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❊❢❡❝t♦ ▼❛❣♥✉s

❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❏❛✈✐❡r ●❛r❝í❛ ▼♦t❛✱ ❆❧♣❤❛ ❙❤❛❧♦♠ ❈ár❞❡♥❛s ●♦♥③á❧❡③✳ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧❛❣✉♥❛✳
✾ ❞❡ ♥♦✈✐❡♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺

❆❜str❛❝t ❍❡✐♥r✐❝❤ ●✉st❛✈ ▼❛❣♥✉s ✭✶✽✵✷✲ ✶✽✼✵✮ q✉✐é♥ ❢✉❡ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❡♥


❞❡s❝r✐❜✐r❧♦ ❡♥ ✶✽✺✸✳
◆❛♠❡❞ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ●❡r♠❛♥ ♣❤②s✐❝✐st ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡♠✐st ❍✳●✳
▼❛❣♥✉s✱ ✇❤♦ ✜rst ✭✶✽✺✸✮ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧❧② ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛✲
t❡❞ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t✳ ❆ s♣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❜❥❡❝t ♠♦✈✐♥❣ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✷✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❡s
❛ ✢✉✐❞ ❞❡♣❛rts ❢r♦♠ ✐ts str❛✐❣❤t ♣❛t❤ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢
♣r❡ss✉r❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s t❤❛t ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢✉✐❞ ❛s ❛ ❆♥❛❧✐③❛r ② ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❧❛s ❝❛✉s❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡s ❞❡❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ▼❛❣✲
r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ ✈❡❧♦❝✐t② ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s♣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♥✉s✳
❜♦❞②✳ ❚❤❡ ▼❛❣♥✉s ❡✛❡❝t ✐s ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♠❛♥✐❢
❡st❛✲ t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐✬s t❤❡♦r❡♠✿ ✢✉✐❞ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ❈♦♥♦❝❡r ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡st❡ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s
❞❡❝r❡❛✲ s❡s ❛t ♣♦✐♥ts ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ s♣❡❡❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢✉✐❞ ❞❡ ❜❛❧♦♥❡s
✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s✳ ❈♦♠♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❝❛❜❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❡❧ ❊❢❡❝t♦ ▼❛❣♥✉s✱ s✉ t❡♦rí❛ ② s✉s
❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s

