RMM 22 FINAL Compressed

Romanian Mathematical Society-Mehedinți Branch 2019
ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL
SOCIETY
Mehedinți Branch
ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE
R.M.M.
Nr.22-2018
1 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL
SOCIETY
Mehedinți Branch
DANIEL SITARU-ROMANIA EDITOR IN CHIEF
ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE-PAPER VARIANT
ISSN 1584-4897
GHEORGHE CĂINICEANU-ROMANIA
DAN NĂNUȚI-ROMANIA
EMILIA RĂDUCAN-ROMANIA
MARIA UNGUREANU-ROMANIA
DANA PAPONIU-ROMANIA
GIMOIU IULIANA-ROMANIA EDITORIAL BOARD
DRAGA TĂTUCU MARIANA-ROMANIA
CLAUDIA NĂNUȚI-ROMANIA
DAN NEDEIANU-ROMANIA
GABRIELA BONDOC-ROMANIA
OVIDIU TICUȘI-ROMANIA
ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE-INTERACTIVE JOURNAL
ISSN 2501-0099 WWW.SSMRMH.RO
DANIEL WISNIEWSKI-USA
VALMIR KRASNICI-KOSOVO EDITORIAL BOARD
ALEXANDER BOGOMOLNY-USA

CONTENT
Algebraic inequalities from geometrical configurations- Daniel Sitaru,Claudia

Nănuți........................................................................................................................................................................4
The beauty of inequalities-Do Huu Duc Thinh........................................................................................7

Elemente de geometria triunghiului in coordonate baricentrice-Neculai Stanciu...............20
Few applications of Cocea’s inequality- Daniel Sitaru,Claudia Nănuți...........................................25
About problem UP.147-ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE-Marin Chirciu..……………28
About problem 3677-CRUX MATHEMATICORUM- Marin Chirciu……. ……………………………….32
About problem JP.173-ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE- Marin Chirciu................35
About INEQUALITY IN TRIANGLE-884-ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE- Marin

Chirciu.......................................................................................................................................................................37
Plynomes and matrices-Marian Ursărescu………………………………………………………………………39
Proposed problems………………………………………….………………………………………………………………...41
Index of proposers and solvers RMM-22 Paper Magazine.………………………………………….…………99

ALGEBRAIC INEQUALITIES FROM GEOMETRICAL CONFIGURATIONS

By Daniel Sitaru, Claudia Nănuți – Romania
Abstract: In this article we build geometrical configurations and extract algebraic inequalities
from geometrical properties.
Aplication 1 : If , , ≥ 0 then:
1.1. + + √2 + + + √2 ≥ +
1.2 + + √ + + ≥ + + √2
1.3 + + √2 + + ≥ + + √2
Solution: Let be Δ such that: = ; = ; = ; = ;
3
= =
4
By cosine theorem: = + ; = + + √2; = + + √2
In Δ : + > ; + > ; + >
+ + √2 + + + √2 ≥ +
+ + √2 + + ≥ + + √2
+ + √2 + + ≥ + + √2
Equality holds for = = = 0.

Aplication 2: If , , ≥ 0 then:
2.1. + +√ + + ≥ + + √3
2.2. + + + + √3 ≥ √ + +
2.3. √ + + + + + √3 ≥ +
Solution: Let be Δ such that: = ; = ; = ; = ; = ;
5
=
6
By cosine theorem: = + ; =√ + + ; = + + √3
In Δ : + > ; + > ; + >
+ + + + ≥ + + √3
+ + + + √3 ≥ + +
+ + + + + √3 ≥ +
Equality holds for = = = 0.
3.1. + + √3 + + + √3 ≥ + +

3.2 + + √3 + + + ≥ + + √3
3.3. + + √3 + + + ≥ + + √3
Solution: Let Δ such that: = ; = ; =
5
= 60°; = =
6
By cosine theorem: = + + ; = + + √3; = + + √3
In Δ : + > ; + > ; + >
+ + √3 + + + √3 ≥ + +
+ + √3 + + + ≥ + + √3
+ + √3 + + + ≥ + + √3
+ + + + + ≥ 2 3( + + )
Solution:

Let be a tetrahedron such that: ⊥ ⊥ ⊥ ; = ; = ; =
+ +
= ; = + ; =
+ + +
⋅ 1 + +
[ ]= = ⋅ + ⋅
2 2 +
+ +
[ ]=
2
By Mitrinovic’s inequality in Δ : ≥ √3 ⇒ ≥ √3 ⇒ ≥ √3
+ + + +√ + √3
≥ ⋅ + +
4 2
+ + + + + ≥ 2 3( + + )
[1] Mihály Bencze; Daniel Sitaru – “699 Olympic Mathematical Challenges” – “Studis”
Publishing House – Iași – 2017
[2] Mihály Bencze; Daniel Sitaru – “Quantum Mathematical Power” – “Studis” Publishing
House – Iași – 2017
[3] Mihály Bencze; Daniel Sitaru – “Olympic Mathematical Energy” – “Studis” Publishing
[4] George Apostolopoulos; Daniel Sitaru – “The Olympic Mathematical Marathon” –
“Cartea Românească” Publishing House – Pitești – 2017
[5] Romanian Mathematical Magazine – Interactive Journal – www.ssmrmh.ro
THE BEAUTY OF INEQUALITIES
By Do Huu Duc Thinh-Vietnam

Inequality is one of the nicest and hardest major parts of Mathematics, because of its
appearance in Math contests; and also it requires a solid knowledge to solve an inequality
problem. But because of the elegance, Inequality attracts lots of student generations joining
in solving and creating more. To maintain the passion and creativeness, many sites and
forums nowadays have shared lots of topics and documents of inequality for everybody, but
it’s still intricate and note arranged entiringly. Maybe many people will consider that
studying Inequality is boring, since its large amount of knowledges and complex
presentation of that amount of knowledges, especially upper secondary high school and
higher. But I will demonstrate carefully and clearly for everyone through this document file,
so everyone can realize how beautiful inequality is and its application. This file that I make is
based on documents of many teachers in Vietnam and around the world, such as: Tran Quoc
Anh, Nguyen Van Mau, Pham Kim Hung, Vo Quoc Ba Can, Vasile Cîrtoaje,… I spent lots of
time to compile the file so if there’s a mistake, I hope everybody can understand and give
me feedback because my knowledge is limited. All feedbacks can be sent to the following
email: thinh06032001@gmail.com or Facebook. Thank you very much!
Season 1: Some old and modern techniques of Inequalities in Math contests
In this season, I will state again some inequalities and basic techniques that are useful to find
the solution of proving the inequality and solving Min-Max problems. Also I will add more
lemmas with inferences and developments so everyone, especially students, can find a nice
way to solve the inequality.
I. Inequalities can be proved by equivalence:
( )
1) + ≥ ≥2 (Basic BCS inequality for 2 numbers)
→ ≥ ≥√ ≥ = (Basic RMS-AM-GM-HM inequality for , > 0)
→ ≤ ≤ + − with , ≥ 0 such that + >0

( )
2) + + ≥ ≥ + +
∗ 3( + + )≥( + + ) ≥3 ( + + )
→
∗ + + ≥ 3( + + )≥ + + ≥ 3( + + ) , , >0
3) + + ≥ 2 + 2 − 2
4) + + ≥ 3 ∀ , , such that + + ≥ 0 (special case: , , > 0 –
Cauchy’s inequality for 3 non-negative numbers)
5) ( + )( + ) ≥ ( + ) (Basic Bunyakovsky’s inequality)
6) + ≥ ( + ) ∀ , such that + ≥ 0
→ 4( + ) ≥ ( + ) ≥ 4 ( + ) for + ≥ 0
7) 2( + − ) ≥ + ≥ 2 (2 − 3 + 2 )∀ ,
→√ − + ≥ = + − with + ≠0
8) + ≥( )
with real numbers , such that > 0 (special case: , > 0)
9) + + ≥ with , , > 0 (Nesbitt’s inequality) → This is even true for real
numbers ; ; such that + + > 0.
10) ( + )( + )( + ) ≥ ( + + )( + + ) ≥ 8 for , , ≥ 0.
∗ ≥ ( + − )( + − )( + − ) , ,
→
∗( + + ) ≥ 27 , , ≥ 0 ( − )
( )
11) + ≥ with , > 0 (Basic Bunyakovsky Cauchy-Schwarz inequality)
* Also, from this inequality we have the chain: + ≥ 2( + )≥ + ≥ 2√ for
, > 0.
∗ 2( + ) ≥ ( + )( + ) ≥ 2( + ) ℎ ≥ , ≥
12) (
(Basic
∗3 + + ) ≥ ( + + )( + + ) ≥ 3( + + ) ℎ ≥ ≥ , ≥ ≥
Chebyshev’s inequality)

13) + + ≥ + + with ≥ ≥
* More general: + + ≥ + + for ≥ ≥ ≥ 0, ∈
14) 2( + ) ≥ ( + )( + ) with , > 0; , , ∈ : + =
→ + ≥ + for , ≥ 0, , ∈
15) + + ≥ ( + ) ; − + ≥ ( + ) ∀ , → 3 ≥ ≥ with
real numbers , : + > 0.
16) √ + + √ + ≥ ( + ) + ( + ) (Basic Minkovsky’s inequality)
17*) +( ) ≥ with , ≥ 0 (The equality happens iff = = 1)
( )^
18) Consider ( ; ) = + − with , > 0. If ≥ 1 then ( ; ) ≥ 0; if
≤ 1 then ( ; ) ≤ 0.
19) + ≥ with , > 1
20) ( + + )( + + ) ≥ 3. max{ + + ; + + } with
, , ≥0
21) ( + + ) ≥ ( + + )( + + ) ∀ , , > 0
22) + + ≥ ≥ + + with ≥ ≥ > 0
23*)( + + ) ≥ 3( + + ) (Vasile’s inequality)
24) ≥ 1 − with ≥ 0 → + + ≥ ∀ , , ≥ 0: + + = 3.
25) ( + + ) ≥ + + + 24 ∀ , , > 0
II. Some familiar Inequalities, lemmas and techniques: (ascending by higher level)
a) For junior – early – senior:
⋯ ⋯
1) ≥ ≥ … ≥ with > 0 ∀ = 1; 2; … ;
⋯
and ∈ , ≥ 2
(RMS-AM-GM-HM inequality for positive numbers)
→ If ; ; … ; are positive real numbers that + … + = 1 then with same
condition for we have:
+ +⋯+ ≥ ⋅ … (Weighted AM-GM inequality)
2) For real numbers ; ( = 1; 2; … ; ) we have:
( + + ⋯ + )( + + ⋯ + ) ≥ ( + + ⋯+ )
( ⋯ )
(Cauchy-Schwarz inequality) → + + ⋯+ ≥ ∀ >0
⋯
→ + + ⋯+ + ≥ ( + + ⋯+ )≥ + + ⋯+ ;∀ >0
3) Let ≥ ≥⋯≥
∗ ≥ ≥⋯≥ ℎ : ( + + ⋯+ )≥( + +⋯+ )( + + ⋯+ )
∗ ≤ ≤⋯≤ ℎ : ( + +⋯+ )≤( + + ⋯+ )( + + ⋯+ )
(Chebyshev’s inequality)
4) If . ≥ 0 ( = 1; 2; . . ; , = 1; 2; … ; ) then we have:
( . + . + ⋯ + . )( . + . + ⋯ + . ) … ( . + . + ⋯ + . )≥
≥ . . … . + . . … . + ⋯+ . . … .
(Hölder’s inequality)
Ex: ∗ ( + )( + ) ≥ √ +√ ∀ , , , ≥0

∗( + + )( + + )( + + )≥ √ + + ∀ , , , , , , , , ≥ 0
∗ + + ⋯+ ≥ + + ⋯+ > 0 ( = 1; 2; … ; ); ∈ , ≥2
+ +⋯+ + +⋯+
→ ∗ ≥ ℎ ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
∗ + + ⋯+ ≥ > 0 ( = 1; 2; … ; ) → + + ⋯+ ≥
( + +⋯ ) ( + + ⋯+ )
→ Let and > 0( = 1; 2; … ; ) and real , > 0 such that + = . Then we have:
+ +⋯+ ⋅ + +. . + ≥ + +⋯+ (General Hölder’s
inequality)
5) Let , > 0 ( = 1; 2; … ; ) and any > 1. Then we have:
+ + …( + ) ≥ ( + + ⋯+ ) + ( + +⋯+ )
(Minkovsky’s inequality) → similarly for 3 variables , , > 0.
∗ (1 + ) ≥ 1 + ≥ 1 ≤0
6) For any ≥ −1 we have: (Bernoulli’s
∗ (1 + ) ≤ 1 + 0 ≤ ≤ 1
inequality)
7) For any positive integer and , , ≥ 0 we have:
( − )( − ) + ( − )( − ) + ( − )( − ) ≥ 0
(Schur’s inequality) → This is also true for real ≥ 1 and equality happens iff = = or
( ; ; )~(0; ; ) with > 0.
Δ Case = 1 – Schur deg 3: All forms: ( , , will be discussed in later part)
∗ + + +3 ≥ ( + )+ ( + )+ ( + ) →( + + ) +9 ≥
9
≥ 4( + + )( + + ) → + + + ≥ 2( + + ) →
+ +
→ ( + + )( + + + + + ) ≥ 3[ ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + )]
∗ ≥ ( + − )( + − )( + − ) (Well – known result)
∗( − ) ( + − )+( − ) ( + − )+( − ) ( + − )≥0
∗ 3( + + ) ≥ ( + + )[2( + + ) − − − ]
∗4 ( + + ) + 15 ≥ ( + + )
* + + + ( )( )( ) ≥ 2
∗ + + +3 ≥
+ + + + + for , , > 0: = 1.
∗( + + )( + + )≥( + + )( + + )
Δ Case = 2 – Schur deg 4: All forms:
∗ + + + ( + + )≥ ( + )+ ( + )+ ( + )→
→ + + +2 ( + + ) ≥ ( + + )( + + )
6 ( + + ) 9
∗ 2( + + ) − ( + + ) ≤ ≤
+ + + + + + +
* [( − )( + − )] + [( − )( + − )] + [( − )( + − )] ≥ 0
→ Let , , , , , ≥ 0. Then we have:
( − )( − ) + ( − )( − ) + ( − )( − ) ≥ 0 iff ≥ ≥ and:
∗ ≥ ⋎ ≥ ∗ + ≥
∗ + ≥ ∗ √ + √ ≥
∗ ≥ ⋎ ≥
(General Vornicu – Schur inequality)
8) ( )
+( )
+( )
≥ ( )
for , , ≥ 0, no 2 of which are 0. (Iran 96
inequality)
9) ( + + ) ≥ 3( + + ) (Vasile’s inequality) → The equality happens iff
= = and also for ( ; ; ) = ⋅ sin ; ⋅ sin ; ⋅ sin or any cyclic
permutation.
10) Let and ( = 1; 2; … ; ) such that:
∗ ≥ ≥⋯≥ ≥ 0, ≥ ≥⋯≥ ≥0
∗ ≥ ; + ≥ + ;…; + + ⋯+ ≥ + +⋯+
∗ + +⋯+ + = + + ⋯+ +
For ≥ 0 we have: ∑ … ≥∑ … , where ( ; ; … ; ) are all
the permutations of (1; 2; … ; )
(Muirhead’s inequality)
E.g: + ≥ ( + )→ + ≥ +
+ + ≥ + + → + + ≥ + +
+ + ≥ ( + + )→ + + ≥
≥ + +
b) For senior and higher classes: (it’s very hard to express the real form of these inequalities
so I will try my best.)
≥ ≥⋯≥ ; ≥ ≥⋯≥
1) ∗ If and ( ; ; … ; ) is an arbitrary
≤ ≤⋯≤ ; ≤ ≤⋯≤
permutation of (1; 2; … ; ) then: + + ⋯+ ≥ + + ⋯+ .
∗ If ≥ ≥⋯≥ and ≤ ≤⋯≤ then:
+ + ⋯+ ≤ + +⋯+ ;
( + + ⋯+ ) ≤ ( + + ⋯ + )( + + ⋯ + )
(Rearrangement inequality)
2) * Convex function: If , ≥ 0 such that + = 1 then ( ) is called a convex function on
( ; ) ⊂ iff ∀ ; ∈ we have: ( + )≤ ( )+ ( )
* Concave function: If , ≥ 0 such that + = 1 then ( ) is called a concave function on
( ; ) ⊂ iff ∀ ; ∈ we have: ( + )≥ ( )+ ( )
* If ( ) is a convex function on interval ⊂ then for any ∈ ( = 1; 2; … ; ) we have:
⋯ ( ) ( ) ⋯ ( )
≤ (Classic Jensen’s inequality)
* If ( ) is a convex function on interval ⊂ then for any ∈ ( = 1; 2; … ; ) and
> 0 we have:
( )+ ( )+ ⋯+ ( ) + + ⋯+
≥
+ +⋯+ + +⋯+
And if ( ) is a concave function then the inequality is reversed. (General Jensen’s
inequality)
→ ∗ If ( ) is a convex and continuous function on interval ⊂ then for any
∈ ( = 1; 2; … ; ) and ∈ (0,1) such that + + ⋯ + = 1 we have:
( )+ ( )+ ⋯+ ( )≥ ( + +⋯+ ). And if ( ) is a concave
function then the inequality is reversed.
* The classic inequality is a special case from the general one with = =⋯=
( )
* Let and = 1; 2; . . ; ∈ ⊂ ( ) such that:
_ ≥ ≥⋯≥ ; ≥ ≥⋯≥

_ ≥ ; + ≥ + ;…; + + ⋯+ ≥ + +⋯+
_ + +⋯+ + = + + ⋯+ +
If ( ) is a convex function on then we have:
( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( ) ≥ ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( ) (Karamata’s inequality)
* If ( ) is a convex function on ⊂ then for ∈ ( = 1; 2; … ; ) we have:
+ +⋯+
( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( ) + ( − 2) ≥
⋯
≥ ( − 1)[ ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )] where + = ( = 1; 2; … ; )
(Popoviciu’s inequality)
3) Define = + + , = + + , = with , , are any real numbers. If
= − 3 then we have: ≤ ≤
→ The minimum and maximum happens iff 2 of 3 variables ; ; are equal.
4) * Let ( ; ; ) be a symmetric polynomial of degree 3 with , , ≥ 0. Then:
( ; ; ) ≥ 0 ⇔ (1; 1; 1); (1; 1; 0); (1; 0; 0) ≥ 0 (SD3 theorem)
* Let ( ; ; ) be a cyclic homogeneous polynomial of degree 3 with , , ≥ 0. Then:
( ; ; ) ≥ 0 ⇔ (1; 1; 1) ≥ 0; ( ; ; 0) ≥ 0 (CD3 theorem)
→ Let ( ; ; ) be a cyclic homogeneous polynomial of degree ( = 3; 4; 5) with
, , ≥ 0. Then ( ; ; ) ≥ 0 ⇔ ( ; 1; 1) ≥ 0 and (0; ; ) ≥ 0.
5) (S.O.S technique) Define = ( − ) + ( − ) + ( − ) , where ; ; are
functions with variables ; ; . Then ≥ 0 iff:
* ; ; ≥0
* ≥ ≥ ; ≥ 0; + ≥ 0; + ≥ 0
* ≥ ≥ ; ≥ 0; ≥ 0; + 2 ≥ 0; + 2 ≥ 0
* ≥ ≥ ; ≥ 0; ≥ 0; + ≥0
* + + ≥ 0; + + ≥0
→ Consider ( ; ; ) = ( − ) + ( − )( − ) ≥ 0 (*)
* If ( ; ; ) is symmetric then to prove (*) is true, we assume that ≥ ≥ or
= min{ ; ; } or = max{ ; ; } and prove that , ≥ 0.
* If ( ; ; ) is cyclic then to prove (*) is true, we assume that = min{ ; ; } or
= max{ ; ; } and prove that , ≥ 0. (S.S technique)
c) Some identities:
(*) Some useful identities in inequality that can be proved by S.O.S, S.S technique:
( )
1) + −2 =( − ) ; + −2=
∑ −
→ ( + + ⋯+ )−( + +⋯+ )=
( + + ⋯+ )+( + + ⋯+ )
( )
For = 2: 2( + )−( + )=
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
For = 3: 3( + + )−( + + )= =2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 ( − ) ( − ) ( − ) 2( − ) 1 1
→( + + ) + + −9 = + + = + + ( − )( − )
2) ( + + ) − 3( + + ) = + + −( + + )=
1
= [( − ) + ( − ) + ( − ) ] = ( − ) + ( − )( − )
2
3) + − ( + ) = ( + )( − )

