International tourism business, it has to think strategically and gear

25
up internally to develop appropriative physical, human resource and other organizational
infrastructure in an integrated manner, which can meet the various needs of international tourists.

28. Ms. Deepika Gupta made a study for Ph.D. Degree on “A Study of Evaluating Economic
Impact Assessment and Physical Carrying Capacity at Tourist Destination Areas of Rajasthan”,
MDS University, Ajmer, 2008. The study consider status of Tourism in Rajasthan, role of RTDC
and various TRC (Tourist Reception Centers & Bureau), role of human resources, amusement
parks, entertainment and leisure activities and national park & wild life sanctuaries. The major
suggestions made in this research are that to increase tourism facilities at railway stations, bus stand
and airports, to encourage role of private sector in tourism, make a development of historical
monuments, wildlife parks, pilgrim centers and historical sites. An attempt was made to find the
solution of problems like dirtiness at restaurants, hotels and various pilgrim places like Pushkar.
The researcher also recommends that state government should enact legislation to curb the threat of
touting, cheating, beggars and misguiding tourists and professional training should be provided to
youth so that tourism services provided properly in the state.

29. Mr. Kishor Singh made a study for Ph.D. degree on “A Study of Tourism Management &
Organization in State of Rajasthan”, MDS University, Ajmer, 2006. The study covers tradition,
language, art and culture, literature and folk dance of Rajasthan. It also cover various tourist
products like national parks, desert, pilgrims and religious places, jewelry and design which attract
major domestic and foreign tourists in Rajasthan. The main suggestions made in the study are state
should frame appropriate tourism policy, to appoint and train more people about various tourism
services, to make emphasis on hotel and accommodation sector, to provide more services like
foreign currency converter, travel, communication and healthcare in the state.

30. Ms. Anita Kumari made a study for Ph.D. degree on “Problems & Prospectus of Tourism
Administration in Rajasthan”, University Of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 2004. The major thrust of this
research is on what type of problems face by domestic and foreign tourists and what remedial
measures taken to solve these problems. Researcher conclude that to speed up the process of
evolution of tourism from an occupation to industry, the first requirement is that leaders,
businessmen and all other people of society come forward and support in increasing role of tourism
in the state. The major suggestions made are, increasing transportation facilities, quality of food
stuff, accommodation facilities, training for tourist guides and operators and increase entertainment
and communication facilities.

26
31. Dr. Pradeep Trikha had written an article on “Cultural Heritage of Rajasthan Vis-à-vis Politics
of Travel Information” in South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage, Vol.1, No.1, 2008. This
work analyze cultural heritage of tourist interest, as suggests or claimed in tourist brochures,
websites, travel guides, newsletters, advertisement and score of the sources. An attempt behind this
study is to interpret the constituents of these products which enable a tourist to make up their mind
and in a way visit a place before the actual visit happens. In this paper writer refer two main product
manuals under consideration are - Rajasthan - A La Carte and Fodor’s India. These both manuals
provide valuable information regarding heritage places, desert, celebration of fairs and festivals,
paintings and sculpture, shopper paradise, Rajasthani cuisine, village tourism and adventure sports.
But the myth narrated and gives raise to several queries and interpretation regarding information
contained in these two brochures. This paper defines that current scenario of Rajasthan Tourism is
changed and many new organizations like Indian National Trust for Art & Cultural Heritage and
State Level Commission for the conservation of Art and Cultural Heritage has been constituted,
who are doing a commendable work to upgrade the neglected heritage sites of Rajasthan and
develop them in to new tourist destinations.

32. J.P. Singh, M.K. Mohanty, S.N. Jena and Akhilesh Mishra conducts a study on “Tourism
Industry in Jaipur - Size and Status” for Vision R I, Connexion Services Private Ltd., New Delhi,
2006. In this research work, team study the tourism industry in Jaipur, which is the vibrant capital
of Rajasthan, popularly known as “Heritage Pink City”, due to the color of buildings in its
wonderful old city. The ‘Pink City’ label, applies specially to the old walled quarter of the
Rajasthan capital, glorious palaces and temples, spanning centuries are scattered throughout the
predominantly urban area. Team opinions that lodging facility in Jaipur is fast developing and it
offer different lodging facility like five star hotels, three star hotels and circuit house/tourist
bungalows. Team also study the inflow of domestic and foreign tourists in Jaipur from 1992 to 2007
where only 20% tourist traffic is foreign tourist and remaining 80% is domestic tourists. They also
study duration of stay in Jaipur where more than 42% tourists spend two days of their trip in Jaipur
and the main reason of travel to Jaipur is holiday and sightseeing, business study and others. They
also study that various modes of transportation which are used by tourists like rail, bus, taxi and air.