❮♥❞✐❝❡
✸✳ ▼❛r❝♦ ❚❡ór✐❝♦✳
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ✶
✸✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ▼❛❣♥✉s
✷✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❡s ✶
❋❡♥ó♠❡♥♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❧❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❛❢❡❝t❛
❛ ❧❛ tr❛②❡❝t♦r✐❛ ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♥ ✢✉✐❞♦✱ ❡♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉✲
✸✳ ▼❛r❝♦ ❚❡ór✐❝♦✳ ✶
❧❛r✱ ❡❧ ❛✐r❡✳ ❊st❡ ❢❡♥ó♠❡♥♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s ❡❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐♦s
✸✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ▼❛❣♥✉s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ❢❡♥ó♠❡♥♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐❞♦ ❡❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ② ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡
✸✳✷✳ Pr✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ♥♦ ❞❡s❧✐③❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ✢✉✐❞♦ ❡♥❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❡ ❞❡❧ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♦
✸✳✸✳ Pr✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ▼❛❣♥✉s✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛♣❛ ❧í♠✐t❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ✢✉✐❞♦ s✐t✉❛❞♦
✸✳✹✳ ❉❡❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛♣❛s ❞❡ ❛✐r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ❛❧r❡❞❡❞♦r ❞❡ ❧♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡♥ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦✳
✸✳✺✳ ❖tr❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✸✳✷✳ Pr✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐✳
✹✳ ❯s♦s ② ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✸
❊❧ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ✉♥❛ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥tr❡ ❧♦s ❡❢❡❝✲
✹✳✶✳ ❆❡r♦❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛✿ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r❡s✐ó♥✱ ❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ② ❧❛ ❣r❛✈❡❞❛❞✱ ❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❧❛
✹✳✷✳ ❊♥ ❇❛r❝♦s✿ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ♣r❡s✐ó♥ ❞✐s♠✐♥✉②❡✳ ❋✉❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛✲
✹✳✸✳ ❇❛❧íst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ❞♦ ❡♥ ✶✼✸✽ ♣♦r ❡❧ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ② ❢ís✐❝♦ s✉✐③♦ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐✷ ✳
✹✳✹✳ ❉❡♣♦rt❡s ❞❡ P❡❧♦t❛✿ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ❊❧ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❡♥❡r❣í❛ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✢✉✐❞♦s
❝♦♥ ✢✉❥♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❛ ❧♦ ❧❛r❣♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ tr❛②❡❝✲
✺✳ ❉✐s❝✉s✐ó♥ ② ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥❡s ✹ t♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦✳ P✉❡❞❡ ❞❡♠♦str❛rs❡ q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
❡❧❧♦✱ ❡❧ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ ✢✉✐❞♦ ❞❡❜❡ ✈❡rs❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦
✻✳ ❋✉❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ✹ ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ❞✐s♠✐♥✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✉ ♣r❡s✐ó♥✳ ✈❡r ❡❝✉❛❝✐♦♥✭✶✮
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p+ ρv + ρgh = cte ✭✶✮
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✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥
✸✳✸✳ Pr✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ▼❛❣✲
❊❧ ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞♦ ✧❣♦❧ ✐♠♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ❞❡ ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✧ ✶ ❢✉❡ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ♥✉s✳
❧♦s ♠❡❥♦r❡s t✐r♦s ❧✐❜r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❤✐st♦r✐❛ ❞❡❧ ❢út❜♦❧✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❡❧
❢✉t❜♦❧✐st❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡ñ♦ ❧❡ ♣❡❣♦ ❛❧ ❜❛❧ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛ ❞❡❧ ❙✉♣♦♥❣❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❝✉❡r♣♦ s✐♠étr✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❡s❢❡r❛✱ ♠♦✈✐é♥❞♦✲
❜♦tí♥ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♥♦s ✸✺ ♠❡tr♦s✱ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❡♥ ❧í♥❡❛ r❡❝t❛ s✐♥ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❧í♥❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡
❡❧ ❜❛❧ó♥ ❤❛❝❡ ✉♥❛ ❣r❛♥ ❝♦♠❜❛ ♣♦r ❛❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛rr❡r❛ ❞❡❧ ❡q✉✐✲ s❡ r❡♣❛rt❡♥ s✐♠étr✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ▲❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ ✢✉✐❞♦ ❡s ♥✉❧❛ ❡♥
♣♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦ ✭❋r❛♥❝✐❛✮ ② ❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ❛s♦♠❜r♦ ❡ ✐♥❝r❡❞✉❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧♦s
♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✱ ❡❧ ❜❛❧ó♥ s❡ ♠❡t❡ ❛ ❧❛ ♣♦rt❡rí❛ ♣❡❣❛❞♦ ❛❧ ♣❛❧♦ ✐③q✉✐❡r✲
❞♦✳ ❆ ❡st❡ ❢❡♥ó♠❡♥♦ s❡ ❧❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ▼❛❣♥✉s✳ ❊❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦
▼❛❣♥✉s ❡s ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❛sí ❡♥ ❤♦♥♦r ❛❧ ❢ís✐❝♦ ② q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❛❧❡♠á♥
✉♥ ❢✉t❜♦❧✐st❛ ② ❡♥tr❡♥❛❞♦r ❜r❛s✐❧❡ñ♦✳
✶ ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ✭●❛rç❛✱ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ✶✵ ❞❡ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✶✾✼✸✮✱ ❡s


✷ ❉❛♥✐❡❧❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ✭●r♦♥✐♥❣❛✱ ✽ ❞❡ ❢❡❜r❡r♦ ❞❡ ✶✼✵✵ ✲ ❇❛s✐❧❡❛✱ ✶✼ ❞❡ ♠❛r③♦
❞❡ ✶✼✽✷✮ ❢✉❡ ✉♥ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✱ ❡st❛❞íst✐❝♦✱ ❢ís✐❝♦ ② ♠é❞✐❝♦ ❤♦❧❛♥❞és✲s✉✐③♦✳


