SMART DUST

Autonomous sensing and communication in a cubic millimeter

PI: Kris Pister
Co-investigators: Joe Kahn, Bernhard Boser
Subcontract: Steve Morris, MLB Co.

Supported by the DARPA/MTO MEMS program

This project finished in 2001, but many additional projects have grown out of it. Among these are

Berkeley Webs
NEST
Center for Embedded and Networked Sensing at UCLA

If you are interested in commercial applications, you should check out Crossbow Technologies and Dust
Networks. (N.b. I have a financial interest in both!)

Quick progress update. Another update.

29 Palms demo of air-emplaced 1" scale motes detecting vehicles.
Latest photos and press coverage.
My view of sensor networks in 2010.

The two figures above represent where we are and where we'd like to be.
On the left is where we hope to be in July of '01 - a cubic millimeter device with a sensor, power supply, analog
circuitry, bidirectional optical communication, and a programmable microprocessor. Click on the figure to get
more detail.
On the right is where we are now (July '99) - a (currently) non-functional mote with a volume of about 100 cubic
millimeters. There are two silicon chips sitting on a type-5 hearing aid battery. The right chip is a MEMS
corner cube optical transmitter array - it works. On the right is a CMOS ASIC with an optical receiver, charge
pump, and simple digital controller - it doesn't work (we violated some of the design rules in the 0.25 micron
process, but the next one should work).

Projects
 Laser communication from a cubic millimeter
Mote Delivery
Micro Air Vehicles
Micro Rockets
Silicon maple seeds and silicon dandelion seeds
Sub-microWatt Electronics
Power Sources
Macro Motes (COTS Dust)

Accomplishments

Using commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components, we've built some really wonderful little "macro
motes". Some the features:
temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, light intensity, tilt and vibration, and magnetic field
sensors all in a cubic inch package, including the bi-directional radio, the microprocessor controller,
and the battery!
20 meter communication range
one week lifetime in continuous operation, 2 years with 1% duty cycling
21 km laser communication (Coit Tower and Twin Peaks in San Francisco to Cory Hall at UC Berkeley)
Using one of the micro-weather stations, we stripped off the radio and wired in a laser pointer. This
went to SF. In my office at Cal we had a video camera hooked up to a frame grabber in my laptop.
The software looked for (and decoded) flashing lights in the image, and gave us the weather
information 21 km away.
Large angle MEMS beam-steering
The laser motes above need to be aimed. We've made a sub-millimeter mirror coupled to two
motors on the same silicon chip. The motors can scan a reflected laser beam tens of degrees in
either direction.
Micro Air Vehicle endurance record
Sub-contractor Steve Morris of MLB Co has built an 8" radio controlled plane which flys 60mph for
18 minutes and can carry a color video camera with a live video feed.
Silicon maple seeds
Using a honeycombed layer of silicon only 0.1 mm thick we have made a 3x10 mm winglet. With a
cubic millimeter of silicon attached, these wings auto-rotate as they fall, just like a maple seed. The
next generation will have solar cells built right in. (ok this generation had the solar cells too, but
they didn't work!)

Applications
The science/engineering goal of the Smart Dust project is to demonstrate that a complete sensor/communication
system can be integrated into a cubic millimeter package. This involves both evolutionary and revolutionary
advances in miniaturization, integration, and energy management. We aren't targeting any particular sensor, in
fact there is no direct funding for sensor research in the project (but we've got quite a few to choose from based
on a decade or two of outstanding MEMS work at Berkeley and elsewhere).
We're funded by DARPA, so we will demonstrate Smart Dust with one or more applications of military
relevance. In addition, we're pursuing several different applications with commercial importance, and we've got
a long list of applications to work on if we only had the time. Here's a sampling of some possible applications,
in no particular order:

Defense-related sensor networks

battlefield surveillance, treaty monitoring, transportation monitoring, scud hunting, ...
Virtual keyboard
 Glue a dust mote on each of your fingernails. Accelerometers will sense the orientation and motion
of each of your fingertips, and talk to the computer in your watch. QWERTY is the first step to
proving the concept, but you can imagine much more useful and creative ways to interface to your
computer if it knows where your fingers are: sculpt 3D shapes in virtual clay, play the piano,
gesture in sign language and have to computer translate, ...
Combined with a MEMS augmented-reality heads-up display, your entire computer I/O would be
invisible to the people around you. Couple that with wireless access and you need never be bored in
a meeting again! Surf the web while the boss rambles on and on.
Inventory Control
The carton talks to the box, the box talks to the palette, the palette talks to the truck, and the truck
talks to the warehouse, and the truck and the warehouse talk to the internet. Know where your
products are and what shape they're in any time, anywhere. Sort of like FedEx tracking on steroids
for all products in your production stream from raw materials to delivered goods.
Product quality monitoring
temperature, humidity monitoring of meat, produce, dairy products
Mom, don't buy those Frosted Sugar Bombs, they sat in 80% humidity for two days, they
won't be crunchy!
impact, vibration, temp monitoring of consumer electronics
failure analysis and diagnostic information, e.g. monitoring vibration of bearings for
frequency signatures indicating imminent failure (back up that hard drive now!)
Smart office spaces
The Center for the Built Environment has fabulous plans for the office of the future in which
environmental conditions are tailored to the desires of every individual. Maybe soon we'll all be
wearing temperature, humidity, and environmental comfort sensors sewn into our clothes,
continuously talking to our workspaces which will deliver conditions tailored to our needs. No
more fighting with your office mates over the thermostat.
Interfaces for the Disabled (courtesy of Bryndis Tobin)
Bryndis sent me email with the following idea: put motes "on a quadriplegic's face, to monitor
blinking & facial twitches - and send them as commands to a wheelchair/computer/other device."
This could be generalized to a whole family of interfaces for the disabled. Thanks Bryndis!
The dark side
Yes, personal privacy is getting harder and harder to come by. Yes, you can hype Smart Dust as
being great for big brother (thank you, New Scientist). Yawn. Every technology has a dark side -
deal with it. [this was my original comment on "dark side" issues, but it made a lot of people think
that we weren't thinking about these issues at all. Not true.]
As an engineer, or a scientist, or a hair stylist, everyone needs to evaluate what they do in terms of
its positive and negative effect. If I thought that the negatives of working on this project were larger
than or even comparable to the positives, I wouldn't be working on it. As it turns out, I think that
the potential benefits of this technology far far outweigh the risks to personal privacy.

Environmental Impact
A lot of people seem to be worried about environmental impact. Not to worry! Even in my wildest imagination
I don't think that we'll ever produce enough Smart Dust to bother anyone. If Intel stopped producing Pentia and
produced only Smart Dust, and you spread them evenly around the country, you'd get around one grain-of-sand
sized mote per acre per year. If by ill chance you did inhale one, it would be just like inhaling a gnat. You'd
cough it up post-haste. Unpleasant, but not very likely.
Consider the scale - if I make a million dust motes, they have a total volume of one liter. Throwing a liter worth
of batteries into the environment is certainly not going to help it, but in the big picture it probably doesn't make
it very high on the list of bad things to do to the planet.

Presentations/reports
 Kickoff slides from MEMS PI meeting, June 98 (ppt w/ annotations, html conversion)
Presentation at MEMS PI meeting, July 99 (ppt w/ annotations, html conversion)
Packet radio powerpoint presentations by Randy Katz from summer 99 internal meetings (intro, route,
adv)
MOEMS presentation by Matt Last, August 99, Smart Dust Agile Laser Transceiver (SALT) (ppt, html)
Presentation at MEMS DoD-wide meeting, January 00 (ppt w/ annotations)

Publications
Overview:

R. Yeh, R. Conant, K. Pister, "Mechanical Digital-to-Analog Converter", Transducers 99, (PDF)

M. Last, K. Pister, "2DOF Actuated Micromirror Designed for Large DC Deflection", MOEMS 99, (PDF)
J. M. Kahn, R. H. Katz and K. S. J. Pister, "Mobile Networking for Smart Dust", ACM/IEEE Intl. Conf.
on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 99), Seattle, WA, August 17-19, 1999. (Postscript/
PDF)
K. S. J. Pister, J. M. Kahn and B. E. Boser, "Smart Dust: Wireless Networks of Millimeter-Scale Sensor
Nodes", Highlight Article in 1999 Electronics Research Laboratory Research Summary. (postscript, PDF)
V. Hsu, J. M. Kahn, and K. S. J. Pister, "Wireless Communications for Smart Dust", Electronics Research
Laboratory Technical Memorandum Number M98/2, February, 1998. (postscript / PDF)

The early work on corner cubes at UCLA:

Chu, P.B., Lo, N.R., Berg, E., Pister, K.S.J, "Optical Communication Link Using Micromachined Corner
Cuber Reflectors", Proc. SPIE vol.3008-20. (postscript)
Chu, P.B., Lo, N.R., Berg, E., Pister, K.S.J, "Optical Communication Using Micro Corner Cuber
Reflectors", MEMS 97, Nagoya, Japan, 26-30 Jan 1997, pp. 350-5. (postscript)

Dust People
Bryan Atwood
Colby Bellew
Lance Doherty
Seth Hollar
Matt Last
Brian Leibowitz
Wei Mao
Lilac Muller
Junichi Nishimoto
Dana Teasdale
Brett Warneke
Xiaoming Zhu

Corny dust photo

Mobile dust animation