33. Mr. Yogesh Kumar had written an article on “Rajasthan Tourism - Holidays in Rajasthan”. In
this article writer give emphasis to history, tradition and culture of Rajasthan. Writer points that
holidays in Rajasthan is unforgettable and enjoying and experience of camel safari, track the tiger in
wildlife sanctuaries, visiting pilgrimage and heritage place gives a different experience. Writer

27
considers various cities in Rajasthan such as Jaipur, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Udaipur which
are famous for its culture and tradition. He also studies Wildlife Park and sanctuaries in Rajasthan
such as Ranthambore National Park, Sariska National Park, Keoladeo Ghana National Park and
others which attract more tourists for the purpose of wildlife tourism. Writer further conclude about
the energetic Rajasthan holidays in the form of forts and palaces, desert festival, camel festival,
Pushkar fairs, music, dance and drama. Prakash Chandra published an article on “Rajasthan
Tourism in India - Explore Its Attractions” on July, 2010. In this paper he studied that Rajasthan is a
popular tourist hangout spot in North India. It is frequently visited by global tourists. The
prosperous tourist attractions of Rajasthan includes numerous forts and palaces, monuments and
structures, lakes and mountains, sand dunes and desert beauty, national parks and wildlife
destinations. Writer recommend that Udaipur and Jaipur are the two most visit cities of Rajasthan.
Udaipur is famous for silvery lakes. There are many lakes Z 173 in the city and therefore it is
nicknamed as "City of Lakes". The capital Jaipur is most charming city of Rajasthan. The moods of
city always remain pink and welcoming. Jaipur is also called as "Shopper’s Paradise". Tourists
enjoy window shopping in the city. The markets of Jaipur are famous for handicraft items, gems
and jewelry and marble. The researcher also points that safari tour is the greatest adventure, to enjoy
during Rajasthan tours. Tourists can enjoy camel safari, elephant safari, tiger safari and horse safari
during their tours.

34. Ashok Aima, Jaya Bhasin, and Rachna Gupta present a paper on “Heritage Tourism in
Rajasthan: Study of Leadership Styles” in Colombo Conference of India Tourism Congress, June
2011. This paper studies the leadership styles followed by the royal families to manage these
properties. The study focuses on the HRH Group of Hotels in Udaipur. The Chairman and
Managing director of this property continues to transform the past into the future to this day. In
addition to providing leadership for the management of hotels the managing director has been
instrumental in creating a brand that represents heritage hotels. The writer points that the ‘Land of
Kings’ Rajasthan is renowned world over for its heritage hotels. The state houses maximum number
of heritage properties in the country. Many of these buildings were converted into heritage hotels,
as much to maintain them as also a new means of livelihood. Despite the conversion however, most
of these places have been able to retain the original flavor of medieval homes intact. This could be
possible only because of the leadership styles followed by the royal ancestors. Leadership as
researched can be categorized into two aspects: ‘translation’ and ‘transformation’. ‘Translation’ is a
leader’s ability to communicate or frame the sustainability message so others understand it from

28
their mindsets or points of view while ‘transformation’ is a style of enhancing the leader’s own
capabilities to take effective action.

35. Anamika Poonia had written a research article on “Spatial Availability of Tourism Services in
Rajasthan with its Sustainability Concept” in South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage
(International Referred Research Journal), Vol. 4, No. 1, 2011. The main object of this study is to
study the availability of tourism facilities in terms of tourist arrival in the area. The area of this
study is historical state Rajasthan because desert ecosystem is very fragile; continuously increasing
number of tourist arrivals in some areas have created some environmental problems. Here
researcher analyses the demand and supply side of tourism chain and identify that Rajasthan is not
well prepared for this increasing number of tourist arrival because increasing arrival of tourists not
leading to the increase in tourism services. The researcher suggests that government should develop
policies and programmes to increase the availability of basic tourism facilities such as
accommodation, transportation, tourist reception centers and communication which needed to
increase sustainable tourism. Researcher concludes that tourism industry has a noticeable place in
India but also especially in Rajasthan economy. But it is also possible that tourism is not governed
properly and affects adversely the sustainability of the environment. Researcher analyses that
Rajasthan is not well prepare for increasing number of tourist arrival and suggest that to reduce
adverse effect on social, natural and economic environment, an adequate policies and planning
needs for tourism industry.

36. Neha Kala Published an article on “Host Perception of Heritage Tourism Impact with Special
Reference to the City of Jaipur”, in South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage, 2008, Vol.1,
No.1. This paper focuses on the community perceptions of the economic and socio-cultural impact
of heritage tourism and examines the extent to which they coincide with the tourism impact
literature. The paper use city Jaipur as an example of illustrates the multifarious impact of tourism.
The major finding of this paper reveals that impact assessment of tourism is a complex matter and
contains both positive and negative elements. The findings reinforce that the residents of Jaipur has
a more optimistic perspective regarding the economic impact of tourism. It was found that not only
the community benefits economically from as active tourism industry but community pride is also
enhanced. Writer points positive and negative impacts of tourism and viewed that positive impact of
heritage tourism is that revitalization of traditional art, handicrafts, dance, music, fairs and festivals
and various aspects of traditional life style were identified by respondents and points negative
impact such as adverse socio-cultural and environmental impacts of uncontrolled mass tourism. The

29
writer view is that careful management plans involving the calculation of environment and carrying
capacities should be used without creating damage to the resource base, so that sustainable
development of economic and environmental perspective is ensured.

37. Adele Fondeux, Antonin Benisti, Gehan Wanduragala, Maxime Assedo and Shiv Kumar
Sharma conducts a survey on “Jaipur International Tourist Survey” April, 2011 through Kanvic
Management Consulting firm. This report displays the results of the Jaipur International Tourist
Survey 2011. This report is intended to form a sound basis for all the stakeholders such as
government, retailers, restaurant & bars, tour operators and travel agencies and hotels in Jaipur
tourism industry to improve service delivery and increase revenues through a better understanding
of the expectations of international tourists. This research reports finds that Rajasthan attracts
approximately one quarter of all arrivals in India but as international tourists become increasingly
aware of other regions and it has faced tougher competition. The report also views that Jaipur
remains one of the major tourist destinations in the region. The key findings of research are that
almost 60% of international tourists come from Europe, France and the United Kingdom. The major
shopping draws for international tourists are textiles, handicraft and jewelry and the majority of
international tourists stay in 3 stars and guest house accommodation and price is the most important
criteria in choosing a hotel which is followed by location and cleanliness.

