Jafri, Mittal 1

P216: AOI Circuit Design

Tornado Warning System

Ayra Jafri, Sasha Mittal
November 20, 2019 - December 11, 2019
Honors Digital Electronics, Period 5

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page 1

Table of Contents 2

Design Brief 3

Design Specifications and Truth Table 4-7

Logic Expression Simplification 8-9

Final Solution Description 10 - 12

Final Circuit Design 13 - 19

Final Simulation Design 20 - 21

References 22

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DESIGN BRIEF

Client: ​Our clients are civilians who live in tornado prone areas and the elderly that may need
assistance in knowing if a tornado is likely.

Designers: ​Ayra Jafri & Sasha Mittal

Problem Statement: ​Civilians who live in the Great Plains (Tornado Valley) of the United
States experience frequent tornadoes and need a quick way to know if a tornado is likely or not.
Although the civilians can assess the weather and draw a conclusion themselves, they may not be
knowledgeable about the weather patterns and will not be as quick as a circuit. Therefore, they
need a quick and efficient system that can inform them of whether or not a tornado is likely
based on observations.

Design Statement: ​We will design, model, and build a circuit that uses AOI logic to determine
the likeliness of a tornado occurring, The system will consider inputs from the weather and
debris.

Constraints:
1. Must have a minimum of six inputs.
2. Project must be completed by December 11, 2019.
3. AOI logic gates are the only gates available for use on this project.
4. The least amount of gates possible must be used for this project.

Deliverables:
Individual
1. Project Log
Group
1. Title Page & Table of Contents
2. Design Brief
3. Gantt Chart
4. Multisim
5. Breadboard solution
6. Simulation Solution
7. Cost Calculations
8. Works Cited

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DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

The circuit we designed is a system that determines whether or not a tornado is likely.
The inputs the system consider are whether or not the sky is a dark green, whether or not it is
raining, whether or not there is hail, whether or not the air is still, if there is a visible cloud of
debris, and if the air is cool/dry. Since a dark green sky can be a sign of a tornado, a dark green
sky will increase the chances of a tornado. The presence of a dark green sky would give be an
input of 1. Since a tornado can not occur when it is raining, the presence of rain will override all
other inputs and produce an output of 0, indicating that a tornado is not likely. Since a tornado
most likely will not occur when the air is cool/dry, the presence of cool/dry air will override all
other inputs and produce an output of 0. The presence of rain would be an input of 1. Hail is a
possible effect of a tornado; therefore the presence of hail increases the chances of a tornado.
The presence of hail would give an input of 1. If the air is still, the chances of a tornado
increases. Still air would give an input of 1. If there is high humidity, the likelihood of a tornado
increases. High humidity would give an input of 1. A visible cloud of debris also increases the
likelihood of a tornado occurring. The presence of a cloud of debris would give an input of 1.
If three or more of the inputs are positive (1), then the output is 1, indicating that a
tornado is likely. Otherwise, all outputs are 0 (tornado is not likely). The exceptions are if rain
gives an input of 1, or if cool/dry air gives an input for 1, for that overrides all other inputs and
produces an output of 0.

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TRUTH TABLE

Cool/Dry
Dark/ Rain Hail Still Air Air Cloud of Tornado
Input # Green Sky Debris Likely?

(D) (R) (H) (S) (L) (C) Output

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
7 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
8 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
11 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
12 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
13 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
14 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
15 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
16 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
17 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
18 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
19 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
20 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
21 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
22 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
23 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
24 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
25 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
26 0 1 1 0 0 1 0

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27 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
28 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
29 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
30 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
31 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
32 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
33 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
34 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
35 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
36 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
37 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
38 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
39 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
40 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
41 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
42 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
43 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
44 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
45 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
46 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
47 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
48 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
49 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
50 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
51 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
52 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
53 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
54 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
55 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
56 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
57 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
58 1 1 1 0 0 1 0

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59 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
60 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
61 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
62 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
63 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
64 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

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LOGIC EXPRESSION SIMPLIFICATION

Unsimplified logic expression:

DRH SLC + DRH SLC + DRH SLC + DRH SLC + DRH SLC

There are 43 gates needed in this equation.

Simplification:

RH SLC(D + D) + DRH SLC + DRH SLC + DRH SLC

R H S L C was factored from two terms, allowing the equation to have one fewer term, since
D + D = 1.