❝r✉③❛♥✱ ② s❡ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛♥ s✐♥ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐r ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♦tr❛✱ ♣❡r♦ s✐
♣✉❡❞❡♥ ✧❛rr✉❣❛rs❡✧ ♦ ✧❡st✐r❛rs❡✧✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ❋❧✉✐❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ✉♥❛ ❡s❢❡r❛

❧♦s ❡①tr❡♠♦s ❞❡ s✉ ❞✐á♠❡tr♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ② ♠á①✐♠❛ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❡①tr❡✲


♠♦s ❞❡ s✉ ❞✐á♠❡tr♦ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧✱ ♣❛s❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐♦s
♣❛r❛ ❞✐á♠❡tr♦s q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛♥ ♦tr❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✈❡r ✜❣✉r❛ ✭✶✮✳
❙✐ ❡❧ ✢✉✐❞♦ ❡s ✐❞❡❛❧✱ ❧❛s ♣r❡s✐♦♥❡s s❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉②❡♥ s✐♠étr✐❝❛✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧r❡❞❡❞♦r ❞❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❢✉❡r③❛s ❞❡❜✐❞❛s
❛ ❧❛ ♣r❡s✐ó♥ s❡ ❛♥✉❧❛♥ ❞❡ ❞♦s ❡♥ ❞♦s ❡♥ ❧♦s ❡①tr❡♠♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛
❞✐á♠❡tr♦✳ ▲❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❢✉❡r③❛s q✉❡ ❡❥❡r❝❡ ❡❧ ✢✉✐❞♦ s♦❜r❡
❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❡s ♥✉❧❛✳
❇✐❡♥✱ s✐ ❛❤♦r❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s ✉♥ ❣✐r♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡s❢❡r❛✱ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t♦ s✉✲
♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❡❧♦t❛ s❡ ❡st❛rá ♠♦✈✐❡♥❞♦ ❡♥ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛
✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❛❞❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ ✐③q✉✐❡r❞❛✱ ② ❡❧ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❝♦♥ ✐❣✉❛❧ ✈❡❧♦❝✐✲
❞❛❞ ♣❡r♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ ❞❡r❡❝❤❛✳ ❯♥ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r
❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❡❧♦t❛ ❛❤♦r❛ ✧✈❡rá✧ ❛❧ ❛✐r❡ ♠♦✈✐é♥❞♦s❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞
♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❡❧ ✈✐❡♥t♦ ♠ás ❧❛ ♣r♦♣✐❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❡ ❞❡
❧❛ ❜♦❧❛ ❞❡❜✐❞❛ ❛ ❧❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❡♥ t❛♥t♦ ✉
♥♦
❡♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t♦ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ✧✈❡rá✧ ❡❧ ❛✐r❡ ♠♦✈✐é♥❞♦s❡ ❛ ♠❡♥♦r ✈❡❧♦❝✐✲
❞❛❞ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐ó♥✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❛♣r❡❝✐❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✭✷✮✳
❊❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦ t♦t❛❧ ❡s q✉❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❡❧♦t❛✱ ❧❛
✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛❧ ❛✐r❡ ❡s ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❧❛
✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ ❝♦♥ ❡❧❧♦ ❡st❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝♦♥❞✐✲
❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ❞❡ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐✱ ② ❧❛ ♣❡❧♦t❛ r❡❝✐❜✐rá ✉♥ ❡♠♣✉❥❡
❞❡ ❛❜❛❥♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❛rr✐❜❛ ♣♦r ❡❧ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛r ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛✐r❡ ❡♥
♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦✳
❉❡ ❛❝✉❡r❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ❧❛ ♣r❡s✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛r✲
t❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡s❢❡r❛ s❡rá ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r✱ ❡❧
♠✐s♠♦ r❛③♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ❛ ♦tr♦s ♣✉♥t♦s ❞❡❧ ✢✉✐❞♦ ♣♦r
❡♥✲
❝✐♠❛ ② ♣♦r ❞❡❜❛❥♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ q✉❡ ♣❛s❛ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❝❡♥tr♦
❞❡❧ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦✳ ▲❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ❢✉❡r③❛s q✉❡ ❛❝tú❛♥
s♦❜r❡
❡❧ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦ ❞❡❜✐❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ♣r❡s✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ✢✉✐❞♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❢✉❡r③❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧
❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ s✉st❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛r ❛❧ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦ ❡♥
✉♥❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❛ ❧❛s ❧í♥❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡✳

✸✳✹✳ ❉❡❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛♣❛s ❞❡ ❛✐r❡


❊❧ ♦tr♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ▼❛❣♥✉s ❡s ❛ú♥ ♠ás
s✉t✐❧✳ ❙❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛♣❛s ❞❡ ❛✐r❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣r♦✲
①✐♠✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❡❧♦t❛ ❡♥ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡✲
r❡♠♦s ❡❧ ❛✐r❡ ❡♥ r❡♣♦s♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ s❡r✐❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧❡s
❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ❡s♣❡s♦r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✭✶✮✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ♣❡❧♦t❛
✐rr✉♠♣❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛✐r❡ ❡stát✐❝♦ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛ ❛✐r❡✱ ❡st♦ ❡s ❞❡❢♦r♠❛ ❧❛s
❝❛♣❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧❡s ✧❛♣r❡tá♥❞♦❧❛s✧ ♣♦r ❡♥❝✐♠❛ ② ♣♦r ❞❡❜❛❥♦ ❞❡ ❧❛
❡s❢❡r❛✳ ▲❛ ❝❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❛✐r❡ ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛t❛ ❛ ❧❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❡ ❞❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ q✉❡
❡s ❛❢❡❝t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡st❡ s❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛♣❛ ❧í♠✐t❡ ♦ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r②
❧❛②❡r✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❞❡❝í❛♠♦s✱ ❡stá ❝♦♠♣✉❡st❛ ♣♦r ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❡s s✉❜✲❝❛♣❛s
♦ ❧á♠✐♥❛s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛s q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♠♣❡♥✱ ♥✐ s❡ ♠❡③❝❧❛♥ ♦


❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♥♠❡❞✐❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜♦❧❛✳ P❡r♦ ❡s❡ ♥♦ ❡s ❡❧
ú♥✐❝♦ ❡st❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❧❛ ❝❛♣❛ ❧í♠✐t❡✳ ❊❧ ❡st❛❞♦ q✉

❞❡s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s s❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ ✧❧❛♠✐♥❛r✧ ♦ ❞❡ ✧✢✉❥♦ ❧❛♠✐♥❛r✧ ② ❡s tí♣✐❝♦
❞❡ ❧❛s ❜❛❥❛s ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❙✐♥ ❡♠❜❛r❣♦✱ s✐ ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ s✉
✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞✱ ❡♥ ❛❧❣ú♥ ♣✉♥t♦ ❧❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❧❛♠✐♥❛r ♥♦
♣✉❡❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛rs❡ ② ❧❛ ❝❛♣❛ ❧í♠✐t❡ ♣❛s❛ ❛❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ✧t✉r❜✉❧❡♥t♦✧
♦ ✧✢✉❥♦ t✉r❜✉❧❡♥t♦✧✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❧❛s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❧á♠✐♥❛s s♦♥ s✉s✲
t✐t✉✐❞❛s ♣♦r t♦r❜❡❧❧✐♥♦s ❝❛ót✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❡ ❞❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦✳
▲❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ✢✉❥♦ t✉r❜✉❧❡♥t♦ ❡s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞❡❧ ✢✉
❥♦
❧❛♠✐♥❛r✳ P♦r ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ t♦r❜❡❧❧✐♥♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝♦❧❛ ❞❡❧
❝✉❡r♣♦ ❡♥ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ✢✉❥♦ ❧❛♠✐♥❛r ② r❡s♣♦♥✲
s❛❜❧❡ ♣♦r ❣r❛♥ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❡s✐st❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❧❛ tr❛s❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♦ ❞r❛❣✱ ♥♦
❡s t❛♥ ✐♥t❡♥s❛✱ ② ❡❧ ❞r❛❣ ❝❛❡ ❞r❛♠át✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦ t✉r✲