38. Mr. Suresh Dhaka attempts a study on “Personnel Policies & Practices in RTDC” for his Ph.D.
degree from University Of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 1991. The researcher attempts to study overall
activities, functions and performance of RTDC. The main thrust of the research is given to
personnel management in the RTDC and analyzing personnel policies and practices adopted by
RTDC for direction and control of people in formal organization. The major problem finds in this
research is that RTDC face a problem of shortage of employees in all units, no timely recruitment
and absence of proper selection method. RTDC also face a problem of lack of sound knowledge
about tourism by top management officers and rate of transfer is more at highest post like chairman,
managing director and executives. The major suggestions made by research is that RTDC should
adopt effective policy and programme for personnel department, arrange training and refresher
courses for their employees, formulate and implement effective wage and salary administration and
develop incentive scheme and performance appraisal system. The researcher also suggests that
proper working condition, labour welfare and benefits should be offer to all employees.

30
39. Mr. Ajay Tiwari conduct a study on “Organization and Working of RTDC”, for his Ph.D.
Degree from University Of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 1992. The study cover all the activities of RTDC like
accommodation, transportation, trains, tours and packages, hotels and bars and boating facilities.
This study analyze financial data from the year 1979-80 to 1989-90 of RTDC and reviewed that
financial performance of the corporation has improved and conclude that corporation successfully
reduced expenses and increase revenues. The main problem identified by the researcher is that
corporation does not make any serious effort to develop any programme on hotel management and
tourist guidance and RTDC units are not competitive to attract tourists and there is a lack of
information network by RTDC. The major suggestion made by the researcher is that there should be
a better coordination among RTDC, state tourism department and other related agencies. The
researcher also suggest that Tourist Information Centers (TICs) should be well equipped and
adequately staffed and proper decision making and policy making required by the tourist experts.

40. The Team of RTDC written an article on “RTDC - A Model for Tourism Sector in India”, 20th
February, 2010. The team of RTDC recommends that Indian tourism industry is highly competitive
and it face many bottlenecks like inadequate facility and poor infrastructure. The team suggests that
RTDC is a model for solution of above problems. The article recommends that India with its rich
cultural heritage and numerous archeological monuments across its length and breadth can emerge
as one of the most preferred tourist destination in the world. However problem of poor
infrastructure and lack of promotion affect growth of tourism sector. Therefore the team suggests
that RTDC has shown the kind of growth and prosperity in tourism sector due to dedication and
professionalism of the staff. The team of RTDC opinion that RTDC is an ideal body to get tourism
in Rajasthan, which provides valuable services like arranging tours, fairs and festivals, providing
comfortable and luxurious accommodation, operating trains such as Palace On Wheels and
Rajasthan Royal On Wheels which give all the feeling of Rajasthan culture and tradition. Thus the
team of RTDC gives importance to all the activities of RTDC and suggests that due to more
network of RTDC, domestic and foreign tourists enjoy many services of RTDC at a reasonable cost
and in a short time.

41. Ashok Singh Rathore and Lokeshver Singh Jodhana publishes a research article on “An
Empirical Analysis of the Service Operations of Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation
Hotels” in South Asian Journal of Tourism & Heritage (International Referred Research Journal),
January 2012, Vol. 5, and No. 1. The specific aim of this research paper is to identify the guest
satisfaction level of the guests who are using the services provided by the RTDC hotels. This

31
research paper attempts to evaluate the satisfaction level of the guests who were staying in RTDC
hotels. The results of the study reveal that the services of the RTDC hotels are not satisfactory.
Therefore, it is the main cause of guest dissatisfaction. The major finding of the study reveals that
the service standard of RTDC hotels is below average. The researchers also given some major
suggestions regarding the service operations of RTDC hotels such as adequate training should be
given to RTDC staff members, to improve security, dormitory as well as assembly hall in its hotels,
improvement in housekeeping services of RTDC hotels and to improve food and beverage services.

42. Dr. Khatri Nitasha M. published an article on “Profitability Analysis of Rajasthan Tourism
Development Corporation” in Journal of Commerce and Management Thought, 2012, Volume: 3,
Issue: 2. The main research objective of the study is to analyze the profitability of RTDC, for the
financial year 2003 to 2008. The researcher concludes that the profitability is not a condition that
exists and can be measured for a limited of time only; it is a variable thing like the temperature and
humidity of a day. For this study researcher calculated profitability ratios to measure the operating
efficiency of organization. In this study the researcher use two types of Profitability ratios such as
(i) Profitability in relation to sales, (ii) Profitability in relation to investment. The researcher main
findings are that the overall profitability of RTDC (Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation)
can be said to be satisfactory but it can be increased if efforts are made to curtail the unnecessary
expenses because there is wide gap between gross profit and net profit ratio.

43. Ashok Singh Rathore, Hanuman Prasad and Lokeshver Singh Jodhana has written a
research article on “Financial Performance of Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation
(RTDC) - An Analysis” in South Asian Journal of Tourism & Heritage (International Referred
Research Journal), Volume - 3, No. 1, January 2010, Pg. 129-135. This article mainly analyzed
financial performance of RTDC for the period of 2002-03 to 2006-07 for research studies. In this
study researcher analyzed profitability, liquidity, financial efficiency and financial position of
RTDC during the selected period and analyzed the financial data with statistical and financial tools.
They concluded that various profitability and liquidity ratios of RTDC are differ in accordance with
period to period. The main result of this study indicated a high rate of fluctuations in profitability
and liquidity ratios and indicated that financial efficiency and financial position of RTDC is not
quite similar in a selected period and the financial performance of RTDC is not satisfactory to
survive for a long term.