RL(H SC + DH SC + DH SC + DH SC)

R and L were factored out of all the terms in the equation to make simplification easier.

RL(SC(H + DH ) + DH SC + DH SC)

S ​and ​C ​were factored out of the terms D H S C and ​H S C​ .

RL(SC(H + D) + DH SC + DH SC)

The consensus theorem ( X + X Y ) was applied to H + D H . The number of NOT gates

needed was reduced by one.

R + L(CH S + CDS + DH CS + DH CS)

S ​and ​C​ were distributed, and R L was re-written as R + L , reducing the number of gates
used for that term from three gates (two NOT gates and one OR gate) to one single NOR gate.

R + L ( H C ( S + D S ) + C D S + D H C S)

H a​ nd ​C​ were factored out of the terms C H S and C D H S .

R + L(H C(S + D) + CDS + DH CS)

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The consensus theorem ( X + X Y ) was applied to S + D S . The number of NOT gates

needed was reduced by one.

R + L(CDS + CH S + CDH + DH SC)

S​ and ​D​ were distributed out to ​H C​ .

R + L(DS(C + CH ) + CH S + CDH )

D a​ nd ​S​ were factored out of the terms D C S and C D H S .

R + L(DS(C + H ) + CH S + CDH )

The consensus theorem ( X + X Y ) was applied to C + H C . The number of NOT gates

needed was reduced by one. There are 12 gates needed for this expression.

R + L(DH S + CDS + CH S + CDH )

C​ and ​H​ were distributed out to ​D S​ . There are 15 gates needed for this expression.

R + L(DS(H + C) + CH (D + S))

D S​ was re-factored out of ​D H S a​ nd ​C H S ​, and ​S H ​ was distributed out of ​C D H​ and

C H S .​ The total number of gates needed are 10 gates. The equation has been completely
simplified.

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FINAL SOLUTION DESCRIPTION

Our final solution consists of 10 logic gates, six inputs, and two possible outputs. Our
initial circuit design included replacing the OR gate followed by an inverter with a NOR gate.
We planned to make this change do to the fact that we would be using one less gate, which
would be more cost and time efficient. However, due to not having access to a working NOR
gate in class, our final physical solution consisted of an OR gate followed by an inverter rather
than a NOR gate. When three or more of the inputs are 1, the output is also 1 to indicate that
there is a high risk of a tornado occurring. The two exceptions are the cold/dry air input and the
rain input. When either of these two inputs is 1, all of the other inputs are disregarded and the
output is 0. This is because the chances of a tornado occurring with rain or cold/dry air is very
low. The final circuit includes five AND gates, and four OR gates, and one inverter.

In real life, this system could be implemented in regions that are prone to tornadoes
through software systems. One possible implementation is that each community would have
sensors and devices that record information for the inputs, and the sensors would constantly send
data to a mobile app. The app would then analyze the inputs through the same logic shown in our
circuit. Therefore, the logic system would be executed through code in the app. Individuals that
have the app on their phone would then receive a notification when the chances of a tornado are
high. This would allow individuals to make necessary arrangements such as pick up family
members and take shelter. Therefore, if a tornado does occur, individuals will be more prepared.
Another possible implementation is incorporating the circuit into home systems so that when the
output is 1, an alarm would sound in the home informing residents that a tornado is likely.

Prototype Cost Analysis

Component Cost Reference

AND gate $2.25 per IC Click here

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Each IC has four gates

OR gate $0.35 per IC Click here

Each IC has four gates

NOR gate $0.45 per IC Click here

Each IC has four gates

Inverter gate $1.25 per IC Click here

Each IC has six gates

LED $0.75 per LED Click here

Switch $0.40 per Switch Click here

Wires $5.5 per 75 jumper wires Click here for Jumper Wires

$0.35 per battery wire Click here for Battery Wire

Power $1.30 per battery Click here

Breadboard $6.84 per breadboard Click here

Prototype built on breadboard (10 gates)

= AND gate ICs + OR gate IC + Inverter gates IC + LED + 4 Switches + Battery wire + 9V
battery + Jumper Wires + Breadboard
= 2(2.25) + 0.35 + 1.25 + 0.75 + 4(0.40) + 0.35 +1.30 + 2.50 + 6.84
= $19.44

Initial circuit design (9 gates)