❞♦♥❞
❡✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ❊s❢❡r❛ ❝♦♥ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❧✐♥❡❛❧ ② r♦t❛t✐✈


❈✉❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ❤❛② r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❧❛ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛♣❛ ❧í♠✐t❡


❡s s✐♠étr✐❝❛ ② ♥♦ ✐♥✢✉②❡ ♠❛②♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ tr❛②❡❝t♦r✐❛ ✭s❛❧✈
♦ ❧❛
❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ t♦r❜❡❧❧✐♥♦ ❝❛ót✐❝♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝♦❧❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉②❡

❧❛ r❡s✐st❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐❛ ❛❧ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛
♣❡❧♦✲
t❛✮✳ ❙✐ ❛❤♦r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛ ❡s❢❡r❛✱ ❧❛ s✐♠❡trí❛
❞❡
❧❛ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛♣❛s ❞❡ ❛✐r❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r s❡
♣✐❡r✲
❞❡✳ ▲❛s ❝❛♣❛s s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s t❡♥❞❡rá♥ ❛ ✧❛rr✉❣❛rs❡✧ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛
❞❡
✧❝r❡st❛✧✱ ❡♥ t❛♥t♦s ❧❛s ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s t✐❡♥❞❡♥ ❛ ❡st✐r❛rs❡ ♦
♣❧❛♥❝❤❛r✲
s❡✳ ❊st♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❝✐♥ét✐❝♦ ❞❡❧
❛✐r❡
❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛♣❛ ❧í♠✐t❡✱ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝✉♠♣❧✐r ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❧❡② ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡r
✈❛❝✐ó♥
❞❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐❣
✉❛❧
♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞ ♣❡r♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❡❧♦t❛✱
❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦
s❡♥✲ t✐❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ❞❡ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐✱ r❡❢♦r③❛♥❞♦ ❛sí ❡❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦
▼❛❣♥✉s t♦t❛❧✱ ✈❡r ✜❣✉r❛✭✸✮✳

✸✳✺✳ ❖tr❛s
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s✳
P❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ▼❛❣♥✉s✱
✐♥✲
tr♦❞✉❥✐♠♦s ❡❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛♣❛s ❞❡ ❛✐r❡ ② s✉ ❞❡❢
♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥

❉♦♥❞❡✿
❞♦♥❞❡✿

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✿ ❚♦r❜❡❧❧✐♥♦s ❛❧r❡❞❡❞♦r ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ❧❛ ❝❛♣❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡


❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✿ ❚♦r❜❡❧❧✐♥♦s ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❧❛ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛♣❛s
❞❡ ❛✐r❡

❜✉❧❡♥t♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ♠❛♥t❡♥❣❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s ♠ás