32
City Profile

Udaipur is located in the north western part of India in the state of Rajasthan (Figure 1). With a
total population of 3,068,420, Udaipur stands sixth among Rajasthan’s 31 districts.

Udaipur is linked to major cities Figure 1: Map of India

like New Delhi, Jaipur, Udaipur city map
Ahmedabad,

Mumbai, etc. through road, rail,

and air. It also has the distinction
of being the only city in the
country to have both the East-West
Corridor and the NorthSouth
Corridor of the
Golden Source:
Wikipedia
Quadrilateral Highway Project
passing through it.

Udaipur city is known for its history of warriors, a rich cultural heritage and is a famous tourist
attraction. The lakes of Pichola, Fateh Sagar, Udai Sagar and Swaroop Sagar around the city are
considered to be some of the most beautiful lakes in Rajasthan.

Udaipur has witnessed multifold development in the last two decades. There are several large
and small-scale industries in Udaipur, mainly in manufacturing of synthetic yarn, tyre tube,
cement, marble tiles and marble slabs, gases, synthetic threads, oil refinery etc. The city is also a
host to several state and regional public offices.

33
The city, however, has been facing major issues which hinder its holistic development. For
instance, Udaipur like most other Indian cities is growing rapidly and expanding non-orderly.
The absence of broad gauge connectivity to the city has been affecting both industrial as well as
commercial growth. The infrastructure facilities like sewerage, drainage and solid waste
management require improvement. The city is rich in heritage resources but lacks civic
awareness on heritage and conservation aspects leading to a poor condition of the “Walled City”.

City Structure: Udaipur is divided in a Walled city consisting roughly of a walled historic
centre called the “walled city” and in a newer peripheral city (Figure 2). The walled city houses
the majority of heritage structures and is also the main tourist attraction hotspot (with over
900,000 tourists per year, 80% of them Indian and 20% International).

Figure 2: Map of Udaipur and the Walled City

Source:

Udaipur Smart Cities Proposal - Nagar Nigam

Demographic Profile and Growth trends: Rajasthan is predominantly a rural state with less
than 25% of its population living in urban areas. However, the rate of urbanization in the last
decades has increased considerably and has witnessed a 29% growth. Udaipur is the sixth largest

34
city in Rajasthan and has witnessed considerable population growth in the last 4 decades
facilitated by a growing economy which again to a large extent has been generated by an
increasing number of tourists. As per census 2011, the total urban population in Udaipur district
increased by 26.8% from 608,426 persons as compared to 479,831 in 2001.

Table 1: Population Totals, Census 2011

Demographics Rajasthan Udaipur district

2001 2011 2001 2011
Urban Population 1,321,4375 1,7048,085 479,831 608,426
Literacy Rate 60.4% 66.1 % 59.8% 61.8 %
Density Person/sqkm 165 200 196 262
Source: Census 2011: Population totals

Urban Governance: Udaipur city is home to both the Municipal Corporation and the
headquarters of the Udaipur district administration. The urban institutional set-up in Udaipur is
fragmented into various departments responsible for the provision, operation and maintenance of
urban services (Figure 3). The Udaipur Municipal Council (UMC) is the main administrative
body. Urban Improvement Trust (UIT) is responsible for overall development of Udaipur town.
It is responsible for implementation of development plans and infrastructure in the notified UIT
areas, which technically include both, rural as well as urban areas. In addition, there are a
number of Line Departments mainly under the Rajasthan authority providing support services
within their respective areas of responsibility (such as Town Planning, Public Health and
Engineering Department, Public Works Department, Rajasthan Housing Board, RSRTC, Forest
Department, Tourism Department). These departments will act closely together with UMC on
projects related to delivery of urban services, and infrastructure development. (Refer Annexure
2).

Figure 3: Urban Institutional Setup in Udaipur

Urban Institutional Set-up in Udaipur

35
 Udaipur Municipal Corporation (UMC)

Supporting line departments under

Urban Improvement Trust (UIT) Other Line Departments Rajasthan State Authority

Source: Fact Finding Mission

Udaipur has 55 wards under the jurisdiction of UMC. The elected body of UMC consists of The
Mayor

(chairperson), currently Mr. Chandra Singh Kothari

from BJP who is the formal head of the corporation,
the Municipal Commissioner, Mr. Siddharth Sihag
who is the administrative head and an executive
committee. The members of the committee are the
Mayor, elected representatives from

36
Main Challenges

Like most of the Indian cities, it was found that the city is facing a broad range of challenges
with regards to the state of infrastructure, essential public amenities, public services management
processes and understaffed public administration. The city administration has been working to
overcome these challenges through technology partnerships with both the public and private
sectors alike.

Below is a brief outline of the challenges which form the status quo within the city (For further
details within each category, refer Annexure 3):

Image source: Nagar Nigam

Water Supply Service: Water supply system in urban poor areas is inadequate and
approximately 45% households in slums have no water supply source. There is no proper
database management and inadequate computerization in water supply department (Public
Health & Engineering Department).

