Roman Shipsheds

Author(s): David Blackman

Source: Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. Supplementary Volumes, Vol. 6, The
Maritime World of Ancient Rome (2008), pp. 23-36
Published by: University of Michigan Press for the American Academy in Rome
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 ROMAN SHIPSHEDS

David Blackman

covered slipways or "shipsheds" housing warships were the most distinctive feature of
the military harbors of the Mediterranean in the Classical and Hellenistic periods, and many
remains of them have now been identified and investigated. Warships were kept out of the water
when not in use, to avoid rot and the ship worm, and protected from sun and rain by the roofs of
the shipsheds that lined the harbor basins. The monumental "arsenali" of the great maritime cities
of the medieval period, with their vaulted sheds, continue the same tradition. There is still, however
a "missing link": we have no certain remains of the shipsheds, or navalia, of the Roman period.
There is in my view no doubt that shipsheds were used in the Roman period: the pictorial
evidence seems to me clear. Coins depicting entire harbors show colonnades that admittedly may
simply be quayside colonnades or arched moles, rather than roofed slipways: for example, the
coin of Gallienus showing the harbor of Side as a perfect circle, when in fact the main harbor was
triangular (more or less); the arcade probably represents porticos rather than slipway entrances. A
coin of Antoninus Pius shows the harbor of Cenchreae with a statue and three ships and a quay-
side colonnade. But Lehmann-Hartleben thought that the Neronian sestertii of Portus portrayed
shipsheds rather than arched moles, and we must not forget Appian's description of the shipsheds
at Carthage in 146 B.C.: "In front of every shipshed stood two Ionic columns, so that both harbor
and island appeared to be lined with a colonnade" (Pun. 96). 1
Furthermore, there is no doubt about the coins showing a detail on a larger scale - clearly of
roofed slipways: notably the denarius of Palikanus, a mint official in 47 B.C. (fig. 1), which shows
three ships' prows peeping out of arched buildings, clearly warships in shipsheds, with a "bisellium"
above whose interpretation I leave to others. Coarelli convincingly refuted the previous theory tha
the coin depicted the rostra of the time of Caesar. We clearly have here a depiction of the navalia
of the city of Rome, destroyed in 44 B.C. and apparently not rebuilt. We may compare the asses of
Ancus Marcius Censorinus, clearly of a warship, which in Bartoccini's view depicted the navalia
of Ostia.2
There are a number of similar scenes in a larger context in mosaics and wall paintings. A strik-
ing example is the arcaded border of a mosaic from a Roman villa in Gaul at Grange-du-Bief . Guey
dates the mosaic to the early second century A.D., but Redde thinks that it may be earlier.
A late Republican mosaic now in the Vatican, but found in the Via Ardeatina, gives a clear idea
of the roofing - a double-pitched roof over each shed. A mosaic from Lanuvium, now in the church

1 Lehmann-Hartleben 1923, 238 and coin plate, nos. 9-11;
Blackman 1982, 82-85, 206 and fig.l; Redde 1986, 202 and
fig. 70. For a recent discussion of the iconography in general
with bibliography, presented since this paper was given, see
Baika 2003b, 423^27.
2 Bartoccini 1913; Coarelli 1968, 27-33 and figs. 1, 6; Le Gall
1953 , 103-1 10; Redde 1986, 162 and fig. 69. Cf. also possibly
a coin issued by L. Rubirus Dossenus in 87 B.C.: Morrison
1996, 225, no. 24 III.

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24 DAVID BLACKMAN

Fig. 1. The denarius

ofPalikanus (47 B.C.).

Fig. 2. Mosaic from the

Casa del Marinaio, Pompeii.

of Santa Maria Maggiore, is poorly pr

visible a wall with towers and battlem
military naval installations (at the very
A mosaic from the Casa del Marin
framed by columns in an arcade (fig.
Second and Third Styles (early August
and that Fiorelli reported "nove prore
Maritime scenes on wall paintings mo
there are exceptions, one of which fro
rightly interpreted the timbers appare
not oars, since the ship was slipped - u
Trajan's Column (Scene LXXIX) appea
fortifications as in the Lanuvium mo
Dacian War (from Ancona? Ravenna?
of dispute and is still unresolved).6 V
to earlier, shipsheds; and vaulted shed
In my 1982 survey of ancient harbo
no certain remains have been found, a

3 Grange-du-Bief: Guey and Duval

the arches 1960,frame
sometimes doubtin
ve
pretation as navalia; the
have other
been mosaics:
a popular Coarel
artistic m
3-4; Redde 1986, 162 and figs. 7 1-72. The scene
in the (heavily 5 Basch
restored) 1979; 1987,
Palestrina mosaic437^38
may r
a copy of(as
royal harbor at Alexandria a Hellenistic
Coarelli 1990,pain
2
Blackman
the low arcaded structure 1995b,
looks more74 like
and an
n. 4
43,312-317.
than a row of shipsheds (Coarelli 's suggestion
indication of ships within the arches.
6 Cichorius 1900, 11-26 and pls. LVIII-LIX; Lehmann-
4 Pernice 1938, 64Hartleben
and 1923, 228-230;
pl. Redde 27.3,1986, 218-220
69;and n. 231;
Redde 1986
80 notes that Lepper and Freremotif
the arcade 1988, 129-132 andwas
pls. LVIII-LIX;
not Mor- confined
rison 1996, 249-251, no. 47; Baika 2003b, 424^25.

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 ROMAN SHIPSHEDS 25

and paintings, with ships showing just ins

Campus Martius in the Republican period.
Gall (1953), and Coarelli (1968); I did not th
followed Meiggs's rejection of the supposed
I pointed out that Vitruvius deals with sh
vaulted roofs to minimize the use of timb
he may have lifted the short passage from
rary reference, showing that shipsheds we
period.) I noted the possible remains of A
1941. (Redde has since expressed doubts.)8
In a Haifa conference paper, published in
military harbor was the presence of shipsh
though "this does not mean, as is often ass
never hauled ashore: note Theophrastus H
I commented: "Oddly, those [shipsheds]
date, and form a large part of the survivin
pre-Roman." For the Roman period, the r
found which are definitely of Roman date
Where, however, are the remains?
In 1988 I could refer to the definite rem
Garigliano, "never studied and probably n
been remains at Centumcellae, now lost. I
case clear."10
In discussing shipbuilding yards, I sugge
offered some evidence if it had been thoro
I compared ("a dismal experience") the pla
in his 1972 book on // livello antico del m
gestion of shipsheds: here is a matter that
In a chapter published in 1995 in The Ag
reports of possible shipsheds on the outer
that for the Roman period, "We must cert
sheds]: no longer did almost every harbour
shipsheds - they must have been concentra
possibility of Roman use of fortified docky
lenistic periods, then this remains a reason

Bastianelli
7 Blackman 1982, 206 and 1954, 40.n.
Redde112,
1986, 197-201 does not believe
referring to Leh
that remains
Hartleben 1923, 183, n. 4; have been
Le found at Centumcellae
Gall 1953,of the navalia
103-110; C
1968; add now Redde 1986,
mentioned 202-203.
by Rutilius Namatianus, Ostia: Meigg
De reditu 1.245.
126; general discussion on Ostia and Portus in Leh
Hartleben 1923, 183-184,
11 Blackman 1988,187.
15 and n. 36; Jacono 1933, pls. XLVL fig. 2,
XLVH. fig. 3 (reproduced by Schmiedt 1964, fig. 40); Schmiedt
8 Jacono 1941, 665 1972,
and 176-181, esp. 176, 3;
fig. fig. 185. I have visited Ventotene
Redde 1986, 150, 16
esp. 167-168; Reddefor in
the first time since the workshop,
Pagano, in May 2003, by kind
Redde, and Rodda
279-294. arrangement with Dr A. Zarratelli. A newly published guide
to Ventotene (De Rossi 1999, 18-19, fig. 5) illustrates a late
9 Blackman 1988, 14-15 and nn. 30-31. eighteenth-century plan of the port, showing magazines cut in
the rock along the western shore; this appears on inspection
to exclude Jacono s suggestion of shipsheds here.
10 Blackman 1988, 19, n. 32, referring to Ruegg 1983, 218;

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 26 DAVID BLACKMAN

I noted the epigraphic evidence from

at the confluence with the Main - th
found and published by Olaf Hdckma
yard, with associated finds including
still, according to Hockmann, the typ
Other finds were being made along t
to cross the (regrettable) "north-south
in Hockmann s paper at the Venice co
and discussed by Boris Rankov in his

Among works on the Roman navy, ou

Nostrum (1986), which concentrates on
(both Greek and Roman Republican
He discusses the importance of nava
Frejus but also at Boulogne, Dover, an
Imperial-period naval bases.
He then stresses how little we know
He notes that Latin preserves a distinc
century) between navalia and textrin
been very firm. Greek had the same d
wonders whether navalia could also h
open) and notes the epigraphic eviden
by Coarelli 1968) and under the Empir
Mainz (of the classis Germanica). He a
200," according to Strabo 12.8.11) and
regards it as a plausible hypothesis th
vecoQioc and Roman navalia, "mais il f
Redde accepts that there were navalia
the detail; the best evidence so far is
and almost all of late Republican or A
He thinks that we can assume (subject t
similar from Greek to Roman Republic
ship construction and the problems of p
This seems a sensible working hypoth
ferences in possible locations: the seas
or a lakeshore (?), and also differences
of the empire.
First, a word about the Greek proto
fleet construction (at least, they woul
Rhodes and Alexandria):15

12 Blackman 1995a,
historical232-233; Leptis:
evolution of Roman naval bases under the Empire. Laronde 1
and fig. 9; Mainz:ForHockmann 1993,
Piraeus and Cyzicus, see below nn. 16, 22. 125-126 a
communication.

15 The literature can be found in Blackman 1968; 1982;

13 Hockmann 2003, 109. 1990 (use of timber); 1995a; 2003; Baika 2003b. Early basic
discussion in Lehmann-Hardeben 1923, 113-121; see also
14 Redde 1986, 27-37 on shipsheds and ship dimensions;Redde 1986, 30-32, 161.
158-163 on military harbor installations; 309-319 on the

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 ROMAN SHIPSHEDS 27

Fig. 3. Zea harbor, Pirae

shipsheds excavation, 18

Fig. 4. Model of
shipsheds (based o
Zea remains), Nau
Museum, Piraeus.

The standard trireme shipshed that

Rhodes, or Carthage had (on the basi
ca. 40 m and clear width of 5.5-6 m, w
a longer dry length and a narrower c
The basic Piraeus evidence goes back
3-4); the site is now being restudied
excavation that is finding the lower e
excavations by the Greek archaeologic
is reported that rather narrow ships
Remains elsewhere show a similar gr
clad, so that the original upper surfac
steeper, and narrower, mainly rock-c

16 Piraeus in the Roman period:

man 1995a; Redde
2003. 1986,
Loven 's w
agreeing with Kienast 1966, shipsheds:
Rock-cut 95-96 that it ser
Baika
relay station; Loven
contra Starr are now
1960, members
19-20. For theo
see Dragatses and Dorpfeld
project 1885; andbelow.
mentioned referen

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28 DAVID BLACKMAN

Fig. 5. Hellenistic shipshed,

Rhodes. A ramp of the last
phase overlies piers of the
preceding phase.

Henry Hurst s excavations at Cart

gradients - while providing evidenc
larger ship types of the Hellenistic
nineteenth-century investigator, Gr
My work on Rhodes showed that t
tetrereis (in shipsheds with a full 6 m
with a 4.20-4.40 m clear width), in
Recent excavations in the port of
well before the final siege of 49 B.C
lines of timber rollers (phalangae) o
one site side-walls over 40 m long a
shipbuilding activity - not in the sh
not shipyards.17
At Kition in Cyprus six shipsheds
fourth century B.C.; the ramps swin
and perhaps Carthage and Rhodes, w
and there is evidence for roofing an
Finally, at Naxos in Sicily M. C. Le
B.C. (with possibly an earlier phase)
(Naxos was succeeded by Taurome
narrow clear width of 5.45 m, and h
may have held rubbing posts to sup

My conclusions from recent resear

1:11 (much steeper than the modern
variations. Even where stone was ava

Built shipsheds and

used references in Blackm
for shipbuilding, bes
possibly Thurii 2003a;
and 2003b,
Carthage. 428-^38.
According toRo
R
shipshed):
Dor has now provided Hockmann
good evidence of 199
roc
at Naxos:
used for shipbuilding; see now
possibly alsoBlackma
Apollo

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Fig. 6. Reconstruction of Hellenistic shipshed, Rhodes, final phase: cross-section and longitudinal section (Paul Knoblauch).

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 30 DAVID BLACKMAN

The minimum clear width for triremes

but perhaps 6 m if used also for tetrerei
perhaps a wider category (7-8 m).
The dry length is 40+ m for triremes, t
answer is not yet clear. Narrower ships
planning may have imposed longer sli
Rhodes).
Looking back from the Roman vantage point, there are obvious considerations to be borne
in mind: how many Greek dockyards were available for use by Roman ships, and how many were
actually used?
Piraeus we have mentioned: probably a "relay station" for Roman fleets, as Redde argues (above
n. 16). Pausanias in the second century a.d. reflects (1.1) what must have been the result of repairs
to the shipsheds, while Strabo (9.1.15) reflects an earlier period of decline, after the Sullan destruc-
tion of 86 B.C. He burnt the shipsheds and the naval arsenal (App. Mith. 41). There may prove to
be archaeological indications of a Roman phase of shipsheds.
Corinth was important in the Roman period, but apparently not for the Roman navy.18
Cenchreae, its eastern harbor, was a flourishing commercial port, but no traces of shipsheds
have been located, from either the Roman or earlier periods. Shipsheds at Lechaion, its western
harbor, are attested in historical sources for the Classical period (Xen. Hell. 4.4.12 for 392 B.C.),
but no remains have been found from that or later periods.
Rhodes remained a major port and, as ally of Rome, still had warships in the early Imperial
period; the remains of the military harbor studied by us have phases rather of the fourth/third and
second centuries B.C.: I wonder whether the later phase could still have served the Rhodian triemioliai
of the classis Rhodia in the Augustan to Flavian period. The recently excavated harborworks of the
Roman period belong to the commercial harbor.19
At Alimnia, a small island port off the west coast of Rhodes, we have a collection of twenty-
one rock-cut shipsheds on two bays, both with fine natural protection (figs. 7-8). The shipsheds in
Emporio are mostly rather wide: 8.50-9 m or 9.50-10+ m, and one is very wide (18.20 m), clearly
for a double or triple shed. The dry lengths are only 14-18 m; they continue into the water but
break off after about 5 m. The gradient appears to be ca. 1:7. This gradient seems very steep for
large ships such as triremes and larger, but Oeniadae has 1:6 (fig. 9). Were these double shipsheds
for two ships of ca. 4 m beam and 20 m length? Coates suggests that they were for pentecontors or
hemioliai. These would be appropriate for the purpose that I suggest.
Dating rock-cut slipways is very difficult. I have suggested that these slipways were for an out-
station of the Rhodian fleet in the Hellenistic period, providing an early warning system against
pirates. But evidence from the seabed included pottery of many later periods (not yet fully stud-
ied) - this port was on the main trade route from, for instance, Egypt to Constantinople; we have
not yet excavated any of the slipways (which should give us an idea of date of use, if not so clearly
of date of construction).20

18 Redde 1986, 230; for Lechaion, see most recently Rothaus into the first century A.D., but its fleet had gone by A.D. 79-82:
1995. Redde 1986, 314, 498-499.

19 Blackman in Blackman, Knoblauch, and Yiannikouri 20 Blackman 1996; 1999; Blackman and Simosi 2003 . Another
1996, 404; Herod the Great had ships built for his fleet in the likely out-station of the Rhodian fleet has now been identi-
shipyards at Rhodes and financed their restoration (Joseph. fied at Loryma in the Rhodian Peraea, with evidence for
A] 16.147); Rhodes was a "naval ally" of Rome at least well shipsheds: Held 2002, 291-293 and figs. 7-9 (p. 300).

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 Fig. 7. Emporid Bay, Alimnia:
view from west, with Rhodes
in the background.

Fig. 8. Emporid Bay, Alimnia: plan (Aik. Tagonidou, Ephorate of Maritime Antiquities).

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 32 DAVID BLACKMAN

Fig. 9. Oeniadae: view of rock-cut sh

The difficulty of dating rock-cut slip

rock-cut slipways, probably Classical/
period down to the last century.21
One big harbor of which we know littl
that it had "over 200" shipsheds. We h
surprise at this figure, following Leh
things from the Greek point of view
Romans: it was the first port on the so
Hellespont. One still, however, has to
time - or his source. The main period
classis Pontica in the 170s. It last appe
Another major port where the literary
rinaP In the recent intensive investigat
At Caesarea in Palestine Avner Raban
of the Inner Basin: elongated parallel
shipsheds for naval units, probably H
sis Syriaca. He presented these finds,
conference in 2000.24

21 Rethymno:
Baika 2003b,
facade of the 521-524
Temple Platform (Area I) on the southeast side of and refere
the Inner Basin, which deserve perhaps to be compared with
22 Lehmann-Hartleben 1923,
the Ostia site discussed by Rankov below, and 101,
vaults in Area n. 1; 63-64 o
port; Blackman 2003,
CC to the south, in 82;
the northwestRedde
part of the South Bay. All1986, 147, 1
388, 642. have long, narrow compartments, apparently open to the sea
in an original phase, before being converted into horrea. (The
23 Redde 1986, 241-243, 493^94; McKenzie 2003, 36-41; similar appearance of shipsheds and horrea is always something
Baika 2003b, 248-252. See also n. 3 above. to beware: since giving this paper I have noted the remark of
Kahler and Guidi 1958, 686, that some horrea in the Portus
24 Now published: Raban 2003. The site at Area S/LL remains Traiani may be navalia. ) Only the compartments in Area S/LL
the most plausible. Some doubts have been expressed since have remains surviving of a (slight) seaward slope, making them
then, but Raban has confirmed to me that he maintains his fte IMm candidm, hemd a§ a "naval ally" of Rome: Iteddi
interpretation. The other candidates are: vaults in the western 1986, 3 14, 498. See now Rankov, in this volume.

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 ROMAN SHIPSHEDS 33

One site in the West has shipsheds that m

side of the Little Harbor of Syracuse. First
studied by Beatrice Basile: she defines two
an early fourth-century B.C. date for the fi
man date for the second phase. It seems to
B.C. (there must have been shipsheds here t
by Dionysios I. If that is correct, we do no
Before passing to the short list of new ca
exceptional case of the Aktion shipsheds (w
the hill): Strabo in his description of Akt
on which stood the temple of Apollo Aktio
(that is, it had a very short life): "vswqioc in
often ships (8ex<xvaioc), from a 'one' (fxovox
the vecoaoixoi and the tiXoiol have been de
proof) that the shipsheds were of varying
"squadron of ten." One wonders whether a

It is impossible in a short essay to go into

mous bibliography in the great work of M
on "Shipsheds of the Ancient Mediterrane
obligation to follow up many points that
look again at many of the tantalizing refe
at the evidence of air photographs collect
Let me mention as an example the extra
covered slipways - of the main Roman flee

(i) Ostia /Portus is under close study by

was restored in the second century a.d.
(ii) We shall want to look again at the ev
(iii) Redde describes remains near the w
horrea. Was anything found before the
Do any remains survive (fig. 10)?29
(iv) At Ravenna, Schmiedt thought he co
ings have revealed buildings that he id
horrea, on the supposed island in the ha

25 Basile 2002, 29
170-172 Redde 1986,
(shipshed 150,
phases 186-197,
1 and e
2 are sit
HI and V); see Lehmann-Hartleben 1923, 106-107,
apparemment allonges, separes 1
p
Redde 1986, 213: portnent des espaces
no longer de 3-4
of military m a 6-7
importan
a celui d' horrea. Us sont situes,
26 Blackman 1996, 113 and et
la ville n. leur
4; Lehmann-Hartlebe
appartenance rest
241 described it Port?
as a Ville?" museum."
"maritime I take this I
to be t
gath
Professor Ismene east
Trianti side
of of the "camp?"
Ioannina andis
University bet
pl
an investigation. his fig. 12 (my fig. 10). One hopes
have access to the military estab
27 CIL 14.376. See Starr 1960,
remains 17;
have Redde
been 1986,
found and 20
pe
wonders whether it was really for the navy.
30 Redde 1986, 177-186, esp. 18
28 See above and n. 8.
(nn. 60, 66).

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34 DAVID BLACKMAN

Fig. 10. Misenum: plan (after Redde [1

(v) At Vada Sabatia (Vado Ligure) the

the term may have had here the w
(vi) At Frejus, clearly an important b
navalia is attested.32

Boris Rankov and I consulted each oth

four sites recently proposed needed d
and Ostia. I have tried to provide the
whether they are shipsheds.33

31 Redde 1986, 204 6and references

m clear widththere.
and a centra
in Berichte derRomisch-Germ
32 Redde 1986, 150, 171-177,
246-247, 490-492.
referring to K. H. R
in Bayern 1982 [1983] 101-1
33 G. Ciampoltrini but Rankov isthat
has suggested skeptical.
remainsMo
o
at Cosa, oral
by the "villa report from
marittima della T. Sarnowsk
Tagliata," m
navalia, but we areAalen of possible
not convinced: Roman slip
Ciampoltrin
219-225; cf. Gambogiindicated
in this to Rankov
volume. at the 20
Blackman
by two early both this interpretation
second-century "Hallenbauten"an
p
river north of cannot be
the Castellum atconfirmed.
Oberstimm, with s

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 ROMAN SHIPSHEDS 35

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