❛❧t❛s ❡♥ ✈✉❡❧♦✳ P♦r ♦tr♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❛❧ ❞❡s❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ❧❛s ❧á♠✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❛✐r❡
q✉❡ ❡r❛♥ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜❧❡ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ▼❛❣♥✉s ✭❧❛ ❛s✐♠❡trí❛
❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛♣❛ ❧í♠✐t❡✮✱ ❞✐❝❤♦ ❡❢❡❝t♦ s❡ ✈❡ ♥♦t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐s♠✐♥✉✐❞♦✳
❉✐❝❤♦ ❞❡ ♦tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✉♥❛ ❜♦❧❛ ♠♦✈✐é♥❞♦s❡ ❡♥ ❡st❛❞♦ t✉r❜✉❧❡♥✲
t♦ ✧s✐❡♥t❡✧ ♠❡♥♦s ❧❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡❧ ✢✉✐❞♦ ❛❧r❡❞❡❞♦r ② t✐❡♥❞❡
❛ ♠♦✈❡rs❡ ♠ás ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❛ ❧❛ ♣❛rá❜♦❧❛ ❜❛❧íst✐❝❛✱ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ s✉
tr❛②❡❝t♦r✐❛ ♠ás ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ② ♣r❡❞❡❝✐❜❧❡✳ ❱❡r ✜❣✉r❛✭✹✮ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✿ P❡r✜❧ ❞❡❧ ❛❧❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛✈✐ó♥✱ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡
❛✐r❡ ❧❛♠✐♥❛r✳
✹✳ ❯s♦s ② ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s
❡st❛ ③♦♥❛ ❡s ♥✉❧❛✱ ❡s ❧❛ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞❡ r❡♠❛♥s♦✳ P♦r
✹✳✶✳ ❆❡r♦❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛✿ ❡❧ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ❧❛ ♣r❡s✐ó♥ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛rá ❡♥ ❡❧ ❜♦r❞❡
▲❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡❧ ❛❧❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❧ ❛✈✐ó♥ ✈♦❧❛r ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡❧ ❛✐r❡ ❞❡ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡♣r❡s✐ó♥✱ ❞✐s♠✐✲
❛rr✐❜❛ ✈❛ ♠ás rá♣✐❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜❛❥♦ ② ❡st♦ ❤❛❝❡ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡③❝❛♥ ♥✉②❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ s❡ ❡♥tr❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣❡r✜❧ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❜♦r❞❡ ❞❡
❢✉❡r③❛s ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ s✉st❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ s♦♥ ❧❛s q✉❡ ♠❛♥t✐❡♥❡♥ ❡❧ ❢✉❣❛✳
❛✈✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛✐r❡✳
❙✐ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❝✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✲ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❞❡❜❛❥♦ ❞❡❧ ♣❡r✜❧ ② ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❜♦r❞❡ ❞❡ ❢
t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞ ② ❡❧ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐✱ s❡ ❧❧❡❣❛ ❛ ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ✉❣❛✱ s❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ✉♥ ♣❡q✉❡ñ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ②
❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥❡s✿ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ✉♥❛ ♣❡q✉❡ñ❛ ❞❡♣r❡s✐ó♥✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛rá ❡♥
♣❛rt❡✱ ❧❛
▲❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❧í♥❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡ s❡ ♣r♦✲
❞✉❝❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ③♦♥❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡❧ ❜♦r❞❡ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝✐❞❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ③♦♥❛ ♣♦r ❡♥❝✐♠❛ ❞❡❧ ♣❡r✜❧✳
❤❛② ✉♥ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ ✢✉✐❞♦✱ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱
❱❡r ✜❣✉r❛✭✺✮
❡st♦ ❧❧❡✈❛ ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t♦ ✉♥❛ ❞✐s♠✐♥✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♣r❡s✐ó♥✱ ♠✉② ♠❛r✲
❝❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❜♦r❞❡ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡✱ ❞✐s♠✐♥✉②❡♥❞♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❜♦r❞❡
❞❡ ❢✉❣❛✳ ✹✳✷✳ ❊♥ ❇❛r❝♦s✿
❏✉st♦ ♣♦r ❞❡❜❛❥♦ ❞❡❧ ❜♦r❞❡ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡ s❡ ❛♣r❡❝✐❛ ✉♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ❘♦t♦r ❋❧❡tt♥❡r
q✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❛② ❧í♥❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡✱ ❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ ✢✉✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❊❧ ❘♦t♦r ❋❧❡tt♥❡r ❡s ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐ó♥ ❡ó❧✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♥❛✲
✈❡s✱ ✐♥✈❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐♦s ❞❡❧ s✐❣❧♦ ❳❳ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❛❧❡♠á♥ ❆♥t♦♥ ❋❧❡tt✲

♥❡r✱ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ✉s♦ ♣rá❝t✐❝♦ ❞❡❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ▼❛❣♥✉s✳ ❋❧❡tt♥❡r ❤❛❜í❛


❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✿ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s tr❛②❡❝t♦r✐❛s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡❧♦t❛