Sewerage: The existing sewerage system in the old city area is in a dilapidated state and requires
revamping. There is no sewerage treatment plant and the untreated sewage is discharged into the
natural streams, lakes and open drains causing health concerns.

37
 Picture ICDK, India (Fact Finding
ission, December
credits: M 2015)

Solid Waste Management: UMC does not have waste treatment plants nor engineered landfill
sites. There is no separate staff for SWM and sewerage; same department manages both services.
The UMC staff is not fully familiar with the technological advancement in SWM and requires a
handholding to the newer methods.

Picture credits: ICDK, India (Fact Finding Mission, December 2015)

Urban Poor: There is shortage of technical and administrative staff in UMC for slum
upgradation.

Unavailability of dedicated budget has resulted in improper functioning of the required staff and
departments.

38
Urban Planning: The city faces issues of urban growth management. The continuous influx of
population in the city has increased pressure on infrastructure facilities and has reduced green
and open spaces. The undulating city terrain requires proper planning of the city services,
especially in water supply and sewerage. Absence of a proper sewerage and drainage system in
the city is a threat to the natural resources and water bodies. The low lying areas face issues of
water logging etc.

Picture credits: ICDK, India (Fact Finding Mission, December 2015)

Municipal Governance: The ULB of Udaipur is recently converted into Municipal Corporation
from municipal council. UMC is currently facing constraints on availability of manpower and

39
technical skill set among staff to undertake projects, due to increased work responsibilities.
There is no separate budget for key services such as SWM and sewerage services. As a result,
UMC is unable to estimate the overall accounts status as against the budgetary provision. It is
foreseen that with the establishment of Special Purpose vehicle * (SPV), financial problems will
be taken care off and the budget issues will be resolved.

Smart City Plan for Udaipur

An important requirement of smart city planning is the bottom-up approach and public hearings.
During the fact finding mission it was interesting to observe that Udaipur has adhered quite
rigorously to this requirement. This bodes well with the degree of ownership of the Smart City
plan among the people and the government of Udaipur. Based on the Ideas camp organised by
the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), GoI from October 6 th and 7th 2015 along with
multiple rounds of public consultation in the form of: webinars, essay competitions, drawing
competition with school children, counsellors meetings, ward level camp, focus group
discussions, social media engagement and meetings with Royal Danish Embassy, the vision and
proposals for the Smart City plan were drafted for submission.

Based on the inputs received from key stakeholders and feedback from local citizens on
challenges and issues observed in the city, tourism emerged as the top priority for the
development of the city. The Smart City vision therefore intends to make Udaipur the World's
Favourite Lakeside Heritage City.

With over 64,486 feedback opinions collected from the citizens, 44% of the citizens voted for
Tourism to be selected as the city’s vision for development. Water & Sewerage, Conservation of
Lakes & Heritage, Public Transport & Walkability, Safety & Security emerged out to be the
other priority sectors (Figure 4).

40
Figure 4: Priority Sectors for Smart City Investment

Safety & Security Others

6% 3%
Public Transport &
Walkability
7%

Conservation of Lakes
& Heritage Tourism
14% 44%

Water & Sewerage

26%

Source: www.udaipursmartcity.in

Area based Development

Based on the citizen’s priorities and interactions with key stakeholders, Walled City area has
been proposed for retrofitting under Area based Development proposal. (Figure 5)

• Area based Retrofitting: For the Walled City area, the proposal includes sectors such
as power supply, water supply and sanitation, sewage, roads, parking, traffic, solid waste
management and others (Refer Annexure 4).

• Area based Greenfield: Education hub at South Extension (Refer Annexure 4).

Pan City Development

41
As for the Pan City proposal, Solid Waste Management and Transportation/Parking emerged as
top priorities. (Figure 5)

Figure 5: Responses from Citizens during Ideation and Prioritization Process for Smart City
Focus Areas.

77%
23%

Area
-Based

Walled city Other *

68%

21% 11%

PAN City

Solid Waste Management Transportation Other **

*
Include Malla Talai and Sajjanghar area, Sector 14 in Govardhan Sagar area, Fatehpura,
Saheliyon ki Badi and Sukhadiya circle area **Include Sewerage system, Amenities for
tourists, Safety & Security

Timelines for Udaipur Smart City Plan

In April 2016, Udaipur has issued Request for Proposal for Project Management Consultants
(PMC) for assisting Udaipur to design, develop, manage and implement Smart City Projects
under the Smart City Plan.

42
To ensure effective implementation of the proposed plan, specific timelines have also been
proposed for execution.

S.N Activity Proposed Project

o number of initiation
months for timeline *
execution
1 General
1.1 SPV Formation 3 Q1
1.2 Selection of Project Management Consultant 3 mid Q1
1.3 Preparation of Draft proposals and finalisation of 12 Q2
studies
1.4 Procurement of Developers/ Contractors by SPV 12 Q3
2 Work in the Walled City Development
2.1 Construction of S/S 132/22 KV and 33/11 KV 30 mid Q4
capacity at Bailghar (based on available proposals
from AVVNL)
2.2.1 Construction of Utility ducts 36 Q7
2.2.2 Relaying of roads with cement concrete
2.2.3 Laying of sewer lines
2.2.4 Laying of water supply lines
2.2.5 Conversion of overhead electric cables to

43
 underground cables
2.3 Construction of service reservoirs for water supply 24 Q7
2.4 Upgradation/renovation/development of Water 24 Q6
Treatment Plant at Doodh Talai
2.5 Heritage works- Conservation of bazaars 30 Q4
2.6 Heritage walks 12 Q5
2.7 Lake quality improvement works 30 Q5
2.8 Solid Waste collection systems 24 Q7
2.9 Transportation systems 30 Q6
3 Works in PAN City Development
3.1 Replacement of existing meters with smart meters 24 Q4
in electrical sectors
3.2 Development and installation of SCADA system 24 Q7
for electricity
3.3 Installation of AMR meters for water supply 24 Q4
3.4 Development and installation of SCADA system 24 Q7
for water supply
3.5 Transportation solutions within PAN city 36 Q5
development
3.6 Establishment of Central Command Centre 36 Q7
* Q1 is defined from the point of initiation of SPV formation.