3 ( − ) ( − ) ( − )
→ + + = − + + =
+ + + 2 2( + )( + ) 2( + )( + ) 2( + )( + )
( − ) ( + + 2 )( − )( − )
= +
( + )( + ) 2( + )( + )( + )
→ 3( + + ) − ( + + )( + + ) = ( + )( − ) + ( + )( − ) + ( + )( − )
= 2( + )( − ) + ( + + 2 )( − )( − )
4) ( + + )( + + ) − 9 = ( + )( + )( + ) − 8 =
= ( − ) + ( − ) + ( − ) = 2 ( − ) + ( + )( − )( − )
5) + + − 3 = ( + + )[( − ) + ( − ) + ( − ) ] =
= ( + + )[( − ) + ( − )( − )]
6) + + − 3 = [( − ) (3 + − ) + ( − ) (3 + − ) + ( − ) (3 + − )] =
( − ) ( − )( − )
= +
( ) ( ) ( )
7) + + −( + + )= + + = + ( − ) + ( − )( − )
8) + + +3 − ( + )− ( + )− ( + ) =
1
= [( + − )( − ) + ( + − )( − ) + ( + − )( − ) ]
2
= ( + − )( − ) + ( − )( − )
9) + + −( + + )=
1
= {( − ) [( + ) + ] + ( − ) [( + ) + ] + ( − ) [( + ) + ]}
2
( + ) + 1 ( + )( + )
= ( − ) + + ( − )( − )
10) + −( + + ) = + ( − ) + + ( − ) + + ( − )
+
11) ++ + + + − ( + )− ( + )− ( + )=
1
= [( + )( − ) + ( + )( − ) + ( + )( − ) ]
2
= ( + )( − ) + ( + + + )( − )( − )
(**) More identities: Actually the first nine identities are rare, so just consider the identity
10 onwards:
1) * ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = + + − 1 with ≠ ≠
* ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = − − − − 1 with ≠ ≠
( )( )( )
2) * + + =( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
* + + = ( )( )( )
with ≠ ≠
3) * ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = −1 with ≠ ≠
( ) ( ) ( )
* ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = ( )( )( )
4) * ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = + +
* ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = −( + + ) with ≠ ≠
5) ( − )( + ) + ( − )( + ) + ( − )( + ) = 0
( + )( − ) + ( + )( − ) + ( + )( − ) = −2( − )( − )( − )

( ) ( ) ( )
6) ( )( )
+( )( )
+( )( )
= 1 with ≠ ≠
7) ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = −1 with ≠ ≠
8) * ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = + + with ≠ ≠
* ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = −( + + )[ ( − ) + ( − ) + ( − ) ]
9) ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
= −1
10) ( + + ) = + + + 3( + )( + )( + )
11) 2( + + )−( + + ) = ( + + )( + − )( + − )( + − )
12) ( + + )−( + + ) = ( − )( − )( − ) ∑ with
, , ∈ and ≥ 2 such that + + = − 2 (?)
E.g: for = 2: ( + + )−( + + ) = ( − )( − )( − )
= 3: ( + + )−( + + ) = ( − )( − )( − )( + + )
= 4: ( + + )−( + + ) = ( − )( − )( − )( + + + + + )
13) ( − )( − ) + ( − )( − ) + ( − )( − ) =
1
= [( + − )( − ) + ( + − )( − ) + ( + − )( − ) ]
2
14) If , , ≠ 0 such that = 1 then: + + =1
15) + =4⇔2 + + = (4 − )(4 − ), etc ⇔
+
2 + 2 + 2 +
⇔ + + =
(2 + )(2 + ) (2 + )(2 + ) (2 + )(2 + )
(2 − )(2 − ) (2 − )(2 − ) (2 − )(2 − )
= + + = + + =
2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 +
1 1 1 1
= + + =1⇔ + + = =
2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + + + −2
+ + +2
= ⇔ ( + + − 2) = (2 − )(2 − )(2 − )
2 ( + + )−
→ From the identity, there exists , , > 0 such that: =2 ( )( )
; =2 ( )( )
;
=2 ( )( )
. And there exists triangle such that: = 2 cos ; = 2 cos ;
= 2 cos
16) + + +2 =1⇔ + = (1 − )(1 − ), etc ⇔
+ + +
⇔ + + =
(1 + )(1 + ) (1 + )(1 + ) (1 + )(1 + )
(1 − )(1 − ) (1 − )(1 − ) (1 − )(1 − )
= + + =1⇔
+ + +
⇔ + =2⇔ ++ + =1⇔
+ + + + + +
1 1 1 2 + + +1
⇔ + + = = ⇔
+ + +
+ + −1 + + −
⇔ ( + + − 1) = 2(1 − )(1 − )(1 − )
→ If we substitute → ; → ; → we will get identity 15, so:
From the identity, there exists , , > 0 such that: = ( )( )

; = ( )( )
;

= ( )( )
. And there exists triangle such that: = cos ; = cos ; = cos .
⨁ Also if we let = ; = ; = with , , > 0 then = , so we have 2
identities 17-18:
17) + + + =4⇔ + + = + + =1⇔
√ √
⇔ + + =
2+ 2+ 2+ + +√ −2
18) + + +2 =1⇔ + + =2⇔ + + =1⇔
√ √ 2
⇔ + + =
1+ 1+ 1+ + +√ −1
→ From identity 17, there also exists, , , > 0 such that = ; = ; = ,
similarly for identity 18.
19) ( + + )+ ( + + )+ ( + + )= ( + + )+
+ ( + + ) + ( + + ) = ( + + )( + + )
( + + ) + ( + + ) + ( + + ) (
= + + )( + + )
20) ( + + )( + + )( + + ) = + + , where
= + + ; = + +
= 3( + + )( + + ) + [( − )( − )( − )]
3 1
= [ ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + )] + [( − )( − )( − )]
4 4
1
= [( + + ) ( + + )+( + + ) ( + + )]
2
∗( + + ) ( + + ) = ( + 2 )( + 2 )( + 2 ) + [( − )( − )( − )]
→
∗( + + ) ( + + ) = (2 + )(2 + )(2 + ) + [( − )( − )( − )]
21) 2( + )( + )( ) =[ ( + )+ ( + )+ ( + )−2
+ ] +
+[( − )( − )( − )]
22) 2[ ( − ) + ( − ) + ( − ) ]=[ ( − ) + ( − ) + ( − ) ] +
+[( − )( − )( − )]
23) + + = ⇔ = ⇔ = or = or =
d) Useful lemmas: In above parts, I’ve showed some of it. In this part I will state more
lemmas, maybe a lot but worth it :)
• Inequalities with condition about , , (denote = + + ; = + + ;
= ) – part 1: In this part, I will state lemma with familiar conditions, about the
„unusual” conditions, I will show in later seasons.
d. 1) If , , > 0 such that = then:
1) + + ≥ + + ( , ∈ ; > )
2) + + ≥ + + ; + + ≥ + + → + + ≥ ( + + − 1) →
1 1 1
→ + + +3≥ + + + + +
3) + + ≥ 1 with ∈
4) + + ≤ 1 with ∈

5) * ( )
+ ( )
+ ( )
≥
∗ ( )
+ ( )
+ ( )
≥ → ( )
+ ( )
+ ( )
≥ with , > 0 (*)
6) + + ≤
7) + + ≤1
8) Let = + + ; = + + then:
+ ≥4
* +3≥4 → ∗ ≥5 −6
+ ≥ 4⋅
9) + + ≥1→ + + ≥ + + ≥1≥
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
≥ + + → + + ≥1≥ + +
+2 +2 +2 2 +1 2 +1 2 +1 +2 +2 +2
1 1 1 3 1 1 1
: + + ≥ ≥ + +
3 +1 3 +1 3 +1 4 +3 +3 +3
10) ( + 1)( + 1)( + 1) ≥ ( + )( + )( + ) ≥ ( + 1)( + 1)( + 1) ≥ 8
11) ( − 1) + 1 + ( − 1) + 1 + ( − 1) + 1 ≤ ( + + ) with
+ + ≥ + +
→ Special case: + + = + + and without condition = 1.
12) ( )
+( )
+( )
≥
13) ( + + ) ≥ 81( + + )
d. 2) If , , > 0 such that + + = then:
1) + + ≥ 3 ≥ + +
2) + + ≥ 3 for ∈
3) + + ≥ 3 for , ∈ such that ≥
4) + + ≥ + +
5) + + ≤ + + ≤ + + with all ∈
6) + + ≤ with all ≥2
7) + + ≥ with , ∈ such that >
8) ( + + )≤3→( ) ⋅( + + ) ≤ 3 with ∈ → + + ≥
1 1 1
≥ + + ≥ + +
9) + +≥1
10) + + + ≤4
11) + + ≥ + +
12*) + + ≥ with ≥1
d.3) If , , > 0: + + = 3 then:
1) + + ≥ 3 → ( + + ) ≥ 243
2) + + ≥ + +
3) + + ≥ →( )
+( )
+( )
≥

4) + + ≤ + +
5) ( )
+( )
+( )
≤ with ≥2
→( )
+( )
+( )
≤( )
with , > 0 and
≥ 2( − + ) (?)
6) + + ≤ with ≥1
7) + + ≤1
8*) + + ≤1
d.4) If , , > 0 such that + + = then:
1) + + ≥ + + → √ +√ +√ ≥ + + with ∈
2) + + ≥ → ( + + ) ≥ 9( + + )
3) + + ≤ 1; + + ≥
4) + + ≤3
5) + + ≤ 2+ → In case , , ≥ 0: the equality happens
= = =1
if
= √2; = 1; = 0
d.5) If , , > 0 such that + + = + + then:
1) + + ≤1
∗ + + +1≥4
2) + + + ≥4→
∗ ( + 1)( + 1)( + 1) ≥ 8
3) + + ≤
4) ( + )( + )( + ) ≥ 8
5) + + ≥ + + → + + + ≥ 3+ with ≤3
6) + + ≥ +2
d. 6) If , , > 0 such that + + + = then:
1) + + ≥ + + ≥3→ + + ≥
→ + + ≥ + +
2) ≥ + + ≥ → ≥ + +
3) + + ≤1
4) √ + √ + √ ≤ 3
5) + + ≥ + +
6) + + ≤ + +
d.7) If , , > 0 such that + + + = then:
1) + + ≤ + + ≤3→ + + ≤ +2 ≤ + + ≤3
2) ≤ + + ≤ ( )
3) ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + )≤6
4) + + ≥ 3 → + + ≥ + +
5) + ≤ + ≤ 2; etc

6) + + + + + ≥ 2( + + )→ + + ≥ √ +√ +√ ≥ + +
d.8) If , , > 0 such that + + = ( + + ) then: ≥√
→ the equality happens if ( ; ; )~( ; ; ) with > 0.
d.9) If , , > 0 such that + + = + then:
1) Assume that ( − 1)( − 1) ≥ 0 then: + ≥2→ + + + ≥4
2) max{ ; ; } ≥ 1; max{ ; ; } ≥ 1
• Inequalities with classic condition (like , , > 0, …) – part 1:
d.10) If , , > 0 then: + + ≥
√
d.11) If ; ;… ; > 0 then: + + ⋯+ ≥
…
d.12) If , , ≥ 0, no 2 of which are 0 then: + + ≤3⋅ with

∀ ∈
d.13) If , , > 0 then: + ≥ + + ≥ ( )
+1
d.14) If , , , , , > 0 then:
( + )+ ( + )+ ( + )≥2 ( + + )( + + )
d.15) If , , , ≥ 0 then:
+ + + +2 ≥ + + + + + (Turkevich’s
inequality)→ The equality happens iff = = = and = = = > 0, = 0 or any
cyclic permutation.
d.16) If , , > 0 then: + + ≥4 + +
d.17) If , , are sides of a triangle then:
3( + + )≥ √ +√ +√ ≥√ + − +√ + − +√ + −
d.18,19) If , , > 0 then:
* + + ≥ ≥
( )
* + + ≥ + + ≥
d.20) If , , > 0 then:
+ +
+ + ≥ ≥ + +
+ + + + + + + + +2 +2 +2
d.21) If , , > 0 then: + + ≥ 3
d.22) If , , , , > 0 then: + + ≥
d.23*) If ≥ 0 then: ≥1+ + ≥ 1+ → ≥ 1+

⋯
d.24) If > 0 ∀ = 1; 2; … ; then: ∑ ≥ ( = )
⋅
d.25) If , , > 0 then: + + +( )

≥2
d.26) If , , > 0 then:
+ + +2 + 1 ≥ 2( + + )→ + + + + 5 ≥ 3( + + )
d.27*) If , , are sides of a triangle then: ( − )+ ( − )+ ( − )≥0
(IMO 1983)
d.28) If , , > 0 and ∈ then: + + ≥ + + ≥⋯≥

≥ + + ≥ + + ≥ + +
d.29) If , , > 0 then: + + ≤1
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
d.30) If , , > 0 then: + + ≤

√
d.31) If , , are sides of a triangle then: + + ≤ 2( + + ) (the
equality happens iff , , are sides of a degenerate triangle.)
d.32*) If , , > 0 and ≥ 0 then: + + ≥ + +
d.33) If , , > 0 then: + + + ( )( )( )
≥4
d.34) If , , ≥ 0, no 2 of which are 0 then: +( )( )( )
≥ 2 (Jack
Garfunkel’s inequality)
• Inequalities with classic condition – part 2: In this part I will show some inequalities about
variables , , (denote = + + ; = + + ; = ), even Schur’s inequality.
Firstly, we have some identities about , , :
1) + + = −2
2) + + = −2
3) ( + )( + )( + ) = − → ( + )+ ( + )+ ( + ) = −3
(
4) + )( )
+ + + ( )( )
+ + + ( )( + = )
5) + + = −3 +3
6) + + = −3 +3
7) + + = −4 +2 +4
8) ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + ) = −2 −
9) Denote = −4 + + 18 − 4 − 27 , then:
* [( − )( − )( − )] =
√ √
* + + = if ( − )( − )( − ) < 0; if
( − )( − )( − ) ≥ 0
√ √
* + + = if ( − )( − )( − ) < 0; if
( − )( − )( − ) ≥ 0
10) ( + )+ ( + )+ ( + ) = −2 + +4 −2 −3
11) ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + ) = − −4 +7 +2 −3
12) + + = −6 +6 +9 − 12 −2 +3
• Some inequalities about the relation of , , :
1) ≥3 ; ≥3
2) ≥9
27 9
→ ≥ ( − )≥3 ≥ ≥ 27
8
3) +9 ≥4 → ≥ → ≥ max 0;
4) 2 + 9 ≥ 7
5) +3 ≥4
6) + 4 + 6 ≥ 5
7) ≥ → ≥ max 0;

8) ≤ ; ≤ . Combining inequality 3, 6, 8 and we get:

(5 − ) −7 + 13 (4 − ) (4 − )( − )
min ; ≥ ≥ max 0; ;
18 9 9 6
√ √
9*) ≤ ≤ , with = − 3 . This result comes from solving the
inequality = −4 + + 18 − 4 − 27 ≥ 0 with variable . → From this
result, by AM-GM we have:
( )
* 27 ≥ 9 −2 −2 √ =9 −2 − ( )
(9 − 2 )( −2 )−(
− 3 )[( − 2 ) + ( − 3 )]
≥ =
( −2 )
( − 2 )(−3 + 14 −6 )− ( −3 ) (4 − )(4 − 10 +3 )
= =
( −2 ) ( −2 )
( )
* 27 ≤ 9 −2 +2 √ =9 −2 +
(9 −2 )(2 − 3 ) + 2( −3 ) − + ( −3 )
≤ =
(2 − 3 )
(2 − 3 )[2(9 − 2 ) + ( − 3 )(2 − 3 )] + 4 ( − 3 )
=
2 (2 − 3 )
(2 − 3 )(−2 + 9 +9 )+4 ( −6 + 9 ) 27 ( − )
= =
2 (2 − 3 ) 2 (2 − 3 )
So we have the chain: ≥ ( )
≥ ≥ ( )
, more interesting, the
third inequality is stronger than Schur deg 3 and 4, since:
( )
− = ( )
≥ 0 in case 4 ≥
(4 − )(4 − 10 +3 ) (4 − )( − ) (4 − ) ( − 3 )
− = ≥0
27 ( − 2 ) 6 54 ( − 2 )
Hence we can also conclude that: ≥ max 0; ( )
√ √
Further more, we can write inequality 9 as: ≤ ≤
+√ − 2√ −√ + 2√
⇔ ≤ ≤
27 27
For my thinking, the , , technique is one of the nicest and hardest techniques to use, due
to long calculations, time loss and it requires carefulness in calculation. But the nice thing
to say is its benefit in solving hard inequality about symmetric and cyclic expressions.
There is a similar technique to , , , that is , , technique (can be found and search in
inequality sites and forums)
ELEMENTE DE GEOMETRIA TRIUNGHIULUI IN COORDONATE BARICENTRICE
By Neculai Stanciu-Romania
Articolul vine uşor în completarea programei şcolare din liceu şi are scopul de a pune în
evidenţã noi metode de rezolvare a problemelor de geometrie şi de a lãrgi orizontul

matematic al elevilor.În cele ce urmeazã, voi enunţa şase teoreme importante şi voi
demonstra numeroase aplicaţii ale acestor teoreme referitoare la unele egalitãţi şi inegalitãţi
în triunghi.
Teorema 1.Se considerã un triunghi fix ABC şi notãm BC=a,CA=b,AB=c,S=Aria(ABC).
Atunci pentru orice M  E2 (unde, E2 este planul euclidian)existã şi este unic tripletul ordonat
(x,y,z)  R3,x+y+z=1 astfel încât x MA  y MB  z MC  0
şi reciproc,pentru orice triplet ordonat (x,y,z)  R3,x+y+z=1 existã şi este unic un punct M  E2
astfel încât x MA  y MB  z MC  0 şi în acest caz vom spune cã punctul M are coordonatele
baricentrice (x,y,z) în raport cu triunghiul ABC şi vom nota M(x,y,z).Pentru orice X  E2 avem
x XA  y XB  z XC  XM (demonstraţie în [1]pag.66).
Exemple de coordonate baricentrice pentru câteva puncte remarcabile într-un triunghi:
1.1.A(1,0,0),B(0,1,0),C(0,0,1);
1 1 1
1.2.G , ,   centrul de greutate;
3 3 3
 a b c 
1.3.I  , ,   centrul cercului inscris C ( I , r );
 2p 2p 2p 
 a b c 
1.4.I a  , ,   centrul cercului exinscris C ( I a , ra );
 2( p  a ) 2( p  a ) 2( p  a ) 
 pa pb pc
1.5.N  , ,   punctul lui Nagel;
 p p p 
 ( p  b)( p  c) ( p  c)( p  a ) ( p  a )( p  b ) 
1.6. , ,   punctul lui Gergone;
 r (4 R  r ) r (4 R  r ) r (4 R  r ) 
1.7.H ctgBctgc, ctgCctgA, ctgActgB  ortocentrul ;
R 2 sin 2 A R 2 sin 2 B R 2 sin 2C
1.8.O( , , )  centrul cercului circumscris C (O, R);
2S 2S 2S
a2 b2 c2
1.9.L ( 2 , , )  punctul lui Lemoine.
a  b2  c2 a2  b2  c2 a2  b2  c2
Teorema 2.Puterea punctuluiM(x,y,z)  E2 faţã de cercul C(O,R),circumscris triunghiului
ABC este dat de relaţia:
pc ( M )  ( yza 2  zxb 2  xyc 2 ); OM 2  R 2  pc M .
(demonstraţie în [1] pag.68).
Aplicaţii ale teoremei 2.
a2  b2  c2 a2  b2  c2
2.1. p c (G )   , OG 2  R 2  si,
9 9
a 2  b 2  c 2  9R 2 ;
Demonstraţie:se aplicã teorema2 şi 1.2.
2.2. pc ( I )  2 Rr , OI 2  R 2  2 Rr , si, R  2r ;
Demonstraţie:rezultã imediat din teorema2 şi 1.3.
2
2.3. pc ( I a )  2 Rra , OI a  R 2  2Rra ;

Demonstraţie:folosim teorema2 şi 1.4.
2.4. pc ( N )  4r ( R  r ), ON  R  2r ;
Demonstraţie:utilizãm teorema 2 şi 1.5.
2.5. p c ( H )  8 R 2 cos A cos B cos C , OH 2  R 2 (1  8 cos A cos B cos C ),
1
si, cos A cos B cos C  , iar
8
OH 2  9 R 2  (a 2  b 2  c 2 ), deoarece, OH  3OG.
Demonstraţie:se aplicã teorema 2 şi 1.7.
 2p 
2.6. pc ()   r ( R  r ) ;
 4R  r 
Demonstraţie:se foloseşte teorema 2 şi 1.6.
2 2
 abc   abc 
2.7. pc ( L)  3 2 2 2 
, OL2  R 2  3 2 2 2 
, si,
a b c  a b c 
a 2  b 2  c 2  4 S 3;
Demonstraţie:rezultã imediat din teorema 2 şi 1.9.
Teorema 3.a)Pentru M(x,y,z)  E2 existã relaţia:
xMA 2  yMB 2  zMC 2   pc ( M )
b)Pentru orice X E2 existã relaţia:
xXA  yXB 2  zXC 2  XM 2  pc ( M ), si
2
xXA 2  yXB 2  zXC 2  yza 2  zxb 2  xyc 2 .

(demonstraţie în [1] pag.69)
Aplicaţii ale teoremei 3 :
a2  b2  c2
3.1.M  G  XA 2  XB 2  XC 2  3 XG 2  X  E 2 ;
3
a2  b2  c2
GA 2  GB 2  GC 2  ;
3
a2  b2  c2
XA 2  XB 2  XC 2  X  E 2 ,
3
cu egalitate pentruX  G.
3.2.M  I  aXA 2  bXB 2  cXC 2  2 pXI 2  abc, X  E 2 ;
aIA2  bIB 2  cIC 2  abc; aXA2  bXB 2  cXC 2  abc, X  E 2 ,
cu egalitate pentruX  I .
2
3.3.M  I a  bXB 2  cXC 2  abc  aXA 2  2( p  a ) XI a , X  E 2 ;
X  I a  bI a B 2  cI a C 2  abc  aI a A 2 ; bXB 2  cXC 2  abc  aXA 2
cu egalitate pentruX  I a .
3.4.DacaM ( x, y, z )  E 2 , atunciX  E 2 avem :
yza 2  zxb 2  xyc 2  xXA 2  yXB 2  zXC 2  XM 2  R 2 , cu egalitate in s tan ga, pentruX  M
si egalitate in dreapta, pentruM  O.De exemplu, pentruM  I 
abc  aXA 2  bXB 2  cXC 2  2 p ( XI 2  R 2 ).

3.5.Daca, X  M  xMA2  yMB 2  zMC 2 

 yza 2  zxb 2  xyc 2  R 2  OM 2 , si xMA2  yMB 2  zMC 2  R 2 , cu egalitate pentruM  O;
3.6.Daca, X  A  MA 2  p c ( M )  zb 2  yc 2 , de unde, rezulta :
MA 2  MB 2  MC 2  3 p c (M )  ( y  z )a 2  ( z  x)b 2  ( x  y )c 2 .
Teorema 4.Dacã
M k ( xk , yk , z k )  E2 , k  1,2 ,atunci distanţa între punctele M ,M este datã de relaţia:
1 2
2
 
M 1 M 2   ( y1  y 2 )( z1  z 2 ) a  ( z1  z 2 )( x1  x 2 )b  ( x1  x 2 )( y1  y 2 ) c 2 .
2 2
(demonstraţie în [1] pag.70).

Aplicaţii ale teoremei 4: Utilizând coordonatele baricentrice (vezi exemplele date)şi
teorema 4 obţinem urmãtoarele relaţii:
a2  b2  c2
4.1.OG 2  R 2  ;4.2.OH 2  R 2 (1  8 cos A cos B cos C ) 
9
9 R  (a  b  c )  a 2  b 2  c 2  8 R 2 (1  cos A cos B cos C ), de unde rezulta,
2 2 2 2
a 2  b 2  c 2  8 R 2  ABCeste, dreptunghic
4.3.OI 2  R 2  2 Rr; HN  2OI ; 4.4.NI 2  9GI 2  p 2  5r 2  16 Rr 
p 2  5r 2  16 Rr; 4.5. HI 2  4 R( R  r )  3r 2  p 2  4 R( R  r )  3r 2 ;
  p 3 2  2
2 2
4.6.I  r 1      p 3  4 R  r ; 4.7.LI 2  42S R(2R  r ) ;
  4 R  r   p  r  4 Rr
 
4
4.8.G 2 
9( 4 R  r ) 2
 
p 2 (4 R 2  8Rr  5r 2 )  r (4 R  r ) 3  ( 2 R  r )(2 R  5r ) p 2  r (4 R  r ) 3 ;
 2 p 2 (2 R  r ) 
4.9.H 2  4 R 2 1  2 
 2 p 2 (2 R  r )  R ( 4 R  r ) 2 .
 R (4 R  r ) 
M ( x , y , z )  E2 , k  1,2
Teorema 5. Dacã k k k k ,atunci avem:
1

OM 1 OM 2  R 2  ( y1 z 2  y2 z1 ) a 2  ( z1 x2  z 2 x1 )b 2  ( x1 y2  x2 y1 )c 2 .
2

(demonstraţie în [1] pag.71.).Aplicaţii ale teoremei 5: Folosind aceastã teoremã obţinem
egalitãţi şi inegalitãţi importante printre care cele ce urmeazã:
1
5 .1 .OG OM  R 2 
6
 
( y  z ) a 2  ( z  x )b 2  ( x  y ) c 2
1
5 .1 .1 .OG OA  R 2  (b 2  c 2 ); OG  OA  b 2  c 2  6 R 2 , si , b 2  c 2  6 R 2
6
0
 m ( AOG )  90
1
5 .1 .2 .OG OI  R 2  ( p 2  r 2  2 Rr ), si , 2 R (3 R  r )  p 2  r 2  m ( IOG )  90 0 , iar ,
6
2 R (3 R  r )  p 2  r 2  a  b  c , sau , OI  OG ;
p2
5 .1 .3 .OG ON  ( R  r ) 2  , si , p  3 ( R  r )  m ( NOG )  90 0 , iar ,
3
p  3 ( R  r )  a  b  c , sau , ON  OG ;

1
5.2.OI OM  R( R  r )  ( xbc  yca  zab );
2
1
5.2.1.OI ON  R 2  5 Rr  ( p 2  r 2 ), si ,2 R( R  5r )  p 2  r 2
2
0
 m( ION )  90 , iar ,
2 R( R  5r )  p 2  r 2  a  b  c, sau, OI  ON ;
1
5.2.2.OI OA  R 2  Rr  bc, si, aR  (b  c)r  m( AOI )  90 0 , iar ,
2
aR  (b  c)r  a  b  c, sau , OA  OI .
Teorema6. Dacã
M k ( x k , y k , z k )  E 2 , k  1,2, avem :
1
a) IM 1 IM 2  4 Rr  ( z1  z 2 )ab  ( x1  x 2 )bc  ( y1  y 2 )ca  
2
1

2
 
( y1 z 2  y 2 z1 )a 2  ( z1 x 2  z 2 x1 )b 2  ( x1 y 2  x2 y1 )c 2 ;
(demonstraţie în [1],pag.73)
2 2 1
b )GM 1 GM 2 
9 6
 
(a  b 2  c 2 )  ( x1  x2 )a 2  ( y1  y2 )b 2  ( z1  z2 )c 2 
1

2

( y1 z2  y2 z1 )a 2  ( z1 x2  z2 x1 )b 2  ( x1 y2  x2 y1 )c 2 ; 
1
c) MM 1 MM 2  pc ( M )   y( z1  z 2 )  z ( y1  y2 )  ( y1 z 2  y2 z1 ) a 2  ....
2
Observaţie.Cu ajutorul acestor relaţii remarcabile se pot determina ,în particular,produse
scalare,distanţe,egalitãţi şi inegalitãţi utilizând puncte din mulţimea:
A, B, C , O, G, H , I , I a , I b , I c , N , , L
asociatã unui triunghi ABC.(Exerciţiu!).
Mai fac observaţia cã particularizãri şi unele extinderi ale coordonatelor baricentrice sunt
abordate în lucrãrile [2] , [3] şi articolele din [4] şi [5] .Un fapt care motiveazã studiul
coordonatelor baricentrice este legãtura acestora cu calculul vectorial recent (relativ)
introdus în programele şcolare IX-XII .
Bibliografie
[1] .V.Nicula,Geometrie planã,Ed.Gil,2002.
[2].N.Teodorescu,ş.a.,Culegere de probleme pentru concursurile de matematicã,
vol.5, S.S.M.R, Bucureşti,1977.
[3]. M.Craioveanu,I.D.Albu,Geometrie afinã şi euclidianã,Ed.Facla,Timişoara,1982.
[4] .T. Bârsan, Recreaţii matematice, nr. 1 / 2002;
[5] .C. Coandã, Gazeta matematicã, nr. 8 / 2005;
[6].N.Stanciu, Matematicǎ gimnaziu & liceu, Editura ’’Rafet’’, Rm. Sãrat, 2007

FEW APPLICATIONS OF COCEA’S INEQUALITY

By Daniel Sitaru, Claudia Nănuți-Romania
Abstract: In this paper are developed a few applications of a 1993’s inequality of Romanian
mathematician C. Cocea.
Keywords: circumcentre, centroid, orthocentre, incentre, Nagel, Lemoine
Cocea’s inequality
Let be a point in ( ), where , , necollinears. If = ; = ; = then:
+ + ≥ (*)
Proof:
If is the origin of the system of rectangular axis lets denote , , the affixes of ,
respectively . ( ); ( ); ( ); , , different in pairs
1 = | 1| = + + ≤
( − )( − ) ( − )( − ) ( − )( − )
≤ + + =
( − )( − ) ( − )( − ) ( − )( − )
| |⋅| | | |⋅| | | |⋅| |
= + +
| − |⋅| − | | − |⋅| − | | − |⋅| − |
| − |⋅| |⋅| |+| − |⋅| |⋅| |+ | − |⋅| |⋅| | ≥ | − |⋅| − |⋅| − |
+ + ≥
Application 1
In Δ the following relationship holds:
≥ 2 (Euler’s inequality)
Solution:
Let = 0 (circumcenter) in (*)
= = = = = =
⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ ≥
( + + )≥4

⋅2 ≥4 ⇒2 ≥4 ⇒ ≥2
Application 2
4( + + )≥9
Solution:
Let = (centroid) in (*)
2 2 2
= ; = ; =
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ ≥
3 3 3 3 3 3
4( + + )≥9
Application 3
sin sin sin 2
+ + ≥
sin sin sin sin sin sin
Solution:
Let = (incentre) in (*)
= ; = ; =
sin sin sin
⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ ≥
+ + ≥
2 sin 2 sin 2 sin 4
+ + ≥
sin sin sin 4 2
+ + ≥ =
sin sin sin sin sin sin ⋅2
Application 4
sin |cos cos | + sin |cos cos | + sin |cos cos | ≥

2
Solution:
Let = (orthocenter) in (*)
= 2 |cos |; = 2 |cos |; = 2 |cos |
⋅ 2 |cos | ⋅ 2 |cos | + ⋅ 2 |cos | ⋅ 2 |cos | + ⋅ 2 |cos | ⋅ 2 |cos | ≥
|cos cos | + |cos cos | + |cos cos | ≥

4
4
2 sin ⋅ |cos cos | + 2 sin |cos cos | + 2 sin |cos cos | ≥ =
4
sin ⋅ |cos cos | + sin |cos cos | + sin |cos cos | ≥
2
Applicaton 5
(( − ) + 4 )(( − ) + 4 ) ≥
( , , )
Solution:
Let = (Nagel’s point) in (*)
= ( − ) +4 ; = ( − ) +4 ; = ( − ) +4
⋅ ⋅ ≥
( , , )
(( − ) + 4 )(( − ) + 4 ) ≥
( , , )
Application 6
( + + )
+ + ≥
4
Solution:
Let = (Lemoine’s point) in (*)
2 2 2
= ; = ; =
+ + + + + +
2 2
⋅ ⋅ ≥
+ + + +
( , , )
4 ≥
( + + )
( , , )
( + + )
+ + ≥
4
In all applications equality holds if = = (equilateral triangle)
Refferences:
[1] M. Becheanu - “Mathematical Olympiads” – “Gil” Publishing House – Zalău -1997
[2] Mihály Bencze; Daniel Sitaru – “699 Olympic Mathematical Challenges” – “Studis”
Publishing House – Iași – 2017
[3] Mihály Bencze; Daniel Sitaru – “Quantum Mathematical Power” – “Studis” Publishing
[4] Mihály Bencze; Daniel Sitaru – “Olympic Mathematical Energy” – “Studis” Publishing
[5] George Apostolopoulos; Daniel Sitaru – “The Olympic Mathematical Marathon” –
“Cartea Românească” Publishing House – Pitești – 2017
[6] Romanian Mathematical Magazine – Interactive Journal – www.ssmrmh.ro
ABOUT PROBLEM UP.147.

ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE-AUTUMN EDITION-2018
By Marin Chirciu-Romania
1) In  ABC
ra2 rb2 rc2 9 a2  b2  c2 
   .
B C C A A B 4
tg tg tg tg tg tg
2 2 2 2 2 2
Proposed by Hoang Le Nhat Tung, Hanoi, Vietnam
Soluție:
Demonstrăm rezultatul ajutător:
Lemă.
2) In  ABC
3 2
ra2

rb2

rc2

 4 R  r   12 Rp .
B C C A A B r
tg tg tg tg tg tg
2 2 2 2 2 2
Demonstrație.
S B C pa
Folosind ra  și tg tg  obținem:
pa 2 2 p

S2
2 3 3
ra2  p  a 2 1 2  4 R  r   12 Rp 2  4 R  r   12 Rp 2
 B C  p  a S p  p  a 3  S p  S 3

r
.
tg tg
2 2 p
Să trecem la rezolvarea inegalității din enunț.
Folosim Lema și a 2  b 2  c 2  2  p 2  r 2  4 Rr  inegalitatea se scrie:
3
 4R  r   12 Rp 2
9
  2  p 2  r 2  4 Rr   2  4 R  r   9r 2  4 R  r   3 p 2  8 R  3r  , care
3
r 4
rezultă din inegalitatea lui Gerretsen: p 2  4R 2  4 Rr  3r 2 .
Rămâne să arătăm că:
3
2  4 R  r   9r 2  4 R  r   3  4R 2  4 Rr  3r 2  8R  3r   8 R 3  9 R 2 r  12 Rr 2  4r 3  0 
  R  2r   8 R 2  7 Rr  2 r 2   0 , evident din inegalitatea lui Euler R  2 r .
Egalitatea are loc dacă și numai dacă triunghiul este echilateral.
Remarcă.
Inegalitatea poate fi întărită:
3) In  ABC
ra2 rb2 rc2 27 a 3  b 3  c3
    .
B C C A A B 4 abc
tg tg tg tg tg tg
2 2 2 2 2 2
Marin Chirciu
Soluție:
Folosind Lema și a 3  b 3  c 3  2 p  p 2  3r 2  6 Rr  inegalitatea se scrie:
27 2 p  p  3r  6 Rr 
3 2 2
 4R  r   12Rp 2
 
3
 4  4 R  r   27 r 2  6 R  3r   3 p 2 16 R  9r 
r 4 2p
care rezultă din inegalitatea lui Gerretsen: p 2  4 R 2  4 Rr  3r 2 .
3
4  4 R  r   27r 2  6 R  3r   3  4 R 2  4 Rr  3r 2  16 R  9r  
 32 R 3  54 R 2 r  21Rr 2  2r 3  0   R  2r   32 R 2  10 Rr  r 2   0 , evident din
inegalitatea lui Euler R  2r . Egalitatea are loc dacă și numai dacă triunghiul este echilateral.
Remarcă.
Inegalitatea 3) este mai tare decât inegalitatea 1):
4) In  ABC
ra2 rb2 rc2 27 a 3  b3  c3 9 2 2 2
     a  b  c  .
B C C A A B 4 a bc 4
tg tg tg tg tg tg
2 2 2 2 2 2
Soluție:
27 a3  b3  c3 9 2 2 2
Se folosește inegalitatea 3) și   a  b  c  
4 abc 4
3 a  b  c    a  b  c   a  b  c  
3 3 3 2 2 2

2
 2 a 3   ab  a  b  , care rezultă din a3  b3  ab  a  b    a  b  a  b   0 și
analoagele.
Remarcă.
Să obținem o inegalitate de sens contrar:
5) In  ABC
ra2 rb2 rc2 81R
B C

C A

A B

8r
 9 R 2  32r 2  .
tg tg tg tg tg tg
2 2 2 2 2 2
Marin Chirciu
Soluție:
Folosind Lema inegalitatea se scrie:
3
 4R  r   12Rp 2
81R R
r 8r
 9 R 2  32r 2  , care rezultă din inegalitatea lui Euler r  și
2
inegalitatea lui Mitrinovic p 2  27 r 2 .
Remarcă.
Se poate scrie dubla inegalitate:
27 ra2 rb2 rc2 81R
6) In  ABC :
2
 5 Rr  4r 2  
B C

C A

A B

8r
 9 R 2  32r 2  .
tg tg tg tg tg tg
2 2 2 2 2 2
Marin Chirciu
Soluție:
Se folosesc 3) , 5) și inegalitatea lui Gerretsen p 2  16 Rr  5r 2 .Egalitatea are loc dacă și
numai dacă triunghiul este echilateral.
Remarcă: În același registru se pot propune:
7) In  ABC
ra2 rb2 rc2
   r  4R  r  .
B C C A A B
ctg ctg ctg ctg ctg ctg
2 2 2 2 2 2
Soluție:
S B C p
Folosind ra  și ctg ctg  obținem:
pa 2 2 pa
S2
2
ra2  p  a  S 2 1 S 2 4R  r
 B C  p 
p
 p  a p  S  r  4R  r  .

ctg ctg
2 2 pa
8) In  ABC :
ra2 rb2 rc2 9 Rr
9r 2     .
B C C A A B 2
ctg ctg ctg ctg ctg ctg
2 2 2 2 2 2
Marin Chirciu

Soluție:
ra2
Se folosește identitatea  r  4 R  r  și inegalitatea lui Euler R  2r .
B C
ctg ctg
2 2
9) In  ABC
ra2 r2 r2
 b  c  3 p2 .
A B C
tg 2 tg 2 tg 2
2 2 2
Soluție:
S A  p  b  p  c 
Folosind ra  și tg 2  obținem:
pa 2 p p  a
S2
2
ra2  p  a S 2 p 
1 3
 r 2 p3  2  3 p 2 .
 A

 p  b  p  c   p  a  p  b  p  c  r p
tg 2
2 p p  a
10) In  ABC
ra2 rb2 rc2 81R 2
81r 2     .
A B 2 C 4
tg 2 tg 2 tg
2 2 2
Marin Chirciu
ra2
Soluție: Se folosește identitatea   3 p 2 și inegalitatea lui Mitrinovic
A
tg 2
2
2 27 R 2
2
27 r  p  .
4
11) In  ABC
4
ra2 rb2 rc2 2 p 4  16 p 2 R  4 R  r    4 R  r 
   .
A B C p2
ctg 2 ctg 2 ctg 2
2 2 2
S A p p  a
Soluție: Folosind ra  și ctg 2  obținem:
pa 2  p  b  p  c 
S2
2 4
ra2  p  a S2  p  b  p  c   r 2 p 2  2 p 4  16 p 2 R  4 R  r    4 R  r 
 2A 
p p  a

p
  p  a 3 p r 2 p3

ctg
2  p  b  p  c 
4 2 4
2 p  16 p R  4 R  r    4 R  r 
 .
p2

12) In  ABC
ra2 rb2 rc2 9 Rr
   .
A B C 2
ctg 2 ctg 2 ctg 2
2 2 2
Marin Chirciu
Soluție:
4
ra2 rb2 rc22 p 4  16 p 2 R  4 R  r    4 R  r 
Folosind identitatea   
A B C p2
ctg 2 ctg 2 ctg 2
2 2 2
inegalitatea se scrie:
4
2 p 4  16 p 2 R  4 R  r    4 R  r  9 Rr 4
p2

2

 2  4 R  r   p 2 128R 2  41Rr  4 p 2 , care 
2
R  4R  r  2 2
rezultă din inegalitatea Blundon-Gerretsen 16 Rr  5r  p  .
2  2R  r 
2
4 R  4R  r 
2  4R  r   128 R 2  41Rr  4 16 Rr  5r 2    23R 2  44 Rr  4r 2  0 
2 2R  r   
  R  2r  23R  2r   0 , evident din inegalitatea lui Euler R  2r .
ABOUT PROBLEM 3675-CRUX MATHEMATICORUM
1) Let a , b , and c be the sides of a triangle and let s be its semiperimeter. Let r and R
denote its iradius and circumradius respectively. Prove that
b  s  b   c  s  c  3R
6   .
cyclic as  a r
Proposed by Michel Bataille, Rouen, France
Soluție:
În articol voi prezenta o soluție diferita de soluția autorului apărută în Crux Mathematicorum
Vol. 38 No.8 din 2012 și voi întări dubla inegalitate din enunț.Voi demonstra rezultatul
ajutător:
Lema:
3
b  s  b   c  s  c   4 R  r   s 2  r  2R 
2) In  ABC :  a  s  a 
cyclic 2 Rs 2
.
Demonstrație:
b  s  b  c  s  c  bc  s  b  s  c  b  s  b   c  s  c  

cyclic a s  a

abc  s  a  s  b  s  c 

3
2 r 3  4 R  r   s 2  r  2 R    4 R  r  3  s 2  r  2 R 
   .
2
4 Rrs  r s 2 Rs 2
Să trecem la rezolvarea problemei propuse.
Inegalitatea din stânga, ținând seama de Lemă se scrie:
3
 4R  r 
 s2  r  2R  3
 6   4 R  r   p 2 14 R  r  ,care rezultă din inegalitatea Blundon-
2
2Rs
2
2 R  4R  r 
Gerretsen: p  . Rămâne să arătăm că:
2  2R  r 
2
3 R  4R  r 
 4R  r   14R  r   2 R 2  3Rr  2r 2  0   R  2r  2 R  r   0 , evident
2  2R  r 
din inegalitatea lui Euler: R  2r .Egalitatea are loc dacă și numai dacă triunghiul este
echilateral. Inegalitatea din dreapta, ținând seama de Lemă se scrie:
3
 4R  r 
 s 2  r  2 R  3R

3
 p 2  6 R 2  2 Rr  r 2   r  4R  r  ,
2
2 Rs r
care rezultă din inegalitatea Gerretsen: p 2  16 Rr  5r 2 .Rămâne să arătăm că:
3
16 Rr  5r  6R  2Rr  r   r  4R  r   16 R  23R r  19 Rr  2r  0
2 2 2 3 2 2 3

  R  2r  16 R  9 Rr  r   0 , evident din inegalitatea lui Euler: R  2r .
2 2

Remarcă: Inegalitatea din stânga poate fi întărită:
bs  b  c s  c 4  r
3) In  ABC :   5   .
cyclic as  a 3 R
Soluție: Folosind Lema inegalitatea se scrie:
3
 4R  r   s2  r  2R  4 r 3 2
  5    3  4 R  r   p  46 R  11r  ,
2 Rs 2 3 R
2
R  4R  r  2
care rezultă din inegalitatea Blundon-Gerretsen: p  .
2  2R  r 
2
R  4R  r 
3
3 4 R  r    46R  11r   2 R 2  Rr  6r 2  0   R  2r  2R  3r   0 ,
2  2R  r 
evident din inegalitatea lui Euler: R  2r .
Remarcă: Inegalitatea 3) este mai tare decât inegalitatea stângă din enunț:
b s  b  c s  c 4  r
4) In  ABC :   5    6 .
cyclic as  a 3 R
4 r
Soluție: Vezi inegalitatea 3) și  5    6  R  2r ( inegalitatea lui Euler).Egalitatea are
3 R
loc dacă și numai dacă triunghiul este echilateral.
Remarcă: Inegalitatea 3) poate fi și ea întărită:

2
b s  b  c s  c 3 r r
5) In  ABC : 
cyclic a  s  a 
 7     .
2 R R
Soluție:
3 2
 4R  r   s2 r  2R  3 r r 3
2 Rs 2
 
 7       R  4R  r   2 p 2 8R 2  2 Rr  r 2  ,
2 R R
2
2 R  4R  r 
 p  (inegalitatea Blundon-Gerretsen).Egalitatea are loc dacă și numai dacă
2  2R  r 
triunghiul este echilateral.
Remarcă.
Inegalitatea 5) este mai tare decât inegalitatea 3):
2
bs  b  c s  c 3 r  r  4 r
6) In  ABC :   7      5   6 .
cyclic a s  a 2 R  R 3 R
2
3 r  r  4 r
Soluție: Vezi inegalitatea 5) , inegalitatea 4) și 7        5   ,
2 R  R  3 R
adevărată din inegalitatea lui Euler: R  2r .Egalitatea are loc dacă și numai dacă triunghiul
este echilateral.
Remarcă.
Să întărim și inegalitatea din dreapta:
b  s  b   c  s  c  3 r 2R
7) In  ABC :     .
cyclic as  a 2 R r
Soluție:
3
 4R  r 
 s2  r  2R  3 r 2R
  
3
 p 2  4 R 2  5Rr  r 2   r  4 R  r  ,
2 Rs 2 2 R r
care rezultă din inegalitatea Gerretsen: p 2  16 Rr  5r 2 .Rămâne să arătăm că:
3
16 Rr  5r  4R2 2
 5Rr  r 2   r  4R  r   4 R 2  7 Rr  2 r 2  0 
  R  2r  4 R  r   0 , evident din inegalitatea lui Euler: R  2r .
Remarcă.
Inegalitatea 7) este mai tare decât inegalitatea inegalitatea dreaptă din enunț:
b  s  b   c  s  c  3 r 2 R 3R
8) In  ABC :      .
cyclic a s  a 2 R r r
3 r 2 R 3R
Soluție: Vezi inegalitatea 7) și    , adevărată din inegalitatea lui Euler: R  2 r .
2 R r r
Remarcă: Se poate scrie dubla inegalitate care întărește rezultatul din enunț:
2
3 r r b  s  b   c  s  c  3 r 2R
9) In  ABC : 7           .
2 R  R  cyclic as  a 2 R r

Marin Chirciu
Soluție: Vezi inegalitatea 5) și inegalitatea 7).Egalitatea are loc dacă și numai dacă triunghiul
este echilateral.
Remarcă: Se poate scrie șirul de inegalități:
10) In  ABC :
2
4 r 3 r r b  s  b   c  s  c  3 r 2 R 3R
6  5    7           .
3 R 2 R  R  cyclic a s  a 2 R r r
Soluție: Vezi inegalitatea 6) și inegalitatea 8). Egalitatea are loc dacă și numai dacă triunghiul
este echilateral.
ABOUT PROBLEM JP.173

ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE-SPRING EDITION 2019
1) Let ABC be a triangle. Prove that
1 1 1 6R
   .
sin A sin B sin C r
Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung-Hanoi-Vietnam
Soluție: Demonstrăm rezultatul ajutător:
Lemă.
2) In  ABC :
1 1 1 p 2  r 2  4 Rr
   .
sin A sin B sin C 2rp
Demonstrație:
a
Folosind sin A  ,  bc  p 2  r 2  4 Rr și abc  4 Rrp , obținem:
2R
1
 sin A  a

2R
 2 R a
1
 2 R   bc
 2 R 
p 2  r 2  4 Rr p 2  r 2  4 Rr
 .
abc 4 Rrp 2rp
Să trecem la rezolvarea problemei din enunț:
Folosind Lema inegalitatea de demonstrat se scrie:
2
p 2  r 2  4 Rr 6R  p 2  r 2  4 Rr  6 R
     
2rp r  2rp  r
2
p 4  2 p 2  r 2  4 Rr   r 2  4 R  r  6R
  
4r 2 p 2 r

2
 p 2  p 2  2r 2  16 Rr   r 2  4 R  r   0 .
Distingem cazurile:
Cazul 1). Dacă  p 2  2r 2  16 Rr   0 , inegalitatea este evidentă.
Cazul 2). Dacă  p 2  2r 2  16 Rr   0 , inegalitatea se rescrie:
2
r 2  4 R  r   p 2 16Rr  2r 2  p 2  , care rezultă din inegalitatea Blundon-Gerretsen:
2
2 R  4R  r 
2
16Rr  5r  p  . Rămâne să arătăm că :
2  2R  r 
2
R  4R  r  3 Rr 2
2
r 2  4R  r  
2  2R  r 

16 Rr  2r 2  16 Rr  5r 2   r 2  
2  2R  r 
 2  2 R  r   3R
 R  2 r , (inegalitatea lui Euler).

Remarcă:Să punem în evidență o inegalitate de sens contrar:
3) In  ABC :
1 1 1 R 3
   .
sin A sin B sin C r
Marin Chirciu
Soluție: Folosind Lema inegalitatea se scrie:
2
p 2  r 2  4 Rr R 3  p 2  r 2  4 Rr  2
    3R 
2rp r  2 p 
2
p 4  2 p 2  r 2  4 Rr   r 2  4 R  r  2
 2
 3R 2  r 2  4 R  r   p 2 12 R 2  8Rr  2r 2  p 2  ,
4p
care rezultă din inegalitatea Gerretsen:
2
r  4R  r 
 16Rr  5r 2  p 2  4 R 2  4 Rr  3r 2 . Rămâne să arătăm că :
Rr
2
r  4R  r 
2
r 2  4R  r  
Rr

12 R 2  8Rr  2r 2   4R 2  4 Rr  3r 2   
r  R  r   8R 2  12 Rr  5r 2  8 R 2  13 Rr  6 r 2  0   R  2r  8R  3r   0 , evidentă
din inegalitatea lui Euler R  2r .Egalitatea are loc dacă și numai dacă triunghiul este
echilateral.
Remarcă: Se poate scrie dubla inegalitate:
4) In  ABC :
6R 1 1 1 R 3
    .
r sin A sin B sin C r
Soluție: Vezi inegalitățile 2) și 3). Egalitatea are loc dacă și numai dacă triunghiul este
echilateral.

ABOUT INEQUALITY IN TRIANGLE-884

ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE
1) In  ABC
ma mb mc 3
   .
bc ca ab 2 R
Daniel Sitaru
Soluție.
ma ma 1 ma 1 3
Folosind bc  2 Rha și ma  ha obținem  bc   2Rh 
2R
 
ha 2 R
3 
2R
.
a
Remarcă: Să punem în evidență o inegalitate de sens contrar.
2) In  ABC
ma mb mc 3
   .
bc ca ab 4 r
Marin Chirciu
Soluție.
Folosind bc  2 Rha obținem
m m 1 m
 bca   2 Rha  2 R  h a , (1).
a a
1 1 1 
Tripletele  ma , mb , mc  și  , , ,  sunt invers ordonate. Cu inegalitatea lui Cebâșev
 ha hb hc 
obținem:
m 1 1 1 9 R 1 3R
 h a  3  ma  h  3  2  r  2r , ( 2).
a a
Din (1) și (2) rezultă concluzia.

Remarcă.
Se poate scrie dubla inegalitate:
3) In  ABC
3 m m m 3
 a b c .
2 R bc ca ab 4 r
Daniel Sitaru,Marin Chirciu

Soluție:Vezi inegalitățile 1) și 2).Egalitatea are loc dacă și numai dacă triunghiul este
echilateral.
Remarcă:Dubla inegalitate poate fi întărită:
4) In  ABC
1  7 r  ma mb mc 1  r 
      2  .
2 R  2 R  bc ca ab 3r  2R 
m m m 1 7 r 
Soluție: Inegalitatea din stânga : a  b  c     rezultă din:
bc ca ab 2 R  2 R 
m m 1 m
 bca   2 Rha  2 R  h a , (1).
a a
b2  c 2 bc b 2  c 2 p 2  r 2  2 Rr
Cu inegalitatea lui Tereshin ma  , ha  ,   și
4R 2R bc 2 Rr
inegalitatea lui Gerretsen: p 2  16 Rr  5r 2 obținem:
b2  c 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
ma 4 R  1 b  c  1  p  r  2 Rr  p  r  2 Rr  p  r  2 Rr 
 h  bc 2  bc 2

2 Rr 4 Rr 4 Rr
a
2R
16 Rr  5r  r 2  2 Rr 14 Rr  4r 2 7 R  2r 7 r
2
     , (2).
4Rr 4 Rr 2R 2 R
ma mb mc 1 7 r 
Din (1) și (2) obținem      .
bc ca ab 2 R  2 R 
m m m 1 r 
Inegalitatea din dreapta: a  b  c   2   . Folosind bc  2Rha obținem
bc ca ab 3r  2R 
m m 1 m 1 1 1 
 bca   2 Rha  2 R  h a , (1). Tripletele  ma , mb , mc  și  h , h , h ,  sunt invers
a a  a b c 
ordonate. Cu inegalitatea lui Cebâșev obținem:
m 1 1 1 1 4R  r
 h a  3  ma  h  3   4 R  r   r  3r , ( 2).
a a
ma mb mc 1 4R  r 4R  r 1  r 
Din (1) și (2) rezultă       2 .
bc ca ab 2 R 3r 6 Rr 3r  2R 
Remarcă: Dubla inegalitate 4) este mai tare decât 3).
5) In  ABC
3 1  7 r  ma mb mc 1  r  3
       2  .
2 R 2 R  2 R  bc ca ab 3r  2 R  4r
Soluție: Vezi 4) și inegalitatea lui Euler R  2r .Egalitatea are loc dacă și numai dacă triunghiul
este echilateral.

POLYNOMES AND MATRICES

By Marian Ursărescu-Romania
Within this article we’ll try to solve problems which ask to demonstrate that the determinant
of a matrice is positive.First let’s remind the following properties of the numbers:
1. + + ⋯ + = + + ⋯ + , ∀ , , … , ∈ ℂ∗
2. ⋅ ⋅ … ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ … ⋅ , ∀ , , … , ∈ ℂ∗
3. | | = ⋅ , ∀ ∈ ℂ∗
Theorem 1 : 1. det = det , ∀ ∈ ℳ (ℂ) 2. det ⋅ ≥ 0, ∀ ∈ ℳ (ℂ)
Demonstration:
1. Consider = =
det = ( ) ( ) ( )… ( )
∈
det = ( ) ( ) ( ) … ( ) =
∈
= ( ) ( ) ( ) … ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( )… ( ) = det
∈ ∈
2. det ⋅ = det ⋅ det = det ⋅ det = |det | ≥ 0
Theorem 2: Consider ∈ ℝ[ ], ( ) = + + , write > 0 and Δ = − 4 < 0.

Then det( + + ) ≥ 0, ∀ ∈ ℳ (ℝ).
Demonstration: If Δ < 0 then has conjugated complex roots: , ∈ ℂ, with =
det[( − )( − )] = det[( − )( − )] = det[( − )( − )] ≥ 0
(according to theorem 1)
On the other hand: det[( − )( − )] = det[ − ( + ) + ]=
1
= det + + = det( + + )
Consequently det( + + ) ≥ 0.The generalization of theorem 2
Consider ∈ ℝ[ ], ( ) = + + ⋯+ + , > 0 and all its roots
are complexe. Then + ⋯+ + ≥ 0, ∀ ∈ ℳ (ℝ)
Demonstration: If has all roots complex (numbers) and ∈ ℝ[ ] then
( )= ( − )( − ) … − − and we can use the second theorem for
the polynome ( − )( − ), = 1,

Theorem 3: Consider ∈ ℝ[ ], ( ) = + + ,Δ = − 4 < 0, ∀ , ∈ ℳ (ℝ) the
following statement is true: det[( + )( + )] ≥ 0, , being the roots of the
polynome .
Demonstration: If Δ < 0 then , ∈ ℂ and =
det[( + )( + )] = det[( + )( + )] = det[( + )( + )] ≥ 0
(according to theorem 1)
Notice that if = then the conclusion of the third theorem can be written like that:
det( − + )≥0
Demonstration: det[( + )( + )] = det[ + ( + ) + ]=
= det ( − + ) ≥ 0, (we used = and Viète’s relations)

following statement is true: det[( + + )( + + )] ≥ 0, , being the
roots of .
det[( + + )( + + )] = det[( + + )( + + )] =
= det [( + + )( + + )] ≥ 0 (according to the first theorem)
If in addition, = then the conclusion of the fourth theorem can be written like that:
det[ + ( + ) − ( + ) + ( − 2 ) ] ≥ 0
Demonstration: det[( + + )( + + )] =
= det[ + ( + ) + ( + )( + ) + ( + ) ] =
= det[ + ( + ) − ( + ) + ( + 2 ) ] (we used = and Viète’s
relations)

following statement is true: det[( + + )( + + )] ≥ 0, , being the
roots of .
det[( + + )( + + )] = det[( + + )( + + )] =
= det[( + + )( + + )] ≥ 0 (according to the first theorem)
If = , = , = , then the conclusion of this theorem can be written this
way: det[ + ( + ) − ( + )+( +2 ) ] ≥ 0
Demonstration: det[( + + )( + + )] =
= det[ + ( + ) + ( + )( + )+( + ) ]=
= det[ + ( + ) − ( + )+( +2 ) ]≥ 0
(we used = , = , = and Viète’s relations). Now let’s solve some
problems related to these theorems.
1. Show that det( + ) ≥ 0, ∀ ∈ ℳ (ℝ)
Demonstration: We use theorem 2 for ( ) = + 1, whose roots are = , = −
2. Show that det( + + ) ≥ 0, ∀ ∈ ℳ (ℝ)

Demonstration: We use theorem 2 for ( ) = + + 1, with the roots
−1 + √3 −1 − √3
= , =
2 2
3. If ∀ , ∈ ℳ (ℝ) so that = , then det( + )≥0

Demonstration: We use the third theorem for ( ) = + 1, where + = 0, =1
4. If , ∈ ℳ (ℝ) so that = , then det( + 2 +2 )≥0

Demonstration: Using the third theorem we consider
( )= + 2 + 2, + = −2, =2
5. If , ∈ ℳ (ℝ), + = , then det( + ) ≥ 0

Demonstration: Let’s show first that = , + = , we multiply right by
⇒ + = (1)
+ = , we multiply left by ⇒ + = (2)
+ = ℎ = −
⇒ =
+ = = −
det( + ) = det[( + )( − + )] = det( + ) det( − + )=
= det( − + ) ≥ 0 (using theorem 3 for ( ) = − + 1)
6. If , , ∈ ℳ (ℝ), = , = , = then
det( + + − − − )≥0
Demonstration: We use theorem 5 for ( ) = + + 1, whose roots are , ∈ ℂ with
+ = −1, = 1 and + = −1.
7. If , ∈ ℳ (ℝ), = then det(2 + 2 − 3 − − + )≥0
Demonstration: We use theorem 4 for ( ) = − + 2, with the roots , ∈ ℂ, +
= 1, = 2 and = 2 and + = −3.
8. If , , ∈ ℳ (ℝ), = , = , = , then
det( + ( + )( + ) + 2 ( + ) + 2( + ) ) ≥ 0, ∀ , ∈ ℝ
Demonstration: Using theorem 5 we consider ( ) = + 2 + + , Δ = −4 ≤ 0,
and the roots , ∈ ℂ , + = 2 , = + , + = 2( + ).
9. If , ∈ ℳ (ℝ), = , then:
det( + 2( + )( + ) + 2( + )( + ) + 8 ) ≥ 0, ∀ , ∈ ℝ
Demonstration: We use theorem 4 for, ( ) = − 2( + ) + 2 + 2 ,
Δ = −4( − ) ≤ 0, , ∈ ℂ, with + = 2( + ) , + = 2( + )
10. If ∈ ℳ (ℝ), then det( + + + ⋯+ ) ≥ 0, ∀ ∈ ℕ∗
Demonstration: We use the generalization of theorem 2 for ( ) = 1 + + + ⋯ +
which has only complex roots
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Maths Review
PROPOSED PROBLEMS
5-CLASS-STANDARD

V.1. Prove that 1x abc if and only if 1x x  ab  c .Proposed by Marin Chirciu – Romania
V.2. Prove that 7 4 n 3  37 n5 , where n  N . Proposed by Marin Chirciu – Romania
V.3. Let be the number A   2n  11  2  3  ...  2n  , n  N . Prove that

2
A  n  2n  1 , n  N . Prove that if n  5k 2  10, k  N , then A can be written as a sum of
five perfect squares, nonzero and distinct, for k ≥ 3.
Proposed by Marin Chirciu – Romania
V.4. Find all natural numbers having maximum six digits that have the digits directly
proportional with their rank from the right to the left.
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru-Romania
V.5. Prove that it exists an infinity of natural numbers  x, y, z  for which the number
13 x  13 y  13z to be a perfect cube. Proposed by Marin Chirciu – Romania
V.6. Find the natural numbers n such that the sum 1  2  ...  n to be a number formed
from two identical digits. Proposed by Titu Zvonaru, Neculai Stanciu-Romania
V.7. Let be the natural numbers a, b, c , x, y, z which verifies the relationships a  xy  x  y

, b  xz  x  z , c  yz  y  z . Prove that the product of the successors of the numbers
a, b, c is a perfect square.
Proposed by D.M. Bătineţu-Giurgiu,Neculai Stanciu-Romania
V.8. Find all the numbers a879b divisible with 72.
Proposed by D.M. Bătineţu-Giurgiu, Neculai Stanciu-Romania
V.9. Find all the numbers abcde for which abcde  4  edcba .
V.10. Prove that the nonzero natural numbers a, b, c satisfy the relationship
43a 2  129b  25c  1720, then they are prime.
Proposed by Titu Zvonaru, Neculai Stanciu-Romania

V.11. Prove that the number 194800…007171, which has in total 2016 zeros, is composed.
V.12. If to different letters correspond different digits, then find all the numbers abc
knowing that the arithmetic means of the numbers abc , acb , bac , bca , cab and cba is abc .

V.13. Solve the equation x ( x  1)( x  2)  abcabc .

V.14. If to different letters correspond different digits then find all the numbers abc which
verify the relationship abc  ab  ba  bc  cb  ca  ac .
V.15. If to different letters correspond different digits such that

adcb  bcda  cabd  dbac  abbba ,then find abcd .

V.16. If to different letters corresponds different digits and cd  2  ab , then find all the
perfect squares having the form abcdab .
V.17. In how many ways can we weight 10 grams with a balance if we have 8 weights of one
gram, 3 of two grams and 4 of three grams?
V.18. What age is Bogdan, knowing that his age is one year bigger than eight times the sum
of the digits that it is formed?
V.19. Prove that if p is odd number and not divisible with 3 then the number p 2  2015
divides with 24.
V.20. How many digit has the number 2 96 ?
Proposed by Titu Zvonaru, Neculai Stanciu-Romania

V.21. Suma a 12 numere naturale consecutive este un număr cu cifre diferite, printre care se
află cifrele 1,2,3 și 4. Care este cel mai mic număr posibil dintre cele 12 numere?
Proposed by Ionică Constantin-Romania
V.22. Determinați numărul , știind că 4 + 1026 =

V.23. Scrieți numărul 164 ca sumă de patru pătrate perfecte.

V.24. Se consideră numărul = 7+ 7 +7 +⋯+ 7 . Arătați că 6 + 7 este pătrat

perfect. Proposed by Ionică Constantin-Romania
V.25. Câte numere naturale de patru cifre se pot scrie ca sumă a cinci numere naturale
consecutive? Proposed by Ionică Constantin-Romania

V.26. Să se arate că dacă 23 ⋅ = + 369, atunci numărul se divide cu 41.

All solutions for proposed problems can be finded on the
http//:www.ssmrmh.ro which is the adress of Romanian Mathematical
Magazine-Interactive Journal.
6-CLASS-STANDARD
VI.1. Find all the pairs ( x, y) of integers which verify the relationship x 2  xy  y  2018 .
VI.2. Let be a, b, c, d , e, f real numbers, strictly positive which verify the relationships
(i) a 2  b 2  c 2  16 ; (ii) d 2  e 2  f 2  36 ; (iii) ad  be  cf  24 .
abc 2
Find  . Proposed by D.M. Bătineţu-Giurgiu,Neculai Stanciu-Romania
d e f 3
VI.3. If p  5 is a prime number, then find the reminder of the number division p 2 to 12.
VI.4. If a and b are digits, then solve the equation ( ab  ba )( ab  ba )  x 2 .
x 2  xy  y 2 7
VI.5. Find all the pairs ( x, y )  Z  Q , which verify the relationship  .
x  2y 5
VI.6. Find all the integers a for which a 2  8a is a perfect square.

 18  9 x 8 
VI.7. Find the set A   x  Z 4
 Z .
 4  3x 
Proposed by Neculai Stanciu,Iuliana Traşcă-Romania

VI.8. Let be the isosceles triangle ABC with AB  AC , the point D on the line BC , with C
between B and D and the point E the symmetric of the point B towards the line AD .
Prove that BAD  ECD . Proposed by Titu Zvonaru,Neculai Stanciu-Romania
VI.9. Prove that it doesn’t exists a prime number p such that both numbers p 3  2015 and
p 3  2017 to be prime. Proposed by Neculai Stanciu,Titu Zvonaru-Romania
VI.10. Fie A= 472018 , arătați că :
a) A nu se poate scrie ca sumă a două cuburi de numere întregi

b) A nu se poate scrie ca suma a trei cuburi de numere întregi.
Proposed by Cremeneanu Luiza Lorena, Prunaru Constantina-Romania
VI.11. If a, b  Z such that 25a  12b is a multiple of 11, then 2a  3b is a multiple of 11.
Proposed by Marin Chirciu-Romania

 1  1  1 
VI.12. Solve in nonzero natural numbers set the following equation 1  1  1    2
 a  b  c 
VI.13. If to different letters correspond different digits, then find all the digits a, b, c which
verify the relationship ab  ba  cbac .
VI.14. From 100 pupils of a school, that have participated at baccalaureate exam, 70 passed
test A, 80 test B, 75 test C and respectively 85 test D. Prove that at least 10 pupils have
passed this exam.
VI.15. Prove that the number 102400…0081, which has in total 2015 zeros, is composed

VI.16. Prove that for any natural number n 1  n  2012 , it exists a natural number m
such that all the numbers m  2 n  1 to be composed.

VI.17. Find all the triplets  x, y, z  of natural numbers with 0  x  y  z , which verify the
 
relationship x 2  y 2  z 2  m m  N * .

1
VI.18. If a  , then compute the whole part of the number
2011
1 1 1
S  2
 ...  .
1 a 1 a  a 1  a  a  ...  a 2011
2

VI.19. If a, b, c  R * such that a  b  c  ab  bc  ca  3 , then find:
a 2011  b 2011  c 2011 .

VI.20. Let a, b, c be the nonzero real numbers such that a  b  c  9 and ab  bc  ca  27 .
Find a 2014  b 2014  c 2014 .

⋅ ⋅ ⋅…⋅
VI.21. Arătați că fracția ⋅ ⋅ ⋅…⋅
este ireductibilă.
VI.22. Fie numerele natural și . Arătați că dacă fracția se simplifică prin 17, atunci și
fracția se simplifică cu 17. Proposed by Ionică Constantin-Romania
VI.23. Arătați că nu există numere naturale , , pentru care + + = 18 și

+ + = 107. Proposed by Ionică Constantin-Romania
VI.24. Se consideră numerele raționale = și = . Arătați că + > 2,7(3).

VI.25. Fie , , ∈ ℕ care nu sunt divizibile cu 3. Arătați că suma + + este divizibilă

cu 3. Proposed by Ionică Constantin-Romania
VI.26. Numerele + și − sunt direct proporționale cu 12 și 3. Determinați numerele

și știind că ⋅ = 135. Proposed by Ionică Constantin-Romania

7-CLASS-STANDARD
VII.1. Let , , be positive real numbers satisfying + + = 3. Prove that:

+ + +
+ + ≥3
+ + +
Proposed by Pham Quoc Sang-Vietnam

VII.2. Find all pairs (x, y) of integers satisfying the equation
x − (y + 2)x + (y − 1)x + (y + 2)x + y = 2.

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung-Hanoi-Vietnam
VII.3. Find the numbers , , ∈ ℕ∗ knowing that:
∈ ℕ, ∈ ℕ and ∈ℕ
Proposed by Gheorghe Alexe, George – Florin Șerban– Romania
VII.4. Let be a trapeze where ∥ ; = ; = ; = ; = ; > .

( )( )
Prove that Area [ ]<
( )
. Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
VII.5. Given , , > 0 and + + = 6, prove + + + + + ≥6
Proposed by Nguyen Phuc Tang– Vietnam
VII.6. Prove that the following inequalities hold for all positive real numbers:
a. + + ≥ ⋅
b. ( )
+ ( )
+ ( )
≥ ⋅
Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung–Vietnam
VII.7. Prove that the following inequalities holds for all positive real numbers a, b, c:
( )
a. + + ≥
( )
b. + + ≥
Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung-Vietnam
VII.8. Prove that for all positive real numbers a, b, c :
a(b + c ) b(c + a ) c(a + b ) 6abc

+ + ≥
2a + bc 2b + ca 2c + ab ab + bc + ca
Proposed by Hung Nguyen Viet-Vietnam
VII.9. Let x, y, z > 0 be positive real numbers. Then
1 1 1 4 3xyz(x + y + z)
+ + ≥
x + y y + z z + x (x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
Proposed by D.M. Bătinețu-Giurgiu-Romania, Martin Lukarevski-Macedonia

VII.10. Prove that for all positive real numbers a, b, c:
( )
a. + + ≥ + ( )
( )
b. + + ≥ + ( )
Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung-Vietnam
VII.11 Prove that if ∈ (0, ∞); ∈ 1, ; ∈ ℕ; ≥ 3; = ; ⋅…⋅ = 1, then
+ +1
≥ √3
+ +
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru– Romania
VII.12. Solve for natural numbers: + + + ⋯+ = 3025

VII.13. We consider the right triangle ABC with the right angle in A . Let D be the contact
point of altitude from A on BC and E the bisector’s intersection of the angle ADC with
AE ME
AC . If M  ( AE ), N  ( DC ) and F   MN  AD such that   k  1 , find in
DC NC
BD
function of k the rapport .
AF
VII.14. Prove that the number = 111 … 1 is composed.

VII.15. Prove that the number 999 … 9 + 1 999 … 9 000 … 0 is composed.


VII.16. We consider an ABC triangle with the lengths sides AB  16, BC  34, CA  30 and
the points M respectively N on the side BC such that BM  4, MN  12 .
Compute the measure of the angle MAN .

VII.17. We denote “Super – Heron” triangle (do not confuse with “Super – Hero”) a triangle
that has the lengths sides consecutive natural numbers and the area also a natural number.

Recent1(2007) was proved the existence of an infinite number of such triangles.
Confirm or infirm the existence of “Super – Heron” inscriptible quadrilaterals.
(Indication. Use the area formula of the incriptible quadrilateral given by the Indian
mathematician Brahamgupta in VII century - A.H: A  ( s  a)(s  b)(s  c)(s  d ) , where
a, b, c, d are the quadrilateral lengths sides, and s is its semiperimeter)
VII.18. We consider a right-angled triangle with the perimeter P and the area A natural
numbers.Prove that: the hypotenuse is a natural number if and only if P is natural even
P
number and divides A  P 2 A .
2
VII.19. Which conditions must meet the triangle’s angle so this can be divided in two
isosceles triangles? Find the angles of an isosceles triangle which can be divided in two
isosceles triangles. Proposed by D.M. Bătineţu-Giurgiu,Neculai Stanciu-Romania
VII.20. Find the biggest triangle with the dimensions natural numbers whose sum is even
number for which the area is also a natural number and it is equal with its perimeter.
VII.21. Fie , , numere reale astfel încât au loc simultan relațiile: 5 − 7 + 9 ≥ 0,

7 − 9 + 11 ≥ 0, 9 − 5 − 20 ≥ 0. Arătați că 5 − 28 + 27 = 24.
VII.22. Să se arate că într-un triunghi cu lungimile laturilor , , și care are perimetrul egal
cu 15 este adevărată relația √ + − + √ + − + √ + − ≤ 9.
VII.23. Dacă , , , sunt lungimile laturilor unui patrulater și verifică relația:

= = = , stabiliți natura patrulaterului.
VII.24. Se știe că lungimile diagonalelor unui romb verifică relația: + = 2√2. Determinați
măsurile unghiurilor rombului. Proposed by Ionică Constantin-Romania
VII.25. Stabiliți dacă numărul:
= 1 + 2018 ⋅ 1 + 2019 ⋅ 1 + 2020 ⋅ 1 + 2021 ⋅ √1 + 2022 ⋅ 2024 este rațional
sau irațional. Proposed by Ionică Constantin-Romania
VII.26. Arătați că numărul = 2019 − 10 ⋅ 2018 − 20 ⋅ 2018 + 15 este pătrat perfect.

1
http://www.math.twsu.edu/~richardson/heronian/heronian.html
2 2
VII.27. Să se rezolve ecuația

a  b  2a a

a  b  2b b
 4 ab , unde a, b și c sunt strict
b a
pozitive și a  b  2 . Proposed by Carmen Chirfot-Romania
21 1 2a 2b
VII.28. Să se demonstreze că  a  b      4 ab   , unde a, b și c sunt numere reale
a b b a
strict pozitive. Proposed by Carmen Chirfot-Romania

8-CLASS-STANDARD
VIII.1. Solve for integers:
− −
+ + = 2018201720162015
2 6
Proposed by Rovsen Pirguliyev-Sumgait-Azerbaijan

VIII.2. If = 2018 , ∈ ℕ then:
a.Prove that can not be written as a sum of two perfect cubes.
b.Prove that can not be written as a sum of three perfect cubes.
Proposed by Lucian Tutescu,Daniela Iancu– Romania
VIII.3. If , , > 0, √1 + + √1 + + √1 + = 3√2 then:
3√2
+ + ≤
√1 + √1 + √1 + 2
VIII.4. If , , > 0, + + = 3 then: ∑ ( +2 )+ ( + 2 ) ≤ 6√3

VIII.5. Solve in R 2 the system of equations:

2011
( x  x 2  1)( y  y 2  1)  2012 ; x  y 
.
2012
VIII.6. If , , > 0, + + = 1 then: ∑( + ) ≥ 4 3
VIII.7. Prove that if a, b, c > 0 then:
a b c a 2b 4c
+2 +4 ≤ 7 + +
b+c c+a a+b b+c c+a a+b
VIII.8. If , , >, + + = 3 then:
+ −1
≥ + +
+ −1
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
VIII.9. If , , > 0, + + = 3 then:
+ + <1+ + +
+ +1 + +1 + +1
VIII.10. If , , > 0, + + = 1 then:
+ + +2 + + ≥3
2
VIII.11. If , , > 0 then:
+ + +
+ + ≤ + +
+ + +
VIII.12. If , , > 0, = 1 then:
( −1+ )( + )≥6
+ + < 1+ + +
1+ + 1+ + 1+ +
VIII.14. Solve for real numbers:
[| |] = |[ ]|
, [∗] - great integer function
[| |] = |[ ]|
VIII.15. If , , > 0 and + + = 3 prove that:
1 1 18
+ ≥
+ +
where ≥ 0.
Proposed by Marin Chirciu– Romania
VIII.16. Let , , be positive real numbers. Prove that:
( − + ) ( − + ) ( − + ) 3
+ + ≥
( + ) ( + ) ( + ) 16
Proposed by George Apostolopoulos-Greece
VIII.17. Prove that if , , ∈ ℝ then:
(2 − − − + ) ≤( + 2)( + 2)( + 2)
VIII.18. If , , > 0; ≥ 1 then:
3 ( + + ) + +
+ ≥ +1
( + + ) + +

13 13 13
+ + ≤3
6 +7 6 +7 6 +7
Proposed by Marin Chirciu– Romania
VIII.20. Let a, b, c be non-negative such that a + b + c = 3. Prove that:
3√3
|(a − b)(b − c)(c − a)| ≤
2
Equality occurs when?
Proposed by Nguyen Ngoc Tu-Vietnam
VIII.21. Rezolvați în ℝ ecuația: | − 2| ⋅ | + 5| = | + 2| ⋅ | − 5|

VIII.22. Fie , ∈ ℕ∗ astfel încât 61|(5 + 6 ). Arătați că 61|( + ).
VIII.23. Fie , , > 0 numere reale astfel încât = 3. Arătați că:
3 4 5 1
+ + ≤
(3 + )( + 3 ) (4 + )( + 4 ) (5 + )( + 5 ) 4

VIII.24. Rezolvați ecuația:

−1 −3 −5 −7 − 2019 − 2017 − 2015 − 2013
+ + + = + + +
2019 2017 2015 2013 1 3 5 7
VIII.25. Rezolvați în muțimea numerelor întregi ecuația: + − = 2019.
VIII.26. Rezolvați în mulțimea numerelor întregi ecuația:
7 + 7 + 8 + 8 + 2018 = 0
a  b b  c c3  a 3
3 3 3 3
VIII.27. Să se demonstreze că    6 , unde a, b și c sunt strict pozitive
ab bc ca
și a  b  c  3 . Când are loc egalitatea? Proposed by Carmen Chirfot-Romania
VIII.28. Să se rezolve ecuația a 2  3  b2  3  c 2  3  6 , unde a, b și c sunt pozitive și

a  b  c  3. Proposed by Carmen Chirfot-Romania
1 1 1
VIII.29. Să se rezolve ecuația a  2 a  b  2 b  c  2 c     12 , unde a, b
a b c
și c sunt strict pozitive și a  b  c  3 . Proposed by Carmen Chirfot-Romania

9-CLASS-STANDARD
IX.1. If , ∈ ℕ; , , > 0 then:

1 1 1 1
( + 1) + +( + 1) + + + + ≥
( + ) ( + ) ( + ) ( + )
9( + 1)( + 1)
≥
4( + + )
Proposed by D.M. Bătinețu – Giurgiu, Daniel Sitaru-Romania
IX.2. If , ∈ ℕ; , > 0 then in Δ the following relationship holds:
( + )( + ( ) )+( +( ) )( + ( ) )+
+( + ( ) )( + ) ≥ ( + 1)( + 1) √3

IX.3. Let ∈ 0; and ∈ ℕ∗ . Prove:

sin cos
+ ≥4
cos sin
Proposed by Nguyen Van Nho-Vietnam
IX.4. In Δ , , , - cevians, ∈( ), ∈ ( ), ∈ ( )
, , Γ , Γ – inradii, respectively circumradii in Δ ,Δ

Prove that:
Γ ⋅ Γ ⋅ Γ ⋅ Γ ⋅ Γ ⋅ Γ ≥ 27 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Proposed by Marian Ursărescu – Romania
IX.5. Prove that in any Δ the following relationship holds:
−
min tan , tan , tan ≤
≤ max tan , tan , tan
2 2 2 + 2 2 2
IX.6. Let , , , > 0, with + + + = 4. Prove that:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +4 + + + + + ≥
+ + + + + +
1 1 1 1
≥4+6 + + +
+1 +1 +1 +1
Proposed by Andrei Ștefan Mihalcea-Romania
IX.7. Let , , ∈ [0; +∞) ∧ ∑ ( , , ) = 1. Prove:
≤ 3+ ( − 1)
( , , ) ( , , )
Proposed by Nguyen Van Nho- Vietnam
IX.8. Let , , ∈ (0; +∞) ∧ + + ≤ 3. Prove:
1+ + 1+ + 1 + ≤ 3√2
IX.9. Let , , ∈ [0; +∞) ∧ + + = 3. Prove:
+ + ≤ 81 +
IX.10. Let , , ∈ [0; +∞) ∧ ∑ ( , , ) = 1. Prove:
+ 3 ≤ 2√3 + 2
( , , )
∗
IX.11. If , ∈ [0; +∞) and ∈ℕ ∧ ≥ 2 then:
∑ +
( ) ≤ ≤
+1 2
IX.12. Prove that in any Δ the following inequality holds:

tan tan tan

+ + ≥ 3 tan + tan + tan
tan tan tan 2 2 2
IX.13. Let be Δ , the circumcenter and , , the circumradii of Δ ,Δ and
√
Δ . Prove that: sin + sin + sin ≤

+ + ≥4−2
IX.15. In Δ the following relationship holds:
6 ℎ ℎ ℎ
≤ + +
++ +
Proposed by Seyran Ibrahimov-Azerbaijan
IX.16. If , > 0 then in Δ the following relationship holds:
ℎ ℎ ℎ 9
+ + ≥
ℎ ℎ ( ℎ + ℎ ) ℎ ℎ ( ℎ + ℎ ) ℎ ℎ ( ℎ + ℎ ) ( + )
Proposed by D.M. Bătinețu – Giurgiu; Claudia Nănuți – Romania
IX.17. If , , ∈ 0, then in Δ the following relationship holds:

(sin + tan ) (sin + tan ) (sin + tan )
+ + ≥ 16√3
Proposed by D.M. Bătinețu – Giurgiu; Claudia Nănuți – Romania
IX.18. In Δ the following relationship holds: ( + )ℎ + ( + )ℎ + ( + )ℎ ≥ 12
Proposed by Seyran Ibrahimov- Azerbaijan

2 ⋅ sin ≥ (sin + sin ) + (sin + sin ) + (sin + sin )

IX.20. In Δ the following relationship holds: + + + + + ≥ 24
Proposed by Seyran Ibrahimov-Azerbaijan

 2
IX.21. Prove that: cos ec  4 cos 2
14 7
Proposed by Vasile Mircea Popa-Romania

IX.22. Să se demonstreze egalitatea:

  5   2 3   4 6 
3 2 cos  cos   3 2 cos  cos   3 2 cos  cos   3 7  33 13
 13 13   13 13   13 13 

IX.23. In any Δ the following inequality holds:
1 1 1 8
+ + >
7
IX.24. Let , , be nonnegative real numbrs such that + + = 3. Prove:
1 1 1 6
+ + ≥
2 +3 2 +3 2 +3 +9
Proposed by Le Khanh Sy-Vietnam
IX.25. Prove that:
2 3 √13 1 5 1
cos cos = cos cos +
13 13 6 3 2√13 12
Proposed by Vasile Mircea Popa – Romania
IX.26. Prove that in any acute-angled triangle the following inequality holds:
1
min(sin sin cos , sin sin cos , sin sin sin ) ≤ + ≤
2
≤ max(sin sin cos , sin sin cos , sin sin cos )
IX.27. Let be an acute-angled triangle and circumcenter. We denote with , ,
and , , the inscribed circumradii in Δ ,Δ ,Δ . Prove that:
1 1 1 16 √3 + 2
+ + ≥
IX.28. Solve for real numbers:
tan + tan = − tan
tan + tan = − tan
tan + tan = − tan
Proposed by Seyran Ibrahimov-Maasilli-Azerbaijan
IX.29. If , , ∈ ℝ ∧ + + = , ∈ ℕ. Show:
+ + + + √ + ≤ 3 1+ ⋅3
Proposed by Seyran Ibrahimov-Maasilli-Azerbaijan
IX.30. Let Δ be acute-angled and , , the points in which the heights of the
triangle intersects the circumcenter. If = , then Δ is equilateral.
( + )( + ) ( + )( + ) ( + )( + )
+ + ≤4 +2 +3
IX.32. In any Δ the following inequality holds:
9
+ + ≤ ⋅
4
IX.33. Prove that in any acute-angled Δ the following inequality holds:
max cot , cot , cot ≥7 −

2 2 2 2
2( + + )≤(+ + )(2 − max ( , , ))

IX.35. Let , , be positive real numbers such that: + + = 3. Prove that:
1 1 1
+ + + + + ≥4
+ + + + + +
Proposed by Hoang Le Nhat Tung –Vietnam
IX.36. Let , , be positive real numbers such that: + + =3 . Find the
maximum value of:
( + ) ( + ) ( + )
= + +
− + +1 − + +1 − + +1
Proposed by Hoang Le Nhat Tung –Vietnam
IX.37. Let be the centroid in Δ and ∈ ; ∈ ; ∈ . Prove that in Δ

the following relationship holds:
( + ) ( + ) ( + )
+ + ≥ 4√3
⋅ℎ ⋅ℎ ⋅ℎ
Proposed by D.M. Bătinețu – Giurgiu, Dan Nănuți-Romania
IX.38. Let Δ be the circumcevian triangle of incentre of Δ and , > 0. Prove that:
9
+ + ≥
ℎ ℎ ( ℎ + ℎ ) ℎ ℎ ( ℎ + ℎ ) ℎ ℎ ( ℎ + ℎ ) ( + )
Proposed by D.M. Bătinețu – Giurgiu, Claudia Nănuți-Romania
IX.39. If , ∈ ℕ; ∈ ; ∈ ; ∈ then in Δ the following relationship holds:
+ +
+ ⋅ + + + ⋅
ℎ ℎ
+
⋅ + + + ⋅ + ≥
ℎ
≥ 4√3( + 1)( + 1)
IX.40. If , , , ∈ ℕ − {0}, > > > then:
(2 − 1)(2 − 1) > (2 − 1)(2 − 1)
IX.41. Let , , > 0. Prove that:
+ + + 2 +2 +4 2 +4 +2
+ + ≥ +
+ + 3 + 3 +

IX.42. If , , ∈ 0, then in Δ the following relationshp holds:

sin + tan sin + tan sin + tan
+ + > 4√3
+ + +
Proposed by D.M. Bătinețu-Giurgiu, Neculai Stanciu – Romania
IX.43. If , ∈ ℕ then in Δ the following relationship holds:
( +( ) )( + 1) + ( + )( + ) + ( + 1)( + ( ) ) ≥
≥ 4√3( + 1)( + 1)
IX.44. Let , , > 0. Show that:
+ + 2 2 1
+ ≥ 2( + + 2 ) + −
+3 3 + +
2 2
+ + ≥ +
Proposed by Bogdan Fustei-Romania

IX.46. In ∆ the following relationship holds:
+ +
≤ 2 (ℎ + ℎ + ℎ )
√
√3 (ℎ + ℎ + ℎ )( + + )
≥
4 sin sin ( + + ) ℎ
+ + ≥ 3 where , , circumradii of Δ ,Δ ,Δ

(ℎ + ℎ + ℎ )( + + )
+ + ≥
+ +
where , , circumradii Δ ,Δ ,Δ . Proposed by Bogdan Fustei-Romania

+ +
≤ + +
2
+ +
>
2 ( − )( − )
ℎ ℎ ℎ
3( 2 + )≥ + +
10-CLASS-STANDARD
X.1. 1. If , , > 0 then in Δ the following relationship holds:

( + ) ( + ) ( + )
+ + ≥ 4√3
ℎ ℎ ℎ
X.2. If , > 0; – centroid; = ( , ); = ( , ); = ( , ) then in Δ

243
+ + ≥
( + ) ( + ) ( + ) ( + )
X.3. In Δ , – centroid; = ( , ); = ( , );
). Prove that: = ( ,
81
+ + ≥
( + ) ( + ) ( + ) ( + )
X.4. If , , , ∈ ℕ; , , > 0 then:
( + 1)( + ) +( + )( + )+ +( ) ( + 1) ⋅

⋅ ( + )( + )+( + )( + ) + ( + 1)( + ) ≥
≥ ( +1 )( +1 )( +1 )( +1 ) ( + + )
X.5. In Δ ; – centroid; = ( , ); = ( , ); = ( , ), ∈ ;
∈ ; ∈ . Prove that:
81
+ + ≥
( + ) ( + ) ( + ) ( + )
X.6. If ≥ 0; , , > 0; , ∈ ℕ then:
1 1
(( + ) + + ( + ) + +
2 + 3√ 2 + 3√
1 3( + 1) ( + 1)
+ ( + ) + ≥
2 + 3√ 5
X.7. In Δ the following relationship holds:

( + + )( + + ) ≥ 27√3 ; = [ ]
X.8. If , , ∈ 0, then in Δ the following relationship holds:

sin + tan sin + tan sin + tan
⋅ + ⋅ + > 4√3
sin + sin sin + sin sin + sin
X.9. If , > 0; Δ – circumcevian triangle of incentre in Δ ; – centroid then in

Δ the following relationship holds:
3
+ + ≥
ℎ ℎ ( ℎ + ℎ ) ℎ ℎ ( ℎ + ℎ ) ℎ ℎ ( ℎ + ℎ ) ( + )
( + ) ( + ) ( + )
+ + ≥ 4( + 1)√3 − 3 ; ∈ ℕ
ℎ ℎ ℎ
Proposed by D.M. Bătinețu – Giurgiu; Neculai Stanciu – Romania
X.11. If , , ∈ 0, then in Δ the following relationship holds:

(sin + tan ) (sin + tan ) (sin + tan )
+ + > 16√3

√ √2
⋅ ℎ ℎ −2 ≥ +
3
Proposed by Bogdan Fustei – Romania
X.13 In Δ the following relationship holds:
6√3
≤ +
+ +
X.14. Solve for real numbers:
tan + tan = − tan
tan + tan = − tan
tan + tan = − tan
X.15. Solve for real numbers: ≠ ∧ ∈ ℝ, − =

=
Proposed by Urfan Aliyev-Azerbaijan
X.16. Prove that in any Δ the following inequality holds:
(( − ) +( − ) +( − ) )
−2 ≥
3
Proposed by Adil Abdullayev- Azerbaijan
( + + + + + )(ℎ + ℎ + ℎ ) ∑
≥
ℎ + + +ℎ +ℎ −3
X.18. Let ∈ ℝ. Solve in ℝ:
√1 + + √1 + 2 + √1 + 3 + √1 + 4 + √1 + 5 = 5
X.19. Let , , ∈ [0; +∞). Prove: (1 + )(1 + )(1 + )≤

X.20. Let , , ∈ [1; 2] ∧ + + = 6. Prove: + + ≤ 18

X.21. Let ∈ℕ∧ ≥ 2. Solve in ℝ:
∑ log (2 − )
=1
∑ √1 +
X.22. Let , , ∈ (0; +∞) ∧ ∑ ( , , ) = 3. Prove:

≤3
( , , )
ℎ ≤ ℎ −2 ≤ ℎ
1 1 1
≥ 3 + +
ℎ ℎ ℎ
+ + 1
≥ +
2 2 ℎ
2
≥ 1+
ℎ

X.27. In all Δ prove:
(4 + ) − 12 3
> 3√3 −
2
Proposed by Rovsen Pirguliyev-Azerbaijan
− + + + + +
≥ 3√2
ℎ ℎ + + +ℎ +ℎ +ℎ −3
X.29. Let be any tetrahedron , , , , the exradii of the spheres and = inradii
of the sphere. Prove that:
a) + + + ≤
√ √
b) + + + √ ≥
√
+ + ≥4
sin + sin sin + sin sin + sin


+ + + + + + +
≤
+ + +ℎ +ℎ +ℎ −3 2∑ℎ − ∑
2
≥ 2 −1

+ ℎ −3 ≥ + ℎ ℎ ℎ

X.34. Let be Δ , , , excentres. Prove that:
9 9
≤ + + ≤
2 4
X.35. Prove that in any acute-angled triangle the following inequality holds:
min{( + ) cot , ( + ) cot , ( + ) cot } ≤ 2 ≤ max{( + ) cot , ( + ) cot , ( + ) cot }

−
min , , ≤ ≤ max , ,
+ + + +2 + + +
X.37. Let be a tetrahedron, the centroid and any point in space. Prove that:
2
≥ ( ∙ )
3
+ +
≥
2 ℎ +ℎ +ℎ
+ +
≤ 2
+ +

⋅ ≥
2 ℎ
X.41. Let be a tetrahedron and , , , the excenters of the sphere of the
tetrahedron. (centrele sferelor exinscrise tetraedrului). Prove that:
+ + + ≥2
X.42. Prove that in any acute-angled triangle the following relationships holds:
a) ≥ 18 min cot , cot , cot
b) ≤ max cot , cot , cot
X.43. Prove that in any acute-angled Δ the following relationship holds:

ℎ + ℎ + ℎ ≤ 3( + )
X.44. Let be Δ , – incentre and , , – circumradii of Δ ,Δ ,Δ . Prove
that:
2 −2 − ≤ + + ≤4 −8 +3
2 2 2

sin + sin 2( + )
≤ ,[ ]= Δ
sin + sin [ ]
X.46. Δ (sides , , ,),Δ (sides , , ) . Prove that:

2
≥ + +
3
X.47. Does there exists non-constant functions : (1; +∞) → ℝ such that:
( )= ( )+ (
)+ ⋯+ ( ) ?
Proposed by Rovsen Pirguliyev-Azerbaijan
X.48. In ∆ the following relationship holds:
ℎ 4 8
(ℎ + ) ≥ +
2 3 3

+ + ≤ + +
ℎ +ℎ
+ + ≥ ⋅ sin
ℎ ℎ ℎ 2 2
ℎ ℎ ℎ (ℎ − 2 )(ℎ − 2 )(ℎ − 2 )
≥
ℎ +ℎ ℎ +ℎ ℎ +ℎ
+ + ≥ + +
2 ℎ ℎ ℎ
ℎ
√2 4 + ≥
ℎ −2
1
+ + ≥ sin
2 2
ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ
+ + ≥ + +

2+ > + +
2 ℎ ℎ ℎ
X.57. In ∆ the following relationship holds: + + ≥ √3, , , –

circumradii (razele cercurilor circumscrise), Δ ,Δ ,Δ .
X.58. Prove that in any triangle the following inequality holds:

ℎ 2
≥ + 2
− 3√27
Proposed by Bogdan Fustei – Romania
X.59. Fie n ≥ 3 și z1 , z2 , … , zn ∈ ℂ astfel încât
|S| = |S-z1| + | S – z2 |+ | S – z3 | + … + | S – zn | , unde S = z1 +z2 + … + zn .
Proposed by Butaru Zizi, Bețiu Anicuța-Romania
X.60. Prove that in any triangle the following inequality holds:
+ + ≥6
Proposed by Seyran Ibrahimov –Azerbaijan
X.61. Let , , , be strictly positive real numbers such that + + + = 1. Prove that:
1
+ + + + + ≤
1+ + 1+ + 1+ + 1+ + 1+ + 1+ + 4
X.62. Prove that the following is a perfect square number.
…
3 4 5 99 100
Find the smallest value of such that above number is perfect square number.
Proposed by Naren Bhandari-Nepal
X.63. In  ABC the following relationship holds:
1 1  4R 
3 p   ra2     p   5 .
b c  r 
2
 2r  1 1
3 p     ha2     3 p .
R b c
2
18r  1 1
  ha2     9 .
R b c


2
 1 1  9R
 ra2  b  c   2r .

11-CLASS-STANDARD
XI.1. Let be : 0, → (0, ∞); ( ) = tan + sin and , , ∈ 0, . Prove that in Δ

( )⋅ ( ) ( )⋅ ( ) ( )⋅ ( )
⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ ≥ 16√3
sin sin sin
XI.2. If , , > 0; < ; ∈ ℕ; ≥ 2; , ∈ (0, ∞); ≤ ≤ + ; ∈ 1, ; > 0;

∈ 1, then:
+ ( + ) ≤( + + ) ; ∈ ℕ∗
XI.3. If , , > 0; : (0, ∞) → (0, ∞); ( ) = √ then:

( ) ( ) ( )
+ + > 8√3
XI.4 Let be : (0, +∞) → ℝ, ( ) = + ln , ∈ ℕ∗ and the sequence

= 1+ , ∈ ℕ∗ . Find: lim → .
XI.5. Let be , ∈ (ℝ) such that 5 − √5( + ) = 3 + √5( − ) and

− is invertible. Prove that: ⋮ 5. Proposed by Marian Ursărescu – Romania
XI.6. Let be > 0 and = 1+ − 1, ∈ ℕ, ≥ 2. Find: lim →

XI.7. Find:
1
lim ( − 1) 2 − ( − 1)(2 − 1)
→

XI.8. Find:
arcsin arcsin ( )
lim − , ∈ ℕ∗
→ ( + 1)
XI.9. Let be ∈ , (ℂ) and ∈ , (ℂ) such that:

1 1 1
= 0 1 1
0 0 1
Find: ( )+( ) .
XI.10.
Ω ( )= ( − + 1)( + )!, , ∈ℕ
Find:
Ω = lim Ω ( ) − ( + 1)!
→
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru -Romania
XI.11. Let be =1+ + +⋯+( )

. Find:
lim −
→ 90
XI.12. Let be , ∈ (ℝ) such that: ( )= ⋅ . Prove that:

1
det( + ) + det + ≥ (det + det ) , ∀ ∈ ℝ∗

XI.13. Let be ∈ (ℝ) invertible, such that det( + ) = 0. Prove that: =

XI.14. Find , , ≥ 0 such that:
= + +2
= + +2

= + +2
XI.15. If 0 ≤ , , < 1 solve the system:
arcsin + arcsin = arctan

XI.16. Let f , g : R *  R * be functions such that:
g ( x  1) f ( x)
lim  f ( x  1)  f ( x)   a  R* , lim  b  R* and there exists lim , and
x  x xg ( x) x  x
1
lim
 g ( x)  x 
. For t  R calculate the limit lim  f ( x) 
sin t
cos 2 t
2
sin t 
  g ( x) x 1   g ( x)  x  .
2
x x x
 
Proposed by D.M. Bătinețu – Giurgiu, N. Stanciu – Romania
g ( x  1)
XI.17. Let f , g : R*  R * such that: lim  f ( x  1)  f ( x)   a  R* , lim  b  R* and
x x  xg ( x )
there is lim
f ( x)
, lim
g ( x)  x . For t  R , calculate:
x  x x x
2 2
sin 2 t
cos t cos t 
lim  f ( x)    g ( x) x 1   g ( x)  x  .
x
 
Proposed by D.M. Bătinețu – Giurgiu, Neculai Stanciu – Romania
XI.18. Let be the sequence > 0, = + +⋯+ , ∈ ℕ∗ . Find:

∑
Ω = lim
→ √
XI.19. Let be the sequence > 0 and = , ∀ ∈ ℕ, ∈ ℕ∗ , ≥ 2. Find:
lim
→
n 1
(n  2)
XI.20. Fie g n 
(n  1) n n 
2
, n  N şi x  R . Să se calculeze lim n sin x g ncos
1
2
x
 2
 g ncos x 

(n  2) n1
XI.21. For an n0 , a n 
(n  1) n
2
, x  ( ,  ) , bn ( x)n1 , bn ( x)  n sin x ancos
1
2
x 2

 a ncos x , find 
lim bn ( x) . Proposed by D.M. Bătinețu – Giurgiu, Neculai Stanciu – Romania
n 
XI.22. Find:
∑
lim
→
1 ⋅ √2! √3! ⋅ … ⋅ √ !
(ℝ) such that det( ∗

XI.23. Let be ∈ + ) = 0. Prove that: = 1 + det
XI.24. Find the continuous functions , , ℎ: ℝ → ℝ with the property:

+ ( ) + ℎ( )
= ,∀ , ∈ ℝ
2 2
cos 2 x cos 2 x
XI.25. Dacă x  R , atunci şirul Ln ( x) n 2 , Ln ( x)  n sin
2
x 



n 1 (n  1)!    n!
n  este


convergent. Să se calculeze lim Ln ( x) .
n
XI.26. Let be ∈ (ℝ), invertible such that: det( + ) = 0. Prove that:

∗ + det = 1 + det ⋅ ( ∗)
XI.27. Fie  x n n1 ,  y n n1 , x n  R* , y n  R astfel încât există lim  x n1  x n   x  R* ,
n 
lim y n  y  R
n 
şi lim ( y n  y )n  z  R * . Să se calculeze : lim  x n1 y  x n y n  .
n  n 
XI.28. Dacă  x n n 1 , x n  R* , n  N * astfel încât există lim ( xn 1  x n )  x  R* .

n 
Să se calculeze :

lim x n 1 n 1 n  1  x n n n .
n 

XI.29 Prove that if , ∈ (ℂ) such that: ( − ) =


XI.30. Let be ∈ (ℤ). If det is odd, then: det( − 2 ) ≠ 0, ∀ ∈ ℤ.

( n  2 ) cos 2 x ( n 1) cos 2 x
n
 2
XI.31. Fie x  R . Să se calculeze: lim  n sin x 

n 1
n 1    n
n 



( n  2 ) sin 2 x ( n 1) sin 2 x
n

XI.32. Fie x  R . Să se calculeze: lim  n cos x 
2

n 1
n 1    n
n 




XI.33. Find:
1 1 1
lim arctan + arctan( − 1) + ⋯ + arctan 1 ; ∈ ℕ∗ , ≥ 2
→ √ 2
XI.34. Let be ∈ ( )
ℤ . Find that:
det( + + ∗ ) + det(− + + ∗ ) + det(− + + ∗ ) + det(− ∗ + + ) ⋮ 12
XI.35. Find:
+ −1
=
→ → ( + + 1)!
XI.36.
1
( )= (3 )
→ 3
If a, b, c ∈ 0, then:
4 ( )+ ( )+ ( ) ≤ 3( + + )
XI.37.
Ω = ⎛ (2x + 3x + 1) ⋅ cos (kx) dx⎞

⎝ ⎠
Find:
= ( − ⋅ )
→
XI.38. Find:

n + 3n + 2 1 (n − 1) + 3(n − 1) + 2 1 3
Ω= log + log + ⋯ + log
n + 3n 4 (n − 1) + 3(n − 1) n 2
XI.39. Find:
sin
Ω = lim
→ √k + n
XI.40. Let be , > 0, ≠ such that lim → = lim → = , > 0. Find:

−
Ω = lim
→
−
XI.41. Let be the sequences: ∈ (0,1), = 1 − , > 0, = + ,
∀ ∈ ℕ, ∈ ℕ, ≥ 2. Find:
lim ⋅
→
XI.42.
2 +2 + −1
( )=
( 2 + 2 + 2) ‼
Find:
= !⋅ ( )
→
XI.43. If > 0 then:

( )
1 1 ( ) ( )
1 1
+ + > + +
1+ 1+ 1+ 1+
XI.44. Solve the equation:

sin [ ] + cos [ ] = tan [ ]
, where [⋅] denote the integer part.
Proposed by Rovsen Pirguliyev- Azerbaijan
XI.45. For all > 0, prove:
sin − cos −
+ > |sin | + |cos |
√ √
ln ln
XI.46. Prove without computer: >

XI.47. Let be ∈ (ℝ), invertible such that det( + ) = 0. Prove that:
∗
+ det = det ( )
XI.48 Let be , ∈ (ℝ) such that det = det . Prove that:
det( + )≥ det( + ),∀ , ∈ ℝ

XI.49. Find:
1 + 2 √2 + 3 √3 + ⋯ + √
lim ,
→ (1 + 3 + ⋯ + (2 − 1) )
∗
, ∈ℕ . Proposed by Marian Ursărescu – Romania
XI.50. Let be , > 0, = − , = + , ∈ ℕ∗ , ≥ 2. Find:
lim ( )
→
XI.51. Ω (x) = ∫ dt, n ∈ ℕ, n ≥ 1. Find:
( − )− ( )
=
→ ( − 1)
Proposed by Ahmad Albaw-Jordan
XI.52. Find:
√
1+
= 1−
→ √
1+

XI.53. x = 1, x = 3, x = x + 2x , n ≥ 3. Find:
(−1) ( −2 − )
=
→
XI.54. Let be the sequences: > 0, = ln(1 + ) , ∀∈ ℕ and > 0,
⋯
= . Find: lim → ( ). Proposed by Marian Ursărescu – Romania
XI.55.
4 1 π π
α(x) = − ⋅ cos (3 x) , x ∈ 0, , β(x) = α − x
3 3 2 2
Find:
( ) ( 3 ) ⋅ … ⋅ ( 2 − 1)
=
→ → (2 ) (4 ) ⋅ … ⋅ (2 )

XI.56. , , > 0,2 ( + + ) = 3 + 2, Ω( ) = lim → − .Prove that:
1
Ω( ) ⋅ Ω( ) ⋅ Ω( ) ≤
27
XI.57. Find:
1 3
= 3 ⋅
3 − −1

XI.58 Ω( ) = − + 4 ∑ ( )( )( )
, ∈ℝ
( ) ( )
If ∈ (0,1), > 1 then: Ω( ) + Ω( ) < 1 + Ω( ) ⋅ Ω( )

12-CLASS-STANDARD
XII.1. Find:
sin(arctan )
ln
√1 +
Proposed by Abdul Mukhtar-Nigeria
XII.2. Find:
cos + sin
sin(2 ) − sin (2 )

XII.3. Find:

2 +5 +6 + 6 + 12
( + 2 + 2) √ +2 +2
XII.4. Find:
ln(1 − )
+
(4 + 2 + ) 2 −2 +1
XII.5. Let ∈ ℕ∗ and ∈ ℝ, ∀ = 1; . Find Ω = ∫ ln(∏ ( − )) .

> max |∀ ∈ 1;
XII.6. Let be : ℝ → ℝ continuous such that ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = − , ∀ ∈ ℝ, >

0. Find: ∫ ( ) . Proposed by Marian Ursărescu – Romania
XII.7. Find:
+2 +3 +4 +5
−7 + 5 + 5 + 9 + 52 − 60
XII.8. Find:
+3 +5 +7
= , ∈ℝ
7 + 14 − 2 − + 2 − 11 − 6
XII.9. Find:
+ + +
Ω= , >0
+ + + + + + +
XII.10. Find:
2 +3 +9 +4
=
+ 2 + 9 + 8 + 16
XII.11. Find:
+ + +1
, >0
+ 10 + 28 + 28 + 27 + 18
XII.12. Find:

1 3 2
= −
→ 1+3 1+2

XII.13. Find:
√ ⋅√
∫
=
→ √ ⋅√
∫
XII.14. Find:
2 +3
=
→ ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3) +
XII.15. Find:
= ( + 1) ⎛ ⎞
→∞ +
⎝ ⎠
Proposed by Nho Nguyen Van-Vietnam
XII.16. Find:
1 +
=
→ ( + 1) +
XII.17. Find:
1 ( + 1)(2 + 1)
=
→ ( + 1)(2 + 1) ( + 1)(2 + 1)
XII.18. Find:
1 3 3 3
= 2+ 2+ 2+
→

XII.19.
(1 + 2 + ) (1 − 2 + )
( )= , ∈ ℕ, ≥2
(1 − )(1 + 2 + )
Find:

( + 2) − ( + 1)
=
→ ( + 1) − ( )
∫
XII.20. Find: Ω = lim →
∫

XII.21. Let : [0,1] → (−1,1) be a continuous function so that ∫ ( ) ∉ {−1,1}.Prove
∫ ( ) ( )
that: ( )
≤∫ ( ) .
∫
Proposed by Soumitra Mandal - India

XII.22. If 0 < < < then:
7 tan sin + tan √sin tan > −

2 2
XII.23. Let f: ℝ → ℝ be integrable and satisfying
f(xt + (1 − t)y) ≤ tf(x) + (1 − t)f(y) where x, y ∈ ℝ and t ∈ (0,1)

Show that:
1 1
f(x ) dx + f(x ) dx ≥ 2 (ab) f(a −a b +a b −a b + b )dx
ln a ln b
where , > 0.
Proposed by Soumitra Mandal-India
XII.24. If 0 < < < then:
cos 1 sin
< log ⋅ log
sin + 4 cos 5 sin
XII.25 Find: Ω = lim → ∫ nx + − nx dx, [∗] - great integer function
XII.26. Find:
√1 + x − 1
Ω = lim tan dx
→ x

XII.27. If 0 < < 1, : , → ℝ, convexe and increasing function then:
1− 1+ 1+ 1− 1
≤ ( ) ≤ ( )+
2 2 2
Proposed by Abdallah El Farissi-Bechar-Algerie
XII.28. If , , ∈ 0, then:
0≤ (tan + 2 tan tan ) + 4 tan ≤

XII.29. If , , > 0 then:
∑ ∫
≤ ⋅ ⋅
( )
XII.30. If , , ≥ 0, ( )=∫ then:
( )( )
( )+ ( )+ ( ) ≥ log +1+

UNDERGRADUATE PROBLEMS
U.1. An intriguing mock exponential integral with an improper closed-form.
( − 1) tanh ( ) 4
⋅ =− − 3 log √2 − log(7) +
( + 1)

Γ Γ
+5(log(3) − log(5)) + log
Γ Γ
– Catalan Constant.
Proposed by Srinivasa Raghava-AIRMC-India
U.2. Application of the Fourier series:
sin (2 + 1) sinh( )
(−1) = ⋅
+ ( 2 + 1) 4 cosh
provided | | ≤ & > 0, >0
sin (2 + 1) tanh
(−1) = ⋅
+ (2 + 1) 2
U.3. Find:
− 2 log
Ω=
+ log (1 + )
Proposed by Khalef Ruhemi-Jarash-Jordan
U.4. Find:
ln +√ +1
√ +1
U.5. Evaluate the following integral:
sin sin( ) sin(2 )
and prove that

13
sin sin( ) sin (2 ) ≈
20
Proposed by K. Srinivasa Raghava – AIRMC – India
U.6. If we define the function ( ) for any > 1
( )= log ( ) (tanh ( ) − tanh ( ))
√
Then prove that:
1
lim ( ) = 14 (3) − ( ( − 4) + 8) + 8 log(2) − 16 − 8
→ 2
U.7. Find:
⋅ tan
Ω=
+ +1

Proposed by Vasile Mircea Popa – Romania
U.8. Prove that:
sin( ) 2 5
2+ ( coth( ) − 1) = +
sinh(2 ) 3 36
U.9. If
(coth( ) + cos( )) = ( )+ (tanh( ) + sin( ))
then we have
√ + −√ = 2( − 1 )
√
U.10. For sufficiently large positive integer (some times we can say approaches to
infinity), we have:
1
≥ log( ) + 2
( − 1)
here = .57721566 … Euler’s constant
U.11. Show that:
1
+ sin + tanh =
√2 2 2 √
1 √17 − 4
= 2 1 + √2 − 1 +
2 17
U.12. Evaluate the integral:
ln 1+ − ln 1− ln( )
and then prove this sharp inequality
ln 1+ − ln 1− ln( ) ≤4
U.13. Prove that:
(tan ( ) + tan ( )) log(tan( )) log(tan( )) (tan( ) tan( ))

tan( ) tan( )
( ) ( 6) −
= − ,
( )
Where is the Catalan’s constant, denotes the Polygamma function, designates the
Riemann zeta function and ( ) represents the inverse tangent integral.
Proposed by Cornel Ioan Vălean – Romania

U.14. Evaluate the sum in closed form, for ≠0

1
, ∈ sinh + (2 + 1)
U.15. For any ≥ 1, we have
2 1− cos( ) + log(cos( )) + log(cos ( )) =
√ Γ
= ( − ( + 1) log(2)) −
Γ 1+
2 1− cos( ) + log(cos( )) + log (cos( )) =
√ Γ 1
= − + log(2) (log(2) − 2 ) +
Γ 1+ 2 24
Inspired from Kartick Chandra Betal
U.16. Prove that:
1 1 1 1 (−1)
+ + ≥
5 +4 5 +1 5 +3 5 +2 4 +1
where is Euler’s constant.
U.17. Calculate the integral:
− +1
It is required to express the integral value with the usual mathematical constants, without
using values of special functions. Proposed by Vasile Mircea Popa-Romania
U.18. Find:
|sin |
Ω = lim
→
U.19. Prove that:

ℭ ℭ
sin( ) sin ( )
(cos ( ) − cos ( )) = (cos ( ) − cos ( ))
sin( ) sin( )
where {ℭ, , , , } are integers, ℭ < { , } , ≥ ,

ℭ ℭ

Proposed by Ahmed Albaw-India
√ √
ln
√
2 +
Proposed by Ekpo Samuel-Nigeria

log( ) sin ( )
Proposed by Zaharia Burghelea-Romania

U.22. Find:
1+
Ω = lim
→ 1−
Proposed by Ekpo Samuel-Nigeria
U.23.
!+ ≤ ≤ !+
Is there any prime number such that given inequality above can be true, where 1 ≤ ≤
and > 2?
U.24. Prove that for ∈ℤ
…
…
√
=
Setting = = =⋯= = 2 for = 5 also prove that:
√
√
√ √
√
2 = √2 <2
U.25.
cos =
128
⎛ ⎞
1 + √2 + 2√2 + 2 2√2 + 2 2 2√2 + + 2 2 2 2√2
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
2 2 2 2 2√2
⎝ ⎠

U.26.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
−1 +3 + 2 (2 + 1 )
+ =
( 2 + 1)
= 60 − , , ∈ ℝ, ( ) – sine integral function
Find:
(−1)
Ω= + + cos
4
Proposed by Arafat Rahman Akib-Bangladesh
U.27.
1
+ = ⋅ ( )
√ √ √
Find: Ω = ℒ ( ) ⋅ log √2 , ℒ - Lapalce’s transform

Proposed by Arafat Rahman Akib-Bangladesh
U.28. Let
( ) = 1 + ( − 1) + 1 (−1)

+1 +1
then for any ≥ 1, ≥ 1, we have
( )= ( ) −
Note: ( ) =
– Harmonic Number
U.29. An Unique Integral
+ +
=3
(log( ) + log( ) + log( ))
U.30. If,
cosh( ) ( )
Φ( ) =
(2 )!
then
( ) =2 ( ) ln( )
where = √−1
U.31. ( , , ) = ∫ sin ; , > 0, = −2, −1,0,1 …
Find:

( , , )
Ω = lim lim lim
→ → →
√
Proposed by Feti Sinani-Kosovo
U.32. Find:
( )
 )
(
)
 1+ )
−
( (
→ 
 1+ −
where ( ) is Riemann Zeta function and Γ( ) is Gamma function.
Proposed by Feti Sinani-Kosovo
U.33. Calculate the integrals:
1 √1 + −1
ln(1 + tan + tan ) , , tan
ln(1 + tan + tan )

ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE-R.M.M.-sUMMER 2018
PROBLEMS FOR JUNIORS

JP.136. Let , , be positive real numbers such that: = . Find the maximum of the
expression:
= + +
+ − + + − + + − +
Proposed by Hoang Le Nhat Tung – Hanoi – Vietnam
JP.137. Let , ≥ . Prove that:

( − )
+ ≥ +
( + + )( + + )
Proposed by Andrei Ștefan Mihalcea – Romania
JP.138. Let , , > 0, with + + = . Prove that:
( − )( − )( − )≥ √
JP.139. Let , , be positive real numbers such that: + + = . Find the minimum
of the expression:
= + +
+ + +

JP.140. Let , , > 0. Prove that:
√ + ∑
≤ −
∑

+ (∑ )
≤

JP.142. Let , , ≥ . Prove that:
− ∑
≤ −

JP.143. In any triangle the following relationship holds:
+ + ≤ −
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
all notations are usual sense.
Proposed by Mehmet Șahin – Ankara – Turkey

+ + ≥

+ + ≤
+ + +
JP.146. Let , , be positive real numbers such that: = . Find the maximum of the
expression:
= + +
( − + ) ( − + ) ( − + )
JP.147. Let , , be positive real numbers such that: + + = . Find the
minimum of the expression:
= + +
( + ) ( + ) ( + )
JP.148. Let , , be positive real numbers such that: + + = . Prove that:
+ + +
+ + ≥
− + − + − +
JP.149. Find all functions: : ( , +∞) → ℝ which verify the relationship:
( )≤ ( )+ ( )≤ ( ), ∀ , >0
JP.150. Let be , , ∈ ℂ∗ different in pairs such that | | = | | = | |. If ( +
+ + + = , then , , are the affixes of an equilateral triangle.

PROBLEMS FOR SENIORS
SP.136. Let , , be positive real numbers such that: + + = + + . Find

the maximum of the expression:

+ + +
= + +

SP.137. Let , , > 0 such that: + + = . Prove that:
√ +√ +√
+ + + ≥
( + )+ ( + )+ ( + )+
SP.138. Let , , be positive real numbers such that: + + = . Prove that:
+ + ≥
( + ) ( + ) ( + )
SP.139. In triangle the lengths of sides , , are , , . Let , , be the
distances from , , to , , ; , , are the lengths of the bisectors , , .
Prove that:
+ + ≥ + +

SP.140. Let , , be positive real numbers. Prove that:
+ + + ( + + ) ( + + )
+ + ≥ +
+ + + +
SP.141. Let , , > 0 such that: + + = . Prove that:
+ +
+ + ≥
−√ + −√ + −√ +
SP.142. Let , , be positive real numbers such that: = . Prove that:
+ + +
+ + ≤
− + + − + + − + +
SP.143. Let , , be non-negative real numbers. Prove that:
+ + + + + ≥ + + + + +
Proposed by Do Quoc Chinh – Ho Chi Minh – Vietnam
SP.144. Let , , be the corners in a triangle . Prove that:
+ + ≥

SP.145. If < ≤ then:
( )
+
≤
+ +

SP.146. Let be , ∈ (ℝ) such that:
= −
−
Find: (( ) − ).
SP.147. Find all continuous functions : ℝ → ℝ having the property:
( )+ ( )+ ( )= + + , ∀ ∈ ℝ.
SP.148. Let be > 0 and = , ∀ ∈ ℕ. Find: → ⋅ .
SP.149. Let be the sequence ( ) ∈ℕ : > 1 and = + , ∀ ∈ ℕ. Find
→ .
SP.150. Let be ∈ ℤ, = + + ⋯+ + , such that
, ,…, ∈ {± , ± , … , ± }. If is a prime number, > then is irreducible
over ℤ.
UP.136. Prove that:

1 2+ ( )
( )=
4 √1 −
where, ( ) and ( ) denotes the Chebyshev Polynomials of first and second kind.
Proposed by Shivam Sharma – New Delhi – India
UP.137. Let , : ℝ∗ → ℝ∗ be functions such that:
( ) ( )
→ ( + )− ( ) = ∈ ℝ∗ , → ( )
= ∈ ℝ∗ and exists → and
( )
→ . For ∈ ℝ calculate the limit:
( ) ( ) − ( )
→

UP.138. Let , : ℝ∗ → ℝ∗ such that:
( )
→ ( + )− ( ) = ∈ ℝ∗ , → ( )
= ∈ ℝ∗ and exists
( ) ( )
→ , → .
For ∈ ℝ, calculate:
( ) ( ) − ( )
→

UP.139. Calculate:
( + ) − ( + )
→
where ∈ ℝ and is the Gamma function (Euler integral of the second kind).
UP.140. Calculate:
( + ) − ( ( + )
→
where ∈ ℝ and is the Gamma function (Euler integral of the second kind).

( )
UP.141. For { } , = ( )
, ∈ (−∞, ∞), { ( )} ,
( )= − , find → ( )

UP.142. Let ( ) be a sequence which satisfy:
− ( + )+ =
where is positive integer and is Euler-Mascheroni’s constant. Compute: →
UP.143. Let , ∈ℝ , ( , )=− ( + )+∑ with → ( , )=
( , ) ∈ ℝ. Calculate:
+ − ( , ) .
→ + +
UP.144. Let ∈ ( , ∞) and ( ) = + , for any ∈ ( , ∞). Calculate:
( + )− ( ) .
→ →

UP.145. Let be ( ) , ∈ ℝ∗ , ∀ ∈ ℕ∗ , such that exists → ( − )= ∈ ℝ∗ .
Find:
( + )
−
→ ( + )‼ ( − )‼
( )
UP.146. Let : ( , ∞) → ( , ∞) be a function with → = ∈ ( , ∞) and ∈ ℝ. Find:
( + ) ⋅ ( ) ( )… ( ) ( + ) − ⋅ ( ) ( )… ( )
→

UP.147. In an triangle let be , , the lengths of , , , and , , exradii.
Prove that:

( + + )
+ + ≥

UP.148. Let , , be positive real numbers such that: + + = . Prove that:
( + + )+ ≥ ( + + )
UP.149. Prove that:
( + + )! ( )! ( )! ( )!
(− ) =
+ + + ( + )! ( + )! ( + )! ( )! ( )! ( )!
Proposed by Shivam Sharma – New Delhi – India

UP.150. If , , > 0 then:
≥( + + )
+( )

ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE-R.M.M.-WINTER 2018
PROBLEMS FOR JUNIORS

JP.151. Let , be positive real numbers. Find the maximum of such that inequality is
true:
+
+ + ≥
+ ( + )

JP.152. Let ; , , denote the lengths of the highways from the peaks
, , ; , , are the lengths of the symmetric divergence lines from the peaks
, , ; , , are the radius of the circle next to the corners , , . Prove that:
+ + ≥

JP.153. In the lengths , , are , , . Let , , are the length of the
bisectors from the vertices , , in triangle . Prove that:
+ + ≤ ( + + )

JP.154. In triangle with sides = , = , = . , , are exradii,
, , are distances from , , to , , . Prove that:
+ + ≥ + +

JP.155. Let , , be positive real numbers such that: + + = . Prove that:
+ + ≥
( + ) ( + ) ( + )
JP.156. Let be a triangle having the area . Let be ∈ such that the incircles of
, ′ have the same radius. Analogous, we obtain the points ∈ , ∈ .
Prove that:
⋅ ⋅
=

JP.157. Prove that in , the following inequality holds:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ≥
( − )


+ ≥
+ +

JP.159. Prove that in any the following inequality holds:
+ + ≤ ( + )
JP.160. Prove that for all non-negative real numbers , , the following inequality holds:
+ + +
+ + ≥ + +
( + ) ( + ) ( + ) + + +
Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung – Hanoi – Vietnam
JP.161. Let , , , be positive real numbers such that ≥ . Prove that:
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ ≤
+ + +
JP.162. Let , , be non-negative real numbers such that + + = . Prove that:
(a) ≤ + + ≤ .
√ √
(b) ≤ + + ≤ . When do the equalities occur?

√

JP.163. Let be an acute triangle with standard notations. Prove that:
+ +
+ + ≤
JP.164. If , ≥ then: + +√ + ≥ √
JP.165. If , , ≥ then:
( + + )≤ √ − + + + + +

PROBLEMS FOR SENIORS

SP.151. Let , , be positive real numbers such that: + + = . Prove that:
+ + ≥
( + )+ + )+ ( ( + )+
SP.152. Let , , be positive real numbers. Find the minimum of value:
= + + + + +
( + ) ( + ) ( + )
SP.153. Solve the system of equations:
⎧ + = ( + )+
⎪
⎨ +
⎪ − + =
⎩
SP.154. Let , , be positive real numbers such that: + + = . Find the minimum of
value:
√ + +√ +
= + ( + + )
√ + +√
SP.155. Let , , be positive real numbers such that: = . Find the minimum of
value:
+ +
= + + +
( − + ) ( − + ) ( − + )
SP.156. Find all the polynomials ∈ ℝ[ ] having the property ( ) = +√ + ,

∀ ∈ ℝ.
SP.157. Let : [ , +∞) → [ , +∞) a derivable function and > 1. If
( )( ( ) + + + ) = ,∀ ≥ then: → ( ) exists and it is finite.
SP.158. Prove that for any real numbers , ,…, , the inequality holds:
( + ) + … + ≥

where is a positive integer and = . When does the equality occur?
SP.159. Prove that in any triangle with standard notations, the inequality holds:
( + + )( + + )≥ ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + )
SP.160. Let , , be positive real numbers such that + + ≥ + + . Prove that:
( + + )≥( + + )
SP.161. Prove that the following inequalities hold for all real numbers , , ∈ [ , ]
(a) ( − + )( − + )( − + )≤( − + ).
(b) ( − + ) ( − + ) ( − + ) ≤
≤( − + )( − + )( − + )
When does the equality occur?
SP.162. If ∈ [ , ∞), , , , ∈ ( , ∞), then in any triangle , with usual notations
holds:
+ ( + )
≥ √
+ ( + )

SP.163. If ∈ [ , ∞), , , , ∈ ( , ∞), then in any triangle , with usual notations
holds:
( + ) ( + )
≥
+ ( + )
SP.164. If , , > 0 then:
( + ) + − +( + ) + − +( + ) + − ≥
≥ ( + + )
SP.165. If , , ≥ then:
( + ) + +( + ) + +( + ) + ≥

≥ √ − ( + + )
UP.151. Given real numbers , ,…, ∈ [ , ]. Find the maximum and minimum
possible value of
= + + ⋯+ +( − )( − )…( − )
UP.152. Let , ,…, ( ≥ ) be positive real numbers such that:
( − )
≥
Prove that:
≤
+ −

UP.153. Find:
= ( )
Proposed by Ekpo Samuel – Nigeria

UP.154. If ∈ ( , ∞ ); ∈ ℕ; ≥ ; → = > 0 then find:
= ⋅ √ !+ ( + )!
→
[∗] - great integer function.

Proposed by D.M. Bătinețu – Giurgiu, Daniel Sitaru – Romania
UP.155. If ∈ ℕ; , , > 0 then in the following relationship holds:
+ + + ≥ ( + )√

UP.156. If , , > 0; < ; ( + ) ∈ ℕ; ( + ) > 1; ∈ ℕ; ≥ ; ∈ [ , ]; >
0; ∈ , then:

( )
+ +
≤ ⋅
+ ( + )

UP.157. If ≥ ; , > 0 then in the following relationship holds:
+ + ≥
( + ) ( + ) ( + )
≥ ⋅ ⋅
( + )
UP.158. Find:
= ( )
Proposed by Arafat Rahman Akib – Dhaka – Bangladesh

UP.159. Find:
= ( + + ) ( − )

UP.160. Let , , ∈ ( ; +∞) and ≥ . Prove:
+ + ≥
([ ] + { } + ) ([ ] + { } + ) ([ ] + { } + ) ( + + + )
[ ] is the integer part of the real number ;
{ } is the fraction of real numbers .
Proposed by Nguyen Van Nho – Nghe An – Vietnam
UP.161. Find:
=
( + + )( + )

UP.162. If tetrahedron; = ; = ; = ; = ; = ; =
then:

+ ≥ √ [ ]
[ ] – total area of tetrahedron .

UP.163. Let , , be positive real numbers such that:
( + )( + )( + ) = . Find the minimum value of:
= + +
( + + )( + ) ( + + )( + ) ( + + )( + )
UP.164. Solve the equation: (

+ )+ √ − = −
UP.165. Solve the system of equations:
⎧ + + =
√ √ √
⎨ ( + + )
⎩ + + =

INDEX OF AUTHORS RMM-22

Nr.crt. Numele și prenumele Nr.crt. Numele și prenumele
1 DANIEL SITARU-ROMANIA 28 SRINIVASA RAGHAVA-INDIA
2 D.M.BĂTINEȚU-GIURGIU-ROMANIA 29 NGUYEN VAN NHO-VIETNAM
3 CLAUDIA NĂNUȚI-ROMANIA 30 HUNG NGUYEN VIET-VIETNAM
4 NECULAI STANCIU-ROMANIA 31 PHAM QUOC SANG-VIETNAM
5 MARIAN URSĂRESCU-ROMANIA 32 ARAFAT RAHMAN AKIB-BANGLADESH
6 BOGDAN FUSTEI-ROMANIA 33 NGUYEN NGOC TU-VIETNAM
7 DAN NĂNUȚI-ROMANIA 34 GEORGE APOSTOLOPOULOS-GREECE
8 MARIN CHIRCIU-ROMANIA 35 HOANG LE NHAT TUNG-VIETNAM
9 TITU ZVONARU-ROMANIA 36 MEHMET SAHIN-TURKEY
10 TUTESCU LUCIAN-ROMANIA 37 ROVSEN PIRGULIEV-AZERBAIJAN
11 ANDREI ȘTEFAN MIHALCEA-ROMANIA 38 SHIVAM SHARMA-INDIA
12 VASILE MIRCEA POPA-ROMANIA 39 ADIL ABDULLAYEV-AZERBAIJAN
13 CREMENEANU LUIZA-ROMANIA 40 DO HUU DUC THINH-VIETNAM
14 MIHALY BENCZE-ROMANIA 41 NGUYEN PHUC TANG-VIETNAM
15 PRUNARU CONSTANTINA-ROMANIA 42 MARTIN LUKAREVSKI-MACEDONIA
16 DAN NEDEIANU-ROMANIA 43 MICHEL BATAILLE-FRANCE
17 GHEORGHE ALEXE-ROMANIA 44 NGUYEN NGOC TU-VIETNAM
18 SERBAN GEORGE FLORIN-ROMANIA 45 SEYRAN IBRAHIMOV-AZERBAIJAN
19 BUTARU ZIZI-ROMANIA 46 LE KHANH SY-VIETNAM
20 BETIU ANICUTA-ROMANIA 47 NAREN BHANDARI-NEPAL
21 IOAN CORNEL VALEAN-ROMANIA 48 URFAN ALIYEV-AZERBAIJAN
22 ZAHARIA BURGHELEA-ROMANIA 49 FETI SINANI-KOSOVO
23 IONICA CONSTANTIN-ROMANIA 50 ABDUL MUKHTAR-NIGERIA
24 CARMEN CHIRFOT-ROMANIA 51 ABDALLAH EL FARISSI-ALGERIE
25 DO QUOC CHINH-VIETNAM 52 EKPO SAMUEL-NIGERIA
26 KHALEF RUHEMI-JORDAN 53 SOUMITRA MANDAL-INDIA
27 AHMED ALBAW-JORDAN
NOTĂ: Pentru a publica probleme propuse, articole și note matematice în

RMM puteți trimite materialele pe mailul: dansitaru63@yahoo.com

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Romanian Mathematical Society-Mehedinți Branch 2019

ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE

1 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

2 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

Algebraic inequalities from geometrical configurations- Daniel Sitaru,Claudia

The beauty of inequalities-Do Huu Duc Thinh........................................................................................7

Few applications of Cocea’s inequality- Daniel Sitaru,Claudia Nănuți...........................................25

About problem UP.147-ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE-Marin Chirciu..……………28

About problem 3677-CRUX MATHEMATICORUM- Marin Chirciu……. ……………………………….32

About problem JP.173-ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE- Marin Chirciu................35

About INEQUALITY IN TRIANGLE-884-ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE- Marin

Plynomes and matrices-Marian Ursărescu………………………………………………………………………39

Index of proposers and solvers RMM-22 Paper Magazine.………………………………………….…………99

3 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

ALGEBRAIC INEQUALITIES FROM GEOMETRICAL CONFIGURATIONS

Solution: Let be Δ such that: = ; = ; = ; = ;

By cosine theorem: = + ; = + + √2; = + + √2

In Δ : + > ; + > ; + >

Equality holds for = = = 0.

4 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

Solution: Let be Δ such that: = ; = ; = ; = ; = ;

In Δ : + > ; + > ; + >

Equality holds for = = = 0.

5 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

Solution: Let Δ such that: = ; = ; =

By cosine theorem: = + + ; = + + √3; = + + √3

In Δ : + > ; + > ; + >

6 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

By Do Huu Duc Thinh-Vietnam

→ ≥ ≥√ ≥ = (Basic RMS-AM-GM-HM inequality for , > 0)

→ ≤ ≤ + − with , ≥ 0 such that + >0

8 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

9 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

11 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

12 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

13 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

From the identity, there exists , , > 0 such that: = ( )( )

14 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

15 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

16 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

17 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

d.12) If , , ≥ 0, no 2 of which are 0 then: + + ≤3⋅ with

d.23*) If ≥ 0 then: ≥1+ + ≥ 1+ → ≥ 1+

d.25) If , , > 0 then: + + +( )

18 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

d.30) If , , > 0 then: + + ≤

19 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

8) ≤ ; ≤ . Combining inequality 3, 6, 8 and we get:

20 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

21 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

xXA 2  yXB 2  zXC 2  yza 2  zxb 2  xyc 2 .

22 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

3.5.Daca, X  M  xMA2  yMB 2  zMC 2 

(demonstraţie în [1] pag.70).

23 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

24 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

FEW APPLICATIONS OF COCEA’S INEQUALITY

25 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

sin |cos cos | + sin |cos cos | + sin |cos cos | ≥

|cos cos | + |cos cos | + |cos cos | ≥

ABOUT PROBLEM UP.147.

28 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22

29 ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE NR. 22