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✿ ❊❢❡❝t♦ ▼❛❣♥✉s ✐♠♣✉❧s❛♥❞♦ ❛❧ ❜❛r❝♦ r♦t♦r ❋❧❡tt♥❡r✳

❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ✈❡❧❛s ♠❡tá❧✐❝❛s✱ q✉❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❜❛♥ ❧❛


❡✜❝✐❡♥✲
❝✐❛ ❞❡❧ ❜✉q✉❡ ❡♥ ✉♥ ✺✵ ✪✱ ♣❡r♦ s❡ ♠❡❥♦ró ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ✈❡❧❛s r♦t❛t♦✲
r✐❛s✳ ❊st❛s s❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛r♦♥ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣♦r ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❡❧ ✓❊❢❡❝t♦ ▼❛❣♥✉s✔✳
❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ✈✐❡♥t♦ s♦♣❧❛ ❡♥ á♥❣✉❧♦s r❡❝t♦s ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦✱ ❝r❡❛
✉♥ ✈❛❝í♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❡❛ ❢r♦♥t❛❧ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♠✐s♠♦s ② ✉♥❛ ♣r❡s✐ó♥ ❛❧t❛ ❡♥
❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ tr❛s❡r❛✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❜✉q✉❡ ❡s ❧✐t❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠♣✉❥❛❞♦ ❊❧ ❢❛❝t♦r ♠❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ❡st❛ ❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ♣r✐♥✲
❤❛❝✐❛ ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡✳ ❱❡r ✜❣✉r❛✭✻✮ ❝✐♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐✱ q✉❡ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛❧ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞✱ ❧❛
♣r❡s✐ó♥ ❞✐s♠✐♥✉✐rá✱ ② s❡ ❢♦r♠❛rá ✉♥❛ ❢✉❡r③❛ q✉❡ ✈❛ ❞❡❧ ♣✉♥t♦
✹✳✸✳ ❇❛❧íst✐❝❛ ❝♦♥ ♠❛②♦r ❛❧ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ♣r❡s✐ó♥✳
❊st❡ ❡❢❡❝t♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛♣r❡❝✐❛r ❡♥ ♠✉❝❤❛s s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦t✐❞✐❛✲
❊❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❣♥✉s t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ♣❛♣❡❧ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡s✲ ♥❛s✱ ② ❡s ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐❣♥♦r❛❞♦ s✐ ♥♦ s❡ t✐❡♥❡ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦
t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❜❛❧❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❧❛ ❢✉❡r③❛ ▼❛❣♥✉s ♥♦ ❛❝tú❛ s♦❜r❡ ❡❧ ❞❡ é❧✱ ❝❛❜❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛r q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r út✐❧ ❡♥ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s
❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛✈❡❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛❧❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡❧ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡s✐ó♥ ❛❢❡❝t❛ ❞❡♣♦rt❡s✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❛ñ❛r ❛❧ ❝♦♥tr✐♥❝❛♥t❡✳ ❙❡r ✉t✐❧✐✲
❛❧ ❣✉✐ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛❧❛✳ ❊❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ▼❛❣♥✉s ❛❝tú❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❢✉❡r③❛ ❞❡ ③❛❞♦ s❛❝á♥❞♦❧❡ ♣r♦✈❡❝❤♦ ❡♥ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧
❞❡s❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❜❛❧❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡s✐ó♥ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡❧ ❘♦t♦r ❋❧❡tt♥❡r✳ ❆sí ❝♦♠♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ✉♥❛ ❞❡s✈❡♥t❛❥❛ ❡♥
❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡❧❛♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛✈❡❞❛❞✳ ❏✉st♦ ❛ ❧❛ ✐♥✈❡rs❛ ♦tr❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛❧íst✐❝❛✱ ❡♥ ❞♦♥❞❡
❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡s✐ó♥ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❡ ❞❡trás ❞❡❧
s❡ ❞❡s❡❛ t❡♥❡r ✉♥ tr❛②❡❝t♦r✐❛ ♠❛s ❡①❛❝t❛✳
❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛✈❡❞❛❞✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❛❝tú❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❜❛❧❛✳ ▲❛ ❧♦❝❛✲
❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡s✐ó♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ s✐ ❧❛ ❜❛❧❛ ✈✉❡❧❛ ❛ ✉♥❛
✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ s✉♣❡rsó♥✐❝❛✸ ✱ tr❛♥só♥✐❝❛✹ ó s✉❜só♥✐❝♦✺ ✳ ▲♦ q✉❡ ❡st♦
q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡❝✐r ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛ ❡s q✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ② ♦tr♦s
✻✳ ❋✉❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥
❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛❧❛✱ ❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❝❛s♦ ❡❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ▼❛❣♥✉s ❛❢❡❝t❛ ●r✉❜❡❧♥✐❦ ❱✳✱ ▼❛r❤❧ ▼✳✱ ❉r♦♣ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❢❛❧❧✐♥❣
❡♥♦r♠❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ♣♦rq✉❡ tr❛t❛ ✏❞❡ t♦r❝❡r✑ ❧❛ ❜❛❧❛ str❡❛♠ ♦❢ ❧✐q✉✐❞✳ ❆♠✳ ❏✳ P❤②s✳ ✼✸ ✭✺✮ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✺✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✶✺✲
❛ ❧♦ ❧❛r❣♦ ❞❡ s✉ tr❛②❡❝t♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ✈✉❡❧♦✳ ✹✶✾