44
Effect on Udaipur city’s environment through tourism:
o The Udaipur Municipal Corporation has identified several water bodies and lakes to be
cleaned within the city. The city authorities are contemplating using natural purification
methodologies like Floating wetlands, under water Bubblers and real time monitoring
(with Aerators and Probes) of the water quality. The Udaipur Municipal Authorities have
had limited exposure towards the latest technologies available within this space and are
open to alternative suggestions.

o The Danish Embassy has thus suggested other methods for water monitoring and
cleaning (for instance using reed beds) and the authorities have offered to participate in
pilot projects with

Danish companies. This opens the scope for Danish companies with experience and
technology in water cleaning, water quality monitoring, data analysis and advanced lake
rejuvenation expertise.

o During discussions, it is also noted that the extent of non-revenue water losses are at 40-
50% in Udaipur that is primarily attributed to consumer connections and malfunctioning
water meters. The city authorities have estimated that more than 20-40% of the total
metered connections need replacement but the challenge is in identifying the true extent
of water leakages along the trunk main and/or distribution lines within the city. The city
aims to replace 3 phase and single phase consumer meters with Smart meters.

o Udaipur as a city has a lot of lined drains alongside the existing city roads with most of
the runoff being discharged into the Ayad River that runs through the city. Currently
Udaipur has a total drain length of 1,289 km, covering 80% of the total road length in the
city with the primary drains being 176.69 km long; secondary, 439.50 km; and tertiary,
665.26 km.

45
o Additionally, the main drains that lead to the storm water drains are mostly unlined and
irregular. Vents of the cross drainage works are choked most of the time and not
functioning properly, resulting in sluggish flow. Moreover, service pipes in many places
crossing through drains also impede the flow.

o From a solid waste fouling perspective, the drains are full of weeds, vegetation, silt and
rubbish. Drains are insufficient to carry runoff during storm resulting flooding of
adjacent roads and colonies. These drains carry runoff as well as domestic wastewater
from the city. Ultimately, these drains lead storm water and waste to the Ayad River
through agricultural lands with no definite alignment.

o In a bid to reduce pollution within the city, the Udaipur Municipal Corporation aims
to deploy hybrid and/or electric vehicles within the walled city limits of Udaipur.
The city aims to monitor the city bus services through on board intelligent
transportation solutions which are to be further integrated into the Control Centre
and Passenger Information Systems which are planned within Udaipur.

o The Walled City within Udaipur is often the nerve centre of traffic issues due to both
infrastructure issues and also poor management of traffic flows. With over 400,000
vehicles on road in Udaipur, 90% is of two wheeler traffic, 9% cars and 1% buses.
As per discussions with the Udaipur Municipal Corporation, it has also been
identified that the average journey speed within the city is around 38 kmph. In
bottleneck points such as old city area (Bapu bazaar and Ashwani market) the
average journey speed is as low as less than 10 kmph leading to long periods of
congestion and walkability issues for pedestrians

46
 o The Danish Embassy has suggested the availability of technologies to aid in
decongestion of traffic, creation of smart parking areas, central traffic monitoring
capabilities, modernisation of existing transportation infrastructure (buses, bus
shelters, signage, signals, etc.) to the Udaipur Municipal Corporation.

o Danish companies with expertise in traffic management, smart traffic monitoring

(traffic sensors, CCTVs, smart traffic lights, smart on-board transportation solutions,
and connected transportation solutions) are invited to present their solutions to the
Udaipur Municipal Corporation. Additionally city planning experts are also invited
to offer consultancy services to the city.

o With tourism as the primary economic driver for Udaipur, lack of clean toilets and
hygienic environment within the city has been a severe problem for the Udaipur
Municipal Corporation. Udaipur currently has 21 public toilets within the city limits
which are maintained by an external agency hired by the Udaipur Municipal Corporation.
Most of these toilets however, are in severe dilapidated conditions unfit for usage
(especially for women and tourists).

o There is no waste segregation practice within the city, with over 50% population
dumping domestic waste in open spaces and/or the streets. Currently the city owns 23
waste stands and 223 dustbins across the city which is often overflowing. Even with bi-
scheduled street cleaning on a daily basis (6am to 10am and 2pm to 5pm) the streets and
area around the waste collection points are often extremely unclean posing a threat for
tourists to visit heritage points within the city.
47
Fateh Sagar Lake environmental impact through tourism
Here is the example of environmental influence by tourism on lake present in the Udaipur city
named as Fatehsagar Lake:

Udaipur is famous all over the world for its enchanting lakes. Udaipur is dependent on its lake
system, which is directly, or indirectly the life source of the city in terms of surface water
resources, tourism, and the ecosystem at large. Most of the tourists (domestic as well as foreign)
come to the city primarily because of placid beauty of the lakes. Lakes thus form the backbone of
the city’s economy which is however under imminent danger of irreparable degeneration,
possible destruction. Before independence the water of the lake was hardly used for any purpose
and it remained full of water almost throughout the year. The water in this lake was so clean the
British officers even used to drink this water. All the three islands found in the lake were full of
vegetation and hundreds of aquatic birds and waders inhabited the island. While superficially,
the beauty of Udaipur is un-smeared, the heavy siltation after deforestation has reduced the depth
of the lakes to a quarter of which it used to be 40 yrs. ago. With the uncontrolled increase of the
density of habitation around the lakes, they have become a substitute for a sewage system. Over
the last 25-30 years, massive deforestation and faulty land-use practices have severely degraded
the catchments of the lake of Udaipur, resulting in increased inflow of sediments into these water
bodies. The increased commercial activities have also contributed considerably to the water
pollution. The total outcome of the above activities is the heavy loading of lake waters with
phosphate and nitrates. These two elements basically increase the botanical fertility of lake water
and lead to intermittent, but luxurious growth of Water Hyacinth. The lake bottom is also
covered with a thick mat of submerged vegetation. In some portions of the lake, there is presence
of floating micro algae which are detrimental to the public health, and harbor varieties of harmful
organism’s Hydro biological work on various inland water bodies of India including lakes of
Udaipur have been conducted by several workers. No systematic work however has been done
on the causes of eutrophication in any of the lakes of Udaipur. Paliwal (1984) made an
Ecological Study of Fateh Sagar Lake (Udaipur) with Special Reference to Macrophytic
Vegetation. A great deal of work however has been done on the eutrophication of several lakes
of other states of India (Fruh 1966, Shreenivasan 1969, Pant et al 1980, Prat and Daroca).

48
Study Area –
Fateh Sagar Lake in Udaipur was built during monarchy. Its area is 20 Sq. km.The lake has four
islands. One is converted into a small island called Nehru Park, for one solar observatory is
created. The third rocky output has developed into a fountain and the fourth one is just near the
north western shore. The runoff emerging from surrounding hills drains into this lake. The lake is
pear-shaped and is encircled by the Aravalli hills on three sides with a straight gravity stone
masonry dam on the eastern side which has a spillway to discharge flood flows during the
monsoon season. Three causeways, one from Pichola Lake, the other from Madar Lake and the
third one from Badi Lake lead to the Fatah Sagar Lake. There are three inlet channels, which
feed the lake and an overflow section on the eastern side in the Masonry dam of 800 m length.
Monsoon rains are the main source of all water to the lake. Initially constructed as an irrigation
scheme, it is now the second major source of drinking water to the city of Udaipur and the
irrigation supplies have been discontinued. A canal from the Rang Sagar Lake connects to the
Fatah Sagar Lake. A gate controlled canal further connects Fatah Sagar Lake with Lake
Pichhola. The Northeastern embankment is known by three names viz., the Pal, the Drive, or
Connaught Bund (bund means embankment)

History of the lake -

After independence trees looming over the water edge and near to it were chopped off which
reduced the heroneries. Government allowed contract for killing of crocodiles in early fifties
.These harmless reptiles were killed for skin and within two years almost all of them were killed.
Fish contractors were also allowed which considerably reduced fish population in the lake.
Though the fisheries department periodically stocks the lake with fingerlings of exotic,
commercially viable fishes of 3 or 4 types only the other fishes viz. cat fish are on the verge of
extinction. in the lake the demand for water also increased. The water works department started
pumping water from the lake which resulted into constant fluctuation of the water table. Several
permanently marshes and reed swamps are no more in the lake 55 The bigger island was an ideal
place for pythons as these reptiles are mostly found in semi aquatic habitats. There was no
scarcity of food as there were several nesting birds and roosting places for birds. There was strict
restriction on fishing so that the lake was full of fishes. Apart from fish eating birds the
population of crocodiles was in good number. As the lake remained full of water, there was

49
abundance of reeds and other aquatic vegetation. The lake was also ideal for migratory birds and
every year in winter lot of migratory birds visited the place.

Ecological Degradation of Fateh Sagar Lake:

Habitat Destruction

• A lot of residential areas have come up around the lake and even some people have acclaimed
the submerged areas for residential purposes. The discharge from these colonies is directly
polluting the lake.

• One of the islands which was ideal for basking and egg laying place for crocodiles is now no
more an island. During rainy season it remains an island just for two months only .Mot of the
trees have been chopped off.

• The bigger island is converted into Nehru Park and the pythons have disappeared. Now it is
recreational place for tourists.

Pollution

The city & downstream lakes are heavily polluted and are facing an imminent danger of
irreparable degeneration.

• The physical setting of the Udaipur city enhances the flow of pollutants into the Fateh Sagar
Lake. Most of the hotels along with 6000 residential houses accommodating 33000 populations
are located on the lake slopes.

• 73 Ghats (used for bathing and washing), 42 garbage spots, 45 drain spots and 118 open
defecations spots, all of which release a shocking quantity of pollutants into the lakes.

• The people living in the walled city look towards the lakes for bathing and sanitary facilities.
Apart from bathing, vehicles are also washed in Lake Fateh Sagar.

• The people perform their religious rituals and ablutions at the lakeside. Muslims and Hindus
submerge their religious creations (Tajias & idols) into the lake

• In the catchment area of Fateh Sagar Lake, effluents from synthetic fiber mills and soft drink
plant etc. are discharged. . The lake is subjected to heavy organic contamination

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• From the shores people go to Nehru Park by mechanized boats. The oil spillage from this boat
is disturbing the aquatic flora and fauna and is polluting the air.