= NOR gate IC + AND gate ICs + OR gate IC + LED + 4 Switches + Battery wire + 9V Battery
+ Jumper Wires + Breadboard
= 0.45 + 2(2.25) + 0.35 + 0.75 + 4(0.40) + 0.35 + 1.30 + 2.50 + 6.84
= $18.64

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The cost of our circuit that incorporates a NOR gate is $0.80 cheaper than the prototype
we built. Additionally, the use of a NOR gate rather than a OR gate and inverter would allow for
a more time efficient circuit. Therefore, when implementing our system in real life, we would
plan on using the circuit design that uses a NOR gate.
Incorporating the circuit in home systems would be less costly because the circuit itself
would be mass produced, therefore bringing the price per circuit down. Implementation of the
circuit in a home system would also require installing sensors and devices outside of the home /
in communities to collect the data/inputs for the circuit to use, which would add on to the cost.
Another possible method of implementation is installing sensors and devices in
communities that would collect the data for the circuit inputs. However, instead of building the
physical circuit, the sensors and devices would send their data to a mobile app. Code within the
app would execute the logic circuit to determine the output. The resulting output would decide if
a notification is sent to clients with the app informing them that a tornado is likely. This
implementation would be more cost effective, for there would be no cost for building the
physical circuit. Instead, any costs would be from the sensors and devices installed.

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FINAL BREADBOARD CIRCUIT DESIGN

Pictured below is a photo of the entire breadboarded circuit. The wires that are cut off at the
top of the photo are wires supplying power to the breadboard, and wires that connect to two
switches on the breadboard, which serve as the C and D inputs.
A MyDAQ and a Breadboard Companion were both used in order to supply power to the
board and to allow the use of six working switches.

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A total of four ICs were used: two 7408’s (AND IC’s), one 7432 (OR IC) and one 7404 (NOT
IC). These are pictured and labeled below.

The switches and the inputs they correspond to are labeled below. They are in alphabetical
order from left to right on the first two switches (wired to the MyDAQ), and up to down on the
next four switches (wired to the Breadboard Companion).
In the image below, the switches and inputs are distinguished by color.

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S1 on the MyDAQ is input C, and S0 on the MyDAQ is input D. S1, S2, S3, and S4 on the
BBC are D, L, R and S respectively.

Labelling and tracing all of the different inputs will be difficult to place on a single image, so
the system of the wire colors will be described below, along with photos of just the IC’s and
the wires.

Any red and blue wires connect the IC’s to VCC and GND respectively.
Green wires are used to identify the C H and (D + S) terms of the term C H(D + S ) .
Specifically, the individual letter inputs of each term were represented by green wires.
The individual outputs of each term were represented by orange wires; so the terms C H and
(D + S) were represented by orange wires.

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The term C H(D + S ) was represented by a purple wire.

Black wires are used to identify the DS and H + C) terms of the term DS(H + C ) .
Specifically, the individual letter inputs of each term were represented by black wires.
The individual outputs of each term were represented by brown wires; so the terms DS and
(H + C) were represented by brown wires.
The term DS(H + C ) was represented by a purple wire.
The combined term of D S ( H + C ) + C H ( D + S ) was represented by a white wire.
The individual terms of R and L in the equation R + L were represented by gray wires.
The output ​R + L​ was represented by a gray wire as well.
The term R + L was represented by a white wire.
The term R + L ( D S ( H + C ) + C H ( D + S ) ) was represented by an orange wire and a red
wire (not jumper wires) that was wired to an LED.

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An alternate angle is offered below.

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Finally, pictured below is the LED lighting up for all five high outputs.

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FINAL SIMULATION DESIGN

Our initial circuit design included replacing the OR gate followed by an inverter with a
NOR gate. We planned to make this change do to the fact that we would be using one less gate,
which would be more cost and time efficient. However, due to not having access to a working
NOR gate in class, our final physical solution consisted of an OR gate followed by an inverter
rather than a NOR gate. Two multisim designs are shown: one for the initial circuit design (10
gates) and one for the circuit we built (9 gates).

Initial Multisim with NOR gate:

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Final Circuit Design Multisim:

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REFERENCES

Featured Products. (n.d.). Retrieved from ​https://www.elexp.com/​.

Staff, N. G. (2019, August 28). Tornadoes, explained. Retrieved from

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters/tornadoes/​.

Weather Questions & Answers. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://weatherstreet.com/weatherquestions/What_causes_tornadoes.htm​.

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