✹✳✹✳ ❉❡♣♦rt❡s ❞❡ P❡❧♦t❛✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳s❝✳❡❤✉✳❡s✴s❜✇❡❜✴✜s✐❝❛✴✢✉✐❞♦s✴❞✐♥❛♠✐❝❛✴♠❛❣♥✉s

●♦❧❢✱ ❋út❜♦❧✱ ❜é✐s❜♦❧✱ ❡t❝✳ ❆❧ ❣♦❧♣❡❛r ❧❛ ♣❡❧♦t❛ ❡ ✐♠♣r✐♠✐r❧❡ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳s❝✳❡❤✉✳❡s✴s❜✇❡❜✴✜s✐❝❛✴✢✉✐❞♦s✴❞✐♥❛♠✐❝❛✴❜❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐


✉♥ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛ ✉♥❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡✲
s✐ó♥ ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❡❧♦t❛ ❧♦ ❝✉❛❧ ♣♦r ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❛❧t❡r♥❛t✉r❛✳❝♦♠✴❢✉t♠✴s❝✐❡♥❝❡✴❛❡r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s
❝❛✉s❛ ❞❡❧ ✓❊❢❡❝t♦ ▼❛❣♥✉s✔ ❡❥❡r❝❡ ✉♥❛ ❢✉❡r③❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❛rr✐❜❛ ❧✉❡✲ ✸ ❱❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ♠❛②♦r ❛ ✶✷✸✵ ❦♠✴❤
❣♦ ❡❧ r♦③❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ② ❧❛ ❣r❛✈❡❞❛❞ ❤❛❝❡♥ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♣❡❧♦t❛ t♦♠❡ ✉♥❛ ✹ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ❡♥ ✉♥ r❛♥❣♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✾✽✵ ② ✶✷✸✵ ❦♠✴❤
tr❛②❡❝t♦r✐❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❡♥❣❛ñ❛♥❞♦ ❛❧ ♦♣♦♥❡♥t❡✳ ❱❡r ✜❣✉r❛ ✭✼✮ ✺ ❱❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ♠❡♥♦r ❛ ✾✽✵ ❦♠✴❤

✺✳ ❉✐s❝✉s✐ó♥ ② ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥❡s
❊❧ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐♦s ❢❛❝t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥❧❧❡✈❛♥
❛ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠❜❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ tr❛②❡❝t♦r✐❛ ❞❡❧ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❛❧ q✉

s❡ ❧❡ ❛♣❧✐q✉❡ ✉♥ ❣✐r♦✳ ❉❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♦ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧
❣✐r♦ ❡❧ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❧✐♥❡❛❧ t❡♥❞❡rá ❛ ❞❡s✈✐❛rs❡ ❡♥ ❡s❛
❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥✳

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