Waste Disposal
• Several road side restaurants have come up which dispose the wastes in the lake It mainly
comprised of metallic cups, of cold drink bottles, ice cream cups, paper or leaf plates, etc.

• Around 100 thousand populations, residing in the vicinity of lakes release all sorts of dirt and
drain waste water into the lakes.

• The garbage collected from the roads, dirt thrown from the houses, debris of the dilapidated
houses, and dead animals are thrown on the banks of the lakes.

Results and Discussions

The lakes are continuously facing the threat of illegal construction despite the Government’s
notification of “No Construction Zone “(17-01-1997) and High Courts interventions. The solid
waste disposal around the periphery is further worsening the situation. Further, the rate of
organic matter production by water hyacinth leads to silting @ 0.7 cm per year. The continuous
sedimentation has not only reduced the water holding capacity but the quality of water is also
being deteriorated severely. The deposition of the sediments & continuous organic loading have
not only affected the quality of water originally retained by the lakes but has drastically
deteriorated the quality also. It is relevant to mention here that the Fateh Sagar Lake is in an
advanced stage of eutrophication. Over the last 10 years, because of less rainfall & degradation
of the catchment, the maximum & minimum water levels are continuously receding. Lakes of
Udaipur were totally empty from 1998 to July 2005. Considering the social, economic (revenue
generation out of tourism is of the order of Rs. 15000 million), historical, cultural & ecological
importance of Udaipur lakes General public, administrative departments and political leaders
were educated that by doing such inter-basin transfer of surplus waters, the lakes will at least
have water above silt level throughout the year & ground water level of the city would be
maintained at fairly high level minimizing the consumption on electricity in fetching the water
from less depth and maintaining the ecological balance.

• Silt removal programs should be organized on regular basis.

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• Developing reservoir operation policy so as to keep and maintain the minimum conservation
pool level of at least 10% of the total storage capacity the lakes at all times.

• The public of Udaipur is greatly aware of the problem and of water hyacinth and has, several
times, participated in the campaign of removal of water hyacinth in the last 25 years.

• Removal of the surface and submerged aquatic weeds like hydrilla, vallisneria and lemna, the
protection of native fish species & rejuvenation of certain conservatory type fishery plays an
important role in the water quality control, conservation & upkeep of the entire lake system.

Conclusion
Udaipur city is growing in population and business activities and with the rise in the standard of
living the waste water flow is rising. The present research work concludes that Fateh Sagar Lake
is highly eutrophic and polluted lentic water body. It is now left to the citizens of Udaipur to
fight for the life of these dying water bodies. And they have been doing so with singular zeal.
The people of Udaipur have tried to draw the attention of the authorities to the lakes through
rallies, public meetings, lecture sessions and distributing relevant literature. In 1980, the citizens
removed water hyacinths that had totally covered Fateh Sagar Lake. Again in 1995 the people
undertook another cleaning programme. Some of the damage done to this lake is irreversible but
still we can rectify some of our mistakes and for this we would have to take some drastic steps to
save this wetland otherwise in due course of time this lake will be converted into semi sewerage
pond and may affect the recreational value..

References

1. Fact Finding Mission from Royal Danish Embassy

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2. Udaipur city report, ACL Projects India

3. Tourism sector profile, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry(FICCI)

4. Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Rajasthan

5. Rapid Baseline Assessment – Udaipur City, CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Solutions
Limited, 2013

6. Udaipur Municipal Corporation website

7. Udaipur Tourism website

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10. Smart Cities Projects, November 2015

11. Udaipur Blog, June 2015

12. Rajasthan Smart City plans, The Financial Express

13. Udaipur Times, September 2015

14. Press Release, FICCI and Udaipur Municipal Corporation sign MoU for Smart
City project

15. Smart City, Rajasthan Urban Drinking Water Sewerage & Infrastructure
Corporation Limited website

16. Udaipur travel guide, Udaipur plus

17. India Smart Cities Challenge website

18. Smart City Guidelines, Government of India

19. Smart City projects

20. Request for Proposals, Udaipur Smart City, April 2016

21. Udaipur Draft Smart City Proposal, Udaipur Municipal Corporation

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22. Sharma, L. L. & Sharma, S. K. First Annual Report of the Department of Science
and Technology Project. 24pp 1988.

23. Kumar, S. Certain Aspects of Water Quality of Lakes Pichhola and Fateh Sagar,
Udaipur, Rajasthan - A Limnological Study. M. Sc. Thesis, Rajasthan Agricultural
University, Bikaner 1987.

24. Paliwal, P. P. An Ecological Study of Fateh Sagar Lake (Udaipur) with Special
Reference to Macrophytic Vegetation. Ph. D. Thesis, Sukhadia University 1984.

25. Sharma, M. S. Studies on Plankton and Productivity of Udaipur Waters in

Comparison to the Selected Waters of Rajasthan. Ph. D. Thesis, Sukhadia University,
Udaipur 1980.

26. Sharma, L. L. Some Limnological Aspects of Udaipur Waters in Comparison to

the Selected Waters of Rajasthan. Ph. D. Thesis, Sukhadia University, Udaipur 1980.

27. Dhawan, S. Fish fauna of Udaipur lakes. Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 66: 190-
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Udaipur, Rajasthan, Ph. D. Thesis, Sukhadia University, Udaipur 